METALLURGICAL AB ST R A C T S
(G E N E R A L A N D N O N -F E R R O U S )
Yolume 3 MAY 1936 Part 5
I.— P R O P E R T IE S O F M ETALS
(Continued from pp. 109-113.)
*The M echanical R esistance o£ th e F ilm of A lum inium Oxide and Its Influence on the Surface Tension of th e Cast M etal. A lb e rt P o rte v in a n d P a u l B astien (Com pt. rend., 1930, 202, (12), 1072-1074).—Tho m echanical resistance o f th e alum inium oxide film w as d eterm in ed b y : (a) a th re a d o f m etal suspended a t ono ond a n d h o ated in th o m id d lo ; a tu b o o f th o oxide is form ed an d b reak s w hen th e w eight o f su p p o rte d m otał cxceeds th e m echanical re s is ta n c e ; a n d (b) a th re a d su spended a t b o th ends a n d h e a te d b y th e Jo u le e ffe c t; tho m echanical resistan ce is c alc u lated from th o deflection a t th e m om ent o f ru p tu re . B o th m eth o d s give R ± = 0-2 g rm ./m m . == 1960 d y n e s/
cm . as th o valuo o f th e m echanical resistan ce w hen th e th re a d is ho ated to 700° C. F ro m th e th ick n ess o f th e oxide film deduced from its w eight d e te r
m ined b y th e v o latilizatio n o f th e alum inium in a e u rre n t o f d ry clilorine a t a high te m p e ra tu re , tho tensile s tre n g th o f th e oxido, i ?2 = 2 k g ./m m .2. Tho surface ten sio n o f oxidizcd alu m in iu m w as d eterm in ed b y tho d rop m eth o d , A — 840 dynes/cm . T he surface tension o f unoxidized alum inium w as d eterm in ed b y 2 m ethods, tho value given b y [S. W .] S m ith (./. In s ł. M etals, 1914, 12, 168-209), A = 520 dyn es/cm ., being considered too high : (a) b y form ing a bub b le o f argon in a h o rizo n tal p ian e in th e in te rio r o f c a st a lu m in iu m ; th is m eth o d gave A ' — 300 dynes/cm ., .w hich agrees satisfac- to rily w ith t h a t deduced from th e calc u lated p a ra c h o r o f th e m o t a ł; (6) b y form ing a large d ro p o f th e m etal in eryolite a n d m easuring its surface te n s io n ; th is m eth o d gave A ' = 420 dy n es/cm ., w hich is considered to be tho uppor lim it o f tho surface ten sio n o f unoxidizod alum inium . T h is g re a t differenco betw een th e surface ten sio n o f th e oxidized a n d th e unoxidized m e ta l explains th e difficulties en co u n tered in th e alum inium fo u n d ry . Tho large d ro p m ethod w as also used to d eterm in e tho effect o f sm ali m etallic a d d itio n s an d of ox id atio n on th e surface ten sio n o f m e ta ls such as lead a n d tin .— J . H . W .
*E lasticity of A lum inium a t H igh Tem peratures. J . V ero (M ilt. berg.- u.
hiitt. A bt. K g. ung. Palatin-Joseph-U niversitdt Sopran, 1935, 7, 163-1 7 0 ; C. A b s., 1936, 30, 1715).— [In G erm an.] A m odification o f th e m eth o d o f Schw inning a n d S tro b e l (M et. A bs. (J . In s ł. M etals), 1932, 50, 600) w as used in w hich th e elongations caused b y th e creeping phenom enon a re d e te r
m ined m ore precisely. T he values for th o m odulus o f e la stic ity are 548 0 - 5750 k g ./m m .2 a t 150° C., 4650-4775 k g ./m m .2 a t 240° C., a n d 3700 k g ./m m .2 a t 340° C.— S. G.
*E xam ination of A lum inium Made in Ja p a n .— I. T a k a y a su H a ra d a (Suiyokw ai-Shi (T ra n s. M in . M et. A lu m n i Assoc.), 1935, 8, (9), 882-890).—
[In Jap an ese.] S peetrographic an aly sis show ed th e presence o f 0 05-0-16%
sodium in alu m in iu m pro d u ced in J a p a n . M any o f th o p ro p ertie s o f th e m etal aro com pared w ith those o f alu m in iu m p ro d u ced in E u ro p ę a n d th e U .S.A. T he in v estig atio n is being co ntinued.— S. G.
*Studies on Explosive A ntim ony. II I .— The M agnetic Susceptibility. C. C.
Coffin (Canad. J . Research, 1935, [A], 13, (6 ), 120-125).— E xplosive an tim o n y is n o t so d iam ag n etic as th e o rd in a ry p o ly cry stalh n e m etal. Tho m agnetic
* Denotcs a paper describing th e results of original research.
t Denotes a iirst-class critical roview.
51
142 Metallurgical A bstracts
Vol. 3susceptibilities are, respectiyely, — 0-38 X 10'° an d — 0-88 X 10"°. Tho explosivo o r am orphous form should bo rogarded, therefo rc, as a tr u e glass o f th e supercooled liąu id . Tho fa e t t h a t it is less “ m etallic ” th a n th e m olten m etal e a n n o t be th o re s u lt o f tho m etallic binding o f th e lią u id o r ery stallin e s ta tc changing to hom opolar binding in th e am orphous S tate.— S. G..
Beryllium and Beryllium Alloys. (Corson a n d Zeiser.) Seo p . 148.
*The Change of R esistance of B ism uth Single Crystals in a M agnetic Field a t Low T em peratures. W . J . de H aas, J . W . B lom , a n d L. Schubnikow (Comm . K . Omies Lab. U niv. Leiden, N o. 237b, 1935, 8 p p .).— See M et. A bs., th is vol., p. 29.—L . A. O.
*Investigation of the Allotropy of Very P u re Caleium. A. Schulze (Z.
M etallkunde, 193G, 28, (3), 55-57).— T herm al an aly sis, d e te rm in a tio n o f tho electrical resistance a n d th e rm a l e rp an sio n , a n d X -ra y in v estig atio n s havo sliown t h a t calcium (containing less th a n 0 -1% o f im p u rity ) undergoes tw o allo tro p ic m odifications, th e face-centred cubic a form being co n v erted in to th e b o d y -cen tred (j form a t a b o u t 300° C., a n d th e (3 form in to th e close- pack ed hexagonal y form a t 450° C. Tho (3 - y tra n sfo rm a tio n is accom panied b y a h e a t ev o lu tio n o f 5-3 cal./g rm .—A. R . P .
*Effeet of Some M etals on the S trength a t H igh T em peratures an d M icro- stru ctu re of Copper. I . Ig a ra sh i (Sum itom o Densen Ih o (Res. Eep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper Works), 1933, 1, (10), 692-694).— [In Jap an ese.]
— S. G.
R - f R esistance of Copper W ire. J o h n II. Miller (Electronics, 1936, 9, (2), 38).— Tho ra tio o f th e resistance o f a copper w ire a t high freąuencies to its d ire c t c u rre n t resistance is e ą u a l to 0-25 + 0-0962(Z V f , wrhere d is th e wire d iam eto r in inches a n d / th e freąu en cy in cyeles p e r second. T his applies on ly w hen th e ra tio is g re a te r th a n 8 . C urves a re given for tho ra tio a t freąuencies betw een 0-5 a n d 100 megacycles for w ires betw een f in. d iam eter a n d N o. 30 gaugo.— J . C. C.
*Large Single Crystals of Copper. Simplified Method for Their P reparation.
J . G. T hom pson (M etals and A lloys, 1936, 7, (1), 19-21).—A charge o f a b o u t 3500 grm . is m elted in a long cylindrical g ra p h ite p o t in a n A rsem furnace, k e p t a t a little above tho m elting p o in t for 1-5-2 h rs., a n d th e n allow ed to cool slow ly from th o b o tto m u p w ard s. T he copper used m u s t be th o ro u g h ly deoxidized, a n d p ro te e te d from gas a b so rp tio n or v ib ra tio n durin g m elting a n d cooling. T he etching characteristics of single-crystal copper are described.
—A. R . P.
♦Perm eability to H ydrogen a t H igh Pressures of Steels, Arm co Iron, Copper, Nickel, an d A lum inium and D ecarburization of Steels by H igh-P ressure H ydrogen. W . B au k lo h a n d H . G u th m an n (Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 28, 3 4 - 40).— Copper a n d alum inium aro p ractically im perm eable to hy d ro g en a t high tem p eratu res a n d pressures, w hereas nickel a n d m an y steels are re la tiy e ly ą u ito perm eable.— A. I i. P .
*On th e Atom ie W eight of Some Samples of Lead from Radioactive Sources.
F . H eo h t a n d E . K ro u p a (Z. anorg. Chem,., 1936, 226, (3), 248-256).— T he ato m ie w eights o f lead from G re a t B e a r L ak e p itchblende, K a ta n g a p itch - blende, a n d from o rd in a ry g alena a re 206-080, 206-044, a n d 207-216, respectiyely.— A. R . P .
*X -R ay M easurem ent of th e Therm al E xpansion of P u re Nickel. E . A.
Owen a n d E . L . Y ates (Phil. M ag., 1936, [vii], 21, (142), 809-819).—Tho th e rm a l oxpansion o f th e c ry s ta l la ttic e o f nickel (p u rity , 99-98% ) w as m easured a t 12°-600° C. T he c ry s ta l stru c tu re rem ain s face-centred cubic th ro u g h o u t th e te m p e ra tu re rangę. T h e p a ra m e te r a t 18° C. is 3-5172,! A.
a n d th e d en sity 8-897 grm . por c.c. A n ab n o rm ally hig h ra to o f expansion followed b y a ra p id decrease is observed in tho region o f th e te m p e ra tu re o f m agnetic tran sfo rm atio n (a b o u t 370° C.). T he phenom enon is a p p a ro n tly
1936
I .— Properties o f M etals 143
u naccom panied b y th e r m a l h y steresis. T h e in ax im u m y alu e o f th e th e rm a l coeff. (a) oceurs a t 370° C. I n th is region th e follow ing v alu es o f a are fo u n d : 17 x 10-c a t 320° C., 26 X lO’0 a t 370° C., a n d 15 x 10-« a t 390° C. On eith er side o f th is region th o ex p an sio n is n o rm al. T he ferrom agnetic change in len g th p er u n it le n g th is fou n d to be a b o u t 2-4 X 10-1, a v alu e w hich is m uch liigher th a n y alu es p rev io u sly fou n d for nickel o f low er p u rity . In considcring tra n sfo rm a tio n s occurring a t c e rta in te m p e ra tu re s in alloy system s, i t m ay bo necessary to consider in a d d itio n to m ig ratio n o f ato m s from p o in t to p o in t in th e la ttic e , changes o ccurring a t la ttic e p o in ts w hen no m ig ratio n occurs.— J . S. G. T .
Effects of A nnealing on th e M icrostructure an d M echanical Properties of Electrolytic Nickel. T . K a n eto m o (D enki Seiko, 1934, (Ju n e)).— [In Ja p an ese.]—S. G.
T ransform ation from V itreous to M etallie Selenium . K enzo T a n a k a a n d H ski Y u T ien (M cm . Coli. S c i. K yolo Im p . TJniv., 1935, [A], 18, (6 ), 3 0 9 - 310).— [In E nglish.] A sim ple re la tio n w as fo u n d betw een th e tim e o f annealing a n d th e c o n te n t o f m etallie selenium for specim ens an n ealed a t various te m p e ra tu re s n e a r th e tra n s itio n p o in t.— S. G.
*Diffraction of Slow E lectrons on Sublimed Tungsten. V. I . K asato ch k in (Zhurnal Fizicheskoy K h im ii (./. P hys. Chem.), 1935, 6, (8), 1002-1015).— [In R ussian.] T he dispersion o f electrons a t speeds o f 40—400 v. h as been stu d ie d a t a la y e r o f m icro-crystals o f sublim ed tu n g ste n . T he valuo o f tho in te rn a l p o te n tia l o f tu n g ste n , d eterm in ed b y displacem ent o f m axim a, is 10-5 ± 2 v . a n d is in d ep en d e n t o f th e speed o f th e electrons. A ll th e m ax im a ean bo divided in to tw o groups, w ith in te rn a l p o te n tia ls 10-5 a n d 0 v., respectively.
T he existence o f these groups is th e re s u lt o f electronie interference eith er in th e c ry s ta l o r a t its step p ed surface. T he diffraction observed in th e experi- m en ts o f R u p p a n d Sproull occurred n o t a t th e clean fa c e t o f th e single cry stal, b u t a t th e la y e r o f u n o rien ted m icro-crystals w hich covered tho surface o f th e single c ry stal.—N . A.
*Revision of the A tom ie W eight of U ranium . O. H ónigschm id a n d F . W ittn e r (Z. anorg. Chem., 1936, 228, (3), 289-309).— A nalysis o f th e te tra - brom ide a n d tetra c h lo rid e g ave a y alu e o f 238-07 ± 0-02 fo r th e ato m ie w eight o f u ra n iu m __ A. R . P .
tD eform able R are M etals, V anadium , T horium , an d U ranium . W . K ro ll (Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 28, (2), 30-33).— R e c e n t w ork on th e p re p a ra tio n o f tho ra re r m etals b y th e rm a l dissociation o f th e ir halides a n d b y red u ctio n o f oxides a n d h alid es w ith a lk ali o r alkalino e a rth m e ta ls is c ritic a lly review ed.
A tte m p ts to o b ta in y a n a d iu m b y red u c tio n o f th e p en to x id e w ith calcium in th e presence o f calcium a n d b ariu m chlorides yielded on ly a sem i-colloidal pow der w hich could n o t be pressed in to w orkable s h a p e s ; a second red u ctio n o f th e pow der u n d e r sim ilar eon d itio n s yield ed a pow der w hich could be sin tered in rncuo in a h igh-frequency fu rn ace to a p ro d u c t w hich could be cold-w orked. W orkablo th o riu m w as p rep ared in a sim ilar w a y ; b o th m etals are a tta c k e d a n d e m b rittle d b y h e a tin g in c o n ta c t w ith b ariu m chloride, b u t can bo lieated in b o rax w ith o u t deleterious effect. U ran iu m was p rep ared b y red u ctio n o f th e o sid e U 30 8 w ith calcium u n d e r a fused chloride s la g ; p a r t o f th o m e ta l w as colloidal a n d p yrophoric, b u t th e rem ain d er was sin te re d a n d w orked suceessfully a lth o u g h i t te n d e d to crack a n d oxidizc along th o cracks.— A. R . P .
*An X -R ay Investigation of A tom ie V ibrations in Zinc. G. W . B rin d ley (P hil. M ag., 1936, [vii], 21, (142), 790-808).— T he a to m ie sc a tte rin g facto rs o f zinc for C u/va ra d ia tio n w ere m easured. T he re s u lts in d ic a te t h a t th e am p litu d ę o f th e rm a l y ib ra tio n o f th e ato m s is g re a te r along tho c ax is th a n in tho b asal p ian e. T he re s u lts are discussed in te rm s o f Z ener’s th e o ry an d of m ore a p p ro x im a te calcu latio n s m ado b y B .—J . S. G. T.
144 MetaUurgical Abstracts
Vo l. 3A Review of the Methods of Producing Metal Single Crystals by the Fusion an d R ecrystallization Methods. E . Jak o v lev a (Metallurg (M etallurgist), 1935, (11), 68-81).— [In R ussian.]—N . A.
Creep of M etals. K . Y am aguchi (K inzohu (J. o f M etals), 1934, 14, (4), (5)).— [In Jap an ese.] A generał discussion.— S. G.
*The R esults of Cold-W ork [on M etals] and Their D isappearance w ith Increase in T em perature. (T am m an n .) Sco p. 174.
*On the Plasticity of M etals under D eform ation. D . V. K o n v isaro v (D okladi A ka d em ii N a u k S .S .S .R ., 1935, 4, (3), 131-132 (in R u s s ia n ); a n d Compt. rend.
Acad. S ci. U .R .S .S ., 1935, [N .S.], 4, (3), 139-140 (in G erm an)). Specim ens o f a lum inium , copper, a n d iron w ires te s te d in sta tic to rsio n show ed an increase o f p la s tic ity if th e y were subjected siinultaneously to tensilc stresses.—N . A.
*Physical Properties of Metals as Aflected by Conditions of A m m onia Synthesis. H . L . M axwell (T rans. Am er. Soc. M etals, 1936, 24, (1), 2 1 3 -2 2 3 ; discussion, 223-224).—W hen copper a n d high-copper alloys are exposed to a 3 :1 h y d ro g e n -n itro g e n m ix tu re a t 500° C. a n d 15,000 lb ./in .2, th e effect o f hydrogen is g re a te r th a n t h a t o f n itro g en exccpt in th e case o f a lu m in iu m - copper alloys w hich g ra d u a lly d eterio rate as a re s u lt o f in tcractio n betw een tho n itrogen a n d alum inium w hich dcpletes th e surface layers o f alum inium . F u lly deoxidized copper a n d its alloys re ta in th e ir m eclianical properties m uch b e tte r th a n sim ilar alloys containing free oxide. N ick el-ch ro m iu m - iro n alloys beliaye b e tte r th a n o rd in ary steels or special steels free from nickel a n d chrom ium .— A. R . P .
R eport of Jo in t R esearch Comm ittee [of A.S.M.E. and A.S.T.M.] on Effect of Tem perature on th e Properties of M etals. H . J . F ren ch a n d N . L. Mochel (Proc. A m er. Soc. Test. M a t., 1935, 35, (I), 121-125).— A progress re p o rt o utlining tho a c tiv itie s o f th e various sub-com m ittces.— A. R . P .
On th e Theory of th e M echanical Properties of Metals a t H igh Tem pera
tures. N . F . L ashko (Y estn ik Ingenerow i Tehnikow (Messenger o f Engineers and Technologists), 1935, (11), 697).— [In R u ssian .] T he change in m echanical properties o f m etals w ith te m p e ra tu ro is explained on th e basis o f th e recen t electronic th eo ry o f th e m etallic s ta te .—N . A.
*M easurem ents of th e Solid Viscosities of M etals Through the Flexural Y ibrations of a B ar. K a ts u ta d a Sezaw a a n d K ei B ubo (R ep. Aeronaut.
Res. In s t. Tókyó Im p . TJniv., 1932, (89), 195-231).— [In E nglish.] The aim o f th e in v estig atio n w as th e d eterm in atio n o f th e eoeffs. o f solid yiscosity o f alum inium , D u ralu m in , copper, a n d brass b y m eans o f tho flexural y ib ratio n s o f a b ar, tho resistance o f a solid body duo to dam ping being assum ed to be p ro p o rtio n al to th e yelocity o f d eform ation o f t h a t body. T he viscosities are o f th e ord er o f 105 c.g.s. u n its, a n d increase ra p id ly as th e am p litu d ę inereases.— S. G.
*Static a n d D ynam ie Compression Tests on Some M etals. S. T a m u ra (Sum itom o D ensen Ilio (Res. Rep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper Works), 1933, 1, (5), 332-344).— [In Ja p an ese.]—S. G.
Sixth R eport of th e A tom ie W eights Committee of the In tern atio n al U nion for Chemistry. G. P . B a x te r, O. H onigschm id, a n d P . L ebeau (Ber. deut. chem.
Oes., 1936, [A], 69, (3), 25-37).— The following revised ato m ie w eights aro accep ted b y th e C o m m ittee: ta n ta lu m 180-88, ra d iu m 226-05, p ro tactin iu m 231. Im p o rta n t w ork on th e atom ie w eights o f th e following eleitients is s u m m a riz e d : carbon, p otassium , chrom ium , arsenie, tellu riu m , terb iu m , europium , ta n ta lu m , radiogenic lead, ra d iu m , p ro tactin iu m . T he ta b le o f In te rn a tio n a l A tom ie W eights for 1936 (O = 16) is ap p en d ed .—P . M. C. R .
*Change in Therm oelectric Pow er of W orked M etals D uring A nnealing.
I . Ig a ra sh i (Sum itom o Densen Ih o (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper JForks), 1 9 33,1, (9), 648-652).— [In Ja p a n e se .]—S. G.
1936
I . — Properties of M etals 145
Lum inescent M aterials fo r Cathode-Ray Tubes [M etallic A ctivators]. T. B.
P erk in s a n d H . W . K a u fm a n n (Proc. In s t. Radio E ng., 1935, 23, (11), 1324- 1333).— D escribes th e ch aracteristics o f th re e ty p e s o f lum inescent m aterials (phosphors) u sed in eath o d e -ray tu b o screens. Those only becom e lum inescent on th e inclusion o f v e ry sm ali a m o u n ts o f “ a c tiv a to rs ,” w hich arc generally m etals. M anganese is a n a c tiy a to r for sy n tlietic w ille m ite ; copper, in m in u tę ą u a n titie s, for sulphide p h o sp h o rs; a n d lead is p ro b a b ly necessary to a c tiv a te th e tu n g s ta te s a n d m o ly b d ates.—J . C. C.
♦Thom son Effect in Crystalline Substances. Y ositosi E n d o (R ep. A eronaut.
Res. In s t. Tókyó I m p . U niv., 1932, (85), 115-149).— [In E nglish.] B y cal- culation o f th e w ork a g a in s t th e in te rn a l balancing o.m.f. as w cll as th e energy o f eleetrons disso ciated in tho m etal, th e fo rm u ła fo r th e T hom son effect is deduced. T h is fo rm u ła is ap p lied to th e cascs o f copper, silver, gold, alum inium , a n d lead, com pared w ith B orelius’s observed values, an d th e % of th e dissociated eleetrons estim a te d . P o r copper, silver, an d gold, i.e.
m etals o f th e first gro u p o f th e poriodic system , i t is given b y A 0T i, for
3-3
alum inium , i.e. a m e ta l o f th e th ird group, b y A 0T 2 , a n d for load, a m etal o f
2 0
th e fo u rth group, b y A 0T 2 , th ese y alu es being closo to those expected from R ich ard so n ’s th e o ry o f therm ions. Tho fo rm u ła gives tłio v alu e o f a a t a n y tem p eratu re. A pplying th e second law o f th erm o d y n am ics, th e coeff. o f th e P eltier effect P is given by a„ — aA — w here T is th e ab so lu te tem p eratu ro a t th e ju n c tio n , a n d c A an d an aro coeffs. o f tho T hom son effect o f th e tw o m etals a t T ; b u t aA a n d a„ are zero a t T = 0 ; co n seąu en tly
r T __
P is also zero a n d hence P — T J a— ^,— d T . H ence, using tho abovc form uła fo r a, th e P e ltie r effect can bc calc u lated .— S. G.
♦Magnetic Effects and C urrent Sensitivity of Superconducting Film s. A. D.
M isener (Canad. J . Research, 1936, [A], 14, (2), 25-37).— A ć o n tin u a tio n o f tho in v estig atio n o f th e anom alous b eh av io u r o f su p erco n d u ctin g m etals in tho form o f tłiin films (12-2—0-3 (x). M. h as stu d ie d th e m an n er in w hich a n c x te rn a l field w ill p e n o tra te w hen applied to su perconducting films o f various thicknesscs a t a y a rie ty o f te m p e ra tu re s below th e ir tra n sitio n p o in ts. I t is found t h a t th e re is a critical field t h a t w ill p e n e tra to th e film, a n d t h a t th is field is less th a n th e th resh o ld field re ą u ire d to resto re th e resistanco o f tho film a t th e sam e te m p e ra tu re . E v e n fo r fields m uch larg er th a n tho threshold field, th e films a c t as p a rtia l m agnetic shields a n d dim inish th e field s tre n g th b y a n alm o st c o n s ta n t a m o u n t. B y m easuring th e c u rre n t reąu ired to resto re th o resistan ce o f films form ed on cylindrical su p p o rts o f different d iam eters, i t is show n t h a t th e ir c u rre n t se n sitiv ity is due to a surface d e n sity o f cu rren t. T he critical m agnetic field associated w ith th is th resh o ld c u rre n t is less th a n e ith e r tho th resh o ld field (ex tern al) o r th e critical field for p e n e tra tion. T he sim ila rity betw een th ese effects a n d those fo u n d fo r certain superconducting alloys is discussed.—S. G.
♦Magnetic P roperties of Superconductors. T . C. K eeley a n d K . M endels
sohn (Proc. R oy. Soc., 1936, [A], 154, (882), 378-385).—T he follow ing per- centages o f m agnetic flux aro found to become “ frozen in ” w hen tho respec- tiv e m etals becom e su p e rc o n d u c tin g : m ercu ry , 0 % ; tin (single c ry stal), 8710% ; tin (polycrystallino), 8 - 1 2 % ; lead , 15% . A lloys in v estig ated , viz. tin 42, b ism u th 5 8 % ; tin 72, cadm ium 2 8% ; lead 30, b is m u th 7 0 % ; an d P b T l, alloys show ed t h a t in th ese cases th e ontire m agnetic flux w as
“ frozen in .” In te rm e d ia tc stages o f freezing in were observcd in lead co n tain in g 1 -4 % o f b ism u th .— <1. S. G. T.
Some R em arks on Superconductivity an d F erm i-D irac Statistics. J . A.
K o k (Comni. K . Onnes Lab. U niv. Leiden, S u p p t. N o. 77a, 1934).— See M et.
A b s., 1935, 2, 211.— L. A. O.
The P hotom agnetic Effect. Orazio Specchia (N uovo cimento, 1935, 12, 549-550).—A b rie f com parison o f S.’s eonelusions (ibid., 1931, 8 , 291) w ith thoso o f Boso an d R a h a (Naturę, 1931, 127, 520).—S. G.
146 M etallurgical Abstracts
V o l .I I .— P R O P E R T IE S O F ALLOYS
(Continued from pp. 113-1 IG.)
The E ąuilibrium D iagram s of A lum inium Alloys. --- (B rit. A lu m in iu m Co. Intelligence M em . I.D ./2 .3 6 ; a n d (a b stra c t) L ight M etals Research, 1936, 4, (18), 309-310).— D iagram s, w ith b rie f n o tes a n d bibliographical refcrences, arc giyen o f 20 b in a ry a n d 8 te rn a ry alum inium alloy system s.— J . C. C.
*H ot-Shortness of A lum inium Alloys in the F orm of D ie-Castings. J . V ero (M itt. berg.- u . hutt. Abt. K g. ung. P alatin-Joscph-U niversitdt Sopron, 1935, 7, 1 38-1 6 2 ; a n d (tran slatio n ) M et. In d . (Lond.), 1936, 48, (15), 431—134, 4 4 2 ; (16), 4 9 1 -1 9 4 ; (17), 491-1C 4; C. A bs., 1936, 30, 1719).— [In E nglish.] H o t- shortness is defined as th e ten d cn c y o f a n alloy to form cracks du rin g cooling in tho m ould. I t is proposed t h a t th e e x te n t o f h ot-shortness bo expressed n um erically b y tho freąu en cy o f th e cracks occurring in castings o f sim ple shape, given as a percentage o f th o crackcd sam ples to a ll castings. I n alloys co ntaining moro th a n 1 2-13% o f liq u id a t th e te m p e ra tu re o f th e critical p a s ty State, possible cracks can be p rev en ted . D a ta on s tre n g th a n d load aro n o t alw ays sufficient to estim ato hot-sh o rtn ess o f a n alloy.
T he influenco o f te m p e ra tu re , w eight, a n d cooling facto r o f th e m ould a n d o f pouring tem p eratu ro , &c., is discussed a n d possibilities o f avoiding cracks are show n.— S. G.
*Modulus of E lasticity, E lastic Lim it, and Softening Lim it of L ight Alloys.
M. P re v e r (In d u st. meccanica, 1935,12, 1041-1047 ; C. A bs., 1936, 30, 2145).—
T he elastic p ro p erties o f alum inium alloys a fte r v arious h e a t-tre a tm e n ts w ere m easured a n d ta b u la te d . Tho softening lim it is defined as t h a t load ap p lied w hich produces a p e rm a n e n t elongation o f 0 -2% a fte r 2 m in u tes o f actio n o f each in d iv id u al inerem ent o f load. T he resu lts derived show p a rtie u la rly t h a t th e m odulus o f e lasticity varies w ith th e load, a n d t h a t th e elastic lim it a n d softening lim it c a n often b e tte r be used fo r d istinguishing betw een th e alloys th a n tensile stre n g th .— S. G.
*Com parative Tests on Some W rought A lum inium Alloys. T . M atsu d a, 5. H igashio, a n d S. T a m u ra (Sum itom o Densen Ih o (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper Works), 1932, 1, (1), 1-9).— [In Jap an ese.]— S. G.
*Static and D ynam ie Tension Tests on W rought A lum inium Alloys. S.
T a m u ra (Sum itom o Densen Iho (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper Works), 1932, 1, (3), 159-162).— [In Ja p an ese.]—S. G.
♦Compression Tests on Some B inary A lum inium Alloys. G. K oiso (S u m i
tomo Densen Ih o (Res. Rep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper Works), 1933, 1, (7), 439-144).— [In Jap an ese.]—S. G.
♦Contribution to th e Knowledge of the A lum inium -B oron System. W . H o fm an n an d W . Jan ich e (Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 28, (1), 1-5).— B oroń ap p ears to be ą u ite insołuble in solid alum inium a n d th e re is no eu tec tic betw een alum inium a n d A1B2 c o n tra ry to th e s ta te m e n t o f H a e n n i (./. In s i. M etals, 1926, 36, 431). T he com pound A1B2 has a n h exagonal stru c tu re w ith a — 3-00, c = 3-24 A., ono moleculo p e r u n it c e li; th e com plete c ry s ta l s tru c tu re is elu cid ated . (Cf. M et. A bs., th is vol., p. 119.)—A. R . P .
*Study of [the C onstitution an d P roperties of] Certain A lum inium -C hrom ium Alloys. Soji H o ri (Sum itom o K in zo k u Kógyó K e n k y u Iló ko ku (Res. Hep.
Sum itom o M etal Industries, L td.), 1935, 2, (5), 351-372).— [In Ja p an ese.]
T he p hase b oundaries in th e eąu ilib riu m d iag ram o f tho alu m in iu m -ch ro m iu m alloys co ntaining u p to 5 0% chrom ium wero d eterm in ed b y th e rm a l, m elting po in t, a n d m icroscopical m eth o d s betw een 450° a n d 1100° C. T hreo p eritectic reactions w ere found to ta k e płaco a t 1018°, 803°, a n d 660° C., tw o com pounds Al2Cr a n d Al.,Cr a n d a solid so lu tio n being form ed, resp ectiy ely . T he lim it o f solid so lu b ility o f chrom ium in alu m in iu m a t 640° C. w as fo u n d to be 0-67 a n d 0-80% , a n d th e valuo is c o n sta n t dow n to 470° C. R olled sheets co n tain in g u p to 1-6% chrom ium wero su b jectcd to m echanical a n d corrosion te s ts a fte r h e a t-tre a tm e n t. Tho tensilo p ro p ertie s inerease slig h tly w ith inerease o f chrom ium . A n alloy co n tain in g 0-7% chrom ium h as re m a rk a b ly g re a te r tensilo s tre n g th on annealing th a n alloys o f n e a r com position. T he phenom onon m a y be duo to th o h ig h er re c ry sta lliz a tio n te m p e ra tu ro o f th is alloy. Corrosion te s ts w ere carried o u t b y th e “ a lte rn a tc w e t a n d d ry ” m eth o d in artificial sca-w ater for 1 m o n th , a n d th e change in m echanical p ro p erties w as observed. A lloys co n tain in g 0-7% chrom ium w hich h a d becn annealed w ere e sc e p tio n a lly re s is ta n t as com pared w ith alloys o f n ear com position, a n d w ere even m ore re s is ta n t th a n an n ealed p u re alum inium . T he corrosion-resistance o f th is allo y in th e annealed condition ap p ears w o rth y o f consideration in view o f its a b n o rm ally high tensile s tre n g th .— S. G.
♦Relation B etw een th e Properties of D u ralu m in an d Its Composition. T.
M atsu d a (Sum itom o Densen Ilio (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper Works), 1932, 1, (3), 134-145).— [In Ja p an ese.]—S. G.
♦Influence of A lum ina C ontent of D u ralu m in on Its Chemical an d M echanical P roperties. S. H o ri (Sum itom o D ensen Ih o (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper W orks), 1 9 3 3 ,1 , (12), 815-821).— [In Jap an eso .]— S. G.
♦Properties of Some D u ralu m in Sheets Made in E ngland. K . In a m u ra (Sum itom o D ensen Ih o (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper Works), 1933, 1, (7), 471-473).— [In Ja p a n e s e .]—S. G.
♦Experim ents to D eterm ine the O ptim um T em perature for th e H eat-T reat- m en t of D ural Type of Alloys. U . v. S eh eid t (Light M etals Research, 1936, 4, (15), 252-253).— S u m m ary from Z . M etallkunde, 1935, 27, 275 ; soe M et. A bs., th is vol., p . 36.— L . A . O.
*The System Iro n -A lu m in iu m -C arb o n . R u d o lf V ogel a n d H a n s M ader (Arch. Eisenhiiltenwesen, 1935-1936, 9, (7), 333-340 ; a n d (sum m ary) L ight M etals Research, 1936, 4, (19), 340-341).— T he te r n a ry sy stem contains six p rim a ry c ry s ta l phases, n am ely te r n a ry a-iron, te r n a ry y-iron, g ra p h ite , te r n a ry F e Al (e), te rn a ry F cA l, (8), a n d th e carb id e A14C3. D uring solidification th e re are fo u r p o in ts o f four-phase e ą u ilib riu m : ( 1) liąu id I + + yi = (1335° C .); (2) lią u id I I + y2 = e2 + g ra p h ite (1132° C .) ; (3) lią u id I I I + Sj = c3 -f- A1.,C3 (1135° C .) ; a n d (4) lią u id IV = £4 -)- g ra p h ite + A14C3 (1120° C.). T h ere a re th ree p o in ts o f 4-phase eąu ilib riu m in th o solid s ta te : (5) e 5 A ljG , = 8, + g ra p h ite (1115° C .); (6 ) + y3 =
“ 2 + g ra p h ite (1111° C .) ; a n d (7) e 7 + g ra p h ito = a 3 + S3. Tho com position o f th e various p h ases a t th e eąu ilib riu m p o in ts is as follows : liąu id s I - I V ; iro n 83-1, 83-35, 56-7, a n d 69-92% , alu m in iu m 14-5, 13-5, 43, a n d 2 9 % , respectivoly ; a 1- a 3 : iro n 85-1, 92-3, a n d 91-45% , alu m in iu m 14-8, 7-6, an d 8-5% , re s p e c tiy e ly ; yi~ y3 : iron 91-7, 90-3, a n d 9 2 -5 % ; alum inium 7-5, 7-2, a n d 6-9% , re s p e c tiy e ly ; S1-S 3, iro n 54-8, 58-8, a n d 71-3% , alum inium 45, 28, a n d 28-5% , respectiyely, a n d : iro n 85-2, 83-5, 55-8, 70-65, 71-7, 80-0, an d 72-85% , a lu m in iu m 13 0, 13-0, 44, 29, 28, 17-5, a n d 2 7 % , respectiyely.
— A. R . P .
♦Effects of Sm ali Q uantities of Iro n and Silicon on the Properties of A lum inium . S. H igashio (Sum itom o D ensen Iho (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper W orks), 1 9 3 2 ,1 , (4), 225-234).— [In Ja p an ese.]—S. G.
1936 I I . — Properties of A lloys 147
148 M etallurgical Abstracts
Vo l. 3On Some Properties of the A lum inium -R ich A lu m inium -M agnesium - M anganese Alloys. Is a m u Ig arash i (Sum itom o K in zo k u Kogyó K e n k y u Ild ko ku (Res. R ep. Sum itom o M etal Industries, L td.), 1935, 2, (5), 373-380).—
[In Jap an ese.] D iscusses th e m echanical p ro p erties a t room te m p e ra tu re , corrosion-resistance, form ing a n d w elding p ro p ertie s o f alloys o f yarious com positions, a n d th e ir p ra c tic a l ap p licatio n s.— S. G.
*Some Tests on th e L ight Alloy “ 25 S.” T. M atsu d a (Sum itom o Densen Ih o (Res. Rep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copjier W orks), 1933, 1, (12), 8 2 2 - 837).— [In Jap an ese.]—S. G.
*On the Light Alloy A eral. G. K oiso (Sum itom o Densen Ilio (Res. Rep.
Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper Works), 1932, 1, (1), 20-25).— [In Ja p an ese.]—S. G.
Beryllium and Beryllium Alloys. M. G. Corson an d J . D . Zeiser (Iro n Age, 1936, 137, (10), 28, 32, 74).—T he h isto ry o f beryllium a n d v ario u s alloys o f beryllium are discussed from th e technical a n d p ractical p o in ts o f view. T he co rrect fo u n d ry proccdure is deseribed in d etail, a n d tlie different properties o f tho various alloys w hich fit th e m for specific in d u s tria l ap p licatio n s are considered.— J . H . W .
*The Effect of T hallium on th e Freezing P oint of Lipowitz Alloy. Sidney J . F ren ch an d D onald S aunders (M etals and A lloys, 1936, 7, (1), 22-23).— Cf.
M et. A b s., th is vol., p. 74. Tho freezing p o in t o f L ipow itz alloy is depressed b y ad d itio n o f th alliu m , th e m ax im u m depression being 3-1° C. w ith 6%
th a lliu m ; th e alloys h ave a high ten d en c y to supercooling.— A. R . P .
*Effect of T hallium on the Freezing P oint of Indium -L ipow itz Alloy.
S idney J . F re n c h (M etals and A lloys, 1936, 7, (3), 64).—See also precedirig a b s tra c t. A m ix tu re o f 18-1% o f in d iu m a n d 8 1 '9 % o f th e 50 : 27 : 13 : 10 b ism u th -Ie a d -tin -c a d m iu m alloy m elts a t 46-8° C., w liilst a m ix tu re o f 6%
o f th a lliu m an d 9 4% o f tho L ipow itz allo y m elts a t 68-6° C. A d dition o f th a lliu m to th e indium alloy, liowever, cflected no fu rth e r red u ctio n in th e m elting p o in t.— A. R . P .
Cadm ium -N ickel B earing Alloys. A. J . P hillips (Production E ng., 1935, 6, 365).— See M et. A b s., th is vol., p. 36.— S. G.
*The R eaction of Chrom ium w ith Acid Slags. F ried rich K o rb er a n d W illy Oelsen (M itt. K .-W . In s t. Eisenforschung, 1935, 17, (21), 231-245).— Tho su b je c t w as in v estig ated from th e p o in t o f view o f th e m an u factu re o f chrom ium steels b y vario u s procedures.—A . R . P .
*A Study of Oxide Film s on M etal Surfaces w ith Cathode R ay D iffraction.
I .— Copper and Its Alloys. Shizuo M iyake (R ikw agaku K enkyu-jo Ih o (B uli.
In s t. P hys. Chem. Res. Tokyo), 1935, 14, 704-713).— [In Jap an ese.] O xide films form ed a t high te m p e ra tu re on copper a n d its alloys w ere stu d ie d by m eans o f cath o d e r a y diffraction m easurem ents w hich confirm t h a t th e resistan ce o f alu m in iu m -b ro n ze to hig h te m p e ra tu ro o x id atio n is d u e to a superficial film o f alu m in a. T he sim ilar p ro p e rty o f 70 : 30 brass is duo to a surface film o f zinc oxide.— S. G.
tP re s e n t Position of the P reparation, W orking, an d Uses of A lu m in iu m -
“ B ronzes.” E . L a y (Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 28, (3), 64r-67).—T he m echanical p ro p ertie s o f 4, 8, a n d 10% alum inium - 11 bronzes ” a t y ario u s stages o f cold- w ork an d a t te m p e ra tu re s betw een 100° an d 400° C. are show n g raphically, a n d b rie f n o tes are given on th e p ro p erties a n d h e a t-tre a tm e n t o f n ic k e l- alu m in iu m -eo p p er alloys. T he casting o f th e alloys is also discussed an d som e o f th e ir uses m entioned.—A. R . P .
*E xam ination of H igh-G rade A lum inium B ronzes. A. S. B a li a n d S. Z.
Ł ask in (T ehnika Vosdushnogo Flota ( Tcchn. A e ria lN a v y ), 1935, (10), 48-57).—
[I n R u ssian .] P roblem s in th e castin g o f a lu m in iu m -iro n a n d a lu m in iu m - iro n -n ic k e l bronzes a re exam ined, a n d th e ir m echanical a n d an ti-frictio n p ro p ertie s giyen w ith d etails o f th e effects th ereo n o f h e a t-tre a tm e n t.—N . A.
On the Basic P roperties of B eryllium B ronzes. I . T. K olenoy (Sudoslroenie (Shipbuilding), 1935, (12), 40-4 2 ).— [In R u ssian .] A review .— N . A.
Cadm ium -Silver-Copper B earing Alloy. L . C. B lo m stro m (Production Eng., 1935, 6, 3 6 4 -3 6 5 ; C. A b s., 1936, 30, 1721).-—A discussion, w ith a p h o to m icro g rap h a n d p h o to g rap h s.— S. G.
♦Properties of Cobalt-Copper Alloys, C obalt-B rass, an d C o balt-A lum inium - Bronze. T. M atsu d a (Sum itom o Densen Ilio (Ras. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper W orks), 1933, 1, (10), 667-691).— [I n Ja p a n e s e .]—S. G.
Copper-Lead B earings. D . E . A nderson (Production E ng., 1935, 6, 3 6 3 - 364).—See M et. A b s., th is v o l., p. 37.— S. G.
*On Cupro-N ickel Condenser Tubes. T . T a n ab e (Sum itom o Densen Iho (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper Works), 1 9 33,1, (5), 303-311).—
[In Ja p a n e se .]—S. G.
♦On Some Copper Alloys Containing Silicon.— I. T om ojiro T an ab e a n d Goro K oiso (Sum itom o K in zo k u Kógyó K e n k y u R o ko ku (Res. R ep. Sum itom o M etal In d u stries, L td.), 1935, 2, (5), 319-350).— [In Ja p a n e se .] See M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 573.—S . G.
♦Season-Cracking of Copper-Zinc Alloys.— I - I I . T. T a n a b e (Sum itom o Densen Ilio (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper W orks), 1932, 1, (1), 42-52 ; (2), 69-79).— [In Ja p a n e se .]—S. G.
♦Im proved Naval B rass “ S.N.B.” T . T an ab e a n d G. K oiso (Sum itom o Densen Ilio (R es. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper Wórics), 1933, 1, (7), 415-420).— [In Ja p an ese.]— S. G.
♦Special A lum inium -B rass Condenser Tube “ A lbrac.” T . T a n ab e (S u m i
tomo D ensen Ih o (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper Works), 1932, 1, (3), 122-127).— [I n Ja p a n e s e .]—S. G.
♦On th e R eplacem ent of Tin in R ed-B rass of the Types R g 5 an d R g 9, Especially by A ntim ony. W . K eese (Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 28, (3), 58-63).—
I n th e te r n a ry sy stem z in c -a n tim o n y -c o p p e r th e ran g ę o f hom ogeneous a-solid solution is bounded b y a s tra ig h t line in th e te r n a ry diag ram joining tho 38% zinc p o in t on th e cop p er-zin c sido w ith th e 8 % an tim o n y p o in t on th e a n tim o n y -c o p p e r side. A lloys w ith 2-5% zinc a n d u p to 5 % an tim o n y can bo w orked w ith o u t cracking, b u t th e ir m echanical p ro p ertie s are m uch inferior to th o se o f th e corresponding tin alloys. T ables a n d g ra p h s showing tho m echanical p ro p ertie s o f certain o f th e alloys are included.— A. R . P.
fM anganese-B ronze an d -B ra s s. W esley L a m b e rt (Proc. In s t. B rit. Found., 1934-1935, 28, 712-730).— See M et. A b s., 1935, 2, 97.— S. G.
♦Effect of Sm ali Q uantities of Added M etals on Brass. T. M atsu d a (S u m i
tomo Densen Ih o (R es. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper Works), 1933, 1, (7), 485-498).— [In Ja p a n e se .]— S. G.
♦M echanical Properties of Some T ernary Copper Alloys. T . M atsuda (Sum itom o D ensen Ilio (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper Works), 1933, 1, (5), 270-291).— [In Ja p an ese.]— S. G.
♦“ Electrolysis ” of a Solid Gold-Copper Alloy. G. N elilet, W . J o s t, an d R . Linko (Z. Elektrochem., 1936, 42, (3), 150-153).— W ires 0-1 m m . in diam eter a n d consisting o f gold 65-7 a n d copper 34-3% were “ electrolized ” b y th e passage th ro u g h th em o f a e u rre n t o f 3-2 am p ., e q u iv alen t to 41,000 a m p ./c m .2 a t 100°-150° C. below th e m elting p o in t, a b o u t 1000° ab s. D eb y e-S ch errer p h o to g rap h s show ed t h a t a c tu a l tr a n s p o rt o f m a te ria ł to o k place, th e gold being c o n c e n tra te d a t th e anodę a n d th e coppcr a t th e cath o d e . T he tr a n s ference n u m b e r o f cop p er a t a b o u t 1000° abs. w as ~ 7-4 X 10_ u __ J . H . W.
_ *Physico-Chemical Investigation of Alloys of Gold w ith M anganese. V. A.
N em ilov a n d A. A. R u d n izk iy (D okladi A ka d em ii N a u k S .S .S .R ., 1935, 3, (8), 351-353 (in R u ssia n ); a n d Compt. rend. Acad. Sci. U .R .S .S ., 1935, [N .S.], 3, (8), 351-354 (in G erm an)).— T h erm al an aly sis show ed tw o m inim a a t 20 a n d 70 ato m ic-% o f gold a n d a m axim um a t 50 ato m ic-% gold, corresponding to th e
1936
I I . — Properties o f A lloys 149
sep aratio n o f th e com pound AuMn. W ith in th e rango 20-35 ato m ic-% gold a tra n sfo rm a tio n in th e solid sta to occurs a t a b o u t 650° C., owing to th e form ation o f AuM n3 a n d a t a b o u t 66-6 atom io-% gold an o th e r tra n sfo rm a tio n leads to th e fo rm atio n o f Au „Mn. D eterm in atio n of th e B rinell hardness o f alloys c o n ta in ing 30 -100% gold show ed tw o h ardness m inim a in slowly cooled alloys a t 50 an d 66 ato m ic-% gold. O n ąuenching from 800° to 850° C. only th e m inim um cor
responding to AuM n occurs, indicating t h a t th is com pound is stablo u p to a t le a st 800°-850° C. M icrographic exam ination, electric resistance m easurem ents a t 25° a n d 100° C., a n d th e te m p e ra tu re eoeff. o f resistance betw een 25° a n d 100° C. confirm th e existence o f AuMn.,, A uM n, a n d A u2M n in slowly cooled alloys a n d o f AuM n only in ąu enched alloys.—Ń . A.
♦Studies on Some W rought M agnesium -Rich A lum inium Alloys. I . Ig a ra sh i (Sum itom o Densen Ih o (Re.s. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper
W orks), 1933, 1, (5), 323-331).— [In Ja p a n e se .]—S. G.
*Com parative Tests on Some W rought M agnesium Alloys. I . Ig a ra sh i (Sum itom o D ensen Ih o (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper IF oris),
1932, 1, (4), 205-211).— [In Ja p a n e se .]—S. G.
*Static and D ynam ie Tension Tests on W ro u g h t M agnesium Alloys. S.
T a m u ra (Sum itom o Densen Ih o (Res. Rep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper Works), 1933, 1, (9), 646-647).— [In Ja p an ese.]—S. G.
*On th e B rinell H ardness of M agnesium Alloys. I . Ig a ra sh i (Sum itom o Densen Ih o (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper IFori-s), 1932, 1, (4), 224).— [In Ja p an ese.]—S. G.
♦Elektron Sheet Made in G erm any. K . In a m u ra a n d S. Ilig ash io (Sum itom o D ensen Ih o (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper JForfcs), 1932, 1, (4), 212-222).— [In Ja p a n e se .]—S. G.
*M agnesium Alloy of Low Shrinkage. I . Ig a ra sh i (Sum itom o Densen Iho (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper W orks), 1932, 1, (4), 223).— [In Ja p a n e se .]— S. G.
*On M agnesium Alloys fo r W orking a n d Casting. I . Ig a ra sh i (Sum itom o Densen Ih o (Res. Rep. Sum itom o Steel, Tube, and Copper Works), 1932, 1, (4), 187-204).— [In Ja p a n e se .]—S. G.
*On the R ate of T ransform ation in M agnesium -Cadm ium Alloys in th e Region of th e Compound MgCd. N . I . S tep an o v a n d S. A. B u la h (D okladi A ka d em ii N a u k S .S .S .R ., 1935, 4, (3), 139-142 (in R u s s ia n ); a n d Compt. rend. A cad.
S c i. U .R .S .S ., 1936, [N .S.], 4, (3), 147-151 (in French)).— Tho alloys te s te d co n tain ed 48-0-52-8 ato m ic-% m agnesium . A fter ąu en ch in g from 320° C. tho r a te o f tra n sfo rm a tio n a t 100° C. in to th e m odification sta b le a t low te m p e ra tu re s was a m ax im u m w ith th e com pound MgCd a n d dccreased w ith ad d itio n o f excess o f e ith e r com ponent.—N . A.
♦M agnesium -Lead Alloys. K . V. P eredelski (Legkie M etalli (Light M etals), 1935, (12), 43-48).— [In R ussian.] T he m echanical a n d casting pro p erties a n d corrosion-resistance o f m agnesium alloys co ntaining u p to 16-85% le a d w ere stu d ied . Good castin g s can bc o b ta in e d in chill a n d in sa n d m oulds. Tho d e n sity o f tho alloys increases slow ly u p to 2-0 w ith 16-85% lead. T he alloys a re sta b le in w a te r a n d air. T he b e st re su lts wero o b ta in e d w ith alloys con
ta in in g 3 -5 % o f lead w hieh have a tensile s tre n g th o f 16-18 k g ./m m .2, a n e longation o f 7 -8 % , a n d d en sity 1-85-1-9.— D . N . S.
*B inary M agnesium -Zinc Alloys. J . A. A m sterdam ski (T r u d i Nauchno- Issledovaielskogo In stitu ta Legkih M eiallov “ N iisa lu m in i ” (T ra n s. S c i. R es.
In s t. L ig h t M etals), 1935, (10), 57-64).— [I n R ussian.] T he m icro stru ctu re a n d m echanical p ro p erties o f m agnesium alloys co n tain in g u p to 15% zinc were s tu d ie d in th e c a st, rolled, ąu en ch ed , a n d an n ealed (125°-225° C. for 10-120 h rs .) s ta te s. Alloys w ith m ore th a n 2 -3 % zinc a fte r ąuen ch in g a t 300°-320° C.
a re su b je c t to age-hardening, th e hard n ess inereasing b y 3 0 -4 0 % , a n d th e tensile s tre n g th rem aining unchanged. T he se p a ra tio n o f th e new p h ase (y)
150 M etallurgical Abstracts
V o l . 31936
I I . — Properties o f A lloys 151
can be d etcc ted m icroscopically on ly a fte r agcing a t 200° C. w hen th e y ap p ears as tin y sp o ts d is trib u te d th ro u g h o u t th e 8-phaso. T h e se p aratio n o f th e y-phaso begins considerably before t h a t o f th o g en erał d istin te g ra tio n o f th e S-pliase a n d boforo th e beginning o f inereaso in hardness. T h is se p aratio n tak es place w hen th o alloys a fte r h eatin g to 300° C. aro n o t sufficiently ra p id ly qucnched.— D . N . S.
*An Investigation of th e H ardness o! Alloys of M agnesium w ith Tin and Lead a t D ifierent T em peratures. V. P . Schiscliokin, V. A. A geewa, a n d V. T. M iheeva (M etallurg (M etallurgist), 1935, (11), 81-84).— [In R ussian.]
T he te m p e ra tu ro coeff. o f h ard n ess w as d eterm in ed b y th o expression
= hetw een room te m p e ra tu re a n d 220° C. T he hardness isotherm s a t 20°, 70°, 120°, 170°, a n d 220° C. show n iax in ia a t 33 a n d 61%
m agnesium , rcspectively, for tho lead a n d ti n sy stem s corrcsponding to th e eutectic alloy, b u t th e sh arp n ess o f theso g rad u ally deereases w ith increase in tem p e ra tu re . T he co m p o sitio n -tem p eratu re coeff. o f hard n ess curve in b o th sy stem s h as a m axim um a t tho eu tec tic p o in t a n d m inim a a t p o in ts corresponding to tho in term etallic com pounds.— N . A.
*The System Iron-C em entite-M anganese Carbide-M anganese. R u d o lf Vogel a n d W ern er D oring (A rch . Eisenhiittenwesen, 1935-1936, 9, (5), 2 4 7 - 252).—Tho eąu ilib riu m d iag ram o f th e sy stem m anganese-m anganese Carbide was d eterm in ed b y th e rm a l a n d m icrographic m e th o d s ; Mn3C m elts a t 1245° C. a n d th o lią u id u s shows a fia t m inim um a t a b o u t 1160°, 3-5% carbon.
Mn3C ex ists in tw o form s w ith a tra n sfo rm a tio n p o in t a t 1050° C. w hich is g rad u ally depressed b y ad d itio n o f m anganeso to a m inim um a t 3-5% carbon, 920° C. Tho e u te c to id h o rizo n tal (p-M n3C ^ a-M n3C + y-m anganese) ex ten d s from 2-5 to 6-7% carb o n a n d th o peritectic h o rizo n tal a t 1190° C.
from 1-5 to 2-5% carbon. T h ere is a second eu tec to id al h o rizo n tal a t 740° C.
corrcsponding to th e dccom position o f y-m anganeso solid so lu tio n in to a-m anganese a n d a-M n3C. Tho y-(3 tra n sfo rm a tio n p o in t o f m anganese is lowered fro m 1140° to 840° C. b y a d d itio n o f carb o n w hereas th e (3-a p o in t is raised from 740° to 840° C. T e rn a ry iro n -m a n g a n e se -c a rb o n alloys resem ble th e b in a ry iro n -c a rb o n alloys u p to 60% m a n g a n e se ; in alloys w ith a higher m anganeso c o n te n t com plex phaso changes occur in th e solid s ta to ow ing to tho allo tro p ic changes w hich occur in Mn3C a n d m anganese, th u s th o e ą u i
librium d iag ram o f alloys w ith 70% m anganese co n tain s no less th a n 17 phase- fields. I n m anganese-rich alloys th e re a re fo u r planes o f four-phase e ą u i
librium one o f w hich corresponds w ith th o te r n a ry e u te c to id a l change : y-m anganese ^ a-m anganese -f- y-iron + a-M n3C (iron 25, carb o n 2 05, m anganese 77-95% , 6-40° C.— A. R . P .
Electrical Uses of Nickel. An Expanding M a r k e t; R ecent D evelopm ents.
--- (Elect. Iłev., 1936, 118, (3041), 348).— Tho uses o f nickel a n d its alloys are briefly en u m erated . 3 now alloys aro described, a ll co ntaining a b o u t 30%
nickel. T h e ir expansion curves m a tc h closely those o f a ll k now n glasses w hich e x h ib it a “ k ick ” o r b en d ju s t below tho softening te m p e ra tu re . T his p erm its a v a c u u m -tig h t a n d p ra c tic a lly stress-free jo in t botw een glass a n d tho alloy. “ Iso-elastic ” alloy is a m e ta l o f c o n sta n t e lasticity .— L . A. O.
*Eddy C urrents in Composite L am inations [of Chrom ium Perm alloy]. E . P eterso n a n d L. R . W ra th a ll (Proc. In s t. Radio E ng., 1936, 24, (2), 275-286).—
L am in atio n s o f 3-8 chrom ium P erm alloy, w hen used as th o corcs o f in d u ctan ce coils, are fou n d in som e in stan ces to havo a n in d u ctan ce o f th e o rd er o f o f t h a t c alc u lated fro m th o in itia l p erm eab ility a n d r e s is t m t y o f th o m ateriał.
B y ctch in g tho surface lay ers from th e lam in atio n s, to a d e p th o f 0-002 in.
o r m ore, th e discrepancies aro alm o st com pletely rem oved. I t is show n m ath em atically t h a t tho presence o f a surface skin o f low p erm eab ility w ill acco u n t fo r th e d ev iatio n s o b se rre d . T h is sk in becom es m ore noticeable as
152 M etallurgical Abstracts
V o l . 3 th e sheet thickness is reduced an d it persists a fte r annealing. Tho effect is n o t so pronounced in soft iron, 45 P erm alloy, o r 3-8 m olybdenum P e rm a llo y ; a n d h as n o t been observed in Silicon steel, hydrogenized Silicon steel, niekel, P e rm in v a r, o r 78 P erm allo y .—J . C. C.*Palladium Carbide. N o rb e rt G. S chm ahl ( I X Congr. internat. quim . p u ra applicada, M adrid, 1934, 3, 468—174; C. A bs., 1936, 30, 1677).— M ethane or a m ix tu rc o f m ethane w ith hyd ro g en in c o n ta c t w ith p allad iu m pow der form ed b y reducing P dO w ith h ydrogen reaches c ąu ilib riu m in soveral hours.
Tho carb o n c o n tc n t o f th e solid w as 4-4% , corresponding closely to P d 5C2 (4-31% carbon). P h o to g rap h s o f X -ra y sp e c tra are given w hich show t h a t th is is a tru o com pound. T he com pound show s tho sam o cap a c ity as p allad iu m to absorb h y drogen, an d th is is ę sp la in e d b y assum ing a double in tercalated stru c tu re , according to th e th e o ry o f H iigg (M et. Abs. (J. In s t. M etals), 1931, 47, 387).—S. G.
*Electrical Conductivity and E ąuilibrium D iagram of B inary Alloys. XVIII.
— The P alladium -C obalt System. G. G rube a n d H . K iistn er (Z. Elektrochem., 1936, 42, (3), 156-160).—T he tem p eratu res o f th e lią u id u s an d th e s o lid u s for th e p a lla d iu m -c o b a lt alloys a t 5 ato m ic-% w ere d cterm in ed a n d are ta b u la te d fo r te m p e ra tu re s from 40° u p to 720°-1000° C. Tho te m p o ra tu re - rcsistancc curvcs show s th e tran sfo rm atio n o f p u re c o b a lt by a kin k in th e curvo a t 45G°—475° C .; a t 5 ato m ic-% p allad iu m th e tra n sfo rm a tio n is ju s t observable a t 310° C .; a t 10 atom ic-% p allad iu m a n d up w ard s i t does n o t ap p ear, th e curves betw een 10 a n d 30 ato m ic-% palladium being q u ite sm ooth. T he d isappearance o f th e ferrom agnetism in th e solid solution betw een 40 a n d 90 ato m ic-% p allad iu m is show n b y a change o f direction in th e curvcs. Tho Curie p o in t falls as tho p allad iu m c o n tc n t inereases, th e m agnetom etrie value being alw ays low er th a n tho Curie p o in t.
A n eąu ilib riu m diag ram has bcon co n stru ctc d em bodying tho resu lts o f these th e rm a l, electrical, a n d m agnetic m easurem ents. T he p a lla d iu m -c o b a lt alloys, liko tho p allad iu m -n ick el alloys, frecze in a com plete rangę o f solid solutions w ith a m inim um freezing p o in t o f 1217° C. a t 50 ato m ic-%
p allad iu m .— J . H . W .
Physical P roperties of B abbitt Tin-Base B earing Alloys. Owon W . E llis (M etal Progress, 1936, 29, (2), 56-59).— Tho A.S.T.M . a n d S.A .E. specifications for tin-baso bearing m etals aro considered, an d a n acco u n t is given o f th e influence on th ese alloys o f ad d itio n s o f zinc, alum inium , arsenie, bism u th , cadm ium , a n d lead. R ecen t m ethods o f m echanical a n d sorvice testin g are sum m arized.—P . M. C. R .
“ T itanite,” a New Strong A lum inium Casting A l l o y . --- (Am er. M etal M arket, 1936, 43, (45), 5).— A b rie f n o te. T ita n ite is a titan iu m -b ase alloy co n tain in g alum inium an d m anganese, a n d is said to be highly re s is ta n t to corrosion.— L . A. O.
*Pressed and Cast H ard Tungsten-Base Alloys. T. M. G rjaznow (Neftjanoe K hoziaystvo (Oil Economy), 1935, (10), 47-57).— [In R ussian.] T he hardness, w earing properties, fra c tu re , m icrostructure, a n d X -ra y stru c tu re o f alloys hay in g a com position w ith in th e ran g ę : carbon 1-86-5-68, tu n g ste n 80-93-5, m olybdenum 0-67-5-0, iron 0-84-5-8, Silicon 0-36-6-35, an d co b alt 0-1-11-5% , w ere in vestigated. T he use o f these alloys for drilling oil-wells is discussed.
A bibliography o f 21 references is givcn.—N . A.
B earing M etals. F . K . vo n G oler a n d G. Sachs (G iesserei-Prazis, 1936, 57, (7/8), 7 6 -7 9 ; (11/12), 121-124).— D escribes tho com position, stru c tu re , a n d p ro p erties o f ( 1) hig h -tin w hite m etal, th e im p ro v em en t effected b y th e ad d itio n o f cadm ium , a n d th e effect o f 2% o f le a d ; (2 ) high-lead w hite m etals a n d h ard en ed lead bearin g m e ta ls ; (3) cadm ium -base bearing m e ta ls ; (4) le a d -b ro n z e s ; a n d (5) zinc-base a n d alum inium -base bearing m etals.
— J . H . W .
1936
I I I . — Structure 153
R eport of [A.S.T.M.] Comm ittee B -4 on E lectrical H eating, E lectrical R esistance, and E lectric F u rn ace Alloys. D ean H a rv e y a n d F . E . B ash (Proc.
Am er. Soc. Test. M a t., 1935, 35, (I), 170-178).— Som e sm ali m odifications in te n ta tiv e s ta n d a rd s a re p roposed a n d a b rie f acc o u n t is g iv en o f th e actiy ities of th e 7 sub-com m ittces.— A. R . P.
*Physical Properties of M etals as Affected by Conditions of A m m onia Synthesis. (M axwell.) See p. 144.
*M easurem ents on T herm o-E lectric Forces of Some Alloys a t Tem peratures from 2-5° to 17-5° K . W . H . K cesom a n d C. J . M a tth ijs (Physica, 1935, 2, 623).— Sce M et. A b s., 1935, 2, 584.— L. A. O.
*Precipitation A long a T em perature G radient in S upersaturated Solid Solutions. G. T am m an n a n d W . B oehm e (Light M etals Research, 1936, 4, (19), 317-318).— S h o rt su m m ary from Z . anorg. Chem., 1935, 226, (1), 8 7 ; see M et. A b s., th is v o l., p . 116.— L. A. O.
A Simple System atic Classification for All B inary, T ernary, and Q uaternary Alloys. E r n s t Jan eek o (Z. Elektrochem., 1936, 42, (3), 128-138).— A lloys are divided in to ty p c s a n d g roups as show n by th e ir eąu ilib riu m d iag ram s, a n d are classified accordingly.— J . H . W .
jG eom etric Theory of H eterogeneous E ąuilibrium . E ric h Scheil (Z. Elektro- chem., 1936, 42, (3), 153-155).— T he a p p licatio n o f th e p h ase ru le to h e te ro geneous e ąu ilib riu m is considered, a n d non- a n d u n i-v a ria n t eąuilibrium system s arc discussed on th eo retical gro u n d s.— J . H . W .
II I .— STRU C TU R E
(M etallo g rap h y ; M ac ro g ra p h y ; C ry stal S tru ctu re.)
(Continued from pp. 116-120.)
R eport of [A.S.T.M.] Com m ittee E -4 on M etallography. C. II . D avis an d O. E . H a rd e r (Proc. A m er. Soc. Test. M a t., 1935, 35, (I), 511-512).— F u tu rę w ork is o u tlin ed .— A. R . P .
On th e M etallographic E xam ination of G raphitic P roducts of th e M etallo- ceram ic Type (M etallized G raphite B earings). N . M. Z a ru b in (Zarodskaia Laboratoria ( W orks' L ab.), 1935, 4, (12), 1474-1479).— [I n R u ssian .] M ethods are described for polishing a n d etch in g th e surfaces o f alloys p ro d u ced b y sin terin g m ix tu res o f pow dered m e ta ls a n d alloys w ith g ra p h ite .—D . N . S.
M icrostructure of Nickel an d H igh N ickel-Chrom ium Alloys. --- (M etal Progress, 1936, 29, (3), 57).— P h o to m icro g rap h s illu s tra te th e m icro stru ctu ro o f liot-rolled nickel, ro lled a n d an n ealed Inconel, a N ich ro m e-ty p e h cat- resisting alloy, a n d a n alloy co ntaining iron 44-5, nickel 35, chrom ium 18% . A nalyses are given in each case__ P . M. C. R .
*K inetics of R ecrystallization in Tin, Cadmium, an d Iro n . M. K o rn feld a n d F . S ayizkiy (Zhurnal ekspcrim entalnoy i leoreticheskoy F iz ik i (J . E zp er. Theoret.
P hysics), 1935, 5, (10), 996-998).— [I n R u ssian .] T he ap p earan ce a n d g ro w th o f new g rain s in th e recry stallizatio n o f tin , cadm ium , a n d iro n are sim ilar to those fo u n d p reviously in alum inium . T he existence o f a n in e u b a tio n period a n d th e c o n stan cy o f th e lin e a r ra te o f g ro w th a re estab lish ed . F o r tin , cadm ium , a n d iro n w ith deform ations o f 2-0, 0-60, a n d 3-5% a t 175° i 2°, 205° ± 2°, a n d 930° ± 5° C., rcspectively, i t is show n t h a t th e process o f re s t is concluded before th e ap p earan ce o f th e first visible g rain .—N . A.
*F orm ation of New G rains in R ecrystallization. H .— N aturę of th e In - cubation Period. M. O. K o rn feld (Zhurnal eksperim entalnoy i teoreticheskoy F iz ik i (J. E zp er. Theoret. P hysics), 1935, 5, (10), 999-1000).— [I n R ussian.]
Two in te rp re ta tio n s of th e n a tu rę o f th e in e u b a tio n period are possible b u t on ly one corresponds to ex p erim en tal d a ta . A ccording to th is, th e nuclei are form ed as a re s u lt o f a n irreversible process occurring a t th e v ery o u ts e t o f th e annealing
154 M etallurgical Abstracts
Yo l. 3in a definite region o f th o deform ed m etal. T he d u ra tio n o f th o in cu b atio n p erio d is ecjual to th e tim o necessary fo r th e conclusion o f th is process.— N . A.
♦Spectroseopie Study of the Modifications U ndergone by th e Surface of Light Alloys ; A pplication of D uralum in. H en ri Triclić (Compt. rend., 1936, 202, (9), 745-747).—T h e sp a rk sp ectro g rap h (seo M et. A b s., 1936, 3, 84) w as used to s tu d y th e surface effect o f D u ralu m in during electrolytic o x id atio n w ith a.c., using chrom ie a n d sulpliuric acids as electrolytes. T he lines observed were 2802-7 A. (Mg), 3082-1 (Al), 3274 (Cu), 2881-6 (Si), a n d th e C a-doublet 3933-7-3968-5. T he chrom ie acid solution w as y e ry stro n g , an d a lth o u g h th e d ep o sit w as b arely visible, th e s p a rk show ed eonsiderable w eakening o f th e eopper lino com pared w ith t h a t o f m agnesium , an d a slig h t w eakening o f th e m agnesium line com pared w ith t h a t o f th e aluminium , la te r th o Silicon an d calcium lines disap p eared . T he a ctio n o f th e chrom ie acid is th u s selective.
W ith p u re su lp h u ric acid no d ep o sit w as observed, only a continuous a t t a c k ; th e sp ectru m is id en tical w ith t h a t o f th e u n tr e a te d surface. Tho successive actio n o f chrom ie a n d su lp h u ric acids depends on w h eth cr th e form er is stro n g e n o u g h to e x e rt th o effect. I t is concluded t h a t th e oxido lay er can on ly form if c e rta in elem ents o f th e D u ralu m in are elim inated moro or less com pletely from th e surface. I n th e p re s e n t case, those elem ents are first copper, w liich is r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e l y p resen t, S il ic o n , a n d calcium . M a g n e s i u m
is on ly p a rtly elim inated from tho surface. T he deposition can be considered a s ta k in g place in 2 o p eratio n s : first, th e selcctiye actio n o f th o electrolyte, a n d th e n tho re a l deposition o f a lu m in a w ith th e sam e electrolyte o r w ith a n o th e r w hich has no selectiye action. T he rem oyal o f th e copper confirms th e suggestion m ado b y A. G. C. G w yer a n d N . D . Pullen (M et. A bs., th is vol., p . 80).—J . H . W .
♦The Effect of H eat-T reatm en t on the S tructure of Gold- an d Silver-Leaf.
G. D . P re sto n a n d L. L . B ircum shaw (Pliil. M ag., 1936, [vii], 21, (142), 713—
727).— Tho c ry s ta l s tru c tu re s o f gold- a n d silver-leaf h e a te d in a ir, hydrogen, o r in vacuo were exam ined b y th e electro n diffraction m eth o d . T he co n tractio n occurring w hen gold-leaf is h e a te d in a ir a t a b o u t 350° C. is aecom panied by recry stallizatio n a n d reo rien tatio n o f th e c ry sta ls in th o leaf. T he effects are c ith c r a b s e n t o r occur on ly v e ry slowly even a t higher tem p eratu res w hen th e h e a t-tre a tm e n t is carried o u t in hydrogen. A t pressures o f 10~‘ cm . o f m ercury o r less no recry stallizatio n is obseryed cven a t 700° C. T he effects observed a t Iow te m p e ra tu re s on annealing gold-leaf in a ir are a ttrib u te d to th e presence o f oxygen. S im ilar effects occur in silver-leaf, b u t ta k e place in a ir a t low er te m p e ra tu re s a n d are n o t so easily controllcd. C ry stal re o rie n ta tio n h a s n o t been obseryed, alth o u g h c ry s ta l g ro w th occurs. T he electro n diffraction sp e c tra o b tain ed w ith gold- a n d silver-leaf tre a te d w ith m ercury y a p o u r do n o t correspond w ith t h o s e to be e x p e c t e d from a n y o f t h e
know n phases o f th e g o ld -m erc u ry a n d silv e r-m e rc u ry system s. I t is suggested t h a t th e phases p re s e n t in v e ry th in films m a y n o t liave th e
s t r u c t u r e c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e m assiye S t a t e_- J . S. G. T.
♦The D iffraction of Slow E lectrons on Zinc Single Crystals. S. G. K a lash n ik o v a n d I . A. Jak o v lc v (Z h u m a l eksperim entalnoy i łeoreticheskoy F iz ik i (J. E xper.
Theoret. P hysics), 1935, 5, (10), 932-941).— [In R ussian.] T he diffraction o f slow electrons on zinc single c ry sta ls w as stu d ie d b y th e c o n sta n t angle m ethod.
I n th e rango o f tho n o rm al com ponent o f electro n yelo city fro m 5-5 to 130 v.
8 diffraction m ax im a w ere m easured. T he e q u iv alen t in n er p o te n tia l o f zinc w as d eterm in ed a n d fo u n d to be a n asy m p to tic a lly inereasing fu n c tio n o f th e o rd er o f reflection. Tho influence o f te m p e ra tu re o n th e in te n s ity o f diffract- tio n beam s w as stu d ie d q u a n tita tiv e ly a n d th e re s u lt com pared w ith D eb y e’s th e o ry o f tho sc a tte rin g o f X -ray s.— N . A.
Law of Corresponding States of L attice Recovery. J . A. M. v a n L ie m p t (Chem. Weekblad, 1935, 32, (1670), 5 4 6 -5 5 0 ; C. A b s., 1936, 30, 1626).—T he h y p o th esis o f la ttic e recoyery b y nucleus fo rm atio n (y an L iem p t, J . In s ł.
