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Widok Cyberarkada: obrazy miasta cyfrowego. Marzenie o formie doskonałej

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1 W. Gibson, 1HXURPDQFHU1HZ<RUNV

20+HLPÄ7KH(URWLF2QWRORJ\RI&\EHUVSDFH´Z&\EHUVSDFH)LUVW6WHSV, ed. Mi-

Mi-FKDHO%HQHGLNW0,73UHVVV 3=REDF]0%HQHGLNWÄ7KH(URWLF2QWRORJ\RI&\EHUVSDFH´%%RLJRQ6.ZLQWHU Ä0DQXDOIRU$SSOLDQFHVLQWKH$OSKDEHWLFDO&LW\$3HGDJRJLFDO7H[W´$VVHPEODJH s. 30–42. 4 Benedikt, Ä7KH(URWLF2QWRORJ\RI&\EHUVSDFH´s. 22. 5'+DUYH\7KH&RQGLWLRQRI3RVWPRGHUQLW\&DPEULGJH0DVV0,73UHVVV 6 B. Witte, :DOWHU%HQMDPLQ$Q,QWHOOHFWXDO%LRJUDSK\'HWURLWV 7$=HLGOHU-DQLV]HZVNDÄ%HUOLĔVNLHORJJLH±SDU\VNLHSDVDĪH´Z3LVDQLHPLDVWD±F]\ WDQLHPLDVWD, red. $=HLGOHU-DQLV]HZVND3R]QDĔV 8*3/DQGRZ+\SHUWH[W&RQYHUJHQFHRI&RQWHPSRUDU\&ULWLFDO7KHRU\DQG7HFKQR ORJ\, Baltimore 1992, ss. 2–8. 9 /DQGRZ +\SHUWH[Ws. 2. 10)4XpDX/H9LUWXHO9HUWXVHWYHUWLJHV, Paris 1993, s. 30–44. 11-0F&ROH:DOWHU%HQMDPLQDQGWKH$QWLPRQLHVRI7UDGLWLRQ,WKDFDV 12 : %HQMDPLQ Ä6XUUHDOL]P RVWDWQLH PLJDZNL ] Ī\FLD HXURSHMVNLHM LQWHOLJHQFML´

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13%HQMDPLQÄ6XUUHDOL]P«´V

14 M. Braun, 3LFWXULQJ 7LPH 7KH :RUN RI (WLHQQH-XOHV 0DUH\  , Chicago

1992, s. 12–13.

15 : %HQMDPLQ Ä']LHáR V]WXNL Z GRELH UHSURGXNFML WHFKQLF]QHM´ Z $QLRá KLVWRULL,

3R]QDĔ

164XpDX/H9LUWXHO51–60.

1739LULOLR7KH2YHUH[SRVHG&LW\=RQHV± 18)$<DWHV$UWRI0HPRU\, Chicago 1966, s. 3–4.

19 Yates, $UWRI0HPRU\, s. 172–194.

20./\QFK7KH,PDJHRIWKH&LW\, Cambridge Mass, 0,73UHVV 21,&DOYLQR1LHZLG]LDOQH0LDVWD, Warszawa, 1975. 22,&DOYLQR/DPDFKLQHOLWHUDWXUH3DULV]D&%R\HU&\EHU&LWLHV9LVXDO3HUFHS WLRQLQWKH$JHRI(OHFWURQLF&RPPXQLFDWLRQ1HZ<RUNV 2306RUNLQ/RFDO&RGH7KH&RQVWUXFWLRQRID&LW\DWž1/DWLWXGH1HZ<RUN 246RUNLQ/RFDO&RGHs. 127. 25-*DUUHDXÄ&LWLHVRIWKH(GJH´$UFKLWHFWXUH'HFHPEHUV± 266.LHUDQ-7LPEHUODNHÄ3DUDGLVH5HJDLQHG´$UFKLWHFWXUH'HFHPEHUV± 27 .LHUDQ7LPEHUODNH, „Paradise Regained”, s. 50.

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