METALLURGICAL A B S T R A C T S
(G E N E R A L A N D N O N -F E R R O U S )
Volume 1 JU N E 1934 Part 6
I.—PROPERTIES OF METALS
( C o n t i n u e d f r o m p p . 2 2 5 - 2 3 0 .)
♦Change in Properties of Deformed Polycrystalline [Aluminium] During Recovery [Erholung]. M. O. K o rn fe ld (Zhum al eksperimentalnoy i teoreti- cheskoy F iziki (Journal o f Experimental and Theoretical Physics), 1933, 3, (6), 563-566).— [In R u ssia n .] A n n ealin g of deform ed p o ly cry sta llin e alu m in iu m in th e region of “ p u re re c o v e ry ” does n o t re sto re th e orig in al p ro p erties.
The processes w h ich ta k e p lace d u rin g reco v ery lea d to a h ig h ly sta b le co n d itio n c h aracterized b y a y ie ld -p o in t h ig h er th a n t h a t of th e o riginal m ate ria l due to th e re sid u al d is to rtio n of th e la ttic e a f te r re co v e ry . L au e p h o to gram s in d ic a te t h a t d u rin g re co v e ry th e r e is no n o tic e ab le s h ift in th e boundaries b etw een grain s. I t m a y th erefo re be concluded t h a t a n y change in p ro p erties d u rin g re co v e ry is d e te rm in e d m ain ly b y processes ta k in g place w ith in th e g ra in .— N . A.
♦On the Question of the Allotropic Transition of Bismuth at 75° C. S h in T ch i A oyam a a n d G ohei M onna (Sci. Rep. Tdhoku Im p . Univ., 1934, [i], 23, 52-61 [in E nglish] ; a n d K inzoku no K enkyu, 1934, 11, 2 0 3-209 [in Ja p a n ese ]).
— In v e stig a tio n s b y m ean s of th e rm a l analy sis, th e rm a l ex p an sio n , th e rm o - electro m o tiv e force, a n d oil d ila to m e try , in d ic a te t h a t th e alle g ed allo tro p ic tra n s itio n of b ism u th a t 75° C. does n o t e x is t.— E . S. H .
Preparation and Properties of Cadmium. E d m u n d T. R ic h a rd s (Metall- borse, 1934, 24, 242-243).-—A review .— A. R . P .
♦The Electrolytic Valve Action of Columbium and Tantalum on A.C. Circuits.
D. F . C alhane a n d A. J . L a lib e rte (Electrochem. Soc. Preprint, 1934, (A pril), 287-293).— O scillograph reco rd s a re giv en show ing th e film b e h av io u r of ta n ta lu m a n d c o lu m b iu m in d ilu te su lp h u ric a cid o n a.c. c irc u its. T a n ta lu m gives fa irly efficient re ctific atio n , b u t c o lu m b iu m is efficient o n ly ju s t a fte r im m ersion in th e a c i d ; ev en a t o n ly 2-5 v. th e efficiency ra p id ly falls alm o st to zero, b u t rises a g a in to th e o rig in al v alu e a fte r w ashing a n d re-im m ersion in th e acid. P e c u lia ritie s in th e o scillo g ra p h c u rv es a re discussed.—A . R . P .
fCopper and Oxygen. L . L . W y m a n (Oen. Elect. Rev., 1934, 37, 120-129).—- Follow ing a brief d e sc rip tio n of th e o rd in a ry process fo r refining copper, th e p ro d u ctio n of d eo x id ized a n d oxygen-free c o p p er is discussed. P re v io u sly u n published d a ta b y S kow ronski on th e effect of a d d e d m eta ls on th e c o n d u c tiv ity of copper a re given. T h e b e h a v io u r of v a rio u s ty p e s of co p p er w h en h e a te d in a reducing a tm o sp h e re is discussed. D eo x id ized co p p ers r e a c t in differen t degrees to a n o x id a tio n -re d u c tio n cycle. C o p p er d eo x id ized w ith calcium b o rid e a n d to w hich a n excess of silicon h as been a d d e d is n o t e m b rittle d b y a n o x id a tio n - red u ctio n cycle. A n u m b e r of co m m ercial a p p lic a tio n s of th e v a rio u s form s of copper a re discussed.— S. V. W .
♦Volatilization of Silica and Copper in Steam. J . G illis (Natuurwetensch.
Tijds., 1 9 3 3 ,15,15 3 -1 5 4 ; B rit. C hem .Abs., 1933, [A], 1245).— C opper cy lin d ers weighing 20 grm . lo st a b o u t 50 m g. in s te a m a t 300 a tm . a f te r 3 d a y s.— S. G.
♦Change of the Resistance of Single Crystals of Gallium in a Magnetic Field.
W . J . de H aas a n d J . W . B lom (Physica, 1933, 1, 1 3 4 -1 4 4 ; Brit. Chem. Abs., 1934, [A], 135).— T h e re sista n c e of a sin g le g a lliu m c ry s ta l a t 10°-20° a b s. a n d
♦ D enotes a p ap er describing th e re su lts of original research, f D enotes a first-class critical review.
U
286
M etallurgical Abstracts
Vo l. 1in a m ag n e tic field of 5 0 0 0 -2 2 ,0 0 0 gauss show s sim ila r b e h a v io u r to t h a t of a single b is m u th c ry s ta l. T h e cu rv e of re la tiv e c h an g e in re sistan c e a g ain st in c lin a tio n of th e field to th e a x is of th e c ry s ta l is a lm o st sin o id al a t low field s tre n g th s . T h e re s u lts a re in a g re e m e n t w ith th e rh o m b ic c ry s ta l s tru c tu re of
"^Supplement to the Paper : “ Atomic Heats, Heats of Fusion, and Heats of Transformation of Gallium, Indium, and Thallium.” V . A. R o th , In g rid M eyer, a n d H . Z eu m er (Z. anorg. Chem., 1934, 216, 3 0 3 -3 0 4 ).— Cf. «7. Inst.
Metals 1933, 53, 690. T h e la te n t h e a ts of fu sio n of g a lliu m a n d th a lliu m are now g iv en as 19-16 ± 0-01 a n d 5-04o ± 0-012 g rm .-c a l./g rm ., respectively.
T h e h e a t of tr a n s fo rm a tio n of th a lliu m is 0-40 ± 0-01 g rm .-c al./g rm .
— M. H . The Vibration Strength of Lead. W ilh e lm S to c k m e y e r (Z. Metallkunde, 1934, 26, 93).— B y b e n d in g b a c k w a rd s a n d fo rw a rd s le a d tu b e s c o n n ec te d w ith a w a te r p ip e u n til a le a k o ccu rred , i t h a s b een sh o w n t h a t th e resistan ce to b en d in g d e fo rm a tio n of tu b e s of lea d c o n ta in in g 1% a n tim o n y is n e a rly twice a s g re a t a s t h a t of so ft lea d tu b e s .— M. H .
* Thermoelectric Powers of Nickel and Nickel-Chromium Alloys Near the Curie Point. A. W . F o s te r (Proc. Leeds Phil. Soc., 1933, 2, 4 0 1 -4 0 5 ; Brit. Chem.
A bs., 1933, [A], 559).— T h e th e rm o e le c tric po w ers of n ic k e l (99-5% ) a n d n ick el- ch ro m iu m allo y s (nickel 98-5, c h ro m iu m 1 % , a n d n ic k e l 97-5, ch ro m iu m 2% ) h a v e b een m ea su re d a g a in s t c o p p er. T h e c h an g e in th e specific h e a t of elec
tro n s a t t h e C urie p o in t is lo w e red v e ry ra p id ly b y th e a d d itio n of chrom ium .
— S. G.
Change of the [Electrical] Resistance of Nickel Wire Under Tension at Various Temperatures. S. A rz y b asch ew a n d V. J u s h a k o w (Z. Physik, 193 3 ,86, 52 1 -5 2 2 ).—E x p e rim e n ts w ith pure n ick el u n d e r te n s io n a t v a rio u s tem p e ra tu res b e tw ee n — 190° a n d 350° C. confirm re s u lts p re v io u s ly o b ta in e d w ith com
p a r a tiv e ly im pure n ick e l (ibid., 1930, 64, 405).— J . S. G. T.
*On the Sorption of Hydrogen by Reduced Nickel. I.—Determination of the Quantities of the Hydrogen Adsorbed by and Diffused in Pure and Spoiled Reduced Nickel, and Determination of the Isothermal Adsorption Lines and the Heat of Adsorption. S h u n -Ic h iro Iijim a (S c i. Papers In st. Phys. Chem. Res.
Tokyo, N o. 468, 1933, 2 8 5 -3 0 0 ).— W . H .-R .
*On the Sorption of Hydrogen by Reduced Nickel. II.—Adsorption of Hydro
gen by Reduced Nickel at Low Temperatures. S h u n -Ic h iro Iijim a (Sci. Papers In st. Phys. Chem. Res. Tokyo, N o. 474, 1933, 3 4 -4 3 ).— W . H .-R .
*On the Sorption of Hydrogen by Reduced Nickel. III.—Heat-Treatment of Reduced Nickel and Its Relation to the Sorption Velocity and to the Quantity of Hydrogen Sorbed. S h u n -Ic h iro I ijim a (Sci. Papers In st. Phys. Chem. Res.
Tokyo, N o. 481, 1934, 164—172).— W. H .-R .
Preparation of Metallic Praseodymium. G. C an n eri a n d A. R ossi (Gazz.
chim. ilal., 1932, 62, 11 6 0 -1 1 6 3 ; Brit. Chem. Abs., 1933, [A], 360).— A m ax i
m u m y ield of p ra seo d y m iu m w as o b ta in e d b y th e ele c tro ly sis of a fu se d m ix tu re (m eltin g p o in t 535° C.) of 5 5 % P rC l3, 2 7 % N aC l, a n d 18% KC1, using a tu n g s te n c ath o d e a n d A cheson g ra p h ite an o d e. T h e te m p e ra tu re m u s t be kep t
< 600° C. to av o id p o la riz a tio n a n d fo rm a tio n of P r 0 2. T h e praseodym ium c o n ta in s < 0 -2 % of o th e r r a re -e a rth m e ta ls a n d o n ly tra c e s of silicon and carb o n . I t s d e n s ity is 6-765 i 0-008, a n d m e ltin g p o in t 932° rb 2° C.— S. G.
The Magnetic Nuclear Moment of Rubidium Isotopes. D . A. J a c k so n (Z.
Physik, 1933, 86, 131).—J . confirm s re s u lts o b ta in e d b y K o p fe rm a n n (ibid., 1933, 83, 417), viz. t h a t th e n u c le a r sp in m o m e n ts of th e ru b id iu m isotopes a re re sp e c tiv e ly R b 85, 5 /2 ,; R b 87, 3 /2 .— J . S. G. T .
*Preparation of Ductile Tantalum by Thermal Dissociation of Tantalum Pentachloride. W . G. B u rg ers a n d J . C. M. B a s a r t (Z. anorg. Chem., 1934, 216, 223-227).— D u c tile ta n ta lu m c an be p re p a re d b y th e rm a l d isso c iatio n of its
1934
I . — Properties o f Metals 287
chloride o n a glow ing n u c le a r w ire if fo reig n gases a re rig o ro u sly excluded.
T he la ttic e of ta n ta lu m h a s a = 3-296 A: 0 -0 0 0 5 A ., th e specific electrical resistance is 104p0 = 0-124 Q cm ., a n d th e te m p e ra tu re coefficient of th e electrical re sistan c e : 105 a = 364. N io b iu m p re p a re d by th e rm a l dissociation of th e p en ta ch lo rid e h as a la ttic e w ith a = 3-294 J r 0-001 A .—M. H .
*Speciflc Heat of Thallium at Liquid Helium Temperatures. W . H. K eesom a n d J . A. K o k (Physica, 1 9 3 4 ,1 ,1 7 5 -1 8 1; Brit. Chem. Abs., 1934, [A], 246).— M easurem ents h av e b e en m ad e fro m 1-3° to 4-2° abs. T h e ato m ic h e a t falls from 0-01325 to 0-01177 a t th e tra n s itio n p o in t. N o la te n t h e a t w as observed a t th is p o in t.— S. G.
New Determination of the Half-Period Life of Thorium. H a n s F esefeld t (Z. Physik, 1933, 86, 605-610).— T h e to ta l n u m b e r of a -p a rtic les e m itte d p e r second fro m 1 g rm . of th o riu m is fo u n d to be 4-7 X 103. T h is re s u lt agrees w ith t h a t o b ta in e d b y G eiger a n d R u th e rfo rd . T h e corresp o n d in g h alf-period life of th o riu m is 1-3 X 1010 y e a rs.— J . S. G. T.
*The Adsorption of Hydrogen on Tungsten. J . K . R o b e rts (Proc. Camb.
Phil. Soc., 1934, 30, 74-79).— S a tu ra tio n occurs w h en th e p a r tia l p ressu re of hydrogen is less t h a n 4 x 10-4 m m .— E . S. H .
On the Cause of the “ Hardness ” of Electrolytic Zinc. A. A. B o tc h v a r an d A. J . U ljan o w (Zvetnye Metally (The Non-Ferrous Metals), 1932, 7, 3 3 -3 6 ; Chem. Zentr., 1934, 105, I, 2343).— T h e h a rd n ess of zinc does n o t p rim a rily depend on th e th e rm a l tr e a tm e n t, since th e presence of iro n h a s a pro fo u n d effect on th e re cry s ta lliz a tio n process, as little as 0 -2 % p re v e n tin g i t e n tirely . T he h ard n ess is u n a ffe c te d b y 0 -2 % lead, b u t 0 -l- 0 - 2 % cad m iu m increases it ap p reciab ly . I n m ak in g zinc sh e e ts of u n ifo rm h ard n ess s tr ic t co n tro l of th e iron c o n te n t is esse n tia l.— A. R . P.
*The Effect on the Density of Zinc of Deformation by Cold- and Hot-Rolling.
0 . B au er a n d P . Z u n k er (M itt. Material., Sonderheft 24, 1934, 93 -9 8 ).— See J. Inst. Metals, 1933, 53, 612-613.— J . W .
Composition of Zinc for Polygraphic Zinc Type Plates. M. D. Z udin (Zvetnye Metally (The Non-Ferrous Metals), 1933, (1), 1 0 0 -1 0 3 ; C. Abs., 1934, 2 8 ,1966).— [In R u ssia n .] C om positions of R u ssia n a n d im p o rte d zinc for ty p e p lates a re given. H a rd n e s s a n d fine g ra in a re o b ta in e d b y a d d in g sm all am o u n ts of cad m iu m (up to 0 -5% ). M elting in a n in d u c tio n fu rn ace is reco m m ended.— S. G.
*Superconductivity of Zinc. W . H . K eesom (Physica, 1933, 1, 1 2 3-127;
Brit. Chem. Abs., 1934, [A], 135).— Z inc becom es su p erc o n d u c tin g a t 0-79° abs.
C adm ium a n d g old a re n o h s u p e rc o n d u c tin g a t 0-73° a b s., or p la tin u m a t 0-77° abs. P h o s p h o r-b ro n z e is n o t s u p e rco n d u c tin g a t 0-75° a b s., so co p p er is p ro b ab ly n o t su p e rco n d u c tiv e a t t h a t te m p e ra tu re .— S. G.
*The Question of the [Possible] Radioactivity of Zinc. H a n s F e se feld t (Z.
Physik, 1933, 86, 611-614).— F . finds t h a t th e a -ra d ia tio n o b serv ed fro m p u re zinc is of th e o rd e r of A t h of t h a t o b ta in e d b y Z ieg ert, usin g zinc residues.
10 ' — J . S. G. T.
Production of Single Crystals with Prescribed Axial Orientation. P . A.
P a lib in a n d A. I . F ro im a n (Z. K rist., 1933, 85, 3 2 2 -3 2 5 ; Brit. Chem. Abs., 1933, [A], 665).— A m e th o d fo r o b ta in in g c ry s ta ls of, fo r ex am p le, zinc o r cadm ium w ith th e h e x ag o n a l a x is p a ra lle l to th e ir le n g th is d escrib ed .— S. G.
*The Condition Determining Flow of Crystals. W . B oas a n d E . S chm id (Z.
Physik, 1933, 86, 8 28-830).— T h e q u e stio n w h e th e r in cid en ce of flow in s tra in e d cry stals is c o n d itio n ed b y th e a tta in m e n t of a c o n s ta n t sh e a r stre ss (Schubspan- nung) o r a c o n s ta n t e la stic slip (Schiebung) in th e tra n s la tio n sy stem is a n sw ered in fav o u r of th e fo rm er h y p o th e s is .— J . S. G. T.
The Effect of Cold-Work on Metals. G u s ta v T a m m a n n (Forschungen u.
Fortschritte, 1 9 3 4 ,10, 128-129).— A s u m m a ry of T .’s w o rk on th e cold-w orking an d recovery of m eta ls fro m a th e o re tic a l p o in t of view .— J . W .
288 Metallurgical Abstracts
Vo l. 1*The Influence of Prior Stress on Fatigue Strength. P . L u d w ik a n d J . K ry s to f (A nz. Akad. Wiss. W ien, 1933, 70, 5 1 -5 2 ).— U sing ste el, high-grade c a s t iro n , a n d n o n -ferro u s te s t-p ie ce s, th e re la tio n s b etw een in itia l stress, a lte rn a tin g stre ss, an d fa tig u e ab o v e a n d before th e p la s tic lim it hav e been d e te rm in e d . F o r stre sses below th e to rs io n a n d te n s ile lim its , th e fatigue s tre n g th in to rsio n w as t 0 = t w + x , t , a n d in b en d in g Oo —-- w er®
x a n d a are re sp ec tiv e ly th e s tre n g th u n d e r a lte rn a tin g lo ad s in to rsio n and bending,“a n d xt a n d xb are re sp e c tiv e ly coefficients in d e p e n d e n t of th e m agni
tu d e of th e p rio r stre ss. T h e e flect of c o rro d in g influences h a s te e n studied.
Nature of “ Yield-Value.” G. W . S. B la ir (Physics, 1933, 4 ,1 1 3-118; ¿ct.
Abs 1933 (BI 36 327).— T h e flow of m a te ria ls a t stresses fa r below th eir n o rm al y ield -v alu es is d iscussed, a n d B . p o in ts o u t t h a t th e sh arp n ess w ith w h ich y ield -v alu e s c a n be m ea su re d d e p en d s o n th e g ro u p in g of th e relax atio n tim e s fo r th e d iffere n t s tra in s s e t u p w ith in th e m a te ria l, a n u n e v e n d istrib u tio n m ak in g fo r a s h a rp e r d efin itio n . A n y s h a rp a n d d ra s tic c h an g e in th e relax a
tio n tim e of th e sy ste m as a w hole m a y ju stifia b ly be sa id to c o n s titu te a yield- v a lu e , th e q u e stio n as to w h ic h of th e s e p o in ts is a c tu a lly ta k e n a,s the yreld- v a lu e d ep en d in g on th e c o n d itio n s of t h e e x p e rim e n t. T h e re s u lts (to date) a re d iscussed of c e rta in e x p e rim e n ts on flour d o u g h s, w h ic h i t is claim ed are p e cu liarly s u ita b le m a te ria l fo r su c h in v e s tig a tio n s. A n ew ra p id m ethod, re c e n tly d escrib ed , fo r stu d y in g flow in flour d o u g h s is d iscussed. T h e dangers of classify in g m a te ria ls in h a rd -a n d -fa s t rh eo lo g ica l d iv isio n s is e m p h asize d ; for p ra c tic a l p u rp o ses, how ever, a n d giv en a d e q u a te sa feg u a rd s, su c h classifications
m a y be e x tre m e ly u se fu l.— S. G. . .
♦Studies on the Transformation of Metals by Secondary Electron Emission K a z u m a H a y a k a w a (S c i. R e p . Tdhoku Im p . U niv., 1934, [i], 22, 934-958).— [In E n g lish .I M ethods hav e b e en d ev ised fo r s tu d y in g p h a se tran s fo rm a tio n s in m eta ls b y (a) m ea su rin g th e se c o n d ary e le c tro n e m issio n e x c ite d b y th e therm o
io n ic c u rre n t a t v a rio u s te m p e ra tu re s a n d (b) m ea su rin g th e io n is a tio n current a t v a rio u s te m p e ra tu re s . C hanges h av e b e en o b se rv e d in th e ra n g e of m agnetic tra n s fo rm a tio n in th e case of n ick e l, c o b a lt, a n d iro n -m c k e l a llo y s.— E . b. n .
♦Investigations Relating to Metallic Films. H . Z a h n a n d J . K ra m er (Z.
P hysik, 1933, 86,4 1 3 -4 2 0 ).— E le c tro ly tic a lly d e p o site d a n tim o n y a n d platinum are show n to ’be tra n s fo rm e d in to th e c ry s ta llin e s ta te b y bein g h e a te d above a defin ite tra n s fo rm a tio n te m p e ra tu re — 222° C. in t h e case of p la tin u m , 160 C.
in th e case of a n tim o n y — w h ic h is c h a ra c te ris tic of th e m e ta l irresp ectiv e of its m ode of p ro d u c tio n . V ery th in m e ta l film s a re sh o w n to be necessa rily am o r
p h o u s to som e e x te n t.— J . S. G. T .
*The Optical Properties of Metals. N . F . M o tt (Proc. Camb. Phil, ooc., ly«* >
30 2 49-270).— A d iscussion on th e o re tic a l lin e s.— E . S. H .
* Electrical Properties of Metals and Wave Mechanics. L . B rillo u in (Rev. gen.
file d ., 1933, 34, 163-175, 2 0 2 -2 0 8 ; Sci. A bs., 1933, [B ], 36, 6 15 ).—A non
tec h n ica l a c c o u n t is giv en of th e m o d ern th e o r y of th e c o n d u c tio n of electricity in m etals, b ased on th e c o n ce p tio n t h a t e le c tro n s a re p h y s ic a lly w aves w h ich a re tr a n s m itte d th ro u g h th e c ry s ta l la ttic e fo rm ed b y th e m etal.
H a rtre e ’s th e o ry of “ se lf-co n siste n t ” field fo r d e alin g w ith th is problem is ex p lain ed , as well as th e use w h ich is m ad e of th e F e rm i-D ira c s ta tis tic s , Ih e s u b je cts of th e rm o e le c tric em issio n of e le c tro n s fro m h o t m eta ls , of th erm al a g ita tio n , of m ag n etism , a n d of s u p e rc o n d u c tiv ity a re d e a lt w ith in d e ta il^
♦On the Theory of Liquid Metals. S. S h u b in (Zhurnal eksperim entalnoyi teoreticheskoy F iziki (Journal of Experim ental and Theoretical Physics), tJM , 3, (6), 461-474).— [In R u ss ia n .] A n u m b e r of p o in ts in co n n ec tio n w ith the th eo ry of c o n d u cta n c e e le c tro n s in liq u id m e ta ls a re e x am in ed . I n p articu la r, th e q u e stio n of th e m o v em e n t of e le c tro n s in th e field of a n a lm o st uniform ,
1934
I . — Properties o f Metals 289
non-periodic p o te n tia l is con sid ered in d e t a i l : i t is show n t h a t th ese electrons possess a ll th e p ro p e rties c h a ra c te ris tic of th e “ alm o st free ” electro n . T he behaviour of su ch a n e le ctro n in c o n s ta n t a n d a lte rn a tin g fields w as in v e s ti
gated. T he re la tio n b etw een th e c o n d u ctan c e e le c tro n s a n d th e th e rm a l m otion of ions w as ex am in ed : if th e rm a l m o tio n of liq u id ions be reg ard ed as sm all oscillatio n s ro u n d th e p o in t of sta b le e q u ilib riu m , th e n (in sp ite of th e irreg u larity of th e d is trib u tio n of th e c e n tres of o scillation) we w ould have had th e u su al re la tio n of th e fo rm R = A T fo r th e specific re sistan c e a t high tem p eratu res. T h e re sistan c e of liq u id m e ta ls in clu d e s th e re s t p a r t in d ep e n den t of te m p e ra tu re , w h ich is ex p la in e d b y th e larg e n u m b e r of isoenergetic conditions of th e liq u id w h ich re n d e r im possible th e processes of d irec t d is
trib u tio n of th e electro n s am o n g th e ions.— N . A.
Change in the Electrical Conductivity of a Metal Foil Dependent on Its Electric Charge. G. P o lv a n i (Nuovo cimento, 1932, 9, 69 -7 1 ).— S. G.
Some Measurements of Contact Resistances at Low Temperatures. R . Holm an d W . M eissner (Z . Physik, 1933, 86, 787-791).—M easurem ents of th e c o ntact-resistances b etw een g o ld -g o ld , c o p p er-c o p p er, a n d n ick e l-n ic k el s u r faces a t room te m p e ra tu re a n d a t 20 ° abs. in d ic a te th e presence a t th e c o n ta ct of a tra n s itio n la y e r h a v in g a n ele ctrica l re sistan c e of th e o rd e r 10 9 o h m / cm.2 of c o n ta ct surface in th e cases of gold a n d copper, a n d 50 X 10 9 o hm /cm.2 in th e case of nickel, th ese values b eing p ra c tic a lly in d ep e n d en t of th e tem p eratu re. T hese tra n s itio n re sistan c es o b e y O hm ’s law o v e r a considerable range of e.m .f.— J . S. G. T.
A New Effect at the Commencement of Superconductivity. W . M eissner an d R . O chsenfeld (N aturwiss., 1933, 21, 787-788).— W h en a cy lin d rica l lea d or tin rod is b ro u g h t in to a hom ogeneous m ag n etic field p e rp e n d icu la r to its ax is, th e changes in d istrib u tio n of th e lines of force in th e n eig h b o u rh o o d of th e ro d , on cooling below th e sp rin g p o in t, follow th o se w h ich w o u ld o ccu r in th e p erm eab ility o a n d th e d iam a g n e tic su s c e p tib ility — 1/4tt. I n th e inside of a long lea d tu b e , in sp ite of th is effect a ro u n d th e tu b e , th e m ag n etic field rem ains p ra c tic a lly u n c h an g e d w h en th e sp rin g p o in t is passed. T h ese re su lts can p ro b ab ly be re p re se n te d b y th e d e v elo p m en t of m icro- o r m acroscopic cu rren ts in th e su p e rco n d u c to r o n th e a s s u m p tio n of a p e rm e a b ility of 1 in th e cu rren t-free p a rts . T hese c u rre n ts c h an g e o r dev elo p sp o n ta n eo u sly w hen th e m eta l becom es a su p e rc o n d u c to r.— J . W .
*Magnetic Permeability of Ferromagnetic Metals at Very High Frequencies.
G. P o tap en k o a n d R . S an g er (N aturw iss., 1 9 3 3,21,818-819).— T h e p e rm e a b ility of iron, nickel, a n d c o b a lt d ecreases ra p id ly w ith in creasin g freq u en c y , p ro b ably owing to som e re la tio n s h ip b etw een th e su rfa ce la y e r of ferro m ag n etic conductors a n d a m ag n etic se c o n d ary s tr u c tu r e .— J . W .
Magnetism of the Metals. E . V o g t (Ergehn. exakt. N aturwiss., 1932, 11, 323-351; Brit. Chem. Abs., 1933, [A], 342).— A discussion of th e m ag n e tic p roperties of m eta ls in r e la tio n to th e q u a n tu m s ta te s of th e a to m s in th e c ry stal la ttic e .— S. G.
*The Change of Magnetic Susceptibility in Metals and Alloys Caused by Inter
nal Stress. Y oso m atsu S him izu (Sei. Rep. Tdhoku Im p . Univ., 1933, [i], 22, 915-933 [in E n g lis h ] ; a n d K in zo ku no K enkyu, 1934, 11, 1 5 9 -1 7 4 [in Jap a n ese]).— Cf. Met. Abs., th is volum e, p. 3. T he p a ra m a g n e tic s u s c e p tib ility of m etals a n d alloys decreases, w h ilst th e d iam a g n e tic su s c e p tib ility in creases num erically w ith in creasin g degree of re sid u al in te rn a l stress. T h e su s c e p ti
b ility of a hom ogeneous p la tin u m -g o ld a llo y , c o n ta in in g 30 a to m ic -% of p latin u m , is ch an g ed fro m p a ra m a g n e tic to d ia m a g n e tic by co ld -w o rk in g . A th eo ry is p roposed in e x p la n a tio n of th e s e re s u lts .— E . S. H .
^Electron Interference at Mechanically-Worked Surfaces. H . R a e th e r (Z.
Physik, 1933, 86, 82-104).— T he effects of scratc h in g , ru b b in g em ery, polishing,
290
M etallurgical Abstracts
Vo l. 1 pressin g , a n d h a m m e rin g on m eta llic a n d n o n -m etallic su rfaces are in v e s tig a te d in co n sid erab le d e ta il b y m ean s of e le ctro n in te rfe re n c e .— J . S. G. T.The Positive Electron. P a u l L an g e v in (Bull. Soc. frang. Meet., 1934, [v], 4, 3 3 5 ).— T h e e x p erim e n tal a n d th e o re tic a l consid eratio n s u n d e rly in g m o d em c o n cep tio n s of a to m ic s tr u c tu r e a re review ed. L . em p h asizes t h a t in c e rta in im p o r ta n t in sta n c e s , n o ta b ly on th e q u e stio n s of m a g n e tic sp in , a n d of th e e x iste n ce of th e p o sitiv e e le ctro n , e x p e rim e n ta l v e rifica tio n h a s follow ed d e d u ctio n s m ad e b y D irac a n d o th e rs o n p u re ly th e o re tic a l g ro u n d s. C e rta in p ro b lem s of tr a n s m u ta tio n a re c o n sid ered in th e lig h t of re c e n t w o rk b y Ire n e C urie a n d J o lio t o n th e b o m b a rd m e n t of a lu m in iu m , m ag n esiu m , a n d b o ro n b y a -ra y s, a n d som e p h e n o m e n a a re p re d ic te d w h ic h a w a it verificatio n .
— P . M. 0 . R .
♦A Note on the Theory of the Photoelectric Current Across a Metal Semi- Conductor Contact. R . H . F o w le r (Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., 1934, 30, 5 5 -5 8 ).—
T h eo re tic al.— E . S. H .
Report of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt for 1933. A no n . (Physilcal. Z., 1934, 35, 2 17-248).— T h e a n n u a l r e p o rt is b riefly review ed.
A m o n g st m a tte r s w h ich receive n o tic e are th e follow ing : re sistan c e a n d s u p e r
c o n d u ctio n of v a rio u s m e ta ls a n d a llo y s ; ch em ical a n d p h y sic a l p ro p e rtie s of r h e n iu m ; p u rific atio n of m a s u r iu m ; p re p a ra tio n of e x tre m e ly p u re sam p les of a lu m in iu m , iro n , zinc, n io b iu m , ta n ta lu m , p la tin u m , irid iu m , a n d g o ld ; c hange of le n g th of I n v a r w ires d u e to flaw s; e la stic c o n s ta n ts of a lu m in iu m a n d m ag n esiu m single c r y s ta ls ; h e a ts of tra n s fo rm a tio n of c o b a lt a n d i r o n ; m a g n e tic tra n s fo rm a tio n s e x h ib ite d b y n ick e l a n d allo y s of th is m e ta l w ith co p p er, ch ro m iu m , silicon, tu n g s te n , a lu m in iu m , c o b alt, iro n , a n d of iro n w ith c h ro m iu m ; use of iro n -c h ro m iu m a lloys fo r th e c o n s tru c tio n of re s is ta n c e s ; m a g n e to s tric tio n ; effect of co m p o sitio n a n d h e a t- tr e a tm e n t o n th e h y ste re s is of fe rro m ag n e tic m e ta ls a n d a llo y s ; re sistan c e th e rm o m e te rs of le a d a n d g o ld ; c a p illa ry c o n s ta n ts of g o ld ; a d ia b a tic m eta llic calo rim e te r fo r h ig h te m p e ra tu re s ; th e r m a l c o n d u c tiv ity of m e ta ls .— J . S. G. T .
II.—PROPERTIES OF ALLOYS
(Continued from pp. 231-237.)
♦Equilibrium Diagram of the System Aluminium-Copper-Manganese.
H a c h ie S aw am o to (SuiyoPwai-shi, 1933, 8, 2 3 9 -2 4 4 ; C. Abs., 1933, 28, 2254).—
[ I n J a p a n e se .] T h e c o n s titu tio n of th e a lu m in iu m -ric h a lu m in iu m -c o p p e r- m an g an ese a llo y s c o n ta in in g u p to 4 0 % c o p p er a n d 3 0 % m an g an ese w as in v e s tig a te d b y m ea n s of d iffere n tia l th e r m a l a n a ly sis a n d m icroscopic e x a m in a tio n . A p e rite c tic -e u te c tic re a c tio n liq u id + A l5M n 7=7 A l3M n + (Al) o c cu rre d a t 630° C. a n d a t th e c o m p o sitio n c o p p e r 8-3, m an g an ese 1-75, a n d a lu m in iu m 89-95% , a n d a te r n a r y e u te c tic re a c tio n liq u id 7=7 CuA12 + A l3M n + (Al) to o k p lac e a t 544° C., th e co m p o sitio n b ein g c o p p er 30-5, m an g an ese 0-65, a n d a lu m in iu m 68-85% .— S. G.
♦Investigations of the Transformations in the Solid State in Magnesium- Silicon-Aluminium Alloys. A. A. B o tc h v a r, K . W . G orew , a n d A. M. K o rolkow (Metallurg (The Metallurgist), 1932, 8, (1), 7 - 2 0 ; Chem. Zentr., 1934, 105, I, 1931).— [ I n R u ssia n .] T h e e q u ilib ria in th e te r n a r y sy s te m u p to 2 % silicon a n d 3 % m ag n esiu m h a v e been d e te rm in e d . T h e solid so lu b ility of silico n a n d M g2Si in a lu m in iu m is d ecreased b y excess of e ith e r c o n s titu e n t, c o n tra ry to th e s ta te m e n t of H a n so n a n d G ay ler (J. Inst. Metals, 1921, 26, 321-359) t h a t excess of silicon in cre ases th e solid s o lu b ility of M g2Si. B ., G., a n d K . also find t h a t excess of m ag n esiu m has a g re a te r d e p ressin g effect on th e so lid so lu b ility of M g2Si in alu m in iu m t h a n s ta te d b y H . a n d G. F ro m th e c h an g es in h a rd n e ss on h e a t- tr e a tm e n t of A ld rey w ith 0 -2 -0 -4 % iro n i t is show n t h a t a n excess of silico n in creases th e effect of h e a t- tr e a tm e n t, b u t h as no effect in iro n -free
1934
I I . — Properties o f Alloys 291
A ldrey, e x c e p t to r e ta r d so m ew h at th e ageing ; th is difference is a ttr ib u te d to th e fo rm a tio n of FeSi, so t h a t a n excess of silicon is ne cessary to g e t th e fu ll effect d u e to Mg2Si.— A. R . P .
♦The Transformations in Solid Alloys of Aluminium with up to 30% Zinc and 12% Magnesium. A. A. B o tc h v a r a n d M. 0 . K u zn etzo v (Metallurg (The Metallurgist), 1933, 8, (2), 7 -1 4 ; Chem. Zentr., 1934, 105, I, 2345).— [In R u ssian .] T h e s o lu b ility iso th e rm s of th e te r n a r y sy ste m m a g n e siu m - z in c -alu m in iu m h av e b een d ete rm in e d a t 2 00°, 400°, a n d 450° C. b y m icro
a n aly sis of specim ens q u e n ch e d in w a te r a fte r prolo n g ed an n ealin g . T he s o lu b ility of M gZn2 is a m ax im u m of 16-17% , w hereas S ander a n d M eissner fo u n d 2 5 % . T h e p h ases in e q u ilib riu m w ith th e te r n a r y y-solid so lu tio n could n o t be a sc e rta in e d b y th e m eth o d em p lo y ed .— A. R . P .
♦The Influence of Heat-Treatment with Age-Hardening and Prolonged Storage on the Properties of an Aluminium Alloy. W . S chw inning a n d E . D orgerloh (Z. Metalllcunde, 1934, 26, 9 1 -9 2 ).— T h e influence of th e qu en ch in g te m p e ra tu re (460°, 490°, 530° C.) a n d ageing te m p e ra tu re (8 hrs. a t 120°, 145 , 160°, 175° C.) o n th e te n s ile p ro p e rties , en d u ran ce, v ib ra tio n s tre n g th (ro ta tin g bending), a n d ele ctrica l c o n d u c tiv ity of 3 m m . co n d u cto r w ires of a n a lu m in iu m allo y c o n ta in in g m ag n esiu m (com position n o t s ta te d ) has been in v es tig a te d . R e su lts a re show n in ta b le s a n d g ra p h s. Q u enching a t 490° ± 10° C. p ro v ed to be b est ; w ith a low er q u en ch in g te m p e ra tu re th e y ield -p o in t, ten sile stre n g th , a n d en d u ran c e s tre n g th decrease a n d th e c o n d u c tiv ity o nly slig h tly increases.
Q uenching a t 530 ± 10° C. h a s p ra c tic a lly no a d v a n ta g e in a n y resp ect. To o b ta in good m ech an ical p ro p e rtie s th e low est ageing te m p e ra tu re sh o u ld be selected c o n so n an t w ith th e p ro d u c tio n of th e d e sired ele ctrica l c o n d u ctiv ity . I n w ires q u e n ch e d a t 490° C., te m p e re d a t 160° C. fo r 8 hrs. an d sto red a t room - te m p e ra tu re th e e n d u ran c e s tre n g th increases from 10 to 11-5 k g ./m m .2, d u rin g 7 m onths, w hile th e ten sile p ro p e rties re m a in unchanged, b u t a fte r 2 years, th e e n d u ran ce s tre n g th decreases a g ain to 10 k g ./m m .2, w hile th e yield -p o in t and ten sile s tre n g th slig h tly decrease a n d th e elo n g a tio n a n d re d u c tio n of a re a slig h tly in cre ase.— M. H .
Progress in Light Metal Castings for High Stresses. G. S achs (Z. V .d.I., 1933, 77, 1 1 5 -1 2 0 ; Sci. Abs., 1933, [B], 36, 327).— Cf. J . Inst. Metals, 1933, 53, 294.
A d e scrip tio n of som e im p ro v e d allo y s of th e su rface-h ard en ed a lu m irn u m silicon ty p e w h ich are lik e ly to be of use in p e tro l a n d D iesel engines. A d d itio n of copper to alu m in iu m -silic o n a lloys increases th e fa tig u e s tre n g th , w hile a d d itio n of m ag n esiu m co u p led w ith su ita b le h e a t- tr e a tm e n t im p ro v es th e m ech an ical p ro p e rtie s g e n erally .— S. G.
The Aluminium-Silicon Alloys. M aurice D érib éré (Technique Automobile et Aérienne, 1934, 25, (164), 7 -1 3 ).— A review of th e c o n stitu tio n , m ic ro stru c tu re , p re p a ra tio n , uses, a n d p ro p e rtie s of th e s e alloys. T h e m ech an ic al p ro p e rties of th e 5 % san d - a n d c h ill-ca st allo y a re ta b u la te d . A p a rt fro m c e rta in high-silicon alloys (18—2 0 % silicon), A lp ax is fa r th e m o st im p o rta n t b in a ry alloy, a n d its m ech an ical an d p h y sical p ro p e rtie s a re fu lly considered. T e rn a ry a n d o th e r d e riv a tiv e s of A lp a x in clu d e B irm asil (nickel 2 -3 -5 % ), a n d L o - E x (silicon 13-14, nick el 2, co p p er 1, m ag n esiu m 1% ). C om m ercial alloys of h ig h er silicon c o n te n t in clu d e th e K S series, S u p ra-K o lb en , A lusil, S u p ra-A lu b .o ., a n d A lsia ; p ro p e rtie s a n d an aly ses are giv en in m o st cases. D u ra lu m in is fu lly d escribed, w ith a ta b le of m ec h an ic al p ro p e rtie s c o rresp o n d in g w ith 7 com m ercial tr e a tm e n ts : o th e r a llo y s esp e cially n o tic e d , w ith d e ta ils of a n aly sis a n d m ech an ical p ro p e rties , are A lm asiliu m (A n tico ro d al), th e L.M . series, th e
“ R . R . ” (H id u m in iu m ) alloys, th e K S a n ti-co rro sio n a llo y s ,a c o p p er-silic o n die- c astin g allo y , A lm elec, a n d A ld rey . A nalyses o n ly a re g iv en fo r F e ra ls it, Silical, silic o -m a n g a n o -a lu m in iu m , M ansical, A lsim in. A bibliography is g iv en .— P . M. C. R .
292 M etallurgical A bstracts
Vo l. 1*The Influence oi Alternating Stresses on the Tensile Properties and Damping Power of Aluminium Alloys. H . F ra n k e n b e rg (Light Metals Research, 1934, 2, (47), 1 -1 1 ).— T ra n s la te d fro m Metallwirtschaft, 1934, 13, 187-191. See M et.
A bs., th is v o lu m e, p. 231.— J . C. C.
*The Influence of Addition Metals on the Electric Conductivity of Aluminium.
H . B o h n e r (Light Metals Research, 1934, 2, (47), 12 -1 7 ).— T r a n s la te d fro m Z.
Metallkunde, 1934, 26, 4 5 —47; see M et. Abs., t h is v o lu m e , p . 168.— J . C. C.
Beryllium Alloys from the Electrical Point of View. A. D o n a t (Machine modeme, 1934, 28, 104).— Cf. ibid., 1933, 27, 294, 5 74-575. B ery lliu m , w h en u se d as a d e o x id a n t in th e c a s tin g of co p p er a n d of c e rta in of its a llo y s, g re a tly in creases th e e le c tric a l c o n d u c tiv ity of th e p ro d u c t. C o n d u c tiv itie s fo r sam p les of s a n d -c a st c o p p er d eo x id ized w ith (a) 0 -02% p h o sp h o ru s, (b) 0 -0 1 % beryllium , an d (c) 0 -0 2 -0 -0 3 % b e ry lliu m , a re g iv en , to g e th e r w ith c o rre sp o n d in g values fo r se v e ra l o rd in a ry c o p p e r allo y s. T h e c o n d u c tiv itie s of 8 c o p p er-b e ry lliu m a llo y s a re ta b u la te d fo r h a r d a n d so ft c o n d itio n s.—-P. M. C. R .
*The Eutectoidal Decomposition of Solid Solutions of 3-Copper-Aluminium Alloys. N . W . A geew a n d G. W . K u rd ju m o w (Metallurg (The Metallurgist), 1932, 7, (9), 3 - 2 1 ; Chem. Zentr., 1934, 105, I , 2344).— [ I n R u ss ia n .] Cf.
J . In st. Metals, 1933, 53, 237. X - r a y a n d m ic ro g ra p h ic e x a m in a tio n , a n d d e te rm in a tio n s of t h e h a rd n e ss a n d coeff. of e x p a n s io n show t h a t th e (3-phase i n c o p p e r-a lu m in iu m allo y s decom poses o n cooling in to a e u te c to id a l m ix tu re of (a + y), b o th of w h ic h h a v e fa c e -c e n tre d c u b ic la ttic e s , t h e y la ttic e c o n ta in in g 52 a to m s in t h e u n i t cell. N o in te rm e d ia te p h a se is fo rm ed d u rin g slow cooling th r o u g h 540° C., a ll th e p ro p e rtie s c o n fo rm in g to a m ix tu re of th e a- a n d y- p h a se s. A s ta b le in te rm e d ia te sta g e is o b ta in e d o n ly o n v e ry r a p id cooling.
— A. R . P .
♦Researches on Copper Alloys Containing Cadmium. P . I. G rad u so v (M etal
lurg (The Metallurgist), 1932, 7, (9), 7 9 -8 3 ; Chem. Zentr., 1934, 105,1, 2033).—
[ I n R u ss ia n .] T h e v a lu e of c o p p er a llo y s w ith 0 -5 -2 % c ad m iu m fo r deo x id izin g c o p p er h a s b e en in v e s tig a te d . U n d e r th e sa m e c o n d itio n s a s u se d w h en p h o s p h o r-c o p p e r is e m p lo y e d a s d e o x id a n t, th e loss of c a d m iu m does n o t e x ce ed 2 % of t h a t a d d e d . T h e a d d itio n of sm a ll q u a n titie s of c ad m iu m to c o p p er in cre ases th e te n s ile s tr e n g th , b u t re d u ce s th e c o n d u c tiv ity ; fo r h o t- ro llin g th e c o p p er s h o u ld be h e a te d to 7 8 0 °-8 0 0 ° C. W ith in cre asin g cad m iu m c o n te n t th e in te n s ity of re c ry s ta lliz a tio n of h a rd -d ra w n c o p p er is in c re a s e d ; 600° C. is t h e b e s t a n n e a lin g te m p e ra tu re fo r c ad m iu m —co p p er, a n d 0-8%
c ad m iu m gives th e b e s t c o m b in a tio n of m e c h a n ic al a n d e le c tric a l p ro p e rtie s .
— A. R . P . Investigations of the Phenomena of Diffusion of Copper in Iron with Refer
ence to the Manufacture of Bimetals. M. I . S a c h aro w a (Zvetnye M etally (The N on-Ferrous Metals), 1 9 3 2 ,7 ,5 4 2 -5 5 0 ; Chem. Zentr., 1934, 105, I , 2342).— [In R u ss ia n .] T h e r a te of diffusion of c o p p er in to iro n is v e r y sm a ll, a n d a p p e a rs to p ro ceed alo n g th e c ry s ta l b o u n d a rie s, e sp e c ially in th e case of s o ft iro n c o n ta in in g silicon a n d m an g a n ese. A t a m a g n ifica tio n of 100 0 a su rfa ce zone co n s istin g of a so lid s o lu tio n of iro n in c o p p er can be o b se rv ed o n t h e c o p p er.
— A. R . P . Copper-Lead Anti-Friction Alloys. M. P . S la v in sk i, A. E . V ol, I. V.
G u tm a n , G. T . F o m in , a n d L . R . E d elso n (Metallurg (T he Metallurgist), 1933, 8, (4/5), 91—1 0 9; (6), 3 - 2 1; C. Abs., 1934, 28, 1644).—[ I n R u ss ia n .] C o p p e r- le a d a llo y s w ith sm all a d d itio n s of n ick e l, tin , zin c, a n d p h o sp h o ru s a re h o m o geneous ab o v e th e m e ltin g p o in t, b u t s e p a ra te in to 2 la y e rs below th e meltino- p o in t of c o p p er w ith p u re c o p p er free zin g o u t s e p a ra te ly . W ith la rg e r a d d itio n s, la y e rs of c o p p er c o n ta in in g le a d a n d of le a d co n ta 'in in g c o p p er a re fo rm ed . I f c o n sid erab le a m o u n ts of n ick e l a re p re s e n t, le a d is e v e n ly d is tr i
b u te d in th e solid s ta te . A d d itio n s of 1 -1 5 % of n ick e l a n d 1 -1 8 % of zinc t o a 1 0% tin -b ro n z e c o n ta in in g 10, 20 , a n d 3 0 % le a d show t h a t n ick e l ra ises th e
1934
I I . — Properties o f Alloys 293
m eltin» p o in t a n d causes e q u al d is trib u tio n a n d fineness of th e lea d p a rticle s a n d decreases th e « -c o n stitu e n t. U p to 10% of n ick el increases th e hard n ess b u t larg er a m o u n ts decrease th e h a rd n ess. Zinc causes u n e q u a l d istrib u tio n , decreases h a rd n ess a n d increases p la s tic ity . P h o sp h o ru s also causes u n e q u al d istrib u tio n of th e lead . A lis t is g iv en of 18 c o p p e r-tm -le a d -m c k e l-z in c alloys w h ich a re p ro b a b ly su ita b le fo r b earin g s.— b. G.
Selenium T-Copper] Compound of High Thermoelectric Power. M. A L ev itisk aia a n d V. J . D lu g a c (Dohladii A kadem ii Naulc U .S .S .R . (Compt. rend.
Acad. Sci. U .R .S .S .), 1933, 106-108 (in R u ssia n ), 109-110 (in G e rm a n ); Brit.
Chem. Abs., 1934, [A], 19).— T h e p ro p e rtie s of Cu2Se a re d escribed, b. G.
Nida Bronze. A non. (Metallwirtschaft, 1934, 13, (10), 1 7 5-176; a n d Automobiltech.Z., 1934, 37, (4), 1 1 5 - 1 1 7 ) .- N id a bronze is a p h o sp h o r-b ro n z e w ith 8- 9% t in w hich h a s been h o t-w orked th e n cold-w orked to th e finishing sta te • i t is p a rtic u la rly su ita b le fo r b earin g s c ap ab le of w ith s ta n d in g h igh loads a t high sp^ed. T h e te n s ile s tre n g th is 40 kg./m m .* in th e soft, a n d 80 k g J m m . in th e h a rd s t a t e ; th e co rresp o n d in g e lo n g atio n s are 70 a n d 7 /? , a n d P rin c hardness 95 a n d 2 0 0 . T h e co rro sio n -resistan ce a n d o th e r m ech an ic al p ro p e rties
;lT * Chemical1 Investigation of an A U e g e d Ancient Greek Statuette E a rie R . Calev (Tech. Studies Field Fine Arts, 1934, 2, 1 4 4-148; C. Abs., 1934, 28, 19 7 1) —T he alleged G reek s ta tu e tte h a d th e follow ing c o m p o sitio n : copper 83-25,' t in 7-36, zinc 4-87, le a d 4-40, iro n 0-15% , n o o th e r ele m en ts w ere p re sen t in d eterm in ab le a m o u n ts. T h e absence of sem i-m etallic or n o n -m etallic im p u rities su ch as arsen ic o r s u lp h u r a n d th e presence of a p p rec ia b le a m o u n of zinc in d ic a te t h a t th e bro n ze w as n o t of a n c ie n t G reek origin. F u r th e r , th e analysis does n o t ag ree w ith th o se of a n c ie n t s ta tu a r y bronzes from o th e r localities, b u t co rresp o n d s closely w ith t h a t of a fa v o u rite m o d ern co m position
f o r m aking d elicate bronze castin g s. S. G.
White Metal [Nickel-Brasses]. J . C o u rn o t a n d F . H iltb o ld (Rev. Nickel, 1934 5 (1) 16-33).— A v e ry co m p lete su m m a ry of th e c o n s titu tio n a n d p h y sical and mechanical properties of various w hite m etals and nickel-brasses. Specific features dealt w ith are casting conditions, h e a t -tr e ittrrient working, p ic k ! ng, Dolishincr and pressure casting. Illu stra te d examples of w hite m etal w ork are riven. Of especial in terest are th e m ethods of testing p articu lar to th e w ork in hand, viz.th e force necessary to bend a fork or spoon handle, or to bend a prong of a fork through a definite angle.— W . A. C. N .
*The Equilibrium Diagram Germanium-Copper. R o b e rt S ch w arz a n d Ger- tru d e E ls tn e r (2. anorg. Chem., 1934, 217, 2 8 9 - 2 9 7 ) .- T h e c o n s titu tio n of th e system w as stu d ie d b y th e rm a l a n aly sis a n d m icroscopic e x a n u n a ti i of un- annealed alloys. T h e liq u id u s cu rv e co n sists of 5 b ra n ch e s corresp o n d in g w ith th e c ry stalliz atio n of a (solid s o lu tio n of g e rm a n iu m in copper), p. y, C u.G e, a n d g erm anium . T h ere a re th r e e p e n te c tic re a c tio n s (c o n c e ^ ra tio n s ato m ic-% g e rm a n iu m in p a re n th eses) : * (1 ° ) + , — 828° C., p (16-5) + m e lt (24-5) 7= y (23) a t 744 C., y^ (24-5) + -m e lt; (3 ) < - CujGe a t 700° C. C u 3Ge a n d g e rm a m u m fo rm a e u te c tic a t 35 ato m ic o g m anium a n d 650° C., y h as a tra n s fo rm a tio n p o in t a t 558 C., a n d C u 3G e a t
615° C.—M. H. „ w
Some Causes of Variations in H a r d n e s s of Gold-Copper C M t o g s . H a w y ^ ^ A ster a n d J o h n A. C o m sto ck ( J . Dental Research, 1933, 13, 40 7 -4 1 3 ). i n m aking d e n ta l c astin g s of g o ld -c o p p e r a llo y s p o ro s ity al^ a y 8 ° X surfaces sp ru e ; th e p o in t of sp ru e in g s h o u ld th ere fo re be m ad e o n th e
of th e castin g s, a n d o n p a r ts w h ic h a re n o t to be su b je c te d to d r a in s o r stresses.
H ard n ess v a ria tio n s d u e to se g re g a tio n a n d co rin g of e crvs ‘ overcom e b y an n ea lin g a t a b o u t 850° C .; p re c ip ita tio n -h a rd e n in g effects do n o t occur in th e sim ple b in a ry allo y s used in d e n tis try . A.
294
Metallurgical A bstracts
Vo l. 1On the Relations Between the Diffusion Coefficients and Concentration in the Gold-Platinum, Gold-Palladium, and Gold-Nickel Systems. C h u jiro M atano (Proc. Phys. M ath. Soc. Japan (N ip p o n SUgaku Buturi-galclcwai K izi), 1 9 3 3 ,15, 4 0 5 -4 0 6 ; Chem. Zentr., 1934, 105, I , 1931).— [ I n E n g lish .] T h e diffusion eoeff. in th es e sy s te m s h av e been c a lc u la te d , ta k in g in to a c c o u n t th e d ep en d e n ce of th e coeff. on th e com p o sitio n , fro m d a ta p u b lis h ed b y J e d e le ( J . In st. Metals, 1933, 53, 697). T h e re s u lts o b ta in e d differ fro m th o se of J . b y a n a m o u n t w h ich in creases w ith th e g o ld c o n te n t of th e a llo y s.— A. R . P .
*Alloys of Iron Research. XI.—The Constitution of the Alloys of Iron and Manganese. M arie L . V. G ay ler. Appendix.—X-Ray Analysis of Manganese- Rich Alloys Heat-Treated and Quenched from Different Temperatures. C.
W a in w rig h t (./. Iron Steel In st., 1933, 128, 2 9 3 -3 4 0 ; discu ssio n , 341-353).—
F o r a b s tr a c t of th e p a p e r a n d a p p e n d ix see J . In st. Metals, 1933, 53, 624. In th e discu ssio n W. Rosenhain e m p h a siz e d th e im p o r ta n t effect w h ic h sm all q u a n titie s of im p u ritie s could h a v e on th e e q u ilib ria in c e rta in m eta llic system s.
E . Ohman s ta te d t h a t th e 66% m anganese allo y a n n ea le d a t 1200° C. a n d cooled in th e fu rn a c e show ed th e lin es o n ly of (1-manganese, a = 6-255 A ., a n d su g g e sted t h a t th is s u rp risin g r e s u lt is d u e to th e slow ness of th e (3---- >- a tr a n s fo rm a tio n in iro n -m a n g a n e s e allo y s. I n q u e n ch in g p o w d e red specim ens of th e s e allo y s fro m ju s t a b o v e th e tra n s fo rm a tio n p o in t, i t is difficult to suppress th e tra n s fo rm a tio n , w h ereas su p p re ssio n is e a sy w ith co arse-g rain ed alloys.
Q u en ch in g e x p e rim e n ts w ith filings of a llo y s c o n ta in in g a b o u t 5 5 % m anganese sho w ed t h a t th e tw o -p h a se y -iro n /a- m an g an ese re g io n w as in c o rre c tly d raw n in G a y le r’s d iag ra m , a n d in d ic a te d t h a t a -m an g an ese is p re c ip ita te d fro m th e y -p h ase d u rin g cooling. Cyril Wells a n d F. M . Walters, J r ., ga v e a su m m ary of th e re s u lts of t h e ir w o rk o n a llo y s in th e ra n g e 0 -3 0 % m an g an ese. T h ey also h a d fo u n d ev id en ce of a e u te c to id a t 67-7% m an g a n ese a n d 707° C., an d t h a t t h e s o lu b ility lim it of m an g an ese in y -iro n a t 650° C. w as a b o u t 5 5 % , i.e.
a b o u t m id w ay b e tw ee n t h a t g iv en b y O. a n d t h a t g iv en b y G. A lloys w ith 7 4 -9 4 % m an g a n ese sho w ed a te tr a g o n a l s tr u c tu r e w h e n q u e n c h e d from th e y-field, b u t a cubic s tr u c tu r e w h en m o re slow ly cooled, a n d t h e y su g g ested t h a t th e y-iro n a n d y -m an g a n ese p h a se s w e re id e n tic a l. I n re p ly , G. p u t fo rw ard ev id en ce w h ic h in d ic a te d t h a t th e e u te c to id fo u n d b y W . a n d W . a t 67-7%
m an g an ese w as re a lly d u e to th e pre sen ce of n itro g e n in t h e a llo y s, b u t agreed t h a t m u ch m ore w o rk w as n e ce ssa ry to c le ar u p v a rio u s p o in ts w h ic h h a d em erg ed in th e discu ssio n .— A . R . P .
*The System Manganese Nitrogen. R u d o lf S c h e n ck a n d A u g u s t K o rte n - g ra b e r (Z . anorg. Chem., 1933, 210, 27 3 -2 8 5 ).— T h e sy s te m u p to 10% n itro g e n h as been stu d ie d b y d e te rm in a tio n of th e e q u ilib riu m is o th e rm s (p ressu re—
c o n c e n tra tio n ) b e tw ee n 540° a n d 800° C .; th e s e h a v e a h o riz o n ta l p o rtio n w hich s h o rte n s w ith rise in te m p e ra tu re a n d v a n is h e s a t a b o u t 80 0 ° C. T he e n d -p o in ts of th e s e h o riz o n ta ls c o rre sp o n d w ith th e c o m p o sitio n s of th e tw o solid p h ases w h ich co -ex ist in a n itro g e n a tm o s p h e r e ; (a) c o n ta in s 6- 6-3 % n itro g e n a t 5 4 0 °-8 0 0 ° C., a n d (6) 8-8% a t 540° C. a n d 6-3% a t 800° C., i.e. it loses n itro g e n w ith rise in te m p e ra tu r e u n til a t 80 0 ° C. i t m erg es in to th e first p h ase. X -ra y an aly sis h as sh o w n t h a t (a) is H a g g ’s c u b ic fa c e -c e n tre d e-phase a n d (6) his close-packed hexag o n al £-phase (cf. J . In st. Metals, 1930, 43, 530).
*The Binary System Mn0-Si02. J . W h ite , D . D. H o w a t, a n d R . H a y (J.
Z°y- Tech. Coll. (Glasgow), 1934, 3, 2 3 1 -2 4 0 ).— T h e d ia g ra m fo r th e sy ste m M nO —S i 02 is developed from th e rm a l d a ta a n d th e phase ch an g es in m a n y cases a re confirm ed b y o b se rv atio n s w ith a h ig h -te m p e ra tu re m icro sco p e. A d e sc rip tio n of th e a p p a r a tu s fo r th is in c lu d in g fu rn a c e , cru cib le , a n d th e r m o couple a rra n g e m e n ts is giv en , a n d i t is s ta te d t h a t th e h ig h e s t te m p e ra tu re a tta in e d i n th is a p p a r a tu s w as 1650° C. A d iffe re n tia l m e th o d is e m p lo y e d to o b ta in th e th e rm a l c u rv es, a n d m o ly b d e n u m c ru cib le s, m ad e b y d rillin g holes in m o ly b d e n u m ro d s, a re u se d w ith success fo r m e ltin g th e v a rio u s m ix tu re s .
