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View of Partie i ugrupowania parlamentarne wobec Kościoła katolickiego w Polsce w latach 1989-2011

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Political Preferences

Preferencje polityczne

6/2013

Redakcja naukowa:

Robert Alberski

Waldemar Wojtasik

Katowice 2013

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CONTENTS

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Elections and the Internet. Comparing the US, UK, France and Germany

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