C2CA Concrete Recycling Process
From Development To Demonstration
Lotfi, Somi
DOI
10.4233/uuid:70505a1f-c0d7-47c7-ab62-8d487761c021
Publication date
2016
Document Version
Final published version
Citation (APA)
Lotfi, S. (2016). C2CA Concrete Recycling Process: From Development To Demonstration.
https://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:70505a1f-c0d7-47c7-ab62-8d487761c021
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C2CA Concrete Recycling Process
From Development To Demonstration
Despite the urgency of creating a sustainable solution for end of life concrete waste,
there has not been a large driving force for recycling it into prime grade materials. This
low motivation has a root in existing cultural, environmental, political and economic
constraints. For concrete to concrete recycling most of the time a lack of economic
bene-fits puts obstacles for the technology and the business model. This indicates that currently
the market for concrete recycling may not be large enough and needs innovations to
cre-ate more attractive products. The C2CA concrete to concrete recycling process delivers
such innovations.
The present research work investigated and developed the C2CA concrete recycling
process for recycling of end of life concrete to both recycled aggregates, with a quality
equivalent to natural aggregates and a hardened cement rich stream for low-CO
2cement
production and other binder products.
Somayeh Lotfi
C2CA Concr
ete R
ecy
cling P
rocess
From D
ev
elopment
To D
emonstration
Somay
eh Lotf
i
Delft University of TechnologyC2CA Concrete Recycling Process:
From Development To Demonstration
Proefschrift
ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor
aan de Technische Universiteit Delft,
op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof.ir. K.C.A.M. Luyben;
voorzitter van het College voor Promoties,
in het openbaar te verdedigen op
maandag 21 november 2016 om 10:00 uur
door
Somayeh LOTFI
Master of Science in Materials Engineering,
University of Science and Research, Tehran
Copyright © 2016 by Somayeh Lotfi
Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de:
Promotor: Prof. dr. P.C. Rem
Promotor: Prof. dr. J. Deja
Samenstelling promotiecommissie:
Rector Magnificus,
voorzitter
Prof. dr. P.C. Rem,
Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor
Prof. dr. J. Deja,
AGH University Poland, promotor
Onafhankelijke leden:
Prof. dr. ir. E. Schlangen,
Technische Universiteit Delft
Prof. dr. E. M. van Bueren,
Technische Universiteit Delft
Prof. dr. A. Bonoli,
University of Bologna, Italy
Prof. dr. G. Thenoux,
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile
Dr. ir. S. A.A.M. Fennis,
Rijkwaterstaat
Printed in the Netherlands by Optima First Printing, 2016
ISBN 978-94-6169-983-1
Copyright © 2016 by Somayeh Lotfi Email: lotfi.tud@gmail.com
All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system of any nature, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author.
This research was funded by the European Commission in the framework of the FP7 Collaborative project “Advanced Technologies for the Production of Cement and Clean Aggregates from Construction and Demolition Waste (C2CA)”, Grant Agreement No.265189. Also, this research has received funding from the European Commission under the framework of the Horizon 2020 research and innovation program “HISER project”, Grant agreement No 642085.
Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de: Promotor: Prof. dr. P.C. Rem
Promotor: Prof. dr. J. Deja Samenstelling promotiecommissie:
Rector Magnificus, voorzitter
Prof. dr. P.C. Rem, Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor Prof. dr. J. Deja, AGH University Poland, promotor Onafhankelijke leden:
Prof. dr. ir. E. Schlangen, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. dr. E. M. van Bueren, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. dr. A. Bonoli, University of Bologna, Italy Prof. dr. G. Thenoux, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile Dr. ir. S. A.A.M. Fennis, Rijkwaterstaat
iii
Introduction
Introduction 3
Introduction 5
Introduction 7
Regulations & Standards Economy Environment & Ecology Barriers for Concrete to Concrete Recycling Cultural Considerations Technology 1.3.1 Regulations, standards and economy
Introduction 9
1.3.2 Technology and market barriers
1.3.3 Environmental and cultural aspects
Introduction 11
Introduction 13
1.4.1 Contribution of C2CA in CO
2reduction
1.4.3 C2CA business model in brief
Introduction 15
Introduction 17
Introduction 19
Mechanical Recycling of EOL
Concrete into High-Grade
Aggregates
Mechanical Recycling of EOL Concrete into High-Grade Aggregates 25
Mechanical Recycling of EOL Concrete into High-Grade Aggregates 27
2.4.1 EOL concrete
Mechanical Recycling of EOL Concrete into High-Grade Aggregates 29
Mechanical Recycling of EOL Concrete into High-Grade Aggregates 31
Mill Input
Mill
Screen
ADR
1-4 mm
Fine
0-1 mm
Fine
4-16 mm
Coarse
+16 mm
Coarse
-16 mm
Coarse
0- 40 mm
Crushed concrete
Mechanical Recycling of EOL Concrete into High-Grade Aggregates 33
2.5.1 Performance of ADR
2.5.2 Properties of RA and performance of RAC
Mechanical Recycling of EOL Concrete into High-Grade Aggregates 35
Mechanical Recycling of EOL Concrete into High-Grade Aggregates 37
°
°
°
°
°
Performance of RAC based on the
type of cement and RA substitution
Performance of RAC based on type of cement and RA substitution 43
Performance of RAC based on type of cement and RA substitution 45
3.3.2 Concrete production
Performance of RAC based on type of cement and RA substitution 47
Performance of RAC based on type of cement and RA substitution 49
3.3.3 Performed Experiments
3.4.1 ADR input and outputs
Performance of RAC based on type of cement and RA substitution 51
3.4.2 Properties of RA
Performance of RAC based on type of cement and RA substitution 53
3.4.4 Properties of hardened concrete
3.4.4.1
Compressive Strength
Performance of RAC based on type of cement and RA substitution 55
3.4.4.3
Oxygen Permeability
Performance of RAC based on type of cement and RA substitution 57
Performance of RAC based on type of cement and RA substitution 59
Performance of RAC based on type of cement and RA substitution 61
3.4.4.6
Rapid chloride migration
3.4.4.7
Two electrodes method (TEM)
Performance of RAC based on type of cement and RA substitution 63
3.4.4.8
Abrasion resistance
Performance of RAC based on type of cement and RA substitution 65
3.4.4.9
Summary of the durability impact
Effects of shear-compression on
hardened cement recovery
Effects of shear-compression on hardened cement recovery 71
4.3.1 Parent concrete and primary crushing
4.3.2 Set-up for applying shear and compression force
Effects of shear-compression on hardened cement recovery 73
4.3.3 Experimental design
j i j i j i i i ii i i ix
x
2x
x
0β
iβ
ijβ
ij
4.3.4 Analysis of the experimental samples
4.4.1 Interpretation of the regression analysis
Effects of shear-compression on hardened cement recovery 75
Effects of shear-compression on hardened cement recovery 77
4.4.2 Interpretation of surface and contour plots
Effects of shear-compression on hardened cement recovery 79
4.4.3 Main effect plot
4.4.4 Normal probability plot
Effects of shear-compression on hardened cement recovery 81
The relation between input
variables and output quality in the
C2CA process
5.3.1 Parent Concrete
The relation between input variables and output quality in the C2CA process 87
The relation between input variables and output quality in the C2CA process 89
The relation between input variables and output quality in the C2CA process 91
5.3.2 Concrete Recycling Procedure
The relation between input variables and output quality in the C2CA process 93
5.3.3 Experimental Design
Parent concrete
SCM setting (degree of milling)
Coding of ADR input samples
Coding of corresponding produced RA Corre-sponding produced RAC Shear: Duration (min) Compression: Force (KN) Coding
PC1 - - no milling PC1-No Milling RA-PC1-
No Milling - PC1 7.12 6.30 HS-LC PC1-HS-LC RA-PC1-HS-LC - PC1 5.00 18.60 MS-MC PC1-MS-MC RA-PC1-MS-MC RAC1 PC2 7.12 6.30 HS-LC PC2-HS-LC RA-PC2-HS-LC - PC2 5.00 18.60 MS-MC PC2-MS-MC RA-PC2-MS-MC RAC2 PC2 5.00 30.90 MS-HC PC2-MS-HC RA-PC2-MS-HC - PC3 7.12 6.30 HS-LC PC3-HS-LC RA-PC3-HS-LC RAC3 and RAC5 PC3 5.00 18.60 MS-MC PC3-MS-MC RA-PC3-MS-MC RAC4
The relation between input variables and output quality in the C2CA process 95
5.3.4 RAC production
The relation between input variables and output quality in the C2CA process 97
5.4.1 ADR Performance
5.4.2 Properties of RA
The relation between input variables and output quality in the C2CA process 99
Properties
Moisture content[wt.%] 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.7 4.6 4.1
Density of grains[kg/m3] 2626 2628 2629 2626 2629 2611 2626 2625
Density of grains dried
in an oven[kg/m3] 2265 2256 2249 2266 2290 2262 2330 2358 Density of grains
satu-rated and surface-dried
[kg/m3] 2402 2397 2393 2403 2419 2395 2442 2460 Water absorption[ wt.%] 6.06 6.26 6.41 6.04 5.62 5.89 4.82 4.30 Freezing-thawing weight loss (8-16mm) [wt.%] 1.06 0.75 0.91 2.14 3.53 2.32 1.3 1.22 Freezing-thawing weight loss (4-8mm) [wt.%] 1.86 1.69 1.96 5.40 6.01 7.43 2.54 2.35 Index of aggregate
crushing for non-fractioned sample [wt.%] 14.42 14.6 14.43 13.74 13.79 13.16 13.21 13.98 Index of aggregate crushing for 4-8 mm fraction[wt.%] 13.49 13.84 13.38 14.02 13.32 13.31 12.74 13.04 Index of aggregate crushing for 8-16 mm fraction[wt.%] 15.65 15.88 15.86 13.31 14.37 12.95 13.93 13.65 Fines content[wt.%] (wet analysis) 0.63 0.23 0.37 0.29 0.31 0.43 0.40 0.34 R A -P C 1-N o m illi ng RA -P C 1-HS -LC RA -P C 1-MS -MC RA -P C 2-HS - LC LC RA -P C 2-MS -MC LC R A -P C 2-MS -H C LC RA -P C 3-HS -L C RA -P C 3-MS - MC
The relation between input variables and output quality in the C2CA process 101
5.5.1 Fresh and hardened concrete mechanical properties
The relation between input variables and output quality in the C2CA process 103
The relation between input variables and output quality in the C2CA process 105
The relation between input variables and output quality in the C2CA process 107
5.5.2 Durability properties of RAC
The relation between input variables and output quality in the C2CA process 109
5.5.3 Discussion of the variables impacts
The relation between input variables and output quality in the C2CA process 111
The relation between input variables and output quality in the C2CA process 113
Assessment of contaminants level
and removal from RA
Assessment of contaminants level and removal from RA 119
6.2.1 End of life building (case study in Groningen)
Assessment of contaminants level and removal from RA 121 Legend Case study in Groningen Smart Dismantling & Selective Demolition Hazardous (asbestos,...),Contaminants (gypsum, tapestry,…),Equipment (heating, airco,…) Large recyclables (steel, wood,
brick) Rebar steel ADR processing Processing 4-16 mm contaminants clean RA Sensor sorting Wind sifting +16 mm Contaminants +16 mm contaminants clean RA Crushing Attrition Milling & Screening On 16mm +16 mm Fraction -16 mm Fraction 0-4mm fraction 0.250-4 mm clean RS 0-0.250 mm Ca rich fraction
Removing external materials or contaminants
Clean products Process
Quality control
Products mixed with contaminants
Assessment of contaminants level and removal from RA 123
6.2.5 Screening and ADR processing
Assessment of contaminants level and removal from RA 127
6.2.6 NIR sensor sorting and wind sifting to remove contaminants
from +16mm RA
Assessment of contaminants level and removal from RA 129
Assessment of contaminants level and removal from RA 131
-
-
-
-
Recycling of ADR fines into
hard-ened cement and clean sand
(HAS technology)
Recycling of ADR fines into hardened cement and clean sand 135
7.2.1 Current research background
Recycling of ADR fines into hardened cement and clean sand 137
7.3.2 AF Recycling set-up
Recycling of ADR fines into hardened cement and clean sand 139
7.3.3 Experimental Design
7.4.1 Heating-Air classification System (HAS) Performance
Recycling of ADR fines into hardened cement and clean sand 141
Legend
ADR Fines (AF) (HAS input) Heating Air classification system (HAS) (Temperature is varied from 105°C to750°C ) Finer Fraction(FF) And contaminants 0-0.250 mm Coarser Fraction (CF) 0.250-4mm Coarser Fraction (CF) 0.250-4mm Finer Fraction(FF) 0-0.250 mm Screen Ball Mill (BM) (Milling time is varied
from 0 to 300 seconds) Cement Kiln or other applications Pre-cast concrete Production
Materials Process Application ADR
Recycled coarse aggregate
Recycling of ADR fines into hardened cement and clean sand 143
Recycling of ADR fines into hardened cement and clean sand 145
Recycling of ADR fines into hardened cement and clean sand 147
Recycling of ADR fines into hardened cement and clean sand 149
7.4.3 Properties of the recycled fractions
Recycling of ADR fines into hardened cement and clean sand 151
α
α
α
α
Recycling of ADR fines into hardened cement and clean sand 153
Recycling of ADR fines into hardened cement and clean sand 155
Summary & Follow-up research
Summary 161
Summary 165
Samenvatting 167
Samenvatting 171
