ISSN 1427-549X
Ludmiáa àucewicz Uniwersytet Warszawski
ɂɞɟɹ ɜɫɟɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫ
ɜ ɂɫɩɨɜɟɞɢ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧɚ
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɢɱ Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ (1814–1876)1 – ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɟɣ XIX ɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɪɟ- ɜɵɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɰɟɧɢɥ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɟ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɫɜɨɸ ɥɢɱɧɭɸ: „ɂɫɤɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɹ ɜ ɱɭɠɨɦ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɟ, ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɨ- ɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɟɧɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɯ, ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, – ɜɨɬ ɜɫɹ ɦɨɹ ɜɟɪɚ, ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɦɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ” (1851)2; „ə ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɫɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ- ɧɵɦ ɥɢɲɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɧɹ, ɱɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɢ ɲɢɪɟ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ, ɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɺɧɧɟɟ, ɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɢ ɲɢɪɟ ɦɨɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ” (1870)3. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɚɮɨɫ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɛɪɨɫɢɥɢ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɚ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɚ-ɝɟɝɟɥɶɹɧɰɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɦɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ (ɉɚɪɢɠ ɢ ɉɪɚ- ɝɚ, 1848 ɝ., Ⱦɪɟɡɞɟɧ, 1849 ɝ.). Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ ɛɵɥ ɚɪɟɫɬɨɜɚɧ, ɩɪɢɝɨɜɨɪɟɧ ɤ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɤɚɡɧɢ ɜ ɋɚɤɫɨɧɢɢ, ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɹɦ, ɭɩɟɤɲɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɜɟɥɢɧ ɉɟɬɪɨɩɚɜɥɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɫ 1854 ɝ. ɜ ɒɥɢɫɫɟɥɶɛɭɪɝ- ɫɤɭɸ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɨɫɶɦɢ ɥɟɬ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ, ɭɡɧɢɤ ɫɭɦɟɥ
1 ɋɦ. ɨɛɡɨɪ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ [ɜ:] A. KamiĔski, Apostoá prawdy i miáoĞci. Filo- zoficzna máodoĞü Michaiáa Bakunina, Akademia Ekonomiczna im. Oskara Langego, Wrocáaw 2004, ɫ. 7–38;
406–463. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɥ ɛɨɝɚɬɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɬɪɢɥɨɝɢɸ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɟɪɚ. Ⱦɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɬɨɦɚ ɭɠɟ ɭɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɫɜɟɬ, ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ. ɋɦ:
A. KamiĔski, Michaiá Bakunin. ĩycie i myĞl, t. 1: Od religii miáoĞci do filozofii czynu (1814–1848), Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny, Wrocáaw 2012; idem, Michaiá Bakunin. ĩycie i myĞl, t. 2: Podpalacz Europy (1848–1864), Uni- wersytet Ekonomiczny, Wrocáaw 2013. ɋɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɚɣɬ <http://bakunin.pl/>. ɇɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɟ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧɚ, ɜ ɫɟɥɟ ɉɪɹɦɭɯɢɧɨ Ɍɜɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɫ. 2001 ɝ. ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ „ɉɪɹɦɭɯɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ”, ɩɨ ɢɬɨɝɚɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɲɥɢ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɢ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɟ <http://bakunin-fund.hut2.ru>.
2 Ɇ.Ⱥ. Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ, ɂɫɩɨɜɟɞɶ, „Ⱥɡɛɭɤɚ-ɤɥɚɫɫɢɤɚ”, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 2010, ɫ. 106. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ.
3 Ɇ.Ⱥ. Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ, Ʉɧɭɬɨɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ, [ɜ:] idem, ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬ. 2, Ʉ „Ƚɨɥɨɫ ɬɪɭɞɚ”, ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1919, ɫ. 295. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɬɚ Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧɵɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ: Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ (1842), Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɦ, ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦɥɹɦ (1862), ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢ ɨɪ- ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ (1866), ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ (1866–1868), Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɢɡɦ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɦ (1867), ɇɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ (1868), ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ: Ɋɨɦɚɧɨɜ, ɉɭɝɚɱɟɜ ɢɥɢ ɉɟɫɬɟɥɶ (1868–1869), ȼɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ (1869), ɇɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɭɳɧɨɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ (1869), Ȼɟɪɧɫɤɢɟ Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɢ ɢ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɢɣ Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɶ (1870), Ʉ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɚɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ (1870), Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɡɪɚɤɟ, ɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɢ ɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ (1870–1871), ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ (1871), Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɚɧɚɪɯɢɹ (1873).
ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ II ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɟɦɭ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ (ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɛɵɥ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɟɧ: ɰɢɧɝɚ – ɩɨɜɵɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɡɭɛɵ, ɨɩɭɯɥɨ ɥɢɰɨ; ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɱɚ- ɯɨɬɤɚ): ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɫɵɥɤɭ ɜ ɋɢɛɢɪɶ, ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ.
Ⱥ ɢɡ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ əɩɨɧɢɸ ɨɧ ɫɭɦɟɥ ɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɭ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɚɪɨɯɨɞɨɦ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ, ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɸ ɩɨɞ ɨɩɟɤɭ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ƚɟɪɰɟɧɚ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ.
ȼ 1851 ɝ., ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɨɬɫɢɞɤɢ ɜ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɜɟɥɢɧɟ, Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧɭ – ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɭ ʋ 1, ɛɵɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ – ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ I, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɱɢɫɬɨɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤ, „ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɜɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɦ ɨɬɰɨɦ” (ɫ. 25), ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɶ. Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ: „ɹ ɛɭɞɭ ɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ȼɚɦ ɤɚɤ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɰɭ” (ɫ. 25), ɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɫɜɨɟ „ɩɨɤɚɹɧɢɟ”.
ɂɫɩɨɜɟɞɶ4Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɭ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ (ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢ ɜ XIX ɜ.
– ɷɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɢ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɹ Ʉɟɥɶɫɢɟɜɚ, ɉɟɬɪɚ Ʌɚɜɪɨɜɚ; ɜ XX ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ – Ȼɨɪɢɫɚ ȿɥɶɰɢ- ɧɚ: ɂɫɩɨɜɟɞɶ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɭ,1990; Ȼɨɪɢɫɚ ɇɟɦɰɨɜɚ: ɂɫɩɨɜɟɞɶ ɛɭɧɬɚɪɹ, 2007).
ȼ ɛɚɤɭɧɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɂɫɩɨɜɟɞɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɟɦɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. ȼ ɪɹɞɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɟɪɜɨɝɨ Cɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɚ (1848) ɢ ɢɞɟɹ ɜɫɟɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫ- ɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥɚ, ɨɱɚɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɨɪɢɥɚ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɟɪɚ.
ɇɚɩɨɦɧɸ, ɱɬɨ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɢɞɟɹ ɜɫɟɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɜɧɚ ɯɨɪ- ɜɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɨɦ, ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɨɦ ɘɪɢɟɦ Ʉɪɢɠɚɧɢɱɟɦ (1617–1683) ɜ XVII ɜ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ Ʉɪɢɠɚɧɢɱ ɜ ɡɪɟɥɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɢ, ɝɞɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɰɚɪɟɦ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɦ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɟɦ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɷɝɢɞɨɣ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɨɧ ɪɚɬɨɜɚɥ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɡɚ ɭɧɢɸ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɪɤɜɟɣ; ɡɚ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɩɥɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɫɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɜ Ɍɨɛɨɥɶɫɤ. Ɍɚɦ ɨɧ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɫɜɨɢ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɵ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɨ- ɥɢɬɢɤɟ, ɬɚɦ ɠɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɥɫɹ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ: Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ (ɢɞɟɹ ɜɫɟɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ), 1666 ɝ.5 Ʉɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɧɢ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨ ɢɞɟɢ Ʉɪɢɠɚɧɢɱɚ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɫɟɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ, ɧɟ ɩɨɝɢɛɥɢ ɜ Ɍɨɛɨɥɶɫɤɟ, ɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɜɨɩɥɨ- ɳɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ Ɋɨɦɚɧ əɤɨɛɫɨɧ: „ɜ XVIII ɜ. ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɟɰ Ȼ. Ʉɭɦɟɡɞɟɣ (1738–1805), ɚ ɜ XIX ɜ. – ɯɨɪɜɚɬ Ƀ. ȼɨɥɶɬɢɞɠɢ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɤ ə. Ƚɟɪɤɟɥɶ, ɰɟɥɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ «Unio in Litteratura inter omnes Slavos, sive verus Panslavismus»
4 ɋɦ. ɨɩɵɬ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ: ɘ.Ⱥ. Ȼɨɪɢɫɟɧɨɤ, ɑɟɪɬɨɜɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ „ɂɫɩɨ- ɜɟɞɶ” Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɸ I, „Ɋɨɞɢɧɚ” 1997, ʋ 12, c. 44–50; ɘ. Ⱥ. Ȼɨɪɢɫɟɧɨɤ, Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ ɢ „ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɬɪɢɝɚ”: 1840-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ, ɊɈɋɋɉɗɇ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2001.
5 ɋɦ. ɨ ɧɟɦ: Ⱥ. ɂ. Ɇɚɪɤɟɜɢɱ, ɘɪɢɣ Ʉɪɢɠɚɧɢɱ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɥɢ- ɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɨɱɟɪɤ, „ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɢɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ”, ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ 1876, ʋ 1, ɫ. I–ɏ, 1–122; ʋ 2, ɫ. 1–103; Ʌ. ɇ. ɉɭɲɤɚɪɟɜ, ɘɪɢɣ Ʉɪɢɠɚɧɢɱ. Ɉɱɟɪɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, oɬɜ. ɪɟɞ. ȼ.ɂ. Ȼɭɝɚɧɨɜ, „ɇɚɭɤɚ”, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1984.
[ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɚɦɢ, ɢɥɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɣ ɉɚɧɫɥɚɜɢɡɦ]”6. ɋ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ ɢɞɟɹ ɜɫɟɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɨɫɬɪɨɬɭ7. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɟɟ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɨɜ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
„ɩɚɧɫɥɚɜɢɡɦ”, „ɜɫɟɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɬɜɨ”, „ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɫɬɶ”, „ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ”,
„ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɟ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ”, „ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɹ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ” ɢ ɞɪ. Ʉɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢ ɧɟɬ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵ- ɜɚɟɦɵɟ „ɨɛɳɟɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɟ” ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ „ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɬɜɨ”8, ɧɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɚɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɪɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɱɟɫɤɢ. ɇɟɬ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ „ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɞɟɟ”. Ʌɢɞɟɪɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɝɟɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɬɨ ɭɩɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ „ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɭɸ ɢɞɟɸ”, ɬɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɥɢ ɟɟ. ɋɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɢ ɢɞɟɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ: 1) ɨɞɧɢ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ; 2) ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.
ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɩɚɧɫɥɚɜɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɜ Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɨ- ɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ (1823–1825), ɫɥɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɢɫɬɚɦɢ9. ɋɜɨ- ɟɣ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɸ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɢɹ
6 Ɋ. əɤɨɛɫɨɧ, Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɟ, „ɉɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ”, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1987, ɫ. 66. əɧ Ƚɟɪɤɟɥɶ ɜɜɟɥ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛ- ɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ „ɩɚɧɫɥɚɜɢɡɦ” ɜ 1826 ɝ.
7 ɗɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɋɦ.: ɋɥɚɜɹɧɟ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ: ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɬɚ- ɬɟɣ ɤ 70-ɥɟɬɢɸ ɫɨ ɞɧɹ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɋ. Ⱥ. ɇɢɤɢɬɢɧɚ, „ɇɚɭɤɚ”, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1972; Cɥɚɜɹɧɟ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ: Ʉ 110-ɥɟɬɢɸ ɫɨ ɞɧɹ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɋ. Ⱥ. ɇɢɤɢɬɢɧɚ, „Ɍɟɡɚɭɪɭɫ”, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2013. Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɟ: ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɹ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ „Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɟ XVIII ɜ. – 1918 ɝ.”, Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɩ. 15, „ɇɚɭɤɚ”, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1992; ȼ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɶɹɤɨɜ, ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɞɨɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, „ɇɚɭɤɚ”, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1993; Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɟ. XVIII – ɧɚ- ɱɚɥɨ XX ɜ., ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɊȺɇ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1992; ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɫɴɟɡɞɵ XIX–XX ɜɜ., ɨɬɜ. ɪɟɞ. Ɇ. ɘ.Ⱦɨɫɬɚɥɶ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1994; ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: ɜɟɯɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɊȺɇ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1997; ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɹ ɢɞɟɹ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɊȺɇ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1998; ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ XIX–XX ɜɟɤɨɜ: ɫɴɟɡɞɵ, ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɵ, ɫɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɹ, ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɵ, ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɜ. ɪɟɞ. Ɇ.ɘ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɥɶ, Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɛɚɬɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɚɪɢɧɢɫɬɨɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1998; Ȼ.Ⱥ. ɉɪɨɤɭɞɢɧ, ɂɞɟɹ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ XIX ɜɟɤɚ: ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɚɜɬɨɪɟɮ. ɤɚɧɞ ɩɨɥɢɬ. ɧɚɭɤ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2007;
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɚ, ɉɚɧɫɥɚɜɢɡɦ: ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ (40-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ XIX – ɧɚɱɚɥɨ XX ɜɟɤɚ), „Ⱥɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ”, ɂɪɤɭɬɫɤ 2013.
8 ɋɦ.: Ʌ. ɒɬɭɪ, ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɦɢɪ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɨɫ- ɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɭɧɬɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1867, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ:
Ʉ.ə. Ƚɪɨɬ, Ɉɛ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɬɜɚ. ɋɭɞɶɛɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ, „ɄɨɦɄɧɢɝɚ”, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2005; Ʉ.ɇ. Ʌɟɨɧɬɶɟɜ, ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɡɦ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɬɜɨ, „Ⱥɡɛɭɤɚ-ɤɥɚɫɫɢɤɚ”, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2007; Ⱥ.Ɏ. Ƚɢɥɶɮɟɪɞɢɧɝ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɬɜɨ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2009;
ɘ.ɂ. ȼɟɧɟɥɢɧ, ɂɫɬɨɤɢ Ɋɭɫɢ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɬɜɚ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2011; Ɉ.Ɏ. Ɇɢɥɥɟɪ, ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2012. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɨɦ ɫɥɨ- ɜɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɧɟɬ. ɋɦ. ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: „ɫɥɚɜɹɧɟ (ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɬɜɨ) ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɷɬɧɨɫɨɜ, ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ, ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ: ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤ 1. Ɋɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɡɵɤɚ; ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤ 2. Ɉɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ; ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤ 3. Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɺɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɦɺɧ ɜ ɪɭɫɥɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ – ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɬɜɚ” – Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ɍɸɧɹɟɜ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ), Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2006–2009, [online] „Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɢɤɚ” 2013, ʋ 4 (120), <www.organizmica.org/index.html> (ɞɨɫɬɭɩ: 7.07.2013).
9 Ʌɢɞɟɪɵ Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ: ɸɧɤɟɪ ɉɟɬɪ Ȼɨɪɢɫɨɜ, ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɘɥɢɚɧ Ʌɸɛɥɢɧɫ- ɤɢɣ, ɨɮɢɰɟɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ƚɨɪɛɚɱɟɜɫɤɢɣ; ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ – „Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ” ɂ. Ƚɨɪɛɚɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ.
ɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɉɨɥɶ- ɲɢ; ɚ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ – „ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɫɤɭɸ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɸ”10. ȼ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɞɟɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ XVIII–XIX ɜɜ. ɫɪɟɞɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ, ɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɟ- ɞɟɥɚɯ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɣ. ȼ 40-ɟ ɝɝ. XIX ɜ. ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɞɟɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɡɵɜɨɦ ɫɨɡɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɫɴɟɡɞ.
ȼ 1848 ɝ. ɜ ɉɪɚɝɟ ɩɨ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɱɟɯɨɜ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɤɨɜ (ɉɚɜɟɥ ɒɚɮɚ- ɪɢɤ, ɂɨɫɢɮ ȿɥɚɱɢɱ, Ɏɪɚɧɬɢɲɟɤ ɉɚɥɚɰɤɢɣ) ɫɨ 2 ɩɨ 12 ɢɸɧɹ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫ. ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ – ɫɥɚɜɹɧɟ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ, ɩɨɥɹɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɤɨɧɝ- ɪɟɫɫɚ ɛɵɥ ɢɡɛɪɚɧ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮ, ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤ Ɏɪɚɧɬɢɲɟɤ ɉɚɥɚɰɤɢɣ, ɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɦɵɫɥɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ. (ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɟ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɜɵɢɝɪɚɥɢ; ɜ 1867 ɝ. ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɧɚɯ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɹ, ɚ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɨ-ȼɟɧɝɟɪɫɤɚɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ).
ɍ Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɛɵɥ ɜ ɉɪɚɝɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɚɤ- ɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɟ. ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɂɫɩɨɜɟɞɶ, ɜ ɞɭɲɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɛɭɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɡɚɯɥɟɫɬɧɭɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɡɚɛɵɬɶ ɨɛ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ-ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢ- ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɪɟɲɢɥ ɩɨɫɜɹɬɢɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɶ (ɫ. 73). ɐɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ, ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɢɞɟɣ, ɨɰɟɧɨɤ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɉɟɪɜɵɦ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɨɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɹɪɤɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɂɫɩɨɜɟɞɢ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɵɫɬɨɪɢɸ („ɩɪɨɢɫ- ɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ”) ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫ: ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɪɚɫɤɥɚɞɤɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ, ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɟɦɰɟɜ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ, ɞɚɟɬ ɹɪɤɢɟ ɡɚɪɢɫɨɜɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ. ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ, ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɢ- ɦɚɥ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ ɤɚɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɚ: 1) „ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ”
(c. 85); 2) „ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɦɨɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɚɯ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟ- ɧɢɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɵ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɞɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ” ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ (c. 86); „ɹ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ” (ɫ. 92); „ɹ ɠɟɥɚɥ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ”
(c. 103).
ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɬɶ ɬɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɬɟɦɵ, ɧɸɚɧɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɥɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɚ, ɩɨɷ- ɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɦɟɱɭ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ.
1. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ „ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ” ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɚ, ɬɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ ɨɛɪɚ- ɳɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɚ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɭɸ, ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪ- ɧɭɸ ɢ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ.
Ɉɧ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɉɪɚɝɟ ɢɡɞɚɜɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ „ɭɱɟɧɵɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɪɭɝ”,
10 Ɇ. ȼ. ɇɟɱɤɢɧɚ, Ⱦɟɤɚɛɪɢɫɬɵ, „ɇɚɭɤɚ”, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1982, ɫ. 100.
ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɜ „ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ, ɩɨɞɧɹɬɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɱɟɲɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɵɱɚɟɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ- ɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ, ɫɬɟɫɧɹɟɦɨɣ, ɩɪɟɡɢɪɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɟɦɰɚɦɢ [...] ɢ ɦɚɞɶɹɪɚɦɢ”
(c. 74). Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɪɭɠɨɤ „ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɨɞɨɛ- ɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɭɠɤɚɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɨɜɚɤɚɦɢ, ɯɨɪɜɚɬɚɦɢ, ɫɥɨɜɟɧɰɚɦɢ, ɫɟɪɛɚɦɢ, ɞɚɠɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɭɠɢɱɚɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɋɚɤɫɨɧɢɢ ɢ ɉɪɭɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɛɵɥ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɨɸ” (ɫ. 74).
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ „ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɵ” (ɫ. 75) ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɚ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ-ɫɥɚɜɢɫɬɵ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɵ, ɩɨɷɬɵ, ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɢ, ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɢ: ɱɟɲɫɤɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮ, ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤ – Ɏɪɚɧɬɢɲɟɤ ɉɚɥɚɰɤɢɣ, ɱɟɲɫɤɢɣ ɭɱɟɧɵɣ-ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ – ɉɚɜɟɥ ɒɚɮɚɪɢɤ, ɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɣ ɞɪɭɝ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤ, ɫɥɚɜɢɫɬ – ɝɪɚɮ ɂɨɫɢɮ Ɍɭɧ, ɱɟɲɫɤɢɣ ɭɱɟɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɨɷɬ – ȼɚɰɥɚɜ Ƚɚɧɤɚ, ɱɟɲɫɤɢɣ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ-ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤ – əɧ Ʉɨɥɥɚɪ, ɫɥɨɜɚɰɤɢɣ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ – ɂɨɫɢɮ Ƚɭɪɛɚɧ, ɫɥɨɜɚɰɤɢɣ ɩɨɷɬ, ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝ – Ʌɸɞɨɜɢɬ ɒɬɭɪ ɢ ɞɪ. ɋ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ 40-ɯ ɝɝ. ɷɬɨɬ „ɧɟ- ɜɢɧɧɵɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɭɱɟɧɵɣ ɤɪɭɠɨɤ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɥɫɹ, ɭɤɪɟɩɢɥɫɹ, ɨɯɜɚɬɢɥ ɢ ɭɜɥɟɤ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɜɫɸ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɶ, ɩɭɫɬɢɥ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɜ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ, – ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɞɪɭɝ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ. ɋɥɚɜɹɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɹɜɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɦɢɪɭ. ȼ 1848-ɦ ɝɨɞɭ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɨɛɪɟɥɫɹ” (ɫ. 75). əɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɦɢɪɭ ɢ ɫɬɚɥ ɉɟɪɜɵɣ Cɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫ.
2. Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ.
„Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ: ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɹɤɢ, ɪɭɫɢɧɵ, ɲɥɟɧɡɚɤɢ (ɫɢɥɟɡɰɵ); Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɟ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɜɲɟɟ ɢɡ ɱɟɯɨɜ, ɦɨɪɚɜɨɜ, ɫɥɨɜɚɤɨɜ, ɢ ɘɠɧɨɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɥɢ ɫɟɪɛɵ, ɯɨɪɜɚɬɵ, ɫɥɨɜɟɧɰɵ ɢ ɞɚɥɦɚɬɵ” (ɫ. 78). ɋɚɦ Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ
„ɜɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ” (ɫ. 79). ɉɪɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɧ ɩɪɨ- ɢɡɧɟɫ ɤɪɚɬɤɭɸ, ɧɨ ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɟɱɶ, ɝɞɟ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɥ, ɱɬɨ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɨɬɬɨɪɝɥɚɫɶ ɨɬ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ „ɩɨɪɚɛɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ”; ɜɢɧɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɭɫɭɝɭɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɚɥɚ ɉɨɥɶɲɭ „ɜ ɪɭɤɢ ɧɟɦɰɟɜ, ɨɛɳɢɯ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɜɪɚɝɨɜ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨ- ɝɨ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢ”. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ „ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɭ”, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɶ ɉɨɥɶɲɭ. ɗɬɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɟɫɬɨ Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧɚɧɚ ɧɚ „ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɥɹ- ɤɚɦɢ”. ɉɨɥɹɤɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɷɬɭ ɪɟɱɶ ɫ ɜɨɨɞɭɲɟɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɥɢ Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧɚ
„ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɨɦ ɜ ɸɠɧɨ-ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ” (ɫ. 79).
3. ɇɚ ɫɴɟɡɞɟ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɥɢɫɶ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ.
Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɤɥɚɞ ɫɢɥ.
a) Ɋɹɞ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥ ɞɚɜɧɸɸ ɢɞɟɸ Ʉɪɢɠɚɧɢɱɚ ɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢ- ɱɟɫɤɨɦ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɩɨɞ ɷɝɢɞɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (ɜ 20-ɟ ɝɝ.
ɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥ Ƀɨɡɟɮ Ⱦɨɛɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɜ 30-ɟ – Ƀɨɡɟɮ ɘɧɝɦɚɧ, ɜ 40-ɟ – Ʌɸɞɟɜɢɬ Ƚɚɣ (ɩɨ- ɬɨɦ ɨɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ). Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɥ: „ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɫɤɨɥɶ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɤ ɦɨɝɭɱɟɦɭ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɞɟɹ- ɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɨɪɵ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ” (c. 75).
b) Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɝɥɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɯɢ – ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɢ ɚɜɫ- ɬɪɨɫɥɚɜɢɡɦɚ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɴɟɡɞɟ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ Ɏɪɚɧɬɢɲɤɚ ɉɚɥɚɰɤɨɝɨ – ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɬɜɨɪɰɨɜ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɚɜɫɬɪɨɫɥɚɜɢɡɦɚ. Ɍɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ „ɱɟɲɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ” ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɥɚ ɢɞɟɸ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɚɜɫɬɪɨɫɥɚɜɢɡɦɨɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɟɞɟ- ɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ, ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɢ ɜɟɧɝɪɨɜ. Ɏɪɚɧɬɢɲɟɤ ɉɚɥɚɰɤɢɣ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɥ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɟ ɬɚɤ: „Ɇɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ ɤɭɧɫɬɲɬɸɤ (ɮɨɤɭɫ, ɬɪɸɤ) – ɨɠɢɜɢɬɶ, ɢɫɰɟɥɢɬɶ ɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɢɬɶ ɝɥɭɛɨɱɚɣɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɧɭɸ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɸ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ” (ɫ. 77).
Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɲɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ „ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɭɸ ɦɨ- ɧɚɪɯɢɸ ɢɡ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɣ ɜ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɭɸ” (ɫ. 77), „ɯɨɬɟɥɚ... ɭɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɜɪɨɞɟ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɣ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɢ ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɚɦɢɦɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɲɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɱɟɲɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ” (ɫ. 77). ɗɬɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɱɟɯɨɜ „ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɥɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɚɤɚɯ, ɜ ɲɥɟɧɡɚɤɚɯ (ɫɢɥɟɡɰɵ), ɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɨ- ɥɹɤɚɯ” ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ „ɩɪɢɟɯɚɥɢ ɜ ɉɪɚɝɭ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɨɪɢɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɯɚɦ, ... ɚ ... ɜ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɟ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɬɭɬ ɨɩɨɪɭ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ” (ɫ. 77–78).
c) ɋɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɥɹɤɨɜ ɢɡɞɚɜɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɚɧɬɢɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɵɝɪɚɬɶ ɉɨɥɶɲɚ11. Ʉɚɤ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ Ȼɚ- ɤɭɧɢɧ: ɫ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢɣ,
„ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɠɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɥɹɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɱɟɯɚɦɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɥɹɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɭɫɢɧɚɦɢ”
(ɫ. 78).
d) ɘɠɧɵɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɟ, ɤɚɤ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥ Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ, ɜ ɞɟɛɚɬɚɯ ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ,ɛɪɹɰɚɥɢ ɨɪɭɠɢɟɦ, „ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɭɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɤ ɜɟɧɝɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ, ɭɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɨɬɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɞɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɞɶɹɪ” (ɫ. 78).
ɀɟɥɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɴɟɡɞɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ. „Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ, – ɪɟɡɸɦɢɪɨɜɚɥ Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ, – ɜɫɟ ɬɹɧɭɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɠɟɥɚɥɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɤɚɦɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ; ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɟɯɢ, ɢɡɛɚɥɨɜɚɧ- ɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɛɪɭɤɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɢɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɹɤɢ, ɢɡɛɚɥɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɫɭɞɶɛɨɸ, ɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɢɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɨɜ” (ɫ. 78).
e) Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɜɨɟ: Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ ɢ ɧɟɤɢɣ ɦɨɧɚɯ – ɢɧɨɤ Ⱥɥɢɦɩɢɣ Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞɨɜ – „ɢɡ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɹ”. Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟ- ɜɚɥɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ: „ə ɧɟ ɫɤɪɨɸ [...] ɦɧɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɭ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ə ɡɧɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɟɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɫɤɨɥɨɜ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧ ɤ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɦɭ ɮɚɧɚɬɢɡɦɭ. ɉɨɩ ɠɟ ɦɨɣ ɛɵɥ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɯɢɬɪɵɣ, ɫɦɵɲɥɟɧɵɣ, ɧɚɫɬɨ- ɹɳɢɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɩɥɭɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɣɞɨɯɚ, ɛɵɜɚɥ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ, ɡɧɚɥ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɨɛɪɹɞɰɚɯ ɞɚ
11 ɋɦ.: W. Wisáocki, Kongres sáowiaĔski w roku 1848 i sprawa polska, „Rocznik Zakáadu Narodowego im.
OssoliĔskich”, t. 1–2, Lwów [1928]; A. LeĞniewski, Bakunin a sprawy polskie w okresie Wiosny Ludów, àódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe, Zakáad Narodowy im. OssoliĔskich, Wrocáaw 1962; „Anarchistyczne Archiwa” 2006, [online] <www.rozbrat.org/bakunin/arty_polacy6a.htm>; ȼ. Ⱦɶɹɤɨɜ, ɉɨɥɹɤɢ ɧɚ ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɫɴɟɡɞɟ 1848 ɝ., [ɜ:]
ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ XIX–XX ɜɟɤɨɜ: ɋɴɟɡɞɵ, ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɵ, ɫɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɹ, ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɵ, ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɫ. 49–56.
ɢ ɨ ɪɚɫɤɨɥɚɯ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ [...] ɇɨ ɹ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɢɦ, ɫɨɦɧɟɜɚɥɫɹ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥ ɟɳɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ- ɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɢ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥ ɞɟɧɟɝ; ɛɟɡ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɠɟ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɧɟɱɟɝɨ” (ɫ. 80). Ɍɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɫɨɸɡ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɟɪɚ ɫ ɩɨɩɨɦ ɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɫɹ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ 40-ɯ ɝɝ., ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥ Ȼɚɭɤɭɧɢɧ, ɬɨ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɢɞɟɹ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɹɜɧɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫ- ɤɭ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ, ɟɫɥɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ƚɟɪɰɟɧ ɜɢɞɟɥ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɹɞɪɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢ- ɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɢɹ, ɬɨ Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ ɲɟɥ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ: ɧɚ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɟ ɨɧ ɝɨɪɹɱɨ ɭɛɟɠɞɚɥ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɟ, – Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɭɸ, Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɭɸ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɭɸ. ɂ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɧɚɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ȼɟɥɢɤɭɸ ɜɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɭɸ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɟɣ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨ- ɩɨɥɟ (ɫ. 101–102). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧɚ ɤ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɟɟ ɩɪɢ- ɬɹɡɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ. ȼ ɂɫɩɨɜɟɞɢ ɨɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ: „ɨɲɢɛɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ [...] ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɧɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ, ɧɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɣ: ɜɵ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɠɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ” (ɫ. 83). Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ ɪɚɡɨɛɥɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɚɡɨɫɥɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɩɚɧɫɥɚɜɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɢɞɟɸ „ɩɪɢɛɥɢ- ɠɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɦɨɝɭɱɟɸ ɫɢɥɨɸ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ”
(ɫ. 83). Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɠɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ: „ɧɟ ɫɨɦɧɟɜɚ- ɸɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɜ [...] ɛɭɞɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ Ɇɨɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɜɨɣɞɭɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ” (ɫ. 83). ɇɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɪɟɝɚɥ Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ, – ɷɬɨ „ɬɸɪɶɦɚ”, „ɝɪɨɛ ɜɫɹɤɨɣ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɜɫɹɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ” (ɫ. 84).
Ɉɛɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɴɟɡɞɟ ɤ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɚɦ, ɨɧ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ: „ɜɵ ɯɨɬɢɬɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɚ ɬɚɦ ɦɟɪɬɜɨɟ ɦɨɥɱɚɧɶɟ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɶɹ, ɚ ɬɚɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɲɚ- ɧɢɟ, ɠɟɥɚɟɬɟ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɟɧɶɹ, ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɶɹ, ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɶɹ, ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɶɹ, ɚ ɬɚɦ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ, ɬɟɦɧɨɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɛɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ” (ɫ. 83). Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, „ɛɟɡ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɬ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ; ɧɨ ɛɟɡɭɦɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɠɞɚɬɶ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɶɹ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ” (ɫ. 84). ȼ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɭɫɥɨ- ɜɢɹɯ Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ ɫɨɜɟɬɭɟɬ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ „ɜɧɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ”, ɫɬɚɬɶ „ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɜɚɲɟɸ ɫɢɥɨɸ ɢ ɜɚɲɢɦ ɳɢɬɨɦ” (ɫ. 84).
ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɚ Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ ɟɝɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɜ ɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɢ, ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ ɪɭɫɫ- ɤɨɦɭ ɰɚɪɸ, ɨɧ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɚɰɢɟɣ: „ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɫɜɢɞɚɧɢɟ, ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ, ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɸ” (ɫ. 74); ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɧ ɭɤɚɡɚɥ ɧɚ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɴɟɡɞɚ: „ɱɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɚ, ɬɨ ɨɧ, ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ, ɛɵɥ ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɭɫɬ ɢ ɛɟɫɫɦɵɫɥɟɧ” (ɫ. 74). ɗɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɂɫɩɨɜɟɞɢ ɜ 1851 ɝ., ɤɨɧɟɱ- ɧɨ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɜɚɥ Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɭ ɜ 1848 ɝ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ
ɜɨɨɞɭɲɟɜɥɟɧ ɢ ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɞɟɟɣ ɜɫɟɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɜ 1851 ɝ. – ɨɧ ɭɡɧɢɤ, ɨɛɪɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ. ɂ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɜ ɂɫɩɨɜɟɞɢ, ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɭ, ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɤɚɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɦɢɪɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɫɦɟɥɨɟ ɢ ɱɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ – ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧ- ɞɭ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ (ɜɚɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ „ɚɜɬɨɰɢɬɢɪɨɜɚ- ɧɢɹ”). Ʉɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɨɬɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ „ɡɚɜɨɪɨɠɢɥɚ” ɢ ɩɨɞɤɭɩɢɥɚ „ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɰɚ” – ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ I, ɚ „ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɫɵɧɭ” – Ȼɚɤɭɧɢɧɭ, ɫɩɚɫɥɚ ɠɢɡɧɶ. ɋɚɦɚ ɠɟ ɢɞɟɹ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɢɡɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɪɯɢɫɬɚ.
Streszczenie
Idea sáowiaĔskiej jednoĞci i Pierwszy Kongres SáowiaĔski w „Spowiedzi” Michaiáa Bakunina
Tematem niniejszego artykuáu jest SpowiedĨ – unikatowy osobisty i historyczno-polityczny do- kument Michaiáa Bakunina. Jeden z czoáowych rosyjskich heglistów, radykalny myĞliciel, Ğwiatowy symbol anarchizmu napisaá go w Twierdzy Pietropawáowskiej, gdzie byá wiĊziony jako zbrodniarz stanu na Īądanie cara Mikoáaja I. W artykule przeanalizowano 1) ideĊ sáowiaĔskiej jednoĞci – tak jak ją rozumiaá Bakunin wzywający do zniszczenia istniejących imperiów, w których Īyli Sáowianie:
osmaĔskiego, austriackiego, rosyjskiego, a nastĊpnie do stworzenia na ich ruinach Wielkiej Wolnej SáowiaĔskiej Federacji ze stolicą w Konstantynopolu; 2) problemy, na które zwróciá uwagĊ Baku- nin w związku z organizacją i przeprowadzeniem Pierwszego Kongresu SáowiaĔskiego w Pradze w 1848 r. (geneza, czynnik kulturowy, struktura, rozkáad siá politycznych, walka miĊdzy partiami, konflikty narodowe itp.); 3) krytycyzm wobec wspóáczesnej mu Rosji, jej ambicji panslawistycznych, negatywną ocenĊ, jaką myĞliciel wystawiá Kongresowi.
Summary
An idea of all-Slavic unity and First Slavic Congress in “Confession” of Mikhail Bakunin
In the spotlight of the author there is a Confession of Mikhail Bakunin that is the unique personal, historical and political document. The letter was created by the prisoner of the Petropavlovsk fortress, state prisoner, and in the past one of the most committed Russian philosophers-Hegelians on the demand of the emperor Nikolay I. In the article it is considered: 1) an idea of Slavic unity, as it was understood by the Russian radical thinker; it was aimed to complete the destruction of all existing empires where Slavs lived: Ottoman, Austrian, Russian; and create the Great free Slavic federation on their ruins, with the capital in Constantinople; 2) the problems, considered by Bakunin in connection with organization and realization of the First Slavic Congress in Prague in 1848 (prehistory, cultural constituent, structure, lay-out of political forces and interests, fight of parties, national opposition);
3) the negative attitude of Bakunin towards modern Russia and her claims on all-Slavic domination;
as well as the general negative opinion about the Congress.
Key word: Mikhail Bakunin, Confession, First Slavic Congress.
