l{ucKypc coepeMeHHOU iJemcKou
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CaHKm-II emep6yp2)HoBeHIIIHH nepHO)]. pa3BHTH51 ITHHrBHCTHKH 03HaMeHOBaITC51 )].OCTaToąHo 3Haą11Mb!M CMe�eHHeM aKL{eHTOB C pe3yJibTaTa 513b!KOBOH )],e51TenbHOCTH Ha caMy )].e51TenbHOCTb. 3To norwiecKH noBneKno 3a co6oił pacwHpeHHe npe )].MeTa HCCITe)],OBaHH51 3a cąeT yąeTa B03)].eHCTBH51 Ha 513blKOBYlO )].e51TenbHOCTb p51)].a 3KCTpaITHHrBHCTHąeCKHX cpaKTOpOB, H60 CTano oąeBH)].HO, ąTO BK nroąeHHe B q>OKYC HCCITe)].OBaTen51 3THX 51BITeHHH BblBO)].HT JIHHrBHCTHąeCKHH aHaITH3 Ha HOBYIO BbICOTY, a TOąHee - rny6HHy. O)].HaKO, HOBH3Ha «HOBoro» nO)],XO)].a OTHOCHTeITbHa. Hey)].OBITeTBopeHHOCTb CTapbIMH MeTO)],aMH Bbl CKa3bIBanacb e�e B 60-x ro)].ax. TaK, B MOHorpaq>HH
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:no n p O H C XO )].HT n OT O M Y ąTo xy)].O)l(eCTBeHHbIH o6pa3 C03)].aeTC51 H pa3BHBaeTC51 He no 3aKOHaM 513bIKO Be)].qecKOH HayKH, Jil He yKna)],bIBaeTC51 B «npoKpycTOBO ITO)l(e» pa3Hb!X neKCHąecKHX «H3MOB», MOpq>onorwieCKHX e)].HHHL{, «CHCTeMbI» CHHTa KCHąecKHX KOHCTpyKL{HH, )],a e�e npH 3TOM CTporo «pa3ITO)l(eHHbIX no nonoąKaM» (KO)l(HHa 1996: 20n.B 3TOH )l(e MOHorpaq>HH aBTOp OTMeąaeT, ąTO 513blK H xy)].O)l(eCTBeHHOH JIJi!TepaTYPbl B l{eITOM H OT)].eITbHOro xy)].O)l(eCTBeHHOro npOH3Be)].eHH51 MO)l(eT 6b!Tb 06'beKTOM HCCITe)].OBaHH51 pa3nHąHbIX )].HCL{HilJIHH, a HMe H H O , JIJi!HrBHCTHKH H JIHTepaTypoBe)].eHH51, npH 3TOM COOTBeTCTBeHHO MeH51eTC51 yron
Stylistyka XIV
3peHHSI H MeTO.[I, Hccne.LI,OBaHHSI. TipH 3TOM aBTOp crporo pa3rpattHąHBaeT npe,AMeTbl 3THX .u;Byx ,ll;HCU,Hnmrn: «l13BeCTHO, ąTO Sl3blK03HaHHe TeM H 3aHHMaeTCSI, ąTO H3yąaeT cpe,[J,CTBa H cnoco6hi Bbipa)l(eHHSI MbICnH, T.e. cpopManbHYJO CTopotty' a CO.LI,ep)KaHHe Hccne.LI,yeMoro TeKCTa HHTepecyeT .LI,Pyrne HayKH (XHMHJO, nHTepaTypoBe,[l,eHHe H T.,ll;.)» (KO)l(HHa
1996: 2 1 1 ).
Cnycni noąTH TpH,[(Ll,aTb ner M.H. KmKHHa npe.LI,naraer cnoco6 npeo ,ll;onettHsi OTTHCaHHbIX He.[l,OCTaTKOB mrnrBOCTHITHCTHąecKoro attanH3a.
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l1 s CBeTe 3TOro HOBoro pacrnHpeHHOro npe.LI,CTaBneHHSI O npe.LI,MeTe HCcne.[l,OBaHHSI, «B HaCTOSl�ee BpeMSI, oąeBH,ll;HO, y)l(e He,l];OCTaToąHOH 6y.LI,er onopa CTHJIHCTHKH nHillb Ha KaKyIO-nH6o OMY co6CTBeHHO nHHrBHCTHąeCKyIO TeOpHlO (KaK 3TO Morno 6hITh BO BpeMeHa rocno,[(CTBa CTpYKTypanH3Ma), KaK H Ha Teopmo KaKoi1-JIH6o O,ll;HOH cMe)l(HOH ,ll;HCQHnnHHbl. CneQHcpHKa TeKCTa KaK npe.LI,MeTa cospeMeHHOH JIHHrBOCTHnHCTHKH He MO)l(eT 6bITb o6bSICHeHa JIHillb C TT03Hl(HH KaK Y3KOITHHIBHCTHąeCKHX, TaK H KaKoro-TO O,[(HOro acneKTa, o6na.n;asr B .n;ettCTBHTeJibHOCTH MHO)l(eCTBeHHOH CHHTeTHąecKOH 3KcrpanHHrBHCTHąecKOH OCHOBOH» (KO)l(HHa1992: 8-9). B
KOMnneKC CMe)ł(HblX ,ll;HCU,HTTJIHH, Ha .U8HHbie KOTOpblX .[l,OJl)l(Hbl on11paTbCSI CTHJIHCTHąeCKHe HCCne.LI,OB8HHSI, M.H. KO)KHH a B K nro ą a eT « H e T O n b K O Teop1110 H H cp O p M a l( H H H 0 6 �y10 T e O p 11 IO KOMMYHHKal(HH, ncHXOJIHHBHCTHKH, HO H rHoceonorHH, norHKH, nc11xonon-1H, HayKOBe.LI,eHHSI 11 HeKOTOpbIX .LI,Pymx» (KO)KH:Ha1992: 1
O).I1o.n.o6HaSI 3BOnIOl..(HSI HayąHblX B3rJISl.[l,0B yąeHoro OTpa)l(aeT rno6anhHblH nOBOpOT nHHrBHCTHKH K H3yąeHHIO «,ll;HHaMHKH peąH H H BCeił conycTBY IO�eM ew ayphI, K npoQeccy Bocnpo113BO.[l,CTBa peąH c yąeToM umpoKoro cou,HoKynhTypHoro KOHTeKcrn» (KO)KHHa
2004: 1 1 ).
HoBbIH no,ll;XOA oTnHąa er npe)l(,[l,e Bcero pacrn11peHHOe nottHM aHHe npe.LI,MeTa Hccne.LI,osattH.SI q>yHKU,HOHHpOBaHHe .SI3bIKa B QenoM B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ycnOBHH o6�eHH.SI, B umpoKOM 3KTpanHHrBHCTHąecKOM, cOQHoKynhTYPHOM KOHTeKCTe. M . H . KO)l(H:Ha 3,AeCb rOBOpHT 06 «aKTe roBopeHH.SI» HnH 06 «aKTe npOH3BO.[l,CTBaJ{ucKypc coepe.Me1-11-1ou oemcKou numepamypbl
EJIEHA B. 6EJI0rJ1A30BABbICKa3bIBamui:», B K0T0p0M «rOBOpll�HH - 0,l],H0 H3 ycJIOBHH np0H3B0,l],CTBa BbICKa3bIBaHHll H npH 3T0M 0H cpa3y np0THB0TT0CTaBmleT ce6e ,ll,pyroe JIHQ0» (KmKHHa
2004: 1 3).
Ba)l(HOCTh ,ll,pyrnx ycJIOBHH np0H3B0,l],CTBa BbICKa3bIB aHHll e�e 6oJibUie aKQeHTHPYIOTCSI B nparMaTHKe, KOrHHTHBHOH JIJ,IHrBHCT HKe, CTHJIHCTHKe ,l],eK0,ll,HpoaaHHSI (ApHOJlh,l],1989;
BacHJibeB1999;
f
0H'łap-0Ba1999;
fypo'łKHHa2000; Fish 1980).
E�e UIHpe npe,ll,MeT Jll1HrBHCT H'łeCK0ro HCCJie,n:oBaHHSI TpaKTyeT nCHXOJIHHrBHCTHKa - KaK pelłeBOH aKT, BKJilO'łaIO�HH no MHM O aKTa nopO)l(,l],eHHll BbICKa3bIBaHHSI, aKT ero nepe,ll,a'łH ,ll,pyroMy KOMMYHHKaHTY H aKT ero BocnpHllTHll H CMblCJIOBOH o6pa60TKH no CJie,l],HHM (<I>pyMKHHa2003;
JleOHTheB2003).
PacumpeHHe noHHMaHHll npe,ll,MeTa HCCJie,l],OBaHHll JIOrHtłeCKH nOBJieKJIO 3a co6oii paCUIHpeHHe nOHllTHHHOro H MeTO,l],0JI0rH'łeCKoro annapaTa JIHHrBHCTHKH 3a C'łeT CMe)l(HbIX H He O'łeHh HayK. fyMaHHTapHbie HaYKH BCe HMeIOT e,l],HHbIH 06'beKT HCCJie,l],OBaHHll - qeJIOBeK H ero aTTPH6yThl, KOTOpbie OHH paccMaTpHBaIOT C pa3Hb!X yrnoB 3peHHll. O6'be,l],HHeHHe )l(e ,l],OCTH rHyThIX pe3yJihTaTOB npe,ll,CTaBJilleTCll 6onee 'łeM nepcneKTHBHbIM. A y TO'łHbIX HayK 3aHMCTBYIOTCll MeTO,l],hl, KOTOpbie noMoraIOT OT'łaCTH npeO,l],OJieTb cy6'heKTHBHOCTb JIHHrBHCTH'łeCKoro aHaJIH3a.
B ,l],aHHOH CTaTbe Mbl XOTeJIH 6bI npOHJIJIIOCTpHpOBaTb B03MO)l(HOCTH HHTep,ll,HCQHnmrnapHoro aHaJIH3a Ha npHMepe ,l],eTCKOH XY,ll,O)l(eCTBeHHOH mnepaTypbl , cneQH<pHKa KOTOpOH 3aKJIIO'łaeTCSI npe)l(,l],e Bcero B HanpaBJieHHOCTH Ha cneQH<pH'łeCKYIO ,l],eTCKYIO ay,ll,HTOpHIO.
KaK nHUieT
M.H.
Ko)l(HHa, «no,ll,XO.l1. K TeKcTy ,ll,OJI)l(eH ocy�eCTBJil!ThCll c n03HQHH HaH6onee yrny6neHHOro 'łHTaTeJihCKOro BOCnpHllTHll. TaKOH TTO,l],XO,l], Ka)l(eTCll npaBOMepHbIM, l10CKOJibKY xy,l],O)l(eCTBeHHOe npOH3Be,l],eHHe cneQHaJihHO paCC'łHTaHO Ha BocnpHSITHe 'łHTaTeJil!» (KO)l(HHa1966: 21
O). IlpH Bceii cnpaBe,l],JIHBOCTH ,l],aHHOro yTBep)l(,ll,eHHll, Mbl He MO)l(eM BTTOJIHe cornaCHTbCll c Tpe6oBaHHeM MO)];eJIHpOBaHHll «yrny6neHHOro 'łHTaTeJib CKOro BOcnpHllTHll» . .D:eiiCTBHTeJibHO, cpopMHpyll CBOe BbICKa3bIBaHHe, aBTOp (a,n:pecaHT) paCC'łHTbIBaeT Ha BOcnpHllTHe ero 'łHTaTeJieM (a,ll,pecaTOM), npH 3TOM HCXO,ll,ll H3 HeKHX KOHKpeTHblX ero napaMeTpOB, HaKJia)];bIBaIO�HX OTne'łaTOK Ha KaK Ha nJiaH CO,ll,ep)l(aHHll, TaK H Ha nJiaH Bbipa)l(eHHll KOHe'łHOro npOH3Be,l],eHHll.J1 aHaJIH3 3TOro npOH3Be,l],eHHll HCCJie,l],OBaTemo
cneeyeT npOBO)];HTb C Il03HQHH BOCnpHSITHSI CTaH,n:apTHOro ,l],Jlll ,l],aHHOrO a,ll,pecaTa.Stylistyka XIV
TaKHM o6pa30M, nepBbIM rnaroM JIHHrBHCTH'-łeCKoro aHaJIH3a npOH3Be ,ueHHH ,UOJI)I<HO 6hITh onpe,uerreHHe THna H cneQH<pH'-łeCKHX ąepT ero a.upecaTa.
A,upecaT yąaCTByeT B KOMMYHHKaTHBHOM npoQecce He KaK HHTerpHpO BaHHOe Qerroe, HO KaK "JIH'-łHOCTh napaMeTpH3HpOBaHHaH", B onpe,uerreHHOM CBOeM acneKTe, aMnrrya HJIH <pyHKQHH, COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ.di acneKTY roBopHIIJ.ero (ApyTIOHOBa
1981:
357). Onp e,uerrHIO IIJ.HH napaMeTp BapbHpyeTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT THna KOMMYHHKaQHH. TaK, HanpHMep, TeKCThl MaCCOBOH KOMMYHHKaQHH o6Hapy)l(HBaIOT 3aBHCHMOCTh OT o6o6IIJ.eHHOrO a,upecaTa, KOTO pblH KOHKpeTH3HpyeTCSI no O,UHOMY napaMeTpy - coQHOKYJihTypHoMy. B HayąHhIX TeKcTax OTMeąaeTcH perreBaHTHOCTh npo<peCCHOHaJihHOro ypOBHH a,upecaTa. Pa3JIH'-łHbie BH.Ubi H )l(aHphl JIHTepaTypHOH KOMMYHHKaQHH no-pa3HOMY napaMeTpH3HpyIOT a.upecaTa. )].rrH Hac onpe,uerrHIOIIJ.HM napaMeTpOM HBJIHeTCH B03paCTHOH, B CBH3H C ąeM np e,ucTaBJIS!eTCSI Qerrecoo6pa3HhIM onpe,ueJI H T h C H C B03pacTHO-o6ycnoBJieHHOH cneQHQ)HKOH '-łHTaTeJI H-pe6eHKa, B ąeM HeOQeHHMhl ,uaHHbie TTCHXOJIOrHH.C TO'-łKH 3peHHH 0CHXHKH pe6eHKa OTJIH'-łaeT:
- HarJISl,UHO-o6pa3HhIH THTT MhIIIIJieHHH;
- aKTHBHOe Boo6pa)l(eHHe (ero HeJib3H Ha3BaTb 6oraTbIM, OOCKOJihKY tte6oraT OOhIT, ,uaIOIIJ.HH 0HIIJ.Y TBopąecKOH aKTHBHOCTH MhIIIIJieHHH); - npeo6rra,uaHHe HenpOH3BOJihHOro BocnpHS!THH, naMSITH H BHHMaHHH.
C TO'-łKH 3peHHH peąeBoro pa3BHTHH (JIHHrBHCTH'-łeCKOH KOMneTeHQHH) pe6eHKa OTJIH'-łaeT orpaHH'-łeHHhIH BOKa6yrrsip, 6oraTbIH CJI O BaMH c npo3paąHOH MOTHBHpoBaHHOCThlO, npe)l(,Ue BCero 3BYKOBOH, 3JieMeHTaMH "childspeak" (HanpHMep,
tommy
BMecTOstornach, hanky
BMecTOhandkerchiej),
Ha3BaHHHMH KOHKpeTHhIX MaTepHaJibHhIX npe,uMeTOB H3 6bITOBOro OKpy )l(eHHSI B npOTHBOBec a6cTpaKTHhIM TTOHHTHHM. fpaMMaTHKO-CHHTa KCH'-łeCKHH acneKT Sl3hlKa ycBaHBaeTCH B QeJIOM K 4,5-rreTHeMy B03pacTy, O,UHaKO B .lI)IHHHhIX KOHCTpYKQHHX H CJIO)l(HhlX JIOrH'łeCKHX nocTpoeHHSIX BepOHTHOCTh oum6oK ,UOCTaTO'-łHO BeJIHKa.Te3aypyc pe6eHKa, no.u KOTOpbIM 0OHHMaeTCH COBOKynHOCTh ero 3HaHHH, TaK)l(e cneQH(pH'-łeH. QąeBH,UHO, '-łTO 3HaHHH pe6eHKa 6y,uyT TeM 6onee orpaHH'-łeHHhl, ąeM OH MJia,urne. IlpH 3TOM orpaHH'-łeHHOCTh crre.uyeT noHHMaTb 6onee B npOCTpaHCTBeHHOM CMhICJie - 3HaHHH pe6eHKa orpa HH'-łeHbl apeaJIOM ero )l(H3He)].eHTeJibHOCTH, KOTOpb!H no Mepe B3pocneHHH
,4ucKypc coepeMeHHOU oemcKou llumepamypbl
EJJEHA B. 6EJJOrJJA30BA pacump.SleTC.SI OT K0MHaTbl, ,!l;0Ma, ,n;B0pa, co BpeMHeHeM 0XBaTbIBa.SI IUK0JIY, A0Ma ,n:py3eH, Bee H0Bhie H H0BhJe TeppHT0pHH H HHCTHTYThl.TaKoe rrpe,n:cTaBJieHHe o pe6eHKe CJI0)l(HJI0Ch 0TH0CHTeJibH0 He,ll.aBHO. B cpe,n:HHe BeKa pe6eHOK Mh!CJIHJIC.SI KaK MaJieHbKHH B3pOCJlhIH, eMy OTKa3hIBaJIOCh B KaKOM-JIH6o Ka'-!eCTBeHH0M OTJIH'-IHH.
IlepBbIMH KHHraMH ,lJ;JI.SI .n.eTeH 6bIJIH yąe6HHKH, peJIHfH03Hhie HJIH noy'-IHTeJihHhie no co.n.ep)l(aHHIO. B Cpe.n.H11e J3eKa H Hosoe BpeM.SJ Ha.n. KYJihTypoił ,n:aBJieJia peJIHrH.SI H BOnpocw B3aHM00THOIUeHH.SI Bora H qeJIOBeKa OTTeCHHJIH Bee .n.pyrHe 0THOIUeHH.SI Ha nepmpepHIO. ,[(eTH He OTJIH'-!aJIHCh OT B3pOCJihlX, 1160 B TOH )l(e CTeneHH 6hIJIH no,n;Bep)l(eHhl rpexy H Be'łHOMy rrpOKJI.SIThlO. 3a6oTa o cnaceHHH ,n:yum 6bIJia OCHOBHOH ,ll.JI.SI po,n:HTeneił H Y'-IHTeneił.
Ilpoił.n.eT eI.Qe 6 BeK0B, IIOKa ,[()KOH Hh106ep11, nocne.n.oBaB COBeTy ,[()I(.
JlOKKa, .n.aHHOMY B TpaKTaTe nocne.n;Hero
O
BocnumaHUU (1693),
o TOM, '-!TO ,n:eTH ,ll.OJI)l(Hhl n ony'-laTb OT '-ITeHH.SI Y.ll.OBOJihCTBHe, He .n;o6aBHT K Tpe6oBaHH.SIM o6y'-!eHH.SI eI.Qe H cpyHKL(HJO pa3BJie'łeHH.SI - nepBa.SI B HCTOpHH .n;eTCKOH JIHTepaTyphi ycTynKa B03pacTy.B
XVIII
BeKe CKY.ll:HhIH Kopnyc ,n:ercKoił JIHTepaTyphI o6oraTHJIC.SI Ja C'-leT CKa30K, XOT.SI AHCKYCCHH OTH0CHTeJJhH0 HX ,!l;0CTYIIHOCTH H BOCIIHTaTeJihHOH npHro.n.Hocrn se.n;yTc.SJ .n;o CHX nop (Colta1963).
B KOHL(e :noso BeKa Ha'ł HHaIOT aKTHBH0 C03,!l;aBaTbC.SI aBTOpCKHe npOH3Be,ll.eHH.SI H3Ha'łaJihH0 npe ,lJ;Ha3Ha'-!eHHbie .n;eT.SIM H Y'-IHThIBaJOI.QHe HX cnel.(HQ)HKY, npH '-!eM He TOJihK0 B03paCTHYIO, HO H reH,n:epHyIO - ceMeHHbie XpOHHJIH CTaHOB.SITC.SI JIHT epaTypoił AA.SI ,n:eBO'łeK, a npHKJilO'łeH'-leCKHe poMaHbl npe,n:Ha3Ha'-laIOTC.SI B nepByIO O'-lepe.n;h MaJib'-IHKaM.IlocreneHHO MOpaJih yxo,n:HT C JIH,ll.HpyIOI.QHX II03HL(HH, ycTyna.SI MeCT0 3a HHMaTeJihH0CTH. KynhMHHaQHeił 3TOH TeH,ll.eHL(HH .S1.BJI.S1eTC.S1 poMaH
Alice
sAdventures in Wonder/and,
HanHcaHHhIH npocpeccopoM OKccpop,n:cKoro yHH BepcHTeTa ąapJih30M ,[(O,ll.)l(COHOM H ony6JIHKOBaHHhie no.n; nceB,ll.OHHMOM JlhIOHc K3ppoJIJI B1865
ro,n:y. CorrracHo Meiłrcy, 3TO 6hmo "real beginning of modern literature for children" (Meigs1969: 194).
3Ta KHHra 6hma a6comorno YHHKaJihHa B TO BpeM.SI, H6o 6bIJia HanHCaHa HCKJIIO'-IHTeJihHO )];Jl.SI pa-3BJie'łeHH.SI H He co.n.ep)l(arra HH cne,n:a MopanH. TaKHM o6pa3oM, K K0HQYXIX
CTOJleTH.SI y)l(e CJIO)l(HJIOCh BII0JIHe COBpeMeHHOe npe,n:cTaBJieHHe o TOM, KaKOH ,ll.OJI)l(Ha 6bITh JIHTepaTypa AA.SI .n.eTeH. Eonee Toro, HMeHHO B TOT nepHO,ll. 6bIJIH C03,11;aHbl HenpeB30H,ll.eHHbie IUe,ll.eBphl, KOT0pb!MH '-IHTaTeJIH Bcex B03pacTOB H acna)l(.n;aroTc.SJ H n 0HhIHe. Ecn11 BeKXIX
6hrn seKoM1
Stylistyka XIV
CTaHOBJieHJUI ,n:eTCKOH JIHTepaTypb! , TO B XX CTOJieTHH npOH30WJI O npH3HaHHe JIHTepaTypHOH H xy,n:o)KeCTBeHHOH ee u,eHHOCTH, pacwHpeHHe ,n:eTCKHX H3,n:aTeJibCTB H 6H6ITHOTeK. Pa3BHTHe TeXHOrrorHH n03BOITHITO yrryąwHTb ocpopMrreHHe.
llo,n:o6Hb!H KpaTKHH ITHTepaTypoBe,n:ąecKHH o63op HCTopHH ,n:eTcKoił xy,n:o)KeCTBeHHOH ITHTepaTypb! noKa3bIBaeT, tJTO n o Mepe CBOero 3BOITlOU,HOHHpOBaHHSI OHa Bee 60JibWe YtJHTb!BaJia cneu,H<pHKY CBoero a.n:pecaTa. 3Ta nepeMeHa CBSl3aHa C nporpecCOM B HaytJHOM noHHMaHHH ,n:eTCKOH ncHxorrorHH, a TaK)Ke C COU,HOKYJibTYPHMH cpaKTOpaMH.
BKJIIO'łeHHe B ccpepy HHTepecoB JIHHrBHCTJilKH TaK)Ke aKTa BOCnpHS!THSI H nOHHMaHHSI C006ll.\eHHSI o6ycrrOBHJIO HHTepec JIHHrBHCTHKH K HayKe repMeHeBTHKe, BbIJIHBWHHCSI B nOSIBJieHHe <pHJIOJIOrHtJeCKOH repMeHeBTHKH, npOTHBOCTOSlll.\eH CBOeMy <pHJIOCO<pCKOMY KOpperrsiTy.
repMeHeBTHKa - HayKa o nOHHMaHHH TeKCTa. O,n:HaKO, no,n:o6Hoe HaHMeHOBaHHe HayKH, BOCXOAS! ll.\ee K aHTHtJHOMY 6ory repMecy, n oKpOBHTerrIO nacTyxoB H 6po,n:S1tJHX ToprOBU,eB, MO)KeT Bbl3BaTh He,n:oyMeHHe. llpH 6orree npHCTaITbHOM paccMOTpeHHH OKa3bIBaeTCSI, tJTO nepBOHaąarrbHO cpyHKU,HM repMeca 6bIJIH nyTeBOAHb!e. 3TOT aHTM'łHhIH MH<pOJIOfMtJeCKMH o6pa3 o6'he,n:HHSleT B ce6e ąepTbl, ,n:eHCTBMTeJibHO CBOHCTBeHHbie npou,eccy nOHHMaHHSI: nOHCK npaBHJibHOro HanpaBrreHMSI ,n:BM)KeHHSI H crre,n:oBaHMe nyTH, Be.n;yll.\eMy K npo,n:yKTHBHbIM pe3yJibTaTaM (Bpy,n:Hh!H
1 975: 1 1 O).
CornacHo ,n:pyroił BeprnH , rep Mec crry)KM JI TOJIKOBaTeJieM BOJIM 6oroB, tJTO o6bSICHS!eT Ha3b!BaHHe HayKM no TOJIKOBa HMlO TeKCTOB ero HMeHeM, oco6eHHO ecrrH npHHHMaTb BO BHMMaHMe TOT cpaKT, tJTO nepBbIMH TeKCTaMM, 3aHHMaBWHMH repMeHeBTOB, 6hIJIH KaHOHHtJeCKHe perrHrH03Hh!e KHMrH (ApHOJibA1997: 5).
,l],rrsi noHMMaHMSI TeKCTa Heo6xo,n:MMO He TOJibKO 3HaHMe Sl3b!Ka, H a KOTOpOM ,n:aHHbIH TeKCT Han11caH, T.H. RU1-l28UCmUl/eCKOJl K0Mneme1'1,fWl; HO TaK)Ke HeKOTOpbie 3KCTpaJIHHrBHCTHtJeKMe 3HaHHSI, KaCalOll.\HeCSI co,n:ep)Ka HHSI TeKCTa, - me3aypyc. O6beM JIHHfBHCTH'ieCKOH KOMneTeHU,MM M Te3aypyca xapaKTepH3YIOT peu,MnMeHTa TeKCTa C TO'łKH 3peHHSI ero B03M0)KHOCTeH n o CMb!CJIOBOH o6pa6oTKe tJHTaeMoro. CooTBeTCTBeHHO, CTPYKTypa 11 ceMaHTHKa TeKCTa COCTaBJISIIOT JIHlllb OAHY H3 CTOpOH CJIO)KHOro MexaHH3Ma nOHHMaHMSI, BTopasi )Ke HaXOAHTCSI B C03H8HHH H naMSITH HHAMBH,n:a, BOCnpHHHMaIOll.\ero TeKCT. Kor.na 3TH ,n:Ba KOMnoHeHTa BCTynaIOT B O B3aHMO,n:eHCTBHe, H npOHCXOAMT npou,ecc BocnpHS!THSI H nOHHMaHMSI TeKCTa, BMeCTe o6pa3yIOll.\MX CMbICJIOBOe BOcnpHS!THe (3aneBCK8SI
1988: 7).
,aucKypc coBpeMe11.1wu oemcKou numepamypbl
EJlEHA 8. EEJl0rJJA30BABocnpHHTHe eCTb nepBaH CTyneHb noHHMaHHH, Heo6xo,u;HMOe ero ycJI0BHe. BocnpHHTHe cyTb C03,łl;aHHe 'łYBCTBeHHOro o6pa3a 061,eKTa, crryxoBoro npH B0cnpHHTHH ycTHoro H 3pHTeJibHOro npH BOCilpHHTHH nHCbMeHHOro TeKCTa. BocnpHHHMaeTCH cpopMa, H60 oprattaM 'łYBCTB .u;ocTyntto JJHWb MaTepHa JlbHOe.
KaK CBH}.(eTeJibCTBYlOT ,u;aHHbie HCCJie,n;oBaHHH IlCHX0JIOrOB, 'łTeHHe, HJIH c6op TeCTOBoro MaTepHaJla npoHCXO,łl;HT B TO'łKaX qlHKCaQHH, a He BO BpeMH CKa'łKOB - «CaKKa,łl;H'łeCKHX ,łl;BH)l(eHHH» (Corrco
1 996: 65).
IlpH 'łTeHHH 06bl'IHO COBepwaeTCH2-3
caKKa,łl;bI B ceKyH,n;y. Ilpou_ecc 'łTeHHH - OT Toro M0MeHTa, Kor,n;a rrra3a KOHQeHTpHPYlOTCH Ha TeKCTOB0M MaTepHaJJe, H .u;o Toro, KaK H3BJie'łeHo 3Ha'łeHHe 11 rrra3 coBepwaeT crre,n;yIDll\YlO caKKa,u;y, 3aHHMaeT 0'łeHb KOpOTKHH nepHO)];. Pacn03HaBaHHe :meMeHTOB BHe cpoKyca np0HCXO)];HT 3a C'łeT 3HaHHH 'łHTaIOIIJ;ero o nocrre.u;oBaTeJJbHOCTH 6yKB H CJI0B. Hccrre,u;oBaHHH noKa3aJIH, 'łTO HaH60Jiblliee KOJIH'łeCTB0 HH!pOpMaQHH, KOTopoe M0)l(HO co6paTb npH e,u;HHH'łHOM npe,u;1,HBJieHHH, C0CTaBJIHeT 4 - 5 6yKB, He CBH3aHHbIX Me)l(.n:y co6oi1. CBH3Hb!H MaTepHaJJ BOCnpHHHMaeTCH JJerąe, KaK 3TO 3KcnepHMeHTaJibHO .n:oKa3aJJ )].)I(. K:n.err (Corrco1996: 312).
O61,eM BocnpHHHT0ro MaTep11arra 3aBHCHT OT H36bITO'łHOCTH CTHMyJJa. 3HaKOMbie CJI0Ba 'łHTalOTCH KaK u.erroe, a He KaK nocrre.n:oBaTeJibHOCTb 6yKB. C oxpaHHOCTb 3pHTeJibHhlX Bne'ł aTJieHHH H HX KpaTKOBpeM eHHYlO .u;ocTynHoCTb Haiłccep Ha3Barr «HKOHH'łecKoił naMHTblO» (Corrco1996: 66).
Ee 061,eM 0QeHHBaeTCH KaK MHHHMYM9
6yKB. BpeMeHHOe xpaHeHHe HH!pOpMaQHH B HKOHH'łeCKOH naMHTH .u;aeT MexaHH3M , npH noMOI.l.l;H KOTOporo ,łl;JJH .n:aJJbHeiłweił o6pa60TKH OT611paeTCH T0JibK0 cyIIJ;eCTBeHHaH HH!pOpMaQHH. CeHCOpHoe xpaHeHHe .n:aeT HaM BpeMH .n:m, H3BJie'łeHHH Ba)l(Hb!X npH3HaKOB C QeJJblO HX nocJJe,n;yroIIJ;eH o6pa60TKH. PacwHpeHHe 061,eMa BocnpHHHMaeMOH HH!pOpMaQHH Ba)l(H0 ,łl;JJH yBeJIH'łeHHH CK0pOCTH 'łTeHHH H OCMbICJieHHH CJIO)l(Hb!X npe,u;JIO)l(eHHH. Ha Ha'łaJJbHOM 3Tane OCBOeHHH HaBbIKOB 'łTeHHH ,n;eTH B0CnpHHHMalOT 6YKBbl H KOpOTKHe CJIOBa. 3TO He C06CTBeHHO 'łTeHHe, a ,u;eKO.D:HpOBaHHe, npaKTH'łeCKH JIHilieHH0e ceMaHTH'łeCKOH C0CTaBJJHIOIIJ;eił. IloHHMaHHe CTaH0BHTCH B03MO)l(Hb!M TOJibK0 K0r,u;a 6oJiblliaH no 061,eMy JIHHrBHCTH'łeCKaH e.n:HHHQa M0)l(eT xpaHHTbCH B KpaTKOBpeMeHHOH naMHTH ,łl;OCTaT0'łHO .u;orrro, 'łT06bI 6b!Tb OCMblCJleHHOH. 3To npe.n:norraraeT .ll:OCTaT0'łHYlO CK0p0CTb BocnpHHTHH, 'łT06bI BBeCTH B naMHTb KOHe'łHYlO 'łaCTb no,n;JJe)l(aIIJ;eił 0CMbICJJeHHlO e,n;HHHQhI, noKa He no6JJeKrra Ha ąarr&HaH HH<popMaQHH (Jones1972: 1 24).
Stylistyka XIV
TeKCT - 3TO qiyHKI.\HOHaJihHOe l.\eJioe. Cy6beKT noHHMaeT CTPYKTYPY qiyHKI.\HOHaJibHOrO l.\eJioro, eCJIH, HMe.Sł nepe)]. co6oił 3JieMeHTbI 3TOH cTpyKTYPhI H He HMe.Sł «HHCTpYKI.\HH no c6opKe», oH cnoco6eH co6paTh 3TO l.\eJIOe TaK, 'łT06hI OHO qiyHKI.\J.łOHHpoBaJio. TaKHM o6pa30M, noHHMaHHe -3TO B3aHMO)].eHCTBHe C HeKHM o6beKTOM, B pe3yJihTaTe KOTOporo BOCC03)].aeTC.Sł pa60TałOI.l{a.Sł MO)].eJib 3TOro o6beKTa (Epy)].HbIH
1975: 1 1 5).
Mo)].eJib nOHHMaHH.Sł TeKCTa BhirJISl)].J.łT CJie)].yIOI.l{J.łM o6pa30M: npOHCXO)].HT no3TanHhIH CHHTe3 CMhICJIOBOro CO)].ep)l(aHH.Sł TeKCTa Ha 6a3e nepl.\enTHB HOro aHamna H napannenhHO npoHCXO.D.Sll.l\ero co]].ep)l(aTerrbHOro aHaJIH3a (BKJIJO'łaSI CMhICJIOBOe nporH03J.łpOBaHHe) peąeBOH l.\enH. B pe3yJihTaTe nepl.\enTHBHOro aHaJIH3a, KOTOpb!H HOCHT H36HpaTeJibHhIH xapaKTep , npoHCXO)].HT on03HaHHe H y)].ep)l(aHHe B KpaTKOBpeMeHHOH naM.SłTH o6pa30B OT)].eJihHbIX Sl3hIKOBhIX e)].HHJ.łl.\ - nCHXOJIOrJ.ł'łeCKJ.łX 3KBHBaJieHTOB 3Ha '-!eHHH.
-,n;arree npoHCXO)].HT 0)].HOBpeMeHHbIH npOI.\eCC BhI)].eJieHH.Sł B ceMaHTH'łeCKOM CO)].ep)l(aHHH o6pa3a-crroBa OT)].eJibHhIX, 3Ha'łHMhIX B )].aHHOM KOHTeKCTe J,f CHTyal.\HH, CeMaHTH'łeCKHX KOMnOHeHTOB H CHHTe3a 3THX KOMnOHeHTOB B OCMhICJieHHOe l.\erroe, TaK 'łTO H Ha 3TOM ypoBHe KaK ceMaHTH'-!eCKHH aHaJIH3, TaK H CHHTe3 HMełOT H36HpaTeJibHYIO npHpOAY' XOT.Sł H onHpaIOTC.Sł Ha HMTTJIHJ..\HTHOe 3HaHHe O JIHHrBHCTH'łeCKHX CTPYKTypax J.ł CTpOeHHH TeKcTa.
O)].HaKO TeKCT a6COJIIOTHO JIHilleHHhIH «HHCTPYKI.\HH no c6opKe» - crryąaił pe)].KHH. OcHOBhIBa.Słcb Ha coo6pa)l(eHH.SłX, BhICKa3aHHhIX C .JI. Py6HH IlITei1HOM
(1 973),
TeKCTbI MO)l(HO no)].pa3)].eJIHTh Ha TpJ.ł rpynnhl. Bo-nepBbIX, TeKCTbI, B KOTOpbIX He o6o3Ha'łeHbI onopHbie TO'łKH, orpaHH'łHBalOl.l\He B03MO)l(HOCTb BapbHpOBaTb noHHMaHHe. Bo-BTOpbIX, TeKCTbI, B KOTOpbIX BCe 3JieMeHTbl npe)].CTaBrreHbl HMeHHO B TOM CMbICJIOBOM Ka'łeCTBe, B KaKOM OHH TOJlbKO H MOryT 6bITb TTOH.SłTbI 'łHTaTeJieM, pacno11ara10ll{HM )].OJI)l(Hb!M Te3aypycoM.H,
HaKOHel.\, TeKCTbI, CO)].ep)l(al.l\He p.Sł)]. «HanpaBJI.SłlOl.l\HX», CJIO)l(HOe nepenrreTeHHe KOTOpblX nopO)l()].aeT 3Ha 'łHTeJibHOe KOJIH'łeCTBO paBHonpaBHbIX BapHaHTOB nOHHMaHH.Sł.I10JIHBapHaHTHOCTh nOHHMaHHSI - cnel.\HQlJ.ł'łeCKaSI oco6eHHOCTh TeKCTOB xy)].O)KeCTBeHHOH JIHTepaTypb!. OHa J.ł3Ha'łaJibHO 3aJIO)l(eHa B HHX . .LJ:n.Sł xy)].O)l(eCTBeHHOH JIHTepaTypbl xapaKTepHO OTCYTCTBHe onpe)].eJieHH0ro, KOHKpeTHoro a.D.pecaTa. OHa a)].pecoBaHa tteKoi1 KaTeropHH 'łHTaTerreił, o6be)].HHeHHbIX no onpe]].eJieHHOMY napaMeTpy. IlpH ')TOM )].OnycKaeTC.Sł OTCYTCTBHe COBTTa)].eHH.Sł no .D.pyrHM napaMeTpaM, Moryl.l\ee nocJiy)l(HTb HCTO'łHHKOM pa3HO'łTeHHH. Ho Bee 3TH pa3HO'łTeHH.Sł He 6y.D.yT KaCaTbC.Sł 3Ha'IHMOro .Sł)].pa, KOTOpoe )].OJI)l(HO 6hITb )].OCTynHO BCeM 'łHTaTeJISIM,
/ĘucKypc coepeMeHHOU oemcKou llumepamypbz
EJJEHA B. 6EJ!OrJJA30BA
COOTBeTCTBYIOI.l.V1M OY:epY:eHHbIM )])ISI a�ecaTa paMKaM. rapaHTOM :noro CJIY)Kl1T nporpaMMa 11HTepnpeTaQl1H TeKCTa, 3aJIO)KeHHaSI B Hero aBTOpOM HCXO,U.SI 113 3aMbICJia H npe.u.nonaraeMoro ypOBHSI pa3Bl1Tl1SI a�ecaTa, «Hl1Tb ApHa,lI.HbI» B «na611pHHTe» TeKCTa, B TepM11HaX
Y.
3Ko (3KO1983: 28).
KaK yCTpOHCTBO caMoro na6Hp11HTa, TaK H xapaKTep11CTHKl1 nyTeBO,lI.HOH Hl1Tl1 onpe.nenS1IOTCS1 oco6ettttocrnMH a,u.pecaTa - Toro, ,u.n.H Koro na611pHHT npe.ntta3Ha'-!eH, KOMY np11,neTCS1 ero npeo.u.oneTb. ABTOp, nmny1..Q11H AJISI ,u.eTeił, He cratteT ycJIO)KHSITb CTPYKTYPY npo113Be,u.emrn 11 no3a60THTCS1 o Ha,U.e)KHOH nyTeBO.U.HOH HHTH. ITporpaMMa HHTepnpeTaQ1111 ,u.eTcKoH mnepaTyphl xapaKTep1,13yeTCSI pa3BepHyTOCTblO, H36bITO'-l:HOCTblO, 11 )ł(eCTKOCTblO. I1p11 3TOM MaKCHMaJibHO 11CilOJib3YIOTCSI Sl3bIKOBbie cpe,n:CTBa Ha116onee OilTl1MaJibHO OTBeY:aIOI.l.{He oco6eHHOCTSIM ,u.eTCKOrO MblllIJieHHSI. H3BeCTHO, '-!TO ,u.eTeH OTJIH'-!aeT HarJISl,U.Ho-o6pa3Hb!H THn MblllIJieHl1SI. Bcne,U.CTBl1e :noro pe6eHOK ,u.a)ł(e B CJIOBe 111..QeT o6pa3Hble 3JieMeHTbl (HceH11Ha, CM11pHOBa1 988: 1 1 O),
KOTOpb!e IlOMOraIOT eMy ycTaHOBl1Tb "CBSl3b O3HaY:aeMoro H 03HaY:aIOI.Qero Ha OCHOBe CXO.U.CTBa ... Me)K,U.y MaTepHaJibHOH o60JI0'-1:KOH CJIOBa H Y:YBCTBeHHO-BOCITpHHHMaeMbIMl1 CBOHCTBaMH npe,u.MeTa" (lllaxHapOBl1'-I:, QHT. no HBaHOBOH,1 990: 7).
ITonyn.HpHbIH ,neTCKHH n11caTeJibP.
,l].anb 06birpb1BaeT ny Sl3bIKOBYlO '-!epTy ,n:eTeH, BBOJJ:.H B CBOH poMaHThe BFG
JIO)ł(Hbie MOTHBaQ1111: E.g. Turks from Turkey is tasting of turkey.CKa3aHHOe 06'bSICHSleT 6oJibllIYIO KOHQeHTpaQl1IO B ,n:eTCKOH JIHTepaType MOTl1B11pOBaHHOH JieKCHKl1. M.B. HBaHOBa C IlOMOI..QblO MeTO,lI.OB CTa THCTl1Y:eCKOro aHaJil13a JJ:OKa3bIBaeT '-1:TO np11 yMeHbllleHl111 BO3pacTa, Ha KOT Opb!H OpHeHT11pOBaHO npO113Be,U.eHHe, BO3paCTaeT KOHQeHTpaQHSI 3BY KOCl1MBOJIHY:eCKOH
(3C)
JieKCHKl1 (HBaHOBa1 990: 1 2-1 3).
TaK)Ke lll11pOKO npHMeHSleTCSI B ,u.eTCKOH Jil1TepaType MOpcponor111.J:eCKaS1 MOTl1BHpoBaHHOCTb, Be,U.b, B QeJIOM, CJIOBa, SICHbie B CJIOB006pa30BaTeJibHOM HJIH 3THMOJIOr111.J:eCKOM OTHOllleHl1H, ner'-le BOCilpHHl1M8IOTCSI H BOCilpOH3B OJJ:.HTCSI, npOY:Hee y,u.ep)KHBaIOTCSI B naMSITH. )1(11Boe BOCilp11SITHe BHyTpeHHeH cpopMbI cnoBa o6nerY:aeT noH11MaH11e 11, TaKHM o6pa30M, npoQecc Sl3bIKOBoro 061..QeHHSI. BttyTpeHHSISI cpopMa cnoBa onpe.nenS1eTcS1 H.r.CaHaei1:
KaK "6pocaIOI.Q11HCSI B rJia3a np113HaK o603HaY:aeMoro 06'beKTa, KOTOpb!H SIB JIS!eTCSI coe,n:HHl1TeJibHbIM 3BeHOM Me)K,n:y 3BYKOBOH peaJil13aQHeH 3TOro CJIOBa H ero 3HaY:eHHeM" (Catta.H
1 988: 35).
HaMepeHHOe '-1:JieHeHHe npOH3BO,U.Horo CJIOBa MO)ł(eT HeCTH pa3Jil1'-l:Hble CTHJil1CTHY:eCKl1e <pyHKQHH (AlllypoBa
1 99 1 ):
Stylistyka XIV
1 .
KoH-rpaCT, OCHOBaHHbIH Ha .nep1rnaQHOHHOH aHTOHHMHH, cp.: The adventu res they had gone tciseek
or foundunseeking
(Grahame,145).
IlpH .nepHBaQHOHHOH aHTOHHMHH OTHOllleHHe npOTHBOTIOCTaBneHHH nony '-laeT 3KCTinHQHTHOe Bbipa)l(eHHe B Mopq)OnOrH'-leCKOH CTpYKType cnoB.
2. MHTeHcmpHKaQHH c TIOMOI.ll,blO .nepHBaTa-CHHOHHMa, cp.: lt was
not inhabi
ted
... whollyunpeopled
forest (Twain:83).
3.
HarnH,nHOCT, cp.: The box was soonunearthed
(Twain:1 54).
3.necb rny6HHHbie ceMaHTtttłeCKHe npH3HaKH nonylfaIOT noBepXHOCTHyro penpe3eHTaQHIO Ha ypoBHe MopcponornqecKoH c-rpyKTYPbI cnoBa.
4.
ABTOpCKOe HOBoo6pa30Bam1e no npOAYKTHBHOH MO,nenH, ,naHHOe B .nep HBaQHOHHOM PMY MO)l(eT cny)l(HTb CBoero po.na pyKoBOACTBOM, npH MepoM Allil no.npa)l(aHHH, cp.: The Great Glass Elevator isshockproof, wa
terproof, bombproof, bulletproof
andKnidproof!
(Dahl:64).
5 .
Pa3JIO)KeHHe .nepHBaTa Ha KOMTI OH eHTbl cnoco6cTB yeT ero n ep eOCMbICJieHHIO, TIOBbilllaH 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTb BOCTipHHTHH:- A knot! Do !et me help to
undo it!
- I
shalldo nothing of the sort! (Carroll:
64).
,ll.pyroi1 oco6eHHOCTblO ,neTCKOH nHTepaTypbl HBnHeTCH ee nmepTpocpHp OBaHHaH H36bIT01łHOCTb, HaH6onee BbITIYKJIO npe,ncTaBJieHa B «Ky MyJUI THBHbIX npOH3Be,neHHHX», HO B TOH HJIH HHOH CTeneHH xapaKTepHa MH BCeH ,neTCKOH JIHTepaTypbI .
IlOBTOp (penpH3a) - cpttrypa pe1łH, COCTOHI.ll,aH B TIOBTOpeHHH o,nHoro H Toro )l(e 3JieMeHTa (3TO MO)l(eT 6bITb :meMeHT mo6oro ypoBHH), HH'łero He .no6aBnHIOI.ll,eM K npe,nMeTHO-norH'-leCKOH HHQ)OpMaQHH.
B
3TOM, npe,nMeT HO-JIOrHlfeCKOM , CMblCJie TIOBTOp eCTb cpaKTOp H36bIT01łHOCTH. O,nHaKO, C TOlfKH 3peHHH 3MOQHOHaJibHOCTH, 3KCnpeCCHBHOCTH H CTHITH3aQHH CMbICJIO BOH BKna.n ero HaCTOJibKO BenHK, '-ITO .nenaeT TepMHH «H36bITO'-IHOCTb» H e npHeMJieMbIM (ApHOJibA1989: 182):
ero KOpHH B cnoHTaHHOH rny6oKO 3MO QHOHaJibHOH pe'-IH, Kor.na «He XBaTaeT CJIOB» (GeniuJbaS1 972: 3).
B
caMOM 06061.ll,eHHOM BapHaHTe <PYHKQHH TIOBTOpa CBOAHTCH K yc11ne HHIO.B
KOHKpeTHbIX crrylfaHx 3Ha'-leHHe MO)l(eT BapbHpOBaTbCH H COOTBe TCTBOBaTb Bep6anbHbIM HHTeHCHQ)HKaTopaM:- B Bb!CllleH CTeneHH, 1Ipe3BbI'-laHHO - 60Jibllle H 60Jibllle.
/{ucKypc coepeMeHHou oemcKou flumepamypbz
EJ!EHA B. 6EJIOrJIA30BA
Ilp110pHTeT CHHT8KCH'łeCKOro ycHJieHHH Ha.n aep6aJibHblM B ,neTCKOH JIHTe paType CBH3aH C 6oJibIIIeił o6pa3HOCTblO nepaoro. KOJIHqecTBO noBTOpOB co OTBeTCTByeT CTeneHH yc,rneHHH npH3H8Ka, ,neiłCTBHH, ycHJIHH:
Then the Elephant's Child sat back on his linie haunches, and
pulled,and
pulled,and
pulled,and
his nose began to stretch. And the Crocodile floundered into the water . . . and he
pulled,and
pul led,and
pulled(Kipling: 81 ).
CrpyKTYPHblH napaJIJieJIH3M B COBOKynHOCTH C aHaq>opHqecKHM «no BTOpOM noBTopa» no,npa3yMeaaeT no,no6Hh!H )l(e napa1111eJIH3M B nnatte co .n;ep)l(aHHH npe,nJio)l(eHHH. TaK, .n;eiicTBHH CnotteHKa H KpoKo,nHJia ao cnpHHHMaIOTCH K8K O.D:HH8K0Bble, a HX ycHJIHH KaK COH3MepHMble, T.e. B pa BHOH Mepe HanpH)l(eHHble.
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A
hog hole he saw at once(Dickinson: 139).
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Stylistyka XIV
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