METALLURGICAL ABSTR A C TS
(G E N E R A L A N D N O N -F E R R O U S )
Y o lu m e 3 J U N E 1 9 3 6 P a r t 6
I.— P R O P E R T IE S OF M ETALS
(Continued from pp. 141-1-IG.)
*Compression ol A lum inium and A lum inium Alloys. A. v on Zeerleder, R . Irm a n n , a n d E . v on B u rg (A lu m in iu m , 1936,18, (2), 41—18).—T ho behaviour o f alum inium a n d y arious b in ary a n d p o ly n ary alum inium alloys u n d er compression in tho A m sler m achino (static) a n d u n d er th e d rop-ham m er (dynam ie) a t yarious tem p eratu res a n d a t yario u s ra te s o f com pression is shown graphieally, a n d com pared w ith t h a t o f yarious o th e r m etals a n d alloys.
T he forco rcąu ired in k g ./m m .2 to produce a red u etio n o f 50% b y compression is as follows for tho tem p eratu res given : 99-5% alum inium , 1-3-0-8 (500°- 550° C.), brass 2-0-0-8 (700°-800° C.), A nticorodal 2-8-1-9 (450°-500° C.), copper 4-0-2-6 (700°-800° C.), A yional D 4-1-3-8 (420°-440° C.), P eralu m an 2 4-8 (420°-440° C.), iro n 5-0-4-0 (1000°-1100° C-), a n d P e ra lu m a n 7 5-0 (420°-440° C.).— A. R . P .
♦Photoelectric Effect of A lum inium Film s E yaporated in Vacuum . E . Gaviola an d J o h n Strong (Pliys. Rev., 1936, [ii], 49, (6), 441—143).— A lum inium films were prep ared in a high y acuuin, a n d th e ir photoelectric properties w ere studied. T he photoelectric th resh o ld w as d eterm ined as 2830 A ., a n d a selective m axim um found n e a r 2700 A. T he longer w ave-lengths o f preyious yalues for th e th resh o ld aro p ro b ab ly duo to tho presence o f oxide films, b u t th e present yalues can n o t bo considered as characteristic o f puro alum inium , sińce iron was p resen t in tho ey ap o rated film to th e c x te n t o f a t least 0 -2% by w eight.—W . H .-R .
jB eryllium . I t. G adeau (Rev. A lu m in iu m , 1936,13, (77), 17-24).—Sec M et.
Abs., th is vol., p. 74.— J . H . W .
Velocity D istribution of P hoto-Electrons E m itted by Composite Csesium Cathodes. A. 1. P ja tn itz k i a n d P . W . Tim ofeew (Physikal. Z . Sow jetunion, 1936, 9, (2/3), 187-197).— [In G erm an.] T he yelocity d istrib u tio n o f photo- electrons em itted b y oxygen-ea;sium a n d su lphur-cicsium photo-cathodes duo to the incidence o f m onochrom atic lig h t is fou n d to depend on tho w ave-length o f th e lig h t a n d on th e s tru c tu re o f th e cathode.— J . S. G. T.
*Revision of the Atom ie W eight of G erm anium . n . — Analysis of G erm anium Tetrachloride. O. H onigschm id an d K . W intersberger (Z. anorg. Chem., 1936, 227, (1), 17-24).— Cf. M et. A bs., th is vol., p. 31. T he valuc found was 72-59.
— A. R . P.
The Properties an d Uses of Lead [continued]. R . S. R ussell (M odern Engineer, 1935, 9, ( 11), 4 9 9 -5 0 0 ; ( 12), 5 5 5 -5 5 7 ; 1936, 10, (1), 39-40).—See also M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 658. T he ch ief problcm s o f tho lead in d u stry are th o u g h t to be in tercry stallin e cracking an d tho need fo r b e tte r physical testing m ethods, for b e tte r u n d erstan d in g o f m ethods o f castin g an d w orking, an d for a more oxtensive know ledge o f th e alloys o f lead. E acli o f theso problem s is briefly discussed. In te rg ra n u la r failure is said to bo duo to fatig u e, stress-corrosion, o r stressing a fte r h ig h -tem p eratu re annealing. T he ty p e s o f physical te s t w hich a re proposcd fo r developtncnt are creep tests, grain-size m easurenient, a n d d eterm in atio n o f tendency to rccrystallize. C asting te m peratu re, p ouring tech n iąu e, a n d d eo x id atio n are th e im p o rta n t facto rs in casting lead. R olling a t te m p e ra tu re s aboyo 150° C. is n o t reeom m ended,
* D en o tcs a p ap er d escrib in g tlie resu lts of original research.
f D en o tes a first-elass critical rey iew . P
194 Metallurgical Abstracts
Yo l. 3b u t ex tru d in g dies arc kex)t a t 150°-200° C. T he m o st im p o rta n t alloys are th e b in a ry com binations w ith copper, silvcr, a n d tellu riu m , a n d th e rccen tly developcd te r n a ry alloys w ith an tim o n y a n d cadm ium , a n d tin a n d cadm ium . Tho p ro p ertie s o f these alloys aro briefly doscribcd.— H . W . G. H .
*The Properties of H eusler’s Alloy, and the True Specific H eat of M anganese an d Its D iscontinuity. J . R . A shw orth (Proc. Pliys. Soc., 1936, 48, (3), 4 5 6 - 468).— V alues o f the] d en sity , in te n sity o f m agnetization, eritical tem p eratu re, C urie’s co n stan t, electrical resistiv ity a n d its te m p e ra tu re coeff., thcrm oelcctric pow er, a n d m ean a n d tru e specific h e a t were d eterm ined a t c ertain te m p e ra tu re s u p to a b o u t 500° C. A large d isco n tin u ity is fou n d in th e y alu e o f the tr u e specific lic a t o f m anganeso a t a b o u t 350° C., w hich is noarly th e critical te m p e ra tu re o f tho H eusler alloy (360° C.). Tho h e a t cap acity o f th e alloy is th e sum o f th e h e a t capacities o f its c o n stitu en ts b o th below a n d above th e critical tem p eratu re.— J . S. G. T.
♦Surface Tension of Mercury in th e Presence of Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Carbon Dioxide. M arie K ern ag h an (Phys. R ev., 1936, [ii], 49, (5), 414).—
A b stra c t o f a p a p e r read before tho A m erican P h y sical Society. Tho surface tension o f m ercury w as again checked an d fou n d to bo 476-5 dynes/cm . a t 20° C. Tho resu lts o b tain cd in th e presence o f tho gases are sum m arized in a ta b le .— S. G.
♦Adsorption of Gases on M ercury. R . S. B u rd o n (Proc. P hys. Soc., 1935, 47, (3), 460^170).— A dsorbed carbon dioxido or h ydrogen to tho e x te n t o f a inono- m olecular lay er are re ta in e d b y a m ercury surface on oyacuation. T he a d sorption is re a d ily obseryed w hen th e m ercury surface is form ed in a gas, b u t n o t w hen tho gas is a d m itte d to a surface w hich h as been form ed in a yacuum . I t seems m ore pro b ab le th a t th is is due to som ething actin g as a co n tam in atio n th a n to somo in h eren t p ro p e rty o f th e m ercury causing changes in tho tra n sitio n lay er a t tho surface. I f moro th a n a single la y e r o f gas moleeulcs condenses on th e surface, th e su b seąu cn t layers a re lo st on evacua- tion. N o single th e o ry explains th e com plex phenom ena obsorvcd.— S. G.
♦Adsorption of the H eavier R are Gases by M ercury. H ans M. Cassel an d K u r t N ougobaucr (./. Physical Chem., 1936, 40, (4), 523-529).— T he surface tension o f m ercury in c o n ta c t w ith eith er k ry p to n o r xenon w as determ ined a t te m p eratu res betw een 235° an d 293° K . V alues o f th e h eats o f ad sorption o f th e respcctive gases were deriyod as follows : k ry p to n , a t 239° K ., 2700 c a l.;
xenon, a t 245° K ., 345° c a l .; a t 263° K ., 3350 c a l .; a t 283° K ., 3400 cal.
-^T . S. G. T.
♦The Change of E lectrical Resistance of Nickel w ith Tem perature. S.
V elayos a n d H . B itte l (Boi. acad. cienc. exacta-s, fis. quim . not. (M a d rid ), 1935, 1, (3), 5 - 9 ; C. A b s., 1936, 30, 2819).—T he electrical resistance o f nickel w as m easured from — 190° to 570° C. b y using a Wolff precision potentiom eter.
T he precision is 1 : 10,000 in th e region o f th e Curie po in t, w hich is 353-6 ± 0-3°
for c arb o n y l nickel. M easurem ents on o rd in ary nickel agree w hen corrections for p u rity are m ade.— S. G.
Curie Ferrom agnetic Point of Thin Layers of Electrolytically Deposited Nickel. S t. Procopiu a n d T . F a rc a s (A n n . sci. U niv. Jassy, 1935, 20, 7 5 -8 2 ; C. A bs., 1936, 30, 2438).—T he Curie p o in t is 17° higher fo r th in layers o f nickel th a n for th ic k layers. T his inerease is a ttrib u te d to th e in te rn a l pressure of th e th in layers. T his pressure inereases th e n u m b er o f atom s w hich su rround th e m agnetic a to m so t h a t tho energy o f cohesion o f th o m agnetic a to m is inereased. T he H eisenberg form uła explains th e ex p erim en tal results fairly well.—S. G.
♦On the Change of Therm al Energy D ue to M agnetization in Ferrom agnetic Substances [Iron, Nickel, Cobalt, Steels, N ickel-Iron Alloy]. Tosihiko O kam ura (Sci. Rep. Tóhoku Im p . U niv., 1936, [i], 24, (5), 745-S07).— [In English.] Tho ab so rp tio n o r eyolution o f h e a t accom panying th e m agnetization o f iron,
1936
I . — Properties of Metals 195
nickel, cobalt, stcel, K .S. m ag n et stecl, n ick el-iro n alloy, a n d iro n single crystals was d eterm ined. T he th e rm a l phenom enon com priscs tw o ty p c s o f h e a t change, one rcversible (th e m agneto-caloric cflect), th e o th e r irrovcrsiblo (duo to m agnetic hysteresis). These tw o h ave bcen se p a ra te d from ono anotlier. I n in itia l m agnetization, irreyersible h e a t curves aro sim ilar to each o th er an d to th e m ag n etizatio n curve. T he reversible h e a t curves, p lo tte d against tho m agnetic field, arc a ll sim ilar for iron, th e steels, a n d nick el-iro n alloy. I n w cak fields, h e a t is a b s o rb e d ; th e a m o u n t incrcases a t first, reaches a m axim um , th e n dccreases, a n d finally changes to eyolution. I n cobalt, h e a t ab so rp tio n alone is obseryed. I n th e case o f cyclic m agnetization startin g from m axim um fields, irreyersible effects ap p e a r on ly as th o field approaches zero value. W hen th e field assum es negativo values, licat evolution is eonspicuous.-—J . S. G. T.
*The Ferrom agnetism o£ Nickel. J . C. S later (Phys. liev., 1930, [ii], 49, (7), 537-545).— T heoretical. T he calculations o f K r u tte r (ibid., 1935, [ii], 48, 664) for electron energy b an d s in cry stals o f copper are ex tended, a n d applied b y extrapolation to tho n e x t elem ent nickel, w hich h as th e sam e (face-centred cubic) stru ctu re. Tho resu lts show t h a t a ferrom agnetie s ta te is stab le for nickei. F u rth e r c x tra p o la tio n in to th e iro n gro u p is moro speculative, b u t indicates t h a t ferrom agnetism w ill p ersist on ly for a few elem ents, an d th a t tho change to a non-m agnotic m e ta l w ill occur n e a r to th e position in th e Periodic Table occupied b y i r o n ; th e a c tu a l change occurs betw een iron an d m anganese. T he criterio n for ferrom agnetism is th e existence o f in n er in- complete electron shells (tho ‘id shell for th e iro n group) w hich are sm ali com pared w ith th e distan ce betw een th o atom s. Tho calculations are m ado from th e generał p o in t o f view o f th e B loch th e o ry w ith th e electrons trayersing the whole cry stal, a n d S. d o u b ts w h eth er th e H eisenberg ty p e o f th e o ry depending on w ave functions su rrounding th e in d iv id u al ato m s could account for th e faets in a n y sim ple w ay.—W . H .-R .
Magnetic Viscosity [in Nickel an d Iron]. C. W . H eaps (Phys. R ev., 1936, [ii], 49, (5), 409).— A b stra c t o f a p ap er re a d before th e A m erican P h y sical Society. B arkhausen ju m p s o f m agnetization in nick el a n d iro n m ay con- tinuo to occur for 20 o r 30 seconds afto r th e m agnetizing force has become constant. T his phenom enon ap p ears to be a ty p e o f m agnetic yiscosity w hich cannot be caused directly b y eddy cu rren ts. A possiblc ex p lan atio n is given.
— S. G.
♦Comparison of the Velocities of Difiusion of H ydrogen and of D euterium Through H eated P latinum . R en ć Jo u a n (./. P hys. R adium , 1936, [vii], 7, (2), 101-106).—T he yelocity o f difiusion o f lieayy hydrogen th ro u g h h eate d p latinum is found to bo £ o f th a t o f o rd in a ry hyd ro g en a t a ll tem p eratu res between 450° a n d 950° C.—J . S. G. T.
*The Photo [-Electric] Effect in the Case of Selenium Blocking Layers. P . Gorlich (Z. tech. P h y sik , 1935, 16, (9), 268-271).— C onditions necessary fo r the production o f th e m axim um c u rre n t b y selenium blocking layers aro in y e sti
gated. T he m ost satisfacto ry thickness o f th e sem i-conducting lay er is a b o u t 0 08 ± 0-01 m m . T he form ation tem p eratu ro is, in th e case o f p u re selenium , about 218°-219° C. P referab ly th e blocking lay er electrode should n o t m ake completc superficial c o n tac t w ith th e selenium film , b u t th e re should be between th em regions o f high resistance due to tho presence o f gaseous atom s.
— J . S. G. T.
*An Abnormal E lectrical Conductiyity in Powdered Tellurium . C. H aw ley G artw right (Phys. R e i\, 1936, [ii], 49, (6), 443-448).— P u re tellurium pow der contained in a cap illary glass tu b e w as m echanically com pressed betw een tw o steel pistons. A t a pressure o f 1000 k g ./cm .2 th e specific electrical co n d u ctiy ity of the pow der is a b o u t te n tim es g re a te r th a n t h a t o f a single cry sta l u n d e r th e same pressure. T his anom alous co n d u ctiy ity o f th e com pressed pow der is
196 Metallurgical Abstracts
V o l . 3 m uch less m arlced in im puro tellurium . Tho effects o f p articie size, surfoco conditions, su rrounding m edium , an d len g th o f spccim cn were exam ined, an d possiblo oxplanations aro discussed.— W . H .-R .T itanium and Its More Useful Compounds. R o b e rt M. M cK inney an d W illard H . M adson (./. Chem. Eclucalion, 1930, 13, (4), 155-159).—D escribes th e h isto ry a n d occurrence o f tita n iu m , th e m ore im p o rta n t m ethods for th e d etec tio n a n d q u a n tita tiv e d e te rm in a tio n o f th e m etal, its ch em istry an d re c e n t devclopm ents, a n d tho applications o f its com pounds.— J . H . W .
♦Contact Potential M easurem ents on Tungsten Filam ents. Da<vid B. Lang- m u ir (Phys. lłe.v., 1936, [ii], 49, (6), 428—135).— Changes in c o n ta c t p o te n tia l of th o surface o f a tu n g sten filam ent h ave been estim ated from emission d a ta o b tain ed from a tu b e containing tw o filam ents. T he effects o f tem p e ra tu re and tho a m o u n t o f th o riu m on th e surface were stu d ied . B o th a c tiv a te d an d de- a c tiv a te d th o ria te d tu n g sten surfaces show a n inereasingly negative c o n ta c t p o te n tia l (inereasing w ork-function) w ith increase o f tem p e ra tu re , b u t p u re tu n g ste n seem s to show a tem p eratu ro coeff. o f opposite sign.-—W . H .-R .
*An Electron Microscope for Filam ents : Em ission and A dsorption by Tungsten Single Crystals. R . P . Jo h n so n a n d W . Shockley (Phys. Rev., 1936, [ii], 49, (6 ), 436-440).— A n electron microscope is described for sm ali cylin- d rical filam ents. Tho w ire is m ounted in tho axis o f a glass tu b e w ith fluor- escent m ateriał on its insidc w ali. T he em itted eleetrons a re d raw n to tho w ali so ra p id ly t h a t th e ir in itia l non -rad ial vclocity com ponents cause littlo d ev iatio n from a s tric tly ra d ia l p a th , a n d tlie fluorescent lining produces an electron im age o f th e wire m agnified ra d ia lly , b u t n o t lon g itu d in ally . D raw n wires alw ays show p ro m in en t dio m arks unless tho surfaccs havo been sm oothed.
Tho emission from single cry stals depends systom atically on c ry s ta l orienta- tion. T ho resu lts confirm t h a t d ra stic h e a t-tre a tm e n t is necessary before cliaracteristic resu lts aro o b tain ed . E x p erim en ts are described w ith th o ria te d tu n g s te n wires, a n d w ith w ires a c tiv a te d in ca:sium an d potassium vapours.
— W . H .-R .
♦M easurem ent of the S aturation C urrent of H igh-Em ission Incandescent [Tungsten] Cathodes. E m erich P a ta i an d G abor F ra n k (Z. tecli. P h ysik, 1935, 16, (9), 254-262).— A p p a ra tu s for d eterm ining tho sa tu ra tio n c u rre n t o f high- etnission incandescent cathodes is described. P relim in ary d eterm in atio n s o f th o R ich ard so n co n stan ts o f tu n g s te n over a te m p e ra tu ro rango u p to 2600°
(abs.) agree w ith resu lts o b tain ed b y L an g m u ir an d Jo n es.— J . S. 6 . T.
*Brittleness [Cold-Shortness] of M etals a t Low T em perature. Y oshio F u jii (Japan N iekel Bev., 1936, 4, (2), 371-375).— [In E nglish a n d Jap an ese.]
S um m ary o f a p a p e r proviously published in Jap an ese only (sec M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 369).— S. G.
♦A New A ttack on the Problem of Fatigue of Metals Using X -R ay Methods of Precision. H . J . G ough an d W . A. W ood (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1936, [A], 154, (S83), 510-527).— T he charactcristics, as revealed b y precise X -ra y analysis, o f norm alized m ild steel, a fte r its subjection to cyclcs o f safe a n d unsafe ranges o f ( 1) a ltc rn a tin g to rsio n al fatig u e stresses, an d (2 ) d irc c t stresses (tension an d com prcssion) are investigated. T he to rsio n al te s ts show t h a t th e app licatio n o f stress cyclcs o f ± 9-7 to n s /in .2 resu lts in a progressivo change o f stru c tu re . T he change involves a dislocation o f th e g rains in to com ponents w hich aro tilte d b y am ounts u p to 2° (approx.) from tho p a re n t g rain . I n ad d itio n , fin e ly -d m d c d cry stallites o f sizes o f th e ord er 1 0 cm . aro produced an d are o rien ted a t random . These changes are n o t a secondary effect o f th e largo fatigue cracks. T he dislocation o f th e g rains into sm ali u n its, w hich refiect in d ep en d e n tly a n incidental X -ra y beam , distinguished q u ite sh a rp ly tho unsafe from th e safe rango o f stress w hen cyclcs o f reversed torsional stress are applied. S im ilarly in th e d ire c t stress tests, th e unsafe ran g ę is distinguished from th e safe rango b y changes o f g rain stru c tu re affecting th e X -ra y spectrum .
1936
I . — Properties of Metals 197
Thcsc changcs s t a r t w ith th e dislooation o f th o grains an d end in th e ir eom plcto breakdow n to a degree depending on th e ap p lied range o f stress. Tho changcs arc sim ilar to those rccorded for th e to rsio n al tests b u t show a slowcr g rad atio n w ith inereasing ranges o f s tr e s s ; th is is p ro b ab ly duo to th e v a lu c o f th e fatigue lim it being, relatiy ely , m ore rem oved from th e sta tic yield p o in t in d ire c t stress th a n in torsion.— J . S. G. T.
*The Solubility of M etals in Crystals of Their H alogen Compounds. G.
T am m ann (Liglit M etals Research, 1936, 4, (19), 320).— A b b rcv iatcd tra n sla tio n from Z . anorg. Cliem., 1935, 226, (1), 93 ; see M et. A b s., th is vol., p. 112.— J . C.
The Calculation of Atomie W eights from N uclear R eaction Energies. H . A.
W ilson (Proc. R oy. Soc., 1936, [A], 154, (883), 560-563).— I t is show n t h a t atom ie w eights (w ith O10 = 16) can be calculatcd from nuclcar reactio n energies w ithout m aking use o f ato m ie w eights o b tain ed b y o th e r m ethods. T he atom ie w eights o f 18 lig h t elem ents, including lith iu m an d beryllium isotopes, arc dcrived in th is m an n er a n d agrcc closely w ith those o b tain ed b y B eth e a n d by O liphant, K em p to n , an d R u th e rfo rd from m ass sp ectro g rap h d a ta .— J . T.
*The E.M .F. of M ovem ent of M etals in W ater an d Their E lectrokinetic P otential. S tćfan Procopiu (Compt. rend., 1936, 202, (16), 1371-1373).— I t has been show n (J. Chim . p h ys., 1930, 27, 29) t h a t th e disp lacem en t o f a m etal in w ater in w hich i t is im m ersed gives rise to a n e.m .f., e, equal in m ag n itu d o an d sign to tho electrokinetic p o te n tia l, ę, o f th e sam o m otał in w ater. T he sign is d eterm in ed b y th e ra tio o f th e so lu tio n p o te n tia l o f tho m etal to th a t o f hydrogen. I f 0r = th e th erm o d y n am ic p o te n tia l o f th e m otał a t rest, an d em = t h a t o f th e m etal in m ovem cnt, th e n e — zm — £r = X,. T he e.m .f.
o f m ovcm ent, negative fo r silvcr a n d coppcr, a n d positive for lead, niekel, iron, alum inium , an d zinc, h as a definite valuo for a ncw ly-form cd celi, b u t this value ten d s to dim inish w ith th e tim e a fte r a g ita tio n . I t increases a t first rap id ly w ith th e spoed o f tho clcctrodo in w a te r an d a p p ears to te n d to a lim iting yalue fo r high speeds. T h e e.m .f. o f m ovcm ent in aąu eo u s so lu tions o f o rd in ary su g ar does n o t v a ry w ith tho tim e, p ro b a b ly bccause tho sugar p ro te c ts th e m etal from o x id atio n . T h e dielectric c o n s ta n t o f th e liąu id dim inishes w ith e (an d £). T h e gas dissolyed in tho w a te r alTecls tho e.m .f. o f m ovem ent a n d tho tim e d u rin g w hich th e m ovcm ent ta k e s place.
This la s t fa c t shows t h a t th o valuo o f th e electrokinetic p o te n tia l also depends on chem ical reactions a t tho c o n ta c t o f th e m etallic p a rtic lc s a n d th e liąuid.
— J . H . W . The Theoretical Calculation of N orm al Potential of Metals and H enry Constant of Ions. Itu ró U h a ra (Phil. M ag., 1936, [vii], 21, (143), 958-976).—
The H en ry c o n sta n t is th u s defined : th e cąuilibrium v ap o u r pressure o f an ion, present in concentration c', in solution, is given b y c '/k , w here k is H e n ry ’s constant. E xpressions for tho norm al p o ten tials o f m etals in solution aro derivcd therinodynam ically, a n d values calculated from h c a t o f form ation an d solubility o f slig h tly soluble com pounds o f m etals a re com pared w ith values already given in th e lite ra tu ro o f th e subject. P arallelism is found betw een values o f tho H en ry c o n sta n t an d th e h e a t o f h y d ra tio n o f tho respectivo ions.
— J . S. G. T . Application of A rkadiew ’s Method for the E lim ination of the Skin Effect to the Investigation of D ynam ical M agnetization Curves. O. Y eletzkaia (Z.
P hysik, 1936, 99, (7/8), 569-575).— C urves o f m agnetie p erm eab ility ta k e n a t acoustic an d radio-freąuencies aro d eterm in ed a n d analyzcd. Tho skin cffcct appears to accom pany th e incidenco o f m agnetic yiscosity. T he p erm eab ility curves, freed from th e skin effect, a n d tho hysteresis losses agree in th e case of weak fields w ith th e corresponding curyes yielded by th o th eo ry o f m agnetic yiscosity.—J . S. G. T.
198 Metallurgical Abstracts
Vol. 3I I — PROPERTIES OF ALLOYS
(Continued from pp. 11G-153.)
*Expansion of Light Metals for th e Pistons of In tern al Combustion M otors a t the O perating Tem perature. C. A. M aresca (In d u slria meccanica, 1936, 18, 1 - 5 ; C. A bs., 1936, 30, 2892).— T he expansion coeffs. o f tho m o st u sed a lu m inium alloys wero m easured for th e in te rv a l 20° to + 275° C. a n d are given, to g eth er w ith th o n atu ro o f th e h e a t-tre a tm e n t a n d th e B rinoll hardness o f tho m ateriał. A modified m eth o d for m easuring th e te m p e ra tu ro w ith tho C hovenard in stru m e n t is described.— S. G.
*Study of [the Constitution and Properties of] Certain A lum inium -C hrom ium Alloys. Soji H o ri (T etsu to Hagane, 1936, 22, (3), 194-200).— [In Jap an ese.]
See M et. A bs., th is vol., p. 147.— S. G.
Bibliography of L iterature on the EfEect of A lum inium in Cast Iron. R . W . W o o d w ard ; a n n o ta te d b y J . W . B am fylde (D uli. D rit. C ast-Iron Res. Assoc., 1936, 4, (7), 264-271).— 51 references are given.-—S. G.
A lum ag. A lum inium -M agnesium Alloy R esistant to Corrosion. H . Rogez (M etaux, 1935, 10, (124), 358-368).— T he A lum ag alloys (alum inium w ith up to 8% m agnesium ) are casily w orked a n d liave m echanical p ro p erties com- p arab le w ith those o f lig h t ailoys co ntaining copper, th e liigli-resistance alloy h av in g a break in g stress o f 40 k g ./m m .2 a n d a n elongation o f 2 7 -3 0 % , while th o values for th e Iow resistance alloy are 32-34 k g ./m m .2 a n d 26 -2 8 % , respectiyely, in th e annealed sta te . T he m ethods o f w orking, cleaning, an d soldering these alloys, a n d th e ir applications are described. To seeuro th e desired properties, th o alloys m u s t bo m an u factu rcd a n d w orked u n d e r eare- fully controlled conditions, a n d only h ig h -p u rity m aterials used for th e ir m ake- u p .—J . H . W .
*Compression of A lum inium and A lum inium Alloys. (v. Zeerleder, Irm a n n , an d v. B urg.) See p . 193.
*The Eutectic Compound of A ntim ony and Lead. O ta k a r Q u a d ra t an d J a n J ir iś te (Chem. L isty, 1935, 29, 3 0 4 -3 0 8 ; C. A bs., 1936, 30, 2537).— U sing 3 kg.
ingots 110 m m . high containing 19-55,15-00, a n d 12-89% an tim o n y , th e a u th o rs cooled tho m ix tu ro slowly, m easured tho te m p e ra tu re changes, a n d analyzed chem ical sam ples o f tho alloy from 30 p a rts o f th e ingot. A lthough i t w as expected to find a n accum ulation o f a n tim o n y in th e surface la y e r in tho 12-89% a n tim o n y alloy, fo r th is is tho com position o f th e eu tec tic m ixturo givcn in th e lite ra tu re a n d is based on m etallographie analysis, a concentration o f an tim o n y was found (after chem ical analysis) from 17 to 3 4% in a ll 3 alloys to a b o u t 0-1 o f th e d e p th of tho in g o t; below th is level th e com position ranged from 11-36 to 11-69% an tim o n y . Photom icrographs o f tho homogoneous p o rtio n o f tho in g o t are given w hich show t h a t th e an tim o n y is com plotely sep arated from th e p u re eutectic. Possible errors in chem ical analysis, tho presence o f im purities in tho original m etalloids, an d tho efiect o f th e ra te o f cooling on tho analysesw ere investigated to a c c o u n t for th e discrepancy in th e com position o f tho eutectic. A ll investigations confirm ed tho chem ical analysis showing a outectie com position o f 11-4-11-5% an tim o n y . Tho a u th o rs urge t h a t tho com position o f 13% a n tim o n y based on m etallographie studies bo corrected to 11-4% an tim o n y based on chem ical analyses.— S. G.
*The Properties of H eusler’ś Alloy, and the True Specific H eat of M anganese and Its D iscontinuity. (A shw orth.) See p. 194.
*[Contribution] to the Knowledge of Copper-Tin Alloys. C arl H aase an d F ra n z P aw lek (Z. MetaUhunde, 1936, 28, (4), 73-80).— Cold-rolling o r draw ing o f bronze w ith m ore th a n 5 % tin foUowed by a low -tem perature an n eal leads to decom position o f tho solid solution. T his effect has n o t been preyiously observcd sińce annealed alloys were alw ays used fo r tho te s t, a n d even very
1936
I I . — Properties of Alloys 199
prolonged low -tem peraturo annealing fails to bring these to a s ta te o f e ą u ili
brium below 400° C. T he courso o f th e p recip itatio n o f cold-w orked alloys has been followed b y determ inations o f th e speeifle resistance a n d B rinell hardness, an d b y m icrographic a n d X -ra y m ethods. T he higher tho dcgrec o f super- sa tu ra tio n th e low er is th e m inim um degree o f red u ctio n necessary to produce precipitation, an d th e h ig h er th e degreo o f red u ctio n above th is m inim um tho moro rap id is th e ra te o f p recip itatio n an d th e sh o rter th e tim e o f ineu b atio n . R ccovery fro m th e effeets o f cold-w ork a n d recry stallizatio n above 300° C.
results in a re ta rd a tio n o f tho ra te o f p recip itatio n so t h a t th e accelerating effect o f th e higher tem p eratu ro is to a large e x te n t nullified. T he changes in electrical resistance p roduced b y recovery from cold-w ork a n d b y p re cip itatio n are sep arateły recorded on th e annealing curve a n d show t h a t p re c ip ita tio n is a continuous single-phase process. V ery little change in th e hardness occurs during p recip itatio n , b u t ch aracteristic changes in tho m icro stru ctu ro can bo observed. M easurem ents o f th e lattice p a ra m e te r a n d o f th e electrical resist- anco o f alloys su b jected to a v e ry prolonged an n eal show t h a t tho solid solu
b ility o f tin in copper is 13-5% a t 400° C., 10-9% a t 350° C., 5-5% a t 300° C., 2-8% a t 250° C., an d a b o u t 1-2% a t 200° C. Below 350° C. tho p recip itated phaso is Cu3Sn, b u t above 370° 0 . i t is S (CualS n8) w hich decom poses below 350° C. into a -j- Cu3Sn. Tho Cu3S n p re c ip ita te d a t 300° C. h as a n hexagonal stru ctu re w ith a — 2-7523, c = 4-3203 A ., c /a = 1-5697.— A. R-. P.
|O n Lead-Bronzes. W illi Claus (Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 28, (4), 84-91).— T he stru ctu re, physical, an d m echanical properties, a n d m ethods o f testin g le a d - bronzes, b o th sim ple an d special, are dicussed a t som e len g th w ith reference to recen t w ork a n d p a tp n t lite ra tu rę , an d a n acco u n t is given o f th e th e o ry o f segregation in system s w hich are heterogeneous in th e lią u id s t a t e ; an a n n o tated bibliography o f 30 references is included.— A. R . P.
*Brinell H ardness, R esistance to W ear an d A bility to Slide [Brasses and Bronzes]. F ritz B robeck (G iesserei-Praxis, 1936, 57, (17/18), 191-194).—
R ead before th e F achgru p p en y ersam m lu n g G iessereim eister. T he dependence of resistance to w ear on B rinell h ard n ess w as in y estig ated by d eterm ining th e w ear on w orm wheels, 77 m m . in d iam eter a n d having 27 te e th , m ade o f various c a st bronzes an d brasses, an d w orking ag ain st steel w orm s. C o n trary to th e w idely held belief, i t w as found t h a t th e re is no re la tio n betw een th e resistance to w ear a n d th e B rinell hardness o f these alloys.—J . H . W .
Residual Stresses an d Corrosion Cracks in Metals [Brass]. L . Sergeev an d F . V ittm an n (Tech. P hysics U .S .S .R ., 1934, 1, (1), 8 6 -1 0 0 ; B rit. Chem.
Abs., 1935, [B], 361).— [In G erm an.] E tcliing w ith m ercury salts is n o t a rcliable te s t for stress, b u t a lte rn a tin g tr e a tm e n t w ith w a te r a n d am m onia vapours shows th e presence o f stress in th o o u te r layers. Tho ten d en c y o f brass to crack depends on stress, a n d fo r a given stress decreases w ith th e degree o f stretehing.— S. G.
*Study of Corrosion-Resisting Alloys for M arinę Propellers. Y oshiro F u jii (Japan N ickel Iiev., 1936, 4, (2), 337-344).— [In E nglish a n d Jap an ese.]
English su m m ary o f a p ap er previously published in Jap a n e se only (seo M et.
Abs., 1935, 2, 506).— S. G.
Copper Alloys to Meet Severe Requirem ents. D. K . C ram pton (M etal Progress, 1936, 29, (5), 39-43, 100).— Tho inereasing sev erity o f fab rićatio n conditions, w hich include deep-draw ing o f tliin m a te ria ł com bined w ith in ereasing com plexity in design, dem ands careful selection o f m aterials, an d suitable copper co n ten ts are suggested for brasses u n d e r various conditions o f fabrication. Com positions su ite d for th e m an u factu re o f condenser tu b in g are discussed in relatio n to dezincification, honeycom b p ittin g , im pingem ent a tta c k , a n d o il-w a te r corrosion.— P . M. C. R .
*On the [Constitution an d Properties of] Gold-Copper Alloys. W . Broniew ski and K . W esołowski (A n n . Acad. S ci. Tech. Varsovie, 1935, 1, 44-69).— [In
2 0 0
Mctallurgical A bstracłs
Yol. 3F rcnch.] A fu li acco u n t is givcn o f w ork th e p rin cip al resu lts o f w hich havc a lrc a d y been published (seo M et. A bs., 1934, 1, 170). T h erm a l a rre sts occur a t 403° a n d 389° C. on h eatin g an d a t 366° an d 371° C. on cooling alloys o f tho com position AuCu a n d AuCu3, rcspectively. T he corrcsponding critical points on th o d ila ta tio n curves occur a t 448° an d 436° C. on heatin g an d a t 370° an d 384° C. on cooling. Tables are given showing th e electrical resistanco, therm o- electric pow er, coefT. o f cxpansion, dissolution p o te n tia l, a n d m echanical properties of tho alloys a fte r various h c a t-tre a tm e n ts including lo w -tcm peraturc anneals for as long as 1000 hrs.— A. R . P .
*Electrolytic Reductions of Organie Compounds a t Alloy Cathodes. I .—
R eduction of A liphatic K etones to H ydrocarbons a t Cadmium A m algam s.
Shorlock Sw ann, J r ., H . J . llc a d , a n d F . C. H o w ard (E ledrochan. Soc. Prcprint, 1936, A pril, 273-278).— Tho clectrolytic rcd u ctio n o f m ethyl-?i-propyl ketono to łŁ-pentano w as studied a t a series o f cadm ium am algam cathodes, th e com positions o f w hich were v aried from 100% m ercury to 100% cadm ium . A curvo p lo ttc d w ith tho com position o f th e cathode as abscissa ag ain st th e yield o f pen£anc as o rd in ate show ed inflections a t p oints corrcsponding to changes o f phase o f th e am algam as in d icatcd in th e cadmium-^ncrcury eąuilibrium diagram.— S. G.
♦The Optical Constants of Liąuid Sodium A m algam s. A. P . F riesen (Phys.
liev., 1936, [ii], 49, (5), 414).— A b stra c t o f a p a p e r re a d beforo th e A m erican P h y sical Society. T he op tical co n stan ts o f lią u id sodium an d o f 44 liąu id sodium am algam s w ere d eterm in ed betw een 0 an d 4 0 % m ercury. Largo changes in n--lc- an d in 2n k w ith change in concentration occurred in tho ncighbourhood o f those concentrations whero so-callcd in term etallic com pounds exist. In cid en tally , moro o r less periodie sm ali changes in n -- k - an d in 2n k were discovered a t those concentrations w hero com pounds aro n o t know n to oxist. W ork is in progress to o b tain fu rth e r ex p crim en tal d a ta t h a t m a y bo useful in th e in te rp re ta tio n o f these sm ali periodie changes o r “ ripples.” — S. G.
*Magnetic Investigations of th e [Precipitation-JH ardening of Nickel-Beryllium Alloys. W a lth e r G erlach (Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 28, (4), 80-83).— A fter sub- jecting a 2% b eryllium -nickel alloy to a ąuenching an d precipitation-liardening an n eal th e d en sity , sa tu ra tio n , m ag n etizatio n , rem anence, coercivity, an d Curie p o in t are all inereased to an e x tc n t d ep en d en t on th e degree o f hardening produced. T he m agnetie h ardening produced b y p recip itatio n is g re a te r th e g reater th e degree o f su p ersatu ratio n o f th e original solid solution. Theso resu lts are explained as follows : annealing o f the su p e rsa tu ra te d solid solution a t 500° C. causes th e beryllium atom s to lcavo tho solid solution lattice w hich th u s co n tracts an d , being relatiy ely rich er in nickel, has a higher Curie p o i n t ; sińce th e p recip itatio n occurs a t a relatiy ely low tem p e ra tu re tho gaps in tho lattice stru c tu ro rendered y a c a n t b y rem oval o f beryllium atom s aro n o t filled b y nickcl atom s, a n d th u s th e m agnetie hardness is inereased. T he n ick el- beryllium com pound w hich soparates durin g h ardening stabilizes tho incom - p lete nickel lattice an d th u s renders th e inereased hardness relatiy ely inscnsitivo to tem p eratu ro changes.— A. R . P .
*Study of th e P aram agnetism of Some Nickel Alloys. C harles M anders (A n n . Pliysiąue, 1936, [xi], 5, (Feb.), 167-231).— T he rclatio n betw een m aguetic su scep tib ility , y , an d tem p eratu ro , T , w as d eterm in ed for selccted solid solu
tio n alloys o f nickel w ith silver, gold, alum inium , tita n iu m ,z irc o n iu m , Silicon, tin , lead, v an ad iu m , arsenie, an tim o n y , chrom ium , m olybdenum , tu n g ste n , m anganese, ru th e n iu m , palladium , a n d p la tin u m . T he specim ens w ere e u t from ingots m elted in a h ig h-frcąucncy furnace, a n d w ere annealed for several hrs. a t 800° C. a n d th en v e ry slowly cooled. Tho e sp e rim e n ta l resu lts are ta b u la te d in fuli. F o r m ost alloys, th e su scep tib ility follows th e relatio n
Q
y — a + jp-—g ; tho yalues o f a , C, a n d 0 being calcu lated for each alloy.
— J . C. C.
193G
I I . — Properties of Alloys
2 0 1♦Magnetic Properties of the M etallie State an d E nergy of In teractio n Between Magnetic Atom s. L ouis N ćel (A n n . P hysiąue, 1936, [xi], 5, (Feb.), 232-279).
— Tho resu lts o f M anders (seo preccding a b stra c t) indicato t h a t th e p ara- m agnetism o f e e rta in nickel-base alloys consists o f tw o p a r t s ; ono c o n sta n t in valuo a n d th o o th e r d ep en d en t on te m p e ra tu re . I t is dcduced t h a t th e n um ber o f m agnetic electrons o f nickel does n o t change w hen passing from the ferrom agnetic to th o p a ram ag n etic sta te s. C alculations are m ade o f th e energy o f m agnetic in te ra c tio n betw een tw o neighbouring atom s. The com plicatod m agnetic p ro p ertie s o f p latin u m aro cxplained on th e supposition th a t therc is a coupling betw een tho cry stal lattico a n d tho spin responsiblo for m agnetic properties.— J . C. C.
Properties an d F abrication of Inconel. --- (M et. In d . (L ond.), 1936, 48, (17), 495). Inconel. Some Notes on Its Properties an d Applicable W elding Methods. --- (A lu m in iu m and N on-F errous B ev., 1936, 1, (6 ), 2 6 6 -2 6 8 ; an d Welder, 1936, 8, (27), 856-858).— A n acco u n t o f th e p ro p erties, ap p lica
tions, a n d w elding o f an alloy containing (ap p ro x im ately ) nickel 80, chrom ium 14, an d iron 6% .— J . E . N.
♦The Therm al and E lectrical Conductivities of M etals and Alloys. II.— Some H eat-R esistant Alloys from 0° to 800° C. 11. W . Powoli (Proc. P hys. Soc., 1936, 48, (3), 381-392).—V alues o f th e th e rm a l a n d electrical conductivities o f F .H . stainless, F.N .C .T ., S ta y b rite , a n d E r a A .T.V . steels, an d o f Monel m etal an d o f a n alloy containing ap p ro x im ately 80% nickel an d 20% chrom ium wero determ ined u p to a b o u t 800° C. A t atm osphoric tem p eratu ro , values of th e Lorenz function o f th ese m aterials rangę from 0-76 X 10~8 for tho F .N .C .T . steel to 1-18 X 10“8 for th o F .H . stainless steel, a n d arc abnorm ally h ig h ; a t 800° C. all values lie betw een 0-62 X 10~8 an d 0-68 X 10~s.—J . S. G. T.
K-Monel Metal and Its Technical Properties. R u d o lf M uller (Z. Metali- kunde, 1936, 28, (4), 97-99).— K -M onel m etal containing nickel 63-2, copper 30-8, alum inium 3-5, iro n 1-5, m anganeso 0-5, a n d carbon, Silicon, &c., 0-5%
has a lower d en sity , a slightly lowor m elting p o in t, a m uch higher electrical resistance, an d a m uch low er m agnetic tran sfo rm atio n p o in t (below — 40° C.) th a n o rd in ary Monel m e ta l; i t h as also a y e ry high resistance to iinpact, v ib ratio n al stresses, an d high tem p eratu res, a n d can bo used for tho samo m echanical an d corrosion-rcsistant constructions in w hich M onel m e ta l is used.—A. R . P.
♦Electrical Conductivity and E ąuilibrium D iagram of B inary Alloys. XX.—
The Sodium -Lead System. H . K la ib e r (Z. Elektrochem., 1936, 42, (5), 2 5 8 - 264).—T he so d iu m -lead alloys betw een 0 an d 50 ato m ic-% sodium w ere investigated b y tra c in g o u t tho to m p eratu re-resistan ce curves. L ead tak es sodium in to solution w ith th e fo rm atio n o f th e a-solid solution. T he sa tu ra - tion com position o f th is solid solution deponds on th e te m p e r a tu r e ; a t tho eutectio te m p e ra tu re , 304° C., i t is 18 ato m ic-% sodium , a t 20° C., 3-5 atom ic-
% . T he solubility a t higher te m p e ra tu re s is ap p rceiab ly g re a te r th a n th a t given b y carlior w orkers. T he homogoneous rangę o f th e jj-phaso a t 20° C.
is betw een 27-7 an d 32-5 ato m ic-% sodium , an d a t 298° C., betw een 27 an d 32-5 ato m ie-% . I t w as show n, in agreem en t w ith th e X -ra y investigations o f Z intl a n d H a rd e r (./. In s t. M etals, 1932, 50,431), t h a t th e com pound N a 2P b 5, assumed by earlier w orkers, e a n n o t exist, b u t th a t, on th o o th e r h an d , th e fi-phase as a sodium -rich solid solution is conceivable. T he com plete e ą u ili
brium diagram o f th e system w as c o n stru cte d from these resu lts. I t was also shown b y ageing te s ts t h a t tho h ard n ess inereases w ith inereasing sodium content, a n d t h a t cold age-hardening u p to 9 0% o f th o in itia l hardness can be o btained b y su itab le h e a t-tre a tm e n t.— J . H . W .
♦Electrical Conductivity a n d E ąuilibrium D iagram of B inary Alloys. XIX.—
The Sodium -T hallium System. G. G rube a n d A. S chm idt (ŹS. Elektrochem., 1936, 42, (4), 201-209).— T he so d iu m -th alliu m alloys were in v estig ated by
202 Metallurgical Abstracts
Yol. 3 th erm al analysis a n d by tra c in g o u t tho te m p e ra tu re -rc sista n c e curyes o f tho solid alloys, fro m w hich tho com ploto e ąu ilib riu m diag ram w as co n stru cte d . T he in term etallic com pounds N aT l2, N aT l, Na./1'l, a n d N a 0T l wero found.On th e th a lliu m side, solid solution occurs ov cr a w ide ran g ę o f com position.
T ho s a tu ra tio n co n cen tratio n consists o f stab le (3-solid solution a t 28 atom ic-
% sodium a t 238° C., a n d tho stab le a-solid solution a t 22 ato m ic-% a t 222° C.
O n th o sodium side, th e ran g ę o f th e S-solid solution ex ten d s from 98-9 to 100 ato m ic-% sodium a t 63-9° C. T he cry stals N aT l m elt u n a lte re d a t 305° C.
a n d form w ith b o th com ponents th e y-solid solution, w hose ran g ę o f hom o- g en eity w as d eterm ined. Tho phase Ń aT l2 is form ed from tho a- a n d y-solid solutions b y reactio n in th o solid s ta te a t 154° C. Tho com pounds N a 2T l a n d N a#T l occur th ro u g h a peritectic reactio n , tho form er fro m y-solid solu
tio n an d th o m elt a t 154° C., th e la t te r fro m th e com pound N a 2T l a n d tho m elt a t 77-4° C. T he alloys in th e rango 17-24 ato m ic-% sodium ca n be age- h ardened. A fter annealing a t 200° C., ąuenching an d leaving a t room te m p e ra tu rę , tho alloys w ith 24 ato m ic-% sodium show a n inerease in hardness o f moro th a n 0 0% , alloys w ith 17 a n d 20 ato m ic-% sodium a n inerease of moro th a n 5 0% .— J . H . W .
*Compressibilities and Electrical Resistance under Pressure, w ith Special Reference to Interm etallic Compounds. P . W . B rid g m an (Proc. Am er. Acad.
A rls S ci., 1935, 70, (7), 285-317).— T he com pressibility a n d electrical resistance u n d er pressure o f 20 interm etallic com pounds, 3 m etallic salts, m etallic ger
m an iu m , an d b a sa lt glass w ere inyestigated a t 30° an d 75° C. a t pressures u p to 12,000 k g ./cm .2. T he specimens, a ll o f w hich crystallized in th e cubic system , wero specially c a st in a n argon atm osphere. A d etailed description is givcn o f tho results, w hich in d icate th a t th e calculated com pressibility is alm o st alw ays g re a te r th a n t h a t a c tu a lly f o u n d ; i t is n o t y e t possible to correlato th is obseryed low ering w ith tho h e a t o f form ation o f th e com pound, an d volum e c o n tractio n on form ation ap p ears to b e a r no relatio n to com pressibility. T he specific resistance is n carly alw ays higher th a n w ould bo calculated from th e ru le o f m ixtures. Pressure coefls. o f resistance aro alm o st in v ariab ly negatiye.
— P . M. C. R . H igh Perm eability an d Plastic Flow [o£ Ferrom agnetic Alloys] in Magnetic Fields. J o y F . D illinger (Bell Lab. Itecord, 1930, 14, (8), 265-269).— W hen certain alloys in th e n ick el-iro n -co b alt series aro allow ed to cool slowly from above th e Curie p o in t in a m agnetic field, high values o f m agnetic p erm e
a b ility are developed in th e direction o f tho applied field. A th eo ry is outlined w hich explains th is effect in term s o f tho dom ain th e o ry o f ferrom agnetism . T he dom ains in th e alloy are oriented b y th e applied field, an d tho stresses set u p w hen th e y become m agnetized on passing th ro u g h th e Curio p o in t aro rehoved b y plastic flow d u rin g tho slow cooling. See M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 579.
— J . C. C.
I I I .— STRU C TU R E
(M etallo g rap h y ; M acrography; C rystal S tru ctu re.)
(Continued from pp. 103-155.)
The Im portance o! M etallography in M etallurgy an d M ining. A. G lazunov (H o m icky vestnlk, 1936, 18, 25).—A lecture.— S. G.
The Electrolytic Polishing of Certain M etals, and Its Applications. P . J a c ą u e t (B uli. S o c .fra n ę . Blect., 1936, [v], 6, (68), 547-554).—Tho polishing o f m etals b y anodic a tta c k is reeom m ended on account o f th e freedom from sm earing o r d isto rtio n o f tho finished surface, w hich is th u s su ited fo r m etallo- graphic, X -ray , or electron esam in atio n . Tho surface effects o f o rd in ary m echanical polishing a rc described. D irections aro given for tho electrolytic polishing o f lead, copper, tin , brass, an d le a d -tin alloys.— P . M. C. R .
1936
I V . — Corrosion 203
*The Crystal Structure of th e Compound Fe,,Ti. W erner Jellinghaus (Z.
aiiorg. Cliem., 1936, 227, (1), 62-64).-=—F e 3T i has a cubic lattice, a = 5-19 A.
w ith 4 moleculcs in tho u n it celi, a n d d = 6-34.— A. R . P .
♦Graphical Method for Indexing X -R ay D iagram s of R otation. N. J . Scl- jakow an d E . J . Sovz (Soobshenia Zenlralnogo In s litu la Metallow (C om m unic.
Central In st. M etals), 1935, (18), 226-230).— See M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 101.
—N . A.
*On Obtaining M onochrom atic Co K a R adiation. E . J . Sovz a n d V. L.
Heyfez (Soobshenia Zenlralnogo In s titu ta Metallow (Communic. Central In st.
Metals), 1934, (17), 234-236).— Sec M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 100.— N . A.
IV .— CORROSION
(Contlnued from pp. 155-159.)
*Non-MetalIic Inclusions in A lum inium an d Their Influence on Its Corrodi- bility. L . T ro n sta d (Norges T ekn iske Iloiskolc, Avhandlinger til 25 ars Jubilect, 1935, 467-4 9 4 ; a n d (sum m ary) L ight M etals Research, 1936,4, (14), 232-234).—
[In English.] Tho inclusions found in alum inium are discussed in relation to corrosion properties. F in e ly dispersed Silicon d id n o t cause increased corrodi- bility, b u t coarse inclusions aS ecte d it. N itrid es, fluorides, a n d carbides appearcd to bo p rcsen t in too sm ali amounfc to h ave an y appreciable effect.
Sulphido an d phosphido inclusions ap p e a r to bo im p o rta n t. M cthods o f detecting th e inclusions aro described. A tte m p ts to correlate sulphido p rin ts w ith anodic p oints revealed t h a t on ly a b o u t 20% o f th e sulphide spots were anodic points u n d e r th e conditions em ployed. T . concludes t h a t th e fo rm atio n of anodic corrosion p its is controlled b y factors o th er th a n sulphide inclusions.
Mylius tests in d icated low er corrodibility o f m a te ria ł rolled in s trip form u n d er tension th a n sim ilar m ateriał rolled o rdinarily. Sulphurous alum inium was m uch more corrodible th a n n o rm al m etal, a n d n o rm al m etal m uch moro corrodible th a n m e ta l o f 99-99% p u rity u n d e r th e M ylius te s t.— H . S.
♦Aluminium, Even Im pure, w hich is Perfectly Smooth and Free from E xternal D irt Does not Effervesce in D ilute Acids. P a u l R on ccray (B uli. Soc. chim.
France, 1936, [v], 3, (2 ), 206-213).— As is th e case w ith zinc (see a b stra c t, p. 204) perfectly sm ooth, clean alum inium is a tta c k c d b y d ilu te sulphuric acid only extrem ely slowly, b u t th e m etal dissolves ra p id ly w hen tho surface is d ir ty or is roughcned. A m algam ation o f tho surface prom otes a ra p id reactio n as the m ercury acts b o th as a n extrinsic an d as a n intrinsic im p u rity .— A. R . P .
Perm anence of Galvanographs and Stereotypes. A. R o v ira (Gac. Artes grafie., 1934, 12, (7), 1 1 -1 2 ; B rit. Chem. A b s., 1935, [B], 637).— Copper galvanographs are a tta c k e d b y p rin tin g colours containing su lp h u r o r m ercury.
N iekel p latin g is recom m ended.— S. G.
The D isintegration an d Corrosion of th e [Brass] H eating Tubes in H eaters and Evaporating S tructures [in the Sugar Industry], J o s c f H am ous (L isty C ukrom r, 1935, 54, 3 6 ; Z . Zuckerind. Cechoslovak R ep., 1935, 60, 126-127 ; C. A bs., 1936, 30, 2S99).— A fter in v estig atin g corrosion in m an y p la n ts, H . finds th a t a n in a d e ą u a te copper c o n te n t o f th e brass tu b es, a variablo com position th ro u g h o u t th e ir lengtli, a n d a n un ev en thickness o f th o b rass aro responsible for corrosion. W ith in th e ste a m ch am b er tho carbon dioxide and am m onia are th e ch ief ag en ts o f d is in te g ra tio n ; w ith in th e lią u o r ch am b er the carbonates, chlorides, am m onia, a n d n itra te s o f th e lią u o r are responsiblo for corrosion. A careless rem o v al o f in e ru sta tio n s w ith hydrochloric acid is often responsiblo fo r d isin teg ratio n . A lthough steel tu b e s are cheaper th a n brass tu b es an d possess a low er h e a t transm ission coeff., H . exam ined a n ev ap o rato r in w hich th e steel tu b e s h ad functioned a n d h a d n o t been replaced for 18 years. M echanical causes w hich lead to a d isin teg ratio n o f tu b e s are listed.—S. G.
204 Metallurgical Abstracts
Vo l. 3Failures in F ru it Preserving. W . F ried rich (Obsl- u. Geinusc-Vcrwcrtg.-Ind., 1934, 21, 5 2 5 -5 2 6 ; G. A bs., 1936, 30, 2655).— A discussion o f tho causes of corrosion, discolouration, &c., in canning pears.-—S. G.
*Zinc W hich is Im pure but Perlectly Sm ooth an d Free from Surface D irt Does not Effervesce in Dilute Acids. P a u l R o n ćeray {B u li. Soc. chim . France, 1936, [v], 3, (2), 206-213).— Com m ercial zinc w ith a p crfcctly sm o o th surfaco w hich has been carefully cleancd to rem ovo all tracc o f a d h e re n t im p u rity is scarccly a tta c k c d b y 1% sulphuric acid cvcn a fte r prolongcd im m ersion. Tho slig h test scratch o r surface co ntam ination, liowcver, causes bubbles o f h ydrogen to ap p ear. W hen hydrogen peroxido is added to th e acid th e sm ooth clean surfaco bccomes coated w ith a black film o f lead sulphide, from reactio n o f tho lead in th e zinc w ith th e acid, b u t no gas bubbles ap p ear. I t is considered th a t d is
solution o f zinc in acids is prom oted b y oxtrinsic im p u rities a n d continued by th e a c tio n o f local elem ents se t u p b y th e in trin sic im p u rities.— A. R . P .
*Deposits in W hite Metal C arburettors. E . L. Baldcschw eiler, G. M. M avcrick, an d J . E . N cudeck (S .A .E . Journal, 1935, 37, (4), 17-21).—-Since th o in tro d u ctio n o f zinc-baso d ic-cast c a rb u re tto rs cases o f stoppage o f fuel flow b y w hite pow dery deposits h avc occurrcd. These deposits c o n tain m ore th a n 8 0 % o f zinc oxidc a n d are th u s caused b y corrosion o f th e die-casting. T ests h avc show n t h a t th is corrosion is n o t du e to th e p etro l w h eth er it contains lead o r n o t, b u t is due to th e actio n o f w ater, a n actio n w hich occurs cven in th e absenco o f oxygen. T he presence o f oxygen an d o f salts accelcratcs corrosion, b u t th e presence o f p etro l re ta rd s th e corrosion, p ro b ab ly b y p rev en tin g acccss o f oxygen to th e w a te r layer.— A. R . P .
Freezing in Carburettors. A ndrew Sw an (A ircraft Eng., 1936,8, (83), 3-6).—
Alcohols used for do-icing c a rb u re tto rs a tta e k m agnesium alloys, un-anodized alum inium , an d un-anodized D uralum in. P a rtic u la rs o f m aterials wrhich m ay be used in c o n ta c t w ith various alcohol m ix tu rcs aro givcn.— H . S.
*On the P itting of R otors and the Trouble of W ater Turbines. K azuo K o b ay ash i (T rans. Soc. Mech. Eng. J a p a n , 1935,1, (1), 63-70).— [In Jap an ese, w ith E nglish sum m ary in su p p t., pp. 20-22.] I n a re p o rt on th e results o b tain ed from 167 w a te r tu rb in es ovcr a period o f from 10 to 30 years, th e eflect o f the q u a lity o f tho w a te r on th e ru n n e rs is first d e a lt w ith. T he w aters eith er co n tain large ą u a n titie s o f san d an d gravel or m a y show a e id ity o r m ay include b o th sand an d acid, an d som etim es produco scvere erosion a n d p ittin g , w ith a serious red u ctio n in tho life o f th e ru n n er. T he relatio n o f p ittin g to specific speed a n d effectivc h e a t is considered for a ll tho turbines, an d i t is sta te d th a t, for a low-spccd ru n n e r w hen erosion occurs a t th e entranco edge, i t is su itab le to uso bronze, an d for a high-speed ru n n er, p ittin g a t tho o u tlc t vanc, cast steel should bc used, because i t is easily rep airab le b y electric w elding. I f th e p ittin g a n d erosion occur a t a p o in t w lnch c a n n o t bo w clded easily tlie use o f phosph o r-b ro n ze is recom m ended.— J . W . D.
Corrosion-Resistant M aterials fo r Gas Appliances. A. L. W a rd a n d W . H . F ulw eiler ( Western Gas, 1935,11, (11), 26 ; C. A bs., 1936, 30, 1724).— P a r ts o f a p ilo t valve an d th e rm o sta ts m ade o f brass w ith less th a n 63% copper or m ado w ith alum inium do n o t corrode. B rass w ith moro th a n th is % o f copper corrodes b y form ing cupric sulphide— S. G.
* A ction of Arsenie Trichloride on th e Elem ents. E . M ontignio (B uli. Soc.
chim. France, 1936, [v], 3, 190-191).—Selenium a n d tellurium aro conycrted in to th e m ono- a n d tetrachlorides, respectively, b y arsenie chloride, lead is superficially co atcd w ith arsenie, copper an d gold are slowly blackened, an d silver is superficially co n v ertcd in to AsCl^Ag,. A lum inium a n d b ism u th are q u ite u n a tta c k e d by tho com pound.— A. R . P.
The Influence of Acids, W ashing Powders, Chemical Sterilizers, and R e- frigerating B rines on M etals. O. F . H u n zik er (Proc. Stli A n n . State Coli.
Wasli. In s t. D airying, 1935, 102-109; V. A bs., 1936, 30, 2899).— Corrosion problem s in th e d a iry in d u s try are review ed.— S. G.
1936
I V . — Corrosion 205
♦Corrosion of M etals by Oils. J . D in tilh ac (M e la n ż, 193G, 11, (128), 71-90).—
Tho corrosion o f steels, bronzes, rogulus, a n d lig h t alloys by p u re m inerał oil, ea sto r oil, a n d stabilizcd Y aeco Ae w as in v estig ated on cylindrical speei- mens h a lf im m ersed in tho oils. Tho classifieation for m oist oils w a s : (1) n e u tra l oils, (2) tre a te d m inerał oil, (3) acid oil. Tho a tta c k begins dow nw ards w here th e m o istu re s ta rts . T he organie a cid ity o f th o oil p lays a v cry activ e p a r t in th e presence o f w ater. Tho a tta c k o f steels b y tho oil ap p ears to com paro w ith t h a t o f acid reagenta. T he actio n on tho bronzes a n d regulus are identical. A m ong th e lig h t alloys, D u ralu m in , w hich is on ly a tta c k e d by alkali reagents, shows no traco o f a lte ra tio n in oils. On th e o th e r h an d , E lek tro n , on ly a tta c k e d b y acid reag en ts, is a tta c k e d by all th e oils. Tho results aro illu s tra te d b y 50 photom icrographs.— J . H . W .
♦Corrosion of Metals and Alloys in Apiezon Oil [M aterials for Oil Diffusion Pum p], G unji Shinoda (N ip p o n Sdgaku B uluri-gakkw ai K iz i (Proc. P hys.
Maili. Soc. Ja p a n ), 1935, 17, 367-368).— [In E nglish.] Low -carbon steel, copper, alum inium , tin , lead, D uralum in, 12% -tin bronzo, 40% -zinc brass, C onstantan, nickel, a n d tin -so ld e r wero exposed for 1 m o n th to tho oil a t 170°-175° C., a t a pressure of 10~2-1 0 ~3 mm . A lum inium w as m ost satisfaeto ry on account o f th e lack o f effect on b o th m etal a n d oil. S teel is b e st for tho outor case o f th e p u m p . Solder c a n n o t bo used n ear tho heater.— S. G.
*The Corrosive A ction on Metals of Solutions of A m m onium N itrate in Liąuid A m m onia. I. M. L ibinson, I. I. K ulcushkin, an d A. S. M orozova (J . Cliem. In d . (Moscow), 1935,12, 590-597 ; C. A bs., 1936, 30, 68).— [In R ussian.]
A lum inium is n o t corroded b y co n cen trated am m onia solutions o f am m onium n itra te , lead an d tin are slig h tly corroded, iron is scverely corroded, an d zinc is eom pletely dissolvcd. Tho presonco o f w ater in th o solution increases the corrosion o f iron, b u t w hen w ater is en tirely rom oved tho v a p o u r pressuro of th e am m onia becomes too hig h for p ractical use. Tho m echanism o f tho corrosion is discussed. O xidation o f iro n surfaces b y such com pounds as potassium chrom ate o r coating them w ith B akelite lacąuers p ro tects th e surface.
P rcvention o f dissociation o f th e am m onium n itra to by a d d itio n o f calcium chloride o r b e tte r, N H ,CO .,N H 2, also p rcv en ts corrosion. Tho p a rtia l prossuro o f am m onia over solutions containing 70 -8 0 % am m onium n itra te a t 20° — 6°
an d 739 — 47 m m . varies from 220 to 450 m m .— S. G.
♦Metal D am age by Free F atty Acids an d L eather D am age by F atty A cid-M etal Compounds. F . S ta th e r an d R . L auffm ann (Collegium, 1935, 5 1 1 -5 4 5 ; C.
Abs., 1936, 30, 3273).— T he loss in w eight o f m etal rings subm erged in oleić or stearic acids o r tr a in oil f a tty acid w as m easured a fte r various periods u p to 60 days. A lum inium , iron, a n d silver were only very slig h tly a tt a c k e d ; copper, zinc, an d brass considerably.— S. G.
Corrosion-Resisting M aterials in the Chemical Industry. E v c rt N orlin, et al.
(Medd. Sverigeś In d ., 1935,18, 68-108).— A n in tro d u c to ry address, followed by discussions.—S. G
♦Organie Inhibitors of Corrosion. C harles A. M ann (Eleclrochem. Soc.
Preprint, 1936, A pril, 353-366).— A th eo ry is presonted to explain th e m echan
ism o f in h ib ito r action for organie in h ib ito rs in tho acid corrosion o f steel.
— S. G.
The Influence of T em perature on the Severity of Corrosion-Fatigue. A. J . G ould (Engineering, 1936, 141, (3669), 495-496).—Includes a description o f a c o n stan t tem p eratu ro room 8 ft. long by 6 ft. wide b y 6 ft. high.— R . Gr.
♦Corrosion an d Fatigue. Influence of th e A tm osphere. L. Persoz (M etauz, 1936, 11, (127), 60-65).— T he w ork o f G ough an d Sopw ith (./. In s t. M etals, 1935, 61, 477-506) on th e actio n o f atm o sp h ere on tho fatigue o f m etals, an d th a t o f S u tto n a n d T a y lo r on tho effect o f pickling on th e resistance o f D u ra lu m in to fatigue aro discusscd. Tho resistance o f steel an d nickel to fatiguo u n d er corrosion can bo increased b y tho ad d itio n o f re ta rd e rs to th e corroding
206 Metallurgical Abstracts
Vo l. 3liąu id o r b y surface com prcssion, a n d also b y a lte rn a te bonding an d a lte rn a te torsion. (Cf. M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 229.)— J . H . W .
A Corrosion Test for Cutting Oils. D. G u stay Nollo (W crkslalt u. Belrieb, 1936, 69, (7/8), 93-94).— A sim ple la b o rato ry m eth o d is described o f estim atin g tho corrosive p ro p erties o f c u ttin g oils b y exposing to th e ir actio n strip s o f polished m e ta l (copper a n d iron).— P . M. C. R .
The Figlit A gainst Corrosion. n . — P ractical A pplications. Louis D elville (M ela u x, 1935, 10, (124), 285-287).— A n in tro d u c tio n to a series o f pap ers on tho su b je c t o f th e corrosion o f m etals, describing th e p re s e n t s ta te o f tho ą u e stio n .— J . H . W .
V — PR O TECTIO N
(Continued from pp. 159-1G1.)
*The Theory of Passivity. XXIX.— The Theory of the R ectifying Film (Sperrschicht) in A lum inium . W . J . M uller (Z. Elektrochem., 1936, 42, (4), 166-175; a n d Lighl M etals Research, 1936, 4, (21), 349-367).— Cf. M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 528. C ontinues M .’s in y estig atio n s on p assiv ity . M uller an d K ono- p ick y ’s discovcry t h a t a n alum inium oxide film is alw ays porous (J. In s t.
M etals, 1929, 42, 477) w as confirm ed b y Sim on a n d J a u c h (Z. Elektrochem., 1935, 41, 741). Tho d o u b ts tlia t S. a n d J . raise ag a in st th e electro-osm otic th e o ry o f th o rectify in g effect w ere p ro v ed groundless. Tho b ehayiour o f alum inium rectify in g electrodes o f th e p u re s t m etal (99-998%) in sa tu ra te d sodium bicarb o n ate so lu tio n w as in v estig ated , especially a t v cry Iow po ten tials.
T his beh ay io u r is coinpletely in agreem en t w ith th e rc ąu irem en ts o f tho electro- osm otic th e o ry . T he resu lts are fu lly discussed.— J . H . W .
A lum inium Coatings in Foundry Practice an d Their Testing. J . T eindl (H ornicky r istn ik , 1935,17, 438).— S. G.
Hom ogeneous Lead Coating. A. B ila rt (M ćtaux, 1936, 11, (126), 31-37).—
D escribes in d e ta il th e proceduro a n d relativ e ad v an ta g es o f 2 m eth o d s for pro tectin g steels b y covering th e m w ith a homogeneous coating o f lead, using lead foil o f th e re ą u ire d thickness a n d a blow pipe. I n th e m o st freq u en tly used o f th ese m ethods a th in lay er o f a le a d - tin alloy (50 : 50 o r 40 : 60) is in serted betw een th e steel a n d th e lead, th e adherence o f th e lead being b ro u g h t a b o u t w ith th e blow pipe. T h is p relim in ary coating m eth o d gives excellent results. T he second procedure consists in placing th e lead d irectly on to tho s te e l; altliough th is also gives good adherence, i t is less com m only used th a n th e o th e r m ethod.—J . H . W.
•[Tinning Copper W ires. C. B ornhoeft (W ire In d u stry, 1936, 3, (28), 159, 161).—T ran slated from Z . M etallkunde, 1935, 27, 264-266 ; seo M et. A bs., th is vol., p. 10.-—W . E . A.
Tinning of Sheet Metal for M anufacture of Gas Meters. J . G. do Voogd an d A. y a n d er L inden (Het Gas, 1934, 54, 3 2 3 -3 2 7 ; C. A bs., 1936, 30, 2898).—
T in n in g is n o t a n effective p ro tectio n ag ain st corrosion. P a in tin g w ith ru st- pro tectin g p a in ts is m ore im p o rta n t.—S. G.
A Review of th e Progress in Cleaning, Pickling, Fluxing, and H ot-D ip Galvanizing for the Y ear 1935. W allaee G. Im hoff (Am er. M etal M arket, 1936, 43, (8), 3, 6, 8 ).— T he y e a r’s progress in p la n t a n d m an ip u latio n is review ed w ith reference to jo u rn al a n d p a te n t lite ra tu re .— A. R . P .
Thickness of H ot-D ip Z inc Coatings. W allaee G. Im hoff (Am er. M etal M arket, 1936, 43, (67), 3).— T he thickness o f ho t-d ip coatings is controlled b y th e tem p e ra tu re o f th e b a th , th e tim e o f im ipersion, th e thickness o f th e m etal being galvanized, th e m eth o d u sed in running-off th e excess o f zinc, th e direc- tio n an d speed o f w ith d raw al fro m th e b a th , an d th e am o u n ts o f iro n an d alum inium in th e b a th . T he effects o f a ll these factors on th e thickness o f
