MecmouMeHuwna
b
cmwioBcme
Ha 6bJi2apciam
csuk
MAPU51 HJ1HEBA (B. Tbpnoeó)
Hzjeina Ha opraHmaiopHTc Ha KOHcJjcpeHnnirra aa ce o6o6mn HanpaBenoTO B CTHJIHCTHHHHTC H3CJICABaHHa npe3 HOCJICflHWTC 25 FOflHHH MC HaCOMH KŁM 3aaaMaiH na TOBa H3CJieflBaHc, a hmchho - aa ce oHcpraar cthjihcthhhhtc xapaicrepHCTHKH Ha GbnrapcKMTe mcctohmchh3, ycraHOBenn b &bJirapcKara jiHHTBHCTHHHa JiHTeparypa, Karo 3aeflHO c TOBa ce /lane bbtmohchoct 3a no-HaTarbiiiHH H3BO.au b cpaBHHTejieH h cwocTaBHTejieH nnan.
MecTOHMeHHjrra1 Karo nacr Ha pcHTa npoatJDKaBaT aa npcan3BHKBaT HHrepeca na H3CJieaoBarejiHTe nopajH (Jjaicra, mc BtnpeKH onncannero hm omc b apcBHocrra, 40 Ahcc H»Ma HaMepeH KpHTepnn, kohto aa oóejjHHHBa hhcto Teopermno tc3h ayMH b CAHa rpyna. Te ce pasjunasaT iiOMe>Kay cm h no Hannua Ha Ha3OBaBane, h b rpaMaTHHccKO OTHomeHHe - no cbohtc KaTcropnn, h no aeHKTHHHara cm anraaoipaHOCT. BtnpeKH mc b HaynnaTa JiHTeparypa e ycraHOBeHO msctoto Ha MecTOHMeHHMTa cpea e3MKOBHTe yHHBepcajinM (Wierzbicka 1996) mjim termo nopąnH Ta3M npnHMHa, npaBH BneiiaTJicHHC, hc cnuincTHre HsóarBaT aa oiiHCBar MCCTOMMCHMa ra Kaio ci HjiHCTHHHM (JjaKTH. B AocTbnHaTa cjiaBncTHHHa nHTepaTypa hc 6eme otkpmto hmto cflHO hjłjioctho onncanne na MecTOHMeHHara cncreMa Ha kohtoh aa e c3hkbcthjihcthhch ruian, BbnpcKH mc ocTanajiMTe Mac™ Ha penra ca HaMepnjiH cbohtc CTMJIHCTHHHH HHTepnpeTaijHH oujc npe3 70-tc - 80-TC TOJIHHM Ha
1 B H3CJieABaHero ce npaBST m3bo/im ot HaGjiwaaBaHM ynoTpe6n Ha MecTOHMeHHsrra b paaroBopnaTa pen, fleaoBaTa pen, HaynnaTa pen u nyÓJmnHCTHHHaTa pen, kohto 6e3 KoneSaHHe motbt «aceofieflHHBT bTepMHHa<J>yHKHHOHajiHHcthjiob6. Ha hhkohMecTa me 61>flaT OTHHTaHH H pe3yjIT3THOTXyflOM«eCTBeHHTeTCKCTOBe.
20. B6K. Omcbh^ho H3CJieflOBarejiHTe ca cmcjih, mc MecTOHMeHHaTa He npencTaBJiaBar HHTepec 3a crHJincTHKara. A TOBa npoBOKupa Btnpoca nann HancTHHa e Taica.
ripe/iCTaBCHHTc TyK HaójnoflCHHfl ce onnpar Bi>pxy 3an.T>ji6oMCHo H3cnenBaHe Ha MecroHMeHHara cucicMa na GbnrapcKHa e3HK2, bb3 ochobb na kocto ce npaBST CTHJIHCTHHHH H3BOflH, KaTO CTpCMCŻKbT C jja CC OHHIHe TB3H MaCT Ha pCMTa H KaTO CTHJIHCTHMHa CneiIH(J)HKa. BHHMaHHCTO e HHCOMCHO KBM MCCTOHMCHMaTa, 3aiIJOTO Karo nyMH, kohto npHHanneacar KBM e3HKOBHTe yHHBepcanHH, Te ce cpemar bbb bcckhtckcth MoraT na GbflaT 6a3a 3a ctnocTaBKa Meacny OT/iejnimc cthjiobc. Kara nCHKIHMHH nyMH TC Ca CBT>p3aHH C TOBOpCIHHa H CbC CJiyUiaiHUM, a B KpailHa CMCTKa C eKCTpaJIHHTBHCTHHHHTe (JiaKTOpH 3a OT^CJlSHeTO Ha 4>yHKUHOHajIHHTe pa3HOBHQHOCTH. B TO3H CMHCbJI HaÓjIEOACHHHTa BT>pXy Ta3H Tpyna flyMH ca peneBaHTHH 3a h3boahbcthjihcthmch iuiaH. Henio hobchc - Karo npH3HaKOBH nyMH (HniiojioBa 1986; 2008) tc ctn^pacaT nocTarbMHa HH(|)opMai[Ha, ct>othochm3 c npyrHTe nacTH na pcMia - ctmecTBHTejiHO, npHJiaraTenHO, napcMHc, cbk)3, maron, -HO M C HBKOH XapaKTCpHCTHKH Ha pCfJjepCHTHTC HM - HCpCOHajIHOCT, JIOK3JIHH HJIH TeMnopanHH xapaKTepHCTHKH, nocecHBHOCT h np- Tosa naBa bbjmotkhoctb creTHar BHn HaOjHOflCHHaTa BT.pXy MeCTOHMCHHBTa na CHCMaT HSJIOTO MHOTOO6pa3He ot xapaKTepHCTHKH hcbotbctho npc3 T5ixHaTa npH3Ma na Gtnar oiichchhcihjihcthmhh hbjichhh Karo KOHBeprciiHMM Ha e3HKOBH cpencTBa ot enHH BHn b onpenejicHM (JjyHKIIHOHaJIHH pa3HOBHnHOCTH.
HpenH CTHJIHCTHHHHTe KOMCHTapH HIC HpenCTaBHM HaKpaTKO MCCTOHMeHHaTa CHCTeMa b GbnrapcKHa e3HK. Hperneni>T Ha H3cnenBaHH»Ta 3a StJirapcKHTe MecTOHMeHHaTa noKa3Ba, mctc ca opraHH3Hpann b 9 rpynH3: jihmhh:a3, mu, mou, mn, mo, Hue, eue, me; npnre>KaTejiHH: mou, meoit, Hezoe, Heuu, Haut, eaiu, mexeu; Bb3BparHH: ce6e cu, ceou; noKaaaTejiHH: mosu, ohsu; BtnpocHTejiHH: kou, Kaicbe; OTpHiiarejiHH: hukou, HUKaKbe; HeonpenejiHTejiHH:hhkou, iimaKbe; kou da e, kokug da e; Koumo u da e, Kalemo u da e; edu-Kou cu, edu-KaKbe cu; OTHOCHTenHH: Koumo, Kaicbemo; oóoSihhtcjihh: eceKu, ecHKaicbe. CtnocraBKara c npyrHTC cuaBaHCKH e3HiiH ce Hajiara ot caMO ce6e cm. B cpaBHCHHe c Tax ówirapcKHaT C3HK pasnonara ci>c cneiiHanHH tckctobo aHranoipaHH MecTOHMCHHa, cbothochmh cbc cbio3hh nyMH h cneiiHajiH3HpaHH caMO 3a ocBiuecTBaBane na anaijiopHHHHTe hhh KaraijiopHHHHTe bpbskhbtckctb - rosa ca orHocHTenHHTe MecTOHMCHHa. TaxHara (JiyHKHHa e cnyMceGna hbmipckh rosa tc ocraBar b rpynara Ha m>JiHO3Ha4HHTc nyMH,
2 B>k.HjiHCBa2004 uHjweBa 2005.
3 C orjiejjHa ueuHTe Ha HacnenBaneTO TyK me 6i>,iaTnpe.TCTaBCHHcaMOkwhkobho BMnpHCTHTe BapHaHTH C OTJiejIHH npHMepH.
MecmouMeHuama b cmujioseme Ha 6-bmapcKun e3UK
MAPUJ!MJIHEBA
samaro no/ieMaT u npenacar HHcjjopMaiimi h 3a aHTeueacHia, kemkohto ce oinacar, a cjic^OBaTejiHO h 3a pe(j)epeHTa Ha to3m aHreijeaeHT. TyK me npHBcaa caMo canH npuMep 3a ynoipeóaTa na MCCTOHMeHHsra, 3a aa HjnocTpnpaM TOBa TBBpacHHc:
Kaicro b TeopeTMHCH,TaKa ub nparMaTHHen nnaH e bbscho nocoHBaHCTO HaAH(|)epeHnnajrHHTe npH3HaiW Ha OHC3H63HKOBHpaBHHHja, KOHTO ca BOaeillH3a „OTTJiaCKBaHeTO” Ha mhoto 6jIH3KH hjih HanoMTH hjjchthhhh CTpyKTypH nontTS Ha ycTaHOBstBaHeroHa co6ctbchc3hkob CTannapT (UH).
EcTecTBeHo e Te3H MecTOHMeHua aa ca HeyipaaHH kbto cthjihcthhhh xapaKTepHcrnKn h aa ne ca cthjiobo orpanmcHM. Bce naK npaBH BnenaraeHHe (jjaKTBT, mc 3ana3CHHTe bhhhtcjihh (|)opMH 3a amja ot mejkkh poa (Koeorno) ce ynoTpeóaBaT hobchcbkhhjkhhtc (JjopMamiH, aoKaro b KHHJKOBHO-paaroBopHara pen tc ca H3MecT6HH ot HMCHHTejiHnre, Hanp. H, nezoBun npuCmuMzen, c Koumo oóukhobbho dsaMama pa3ZOBapaxa, naK npucmuzHa (Kopnyc HuKOJiosa). floaoÓHO
OTHOIHCHMC KEM Iia/IOKHHTC (j)OpMH, KOCTO CC HaÓjHOaaBa H npH apyrMTC BnaoBe mcctohmchhj!, oSane e no-CKopo Btnpoc Ha npoMCHH b Mop<})OJiorHHHaTa cHCTeMa, KOHTO eCTCCTBeHO 3aHOHB3T OT pa3TOBOpHaTa pen, OTKOaKOTO CT>3HaTCJIHO n>pceH CTwmcTHMeH aimeHT, 3aTOBa miMa aa Gtae KOMeHTHpano no-noapoÓHo.
CraTHCTHHecKH xapaKrepHCTHKH na MecTOHMenHaTa ynorpefia b CTHJiOBere na ÓKiirapcKHH e3HK4
4 KojimecTBeHHTe HaSjnojjeHHs ca Bi>pxy Kopnyc ot no 150 000 cjioBocjiopMH 3a bcckh ot (JiyHKUHOHajIHHTe CTHJIOBC.IlojipoOHH flaHHH MoraT ua ce HaMCpMT bHjmeBa 2005.
KoraTO roBopHM 3a cTHjincTHKa, CTaiHCTHMecKHTc aaHHH ca ot ctmecTBeHO 3HaneHHe. KoMÓHHauHara ot craTHcnmecKH aaHHH h (jjyHKHHOfiajiHH ynorpeÓH Moace aa aaae nKima npeacraBa 3a cneimiJ)HKaTa Ha bcckh eann ot (JiyHKHHOHajiHHTC crnaoBe npe3 npH3Mara na HaójnoaaBanaTa qacT Ha penra. H onje Henjo - b cBoa „PeHHHK Ha CEBpCMCHHHTe JIHTepaTypHH TepMHHH” P. OayJTbp aiipeKTHO o6BBp3Ba KOHiienimara ch 3a crna c ko^hhcctbchh noKaaareaH:
Cthjtbt3aBHCHotAKTyAJWlAIJHHTAHa onpejcjieHOH36panocbohctbohjihrpyna CBoiłCTBaHa c3HKOBara noBtpxHHHHa crpyicrypa. Moscejja Gtae H3n>KHara cnennanHo noaSpanarajieKcmca, MKaicbB nocTOJmeH pnn>Mhjih noBTapuma ce CHHTaKTmHacrpyicrypa. Ta3HHacHTeHOCT be/wa nacT ot e3HKa Mosce /ja ce H3iun>3Heot CMHarejiHOTO hh BHHMaHHe, hotsnpejjH3BHKBa y Hac onpejjejieHo cnuiHcrmecKO BnenaTJieHHe: hhc HyBCTBaMe, ne tckctbt npHHajpiescH kem no3Hara
aBTopcKa hjih KyjrrypHa cpe/ia. „HacHTeHocrra” npeauojiaia HaOpoaBane u bjjeHCTBHTejiHOCT CTHJlHCTHKaTa (3a pa3JIHKaOT JIHHTBHCTHKaTa) e HMIUIHpHTHO KOJIMMCCTBCHa,a nOHSKOTa HOTKpHTO CBT>p3aHa c KOJimecTBOTO (<I>ayjn>p 1993: 227).
5Ibho e, hc P. Oayntp rouopn 3a JiHTeparypHara CTHjiHCTHKa, ho aKo CTaTHCTHKara e aKTyajiHa btckctojioihhhhtc n3CJie;iBanmi b xyąOMcecTBeHaTa JiHTeparypa, to
ouje no-no/jxoAaiuo e TaxaBa MCTOflOJiorna ^a ce npHJiara kbm ocranajinTe (J)yHKHHOHaJIHH pa3HOBJmHOCTH.
B CTHJIHCTHMCH 1IJI3H HpaBH BI ICHaiJICHHC (J)aKTbT, HC HHKOH (j)yHKIJHOHajIHH
(j)opMaijHM pa3HHTar HBKJifOHHTCJiHo mhoto Ha MccTOHMCHMaia Karo cpe^cTBa 3a KOMyHHKapHa (nanp. b (JtJirapcKaTa paaroBopna pen Te ca BTopa no necrora Ha ynoTpeóa nacT na pcnra cnopc/i Hecmomen pewuK Ha I[b. Hhkojiob3 -18%), aokbtob ^ejiOBara pen ce cpcmar pawico (okojio 2,5% otoóiiiotokojihhcctbo ayMn), hoitbk
Ta3H (JlOpMaUHS HOKa3Ba OnpCJJCJICHlI npejJHOHHTaHHS KBM OTHOCHTCJIHHTC MCCTOHMCHHB H o6o6mHTCJIHHTC MeCTOHMCHHa. MOTHBHpaHCTO Ha TC3H
kojihtcctbchh flaHHH e jiecno, Karo ce HMa npejjBun cnen,H<|)HKaTa na cnryauHHTc na oónjyBaHe b ^bctc (jjyHKijHOHajiHH (jjopMaijHH: Herio^roTBCHara cnoHTaHHa paaroBopHa pen paanrna Ha MecTOHMeHHaTa 3a ocbinecTBaBaHC na KOMyHHKaumrra, samów KaTo .nyMH c HaH-HenpeH,H3Ha ceMaHTHKa Te jiccho MoraT ,ua ce CCMaHTH3HpaT CHTyaUHOHHO HJIH npe^BH/I OÓlUHTe (|)OHOBH 3HaHHfl Ha KOMyHHKaHTHTe. X(oKaTO aeiiOBaTa pen npeanojiara e3HKOBa tohhoct, npeiiH3HOCT, KOCTO BJIH3a B npOTHBOpeHHC CBC CHCTCMHOTO 3HaHCHHC Ha MCCTOHMCHHMTa.
H3o6hjo MecTOHMeHHaTa ch paanpeaejiaT cTHjioBere Karo cpe;ia 3a ynorpcSa, b
KoaTo (|)yHKHHOHHpaT npn pa3JiHiiHo paH>KHpaHe: aKo b KHHacoBHO-paaroBopHaTapen ntpBHTe Tpn MecTa ce 3aeMaT ot MecTOHMeHHaTa c Kareropna stuye (jihhhh h
npHTeacarejiHH5), iioKa3ai cjiHHTe MecTOHMeHHa h BtnpocHrejiHHTe MecTOHMeHna, etc 3acHjiBaHeTO na CTeneHTa Ha khhmchoct Ha tckctb OTHOCHTejIHHTe MecTOHMeHna H3TJiacKBar m>pBO abiipocHTCJiHHTC ot TaxHOTO Tpero MacTO, 3a ;ia CTHinar b 4CJioBara pen (pcnra c Hair-CHJina KHHJKiia MapKa) 40 m>pBO mbcto b
panroBHa chhcbk Ha MecTOHMeHHHre ynoTpeón.
5 B KOHKpeTHHTe HaSjHO/iCHMa (HjineBa 2005) tcce pasrjieaęaaTu nooTnejino, hott>hKaro npHHMHaTa 3a BHCOKaTa hm aKTHBHocT e hmchho o6Btp3aHOCTTa hm ctc cmyannstTa Ha oómyBaHe, rpaMamnecKH napasaBana cKarcropnuTa jinue, TyK ce npHjiaraTaac/ino.
MecmouMeHuama e cmwioeeme Ha &b:i<>apcKUH eiUK
MAPHB HJIHEBA
KinoKOBHO-pa3roBopHa pen 1. MecToiiMeHHa c Kareropiw nuite 47,6% 2. noKaaarejiHH MecroHMeHHs 19% 3. BtnpocHTejiHH MecroHMeHiwi 7,6%
Xy,UO>KCCTBCH CTHJI
1. MecioMMCHHsr c KareropHjrra jiui^e 41,3% 2. rioKaaaTeJiHM MecroHMewis 9,2% 3. OTHOCMTejIHH MeCTOHMCHHa 7,9%
Hayncii cthji
1. MecTOHMeHBs c Kareropmrra jiuife 23,9%
2. noKaaarejiHJi MecroHMeHiM 16% 3. OTHocHTenmi MecroHMeroM 16%
riyÓjimjMCTHMCH CTHJI 1. MecTOHMeww c Kareropiwra jiuye 26,2% 2. OTHOCHT6JIHM MCCTOHMeHIM 17,1% 3.1 loKaaarejiHH MecroMMeHHS 15,7% O(|)HIIHajIHO-flejIOBH CTHJI 1. OtHOCHTCJIHM MeCTOHMeHHS 22,6% 2. MecTOHMeHHH c Karcropnara 18,9% 3. IIOKaiaTCJTHH MeCTOHMeHMS 9,2%
Kaicro ce BHacjja, b HanajiHa ho3huhh ce cmchmtochobho 2 rpyiiH MecroHMeima - MccTOHMCHHirra c KaTeropna nui^e h noi<a3arcjiHHTe MecTOHMCHHa. Cjie/iBa /ja ce npHeMe, ne TC3H MecroHMeiiHs ca ot ocoóeHO 3HaŁicHne 3a HirpaayjaHCTO na TCKCTOBere otbcckhcjjhhcthji. OGiijoto Meayjy MecroHMeHHara c KareropHa jiui^e h noKasaTejiHHTe MecTOHMCHHa e b Taxnara jichkthhhoct - Te ca cBtpaaHH c opraHH3aHH3Ta na peannaTa hjih BwGpaacaeMaTa CHTyaiiHa. npejjBH/i Ha H3KJHOHHTCJIHO BaJKHOTO 3HaHCHHC Ha CneiJH(J)HMHaTa pCHCBa CHTyaiJHH, B KOSTO npoTHHa oGiiiyBaHcro bt>bbcckhcjjhhcthji, jjchkchcbt ce OKa3Ba HCHTtp, 6e3 kohto CHTyaijHMTa 6h ce „pasnajjHajia”, 6h napymiuia CBoa BpeMeBO-npocTpaHCTBeH KOHTHHyyM. 3aroBa KOHKperHHTe HaÓJiKyieiiHa Bbpxy jicmkthhhhtc MecTOHMCHHa
B OTŹJCJIHHTC CTHJIOBC MOF3T /ja flOBejjaT flO H3BJIHHane Ha CbnieCTBCHH CTHJIHCTHHHH H3BO/IH.
Karci op wara .zhi/cb ^ejiOBara pen e H3MCCTCHa ot OTHOCHTejiHHTe MeciOHMCuna,
kohto HMar TeKCTOBa aiiraiKHpaHocT - tc npenpamaT b reKcra, ocbujecTBaBar HCiOBaia KoxepeHTHocT. Cthjihcthhhhhthsboji, kohto ce Hajiara, e, ne jjeaoBaia pen e cbc cHjiHa TeKCTOBa oÓBbpsaHocT hc He3HaHHrejiHa CHTyaijHOHHa amajKHpanocT. Ta e tckct 3a caMHa ce6e ch, tckct, kohto ne ce nyaęjae ot peajiHOCTTa, ot
nOCTOHHHOTO CH BpblliaHC KEM HC8, 3a /ja peaJIH3Hpa CBOHTe (JjyHKIJHH.
Cthjihcthhhh npe/inoHHTaHHa noKa3BaT h«koh ceMaHTHHHH npH3HapH, Bep6ajm3HpaHH npe3 MecTOHMeHHa. TaKa HanpHMep MCCiOHMCHnara c komfiohcht HUU, KOHTO H3pa3«BaT HOCeCHBHOCT, HMHT MHOTO pCJJKH ynOTpeÓH B &BJITapCKHS C3hk, ho Bce naK ot HanpaBeHHTe CTaTHCTHnecKH HaSino/tenna ce BHayia cbmecTBeHaTa paaiiHKa Meaęny xyaoacecrBeHHa cthji h ocTanajime cthjiobc no
othoihchhc Ha TOBa MecTOHMeHHe:
KHW5KOBHO -pasroBopHa pen
CTHJI
XyHO>KCCTBCH HayHHH CTHJI ny6jiHiiHCTMHeH JjeJIOBH CTHJI
HMM 2* 2 1 2 1
Hennii 1 25 0 1 0
4WHT0 2 15 85 50 47
HHMHW 0 5 0 1 0
*B Ta6jiHuara e iiocomch 6poar Ha perHcrpHpaHHTe ynoipeón 3a bcckhcthji npn HiBajiKa
ot no 150 000 cjjhhhlih 3a cthji.
Pasóripa ce, othochtcjihoto MecTOHMeHHe otto3h pcjj wumo e HaH-aKTHBHO ot bchhkhtc rjiopMH, tbh Karo ce eKciuioaTHpa HeroBara ci>K)3Ha (fiynKuwa b nHCMCHHre
tckctobc Ha HaynHara, nyójiHHHCTHHHaTa h aenoBara pen.
CtnjOTO noanepTaHO npeflnoHHTaHHe kbm MecTOHMeHHaTa c npH3HaK nocecHBHOCT noKa3Ba xyao>KecTBeHHaT cthjih npn HaóJHOflCHHcro Bi>pxy necTOTaTa Ha ynoTpeÓHTC na npHTeacaTejiHHTe MecTOHMeHHa. H HanpoTHB, KHH>KOBHO-pa3ro- BopHara pen He noKa3Ba laHHTcpccoBaHoe r kbm Te3H MCCTOHMCHHa c h3kjik>hchhc
Ha MecTOHMeHHero 3a 1 ji.cjj.h. mou.
Tbił Karo 3a cihjihcthmhhtc H3CJiejjBaHHa otcbiucctbcho 3HaiieHHe ca He caMO npHCbCTBaiUHTC C3HKOBH CżIHHHHH, HO H OTCBCTBailJHTe, HHTCpeCHO e Jia CC Ha6jiK>jjaBa KaK onpeaejieHH (JiopMaiiHH orpaHHHaBar HaKOH ot rpynHTe MecTOHMeHHa. T. Hanp. b aejiOBara pen MecTOHMeHHara ot pe/ja oh-(oh3U, oho3u,
MecmouAieHUfima e cmwioeeme Ha 6-bJizapcKUfi cjuk MAPHK HJ1HEBA
onoaa, oHaicbs, ouaKaea, onaKoea, onaKuea) ne ce cpenjar He ce cpenjaT u MecTOHMennsTa Hapenna, kohto Karo jjeHKTHHHH MapKcpn onpencjiaT cmyaijHaTa -
6 myK n ceza .
Pa3i OBopnn KOHorannn b MecTOHMeHHHTe ynoTpeÓH
C HanpaBcrmc crarHCTHHHH HaSmomeHHB Genie noKaiano, ne pasroBopnara pen e cpenara, bkohto MecTOHMeHHara Morar aa paartpHaT HaH-nwiHO CBoara ceMaHTHKa. TyK Te peajin3npaT Han-necTO TpaHcno3HijHH, b pesymaT Ha kohto npmjoGHBaT npe/jn bchhko oljcht>hch cmhckji. HpennocraBKa 3a HHTepnperarjHaTa Ha tc3h KOHOTapHH e Bpi>3KaTa na MecTOHMeHHara cHcreMa c onosmjnaTa CBoeiHyaęjo, Kara ce H3xoac/ja ot cneiiH(|)HKaTa Ha croucmpHMHara ii opraHH3aH.ua. EroueHTpH3MbT Karo oGmoHOBeinKH (Jichomchot CBoa cTpaHa npc/jnojiara onaKBaHara oipHuarejina oijchchoct Ha ny>KTOTo. OnosHUHara CBoe:nya<no ce panptnja b MecTOHMeHHara ceMaHTHKa ipei nponopuHOHajiHHTe ohoihijhm 6jih3i>k : jjajieHen; onpenejieH : HeonpeneneH; mobck : hc-hobck; HHnHBMjjyajiH3auHa : oGoGmaBane.
HtpBaTa OT H36pOCHHTe OHO3HHHH HM3 flBC npOHBH B MeCTOHMCHHaTa CeMaHTHKa. Ta ce HMiuiHpHpa b ceMaHTHKara Ha KarciopHara Jinne, npHCbma na jihhhhtc h npHTOKarejiHHTC MCCTOHMCHHa, non 4)opMara Ha npoTHBOCTaBMHero ynacTHHK b oGmyBaHeTo: HeynacTHHK b oGniyBaHcro67 8. Ha nropo mmcto ceMaHTHKara Ha noKa3arejiHHTe MecTOHMeHna nnpeKTHO orparasa npoTHBonocTaBaHCTO c HajIHHHCTO Ha ZJBC napaflHTMH OT 4>OpMH 3a 6jIH3KO H 3a flajICHHO HOCOHBaHC.
6 HaSjiKweHHHTa ca Bi>pxy nncMCHa peajiwjanna Ha jicjioBa pen. 7 B». HHuojioBa 1986.
8 ripHMCpHTC ca CaMO B CflUHCTBCHO HHCJIO, 3a na ce OrpaHHHH MaTCpHajTBT, HO H 3aUIOTO ca c no-HCHa ceMaHTHKa bt>b BpwKa c pairncjK/iaHHTe TyK oho3huhh.
JlHHHOMeCTOHMCHHaTa CHCTCMa, pCCH. CHCTBMaTa Ha npHTeaCaTCJIHHTe MecroHMCHHa, ce pa3iipc;icjia upn cjie/jHHTe aejieHHa, re. aa+miroH, ra, to , Kb^ero ynacTHHijHTe b CHTyannara ca paanojioaceHH bcbocto, a pecn. HcynacTHHHHTe - b qy>KflOTO Karo tipocrpancTBo, BpeMe, ho ctipo hb ueHHocreH ruian. B GburapcKara KHHacoBHO-paaroBopHa pen b CHTyauna na raaB hccto roBopenjHre ripnOarBar no o6o3HaHeHHe, Koero b ocHOBHara ch ynorpeGa e CBbpaano c HeynacTHHK b oGipy- BaHero, 3a na HaaoBar ynacrHHK b oGmysanero. Ho TaKbB hbhhh cbGecenHHKbT ce H3TiiacKBa ot peHCBaia npoaBa hot „cbocto” 3a roBopemna, kocto nopaayia h nera- THBHOoueHbHHHa HioaHC b ynoTpeGara. Etoh mnocrpauna na TaKaBa KOHoraijHa:
2. Toga. Bapnoe, hcaKO penem, Mowę h gaHe CKpaSygam, horoBopachipaSna ga 3Haemna ynoTpeósBaiii. As na ch npHSHaa,cjienKaroHayrnccroBopa, ce po/mx.
JIhjio. TohcepoflHji!.. Eor mynanroBop,Ta na mcymitohmchcKaKohhothhtwisa pnóa, KaK HaMepHJijiHCHija, KaK HSBHKajinaacenach: THnaii, »cho,na bh,thihkbkbothKapaM.Tohmchc me Me vhh! Hekohctoh!Kxh! Thkb6hhk. (JJ,BaMara cKanaT egm cpemy npyr.)(BP)9
9 ripHBOK/iar ce npHMepnhotxy/jo>KecTBCHH tckctobc,Ktgero HMa CTHjmsnpaHa pasroBopna pen.
lOTeKCTBTeHopMajmsnpaH, k3toca OTCTpaHCHH (jioHeTHHHHTeocoSchocthHa pasroBopnaTa penjiHKa, tt>h Kara Te He ca ot SHaneHHe sa KOMeHTHpaHOTOTyK.
3. Toh me mhKaate Ha mchc! (PasroBopnapennpnnp»Kkoht3kttoh=th.)
4. >1 robh>kth nero! (PP - npn npsiK Komatcrkt>m cbóecegHHKa)
Bchmkh npHMepH ca KareropnHeH H3pa3 na neraTHBna oucmca, MaKap hc th e npospaHHa caMObm>pBns h BTopna. B ntpBHM mobckbtce HipaBHHBa c jkhbotho (dseepii) Karo nannii na iiobc;ichhc;bbbBTopna oóhahoto CT>/jtp>KaHne e no/icnjieno cKBajiH(J)HKaTopa muKeetiuKheKOMeHTHpaHO b pcMapKara. TpernaTuhctbbpthht
npHMep ca paaónpacMH caMO 3a hochtcjih na GwirapcKna C3HK, jaiporo He ca
no/iKpciicHHot KOHreKcra. Tbkmo 3aTOBab tbxmojkcaace ycianoBH bhhctbhu
pojurra na mcctommchhcto 3a H3pa3MBaneroHaoiieHKara.
Kaicro Bene 6eme oT6ejia3ano, ono3HijHHTa 6jiH3BK:AajieHeH HaMHpa
nan-BHflHMO oTpaaceHHeb ceMaHTHKaTa HanoKasaTejiHHTe mcctommcumm. Ta3H KaTcropnHHOCT rapanrapa hnpaBHJiHOTO paiMHTaHC Ha opeHtHHHTe ynoTpeón na T63H MeCTOHMCHHa. BtnpeKH HC HMBT CHMCTpHHHH Iiapa/IHIMH OT (|)OpMH, MecTOHMeHHBTa 3a 6jih3koh pecneKTHBHO3a aajieHHonocoMBane ctnjecTBeHO ce pa3JiHHaBaT no CBoma necTora na ynoTpeóa. Karo ijbjio MCCiOHMCHnara 3a
6jih3ko nocoHBaHe (T-MecTOHMeHHBTa) ce ynoTpeGsBaT 10 ntTH no-necTo ot MecTOHMeHHBTa 3a aajienHOnoconsaHe (oH-MecTOHMCHHaTa). IIpHHHHa 3a TOBa orpaHHHaBaHe Ha OH-MecTOHMCHHaTa Moace aa ce otkphc b H3MecTBaHeTo Ha
npflKO aeHKTHHHOTO HM 3HaneHHe OT flOHBJIHHTeJIHH OIjeHBHHH CMHCJIH,
peajiH3npaHH na ntpBo mhcto b pa3roBopnaTa pen. Haił-necTO oucHKaTa ce
H3pa3»Ba npn caMOCTOSTejiHa ynorpeóa Ha MecTOHMeHnaTa ohh, onau, ouoea no OTHOincHne Hajihuc, nanp.:
1. Aasmhcjis saTe6/ ;ia He thHanpaBH nenio onasi10(masa mmpoc saCBCKbpBa). 2. - E/ OHaaKi>ne e cjio>KHjia cojniHiiara?
Kohoiiaa?
- Kon/ Bnojiera6e!
MecmoiLMenimmaacmunoeeme Ha CrwicapcKune3UK MAPHa HJIHEBA
3. - 3akoto e ónpara?
- A6e 3anecn aTaMHa Macara/3a oiiau.. - Onan e 6paroBHe«Kamm!
- A6e He 6e/ 3a JI./ne hck3m /ia oSmcąaM 6paroBHeflKatm.
U TpirrenpHMepaCKcruimiMpaT neraTHBHa oncHKakbmHasoBaBaHOTojimje, ho AOKaro b ntpBHa Ta ne e clbccm acHa 3a Haójnoaarejia, kohto ne e ynacTHHK
bCHTyaunara, bbb BropnapeaKiinaTaHa ctSeceaHHKa a noanepraBa h peiuiHKaTakuk tąeKO36aiuonaa HaBuojiema 6hcjie^Banojjacenere‘BB3MynjaBaMceotTOBa, ne nasoBaBani ctnpyraTachoGuhho, t.c. cohcm'. B Tperna npHMcp oncnKaTaecbbcbm
acna Kaicro otpeaKiinara na CBÓecejjHHKa, TaKa h ot ajipeKTHOTO H3paBHaBane no
cmmcui Ha ynoipcócHOTo MecroHMeHHe c oóuaicdaM.
Ohcbukho TOBaceMaHTHHHO pa3BHTHe e npHHHHa 3a orpaHHHcnaTahm ynorpeóa
b ocTanajiHTe (JjyHKUHOHauHH (JiopMaijHH, ocoGeno Kora™ ce oTHaca 3a
o6o3HanaBaHena jiHue.
Ono3HHHara onpeaeneHiHeonpeaeneH e pcncsaHTua npH pasnpeaejiaHero Ha HeonpeaejiHTejiHHTe, oTpHpaTejiHHTe, o6o6njHTejiHHTe h BT>npocHTenHHTe
MecTOHMeHHa. OrflejiHHre rpynH MecTOHMeHHa no paajiHHen nannH ynacTBaT B aKCHOJIOTHHHH npOHCCH lipC/lBHZI CBOaTa CnenH(|)HKa,KaKTO HHaTOBapCHOCTTaCH c.upyrn c|)yiiKnnn.
BtJirapcKaTa JiHHTBHCTHHHa JiHTepaiypa oTaaBHa e (|)HKCHpajia 4>aicra, ne c HHTen3H(J)HHHpaHena nconpeflejieHOCTrace aacnnsar hoTpHuaTejiHHre ohchkh.
B
napa^HTMara Ha Gr>jirapcKHTC HeonpeaenHTejiHH MecTOHMeHHa ctnjecTByBanapanejien pejj na HHTeH3H(J)HiiHpamH MecTOHMeHHa, npn kohto kim HeonpcflcnHTCJiHOTo MecTOHMeHHe ce floSaBa nacrnnaTa cu-hhkoucu, HHKaKbe cu, Henuu cu h np. Abtophtc OTÓcjiasBai, ne nacTHijaTa cHrnajiH3Hpa 3acHJiena
HeonpeflejieHocr h aac^HO c TOBa ce aacnjiBa npeHeGpeacHTejiHara orcaHKa11, ho
jinncBa oGacHCHHe Ha npHHHHara 3a Ta3H CHMCTpnnHa npoMana. CipyBa hh ce jiothhho Ta jjace noTbpcn bcbaHarejiHoro noanepraBaHeot roBopemna Ha Ta3H
HeonpeAeneHOCT, b mhoto cjiynan mhhmb. Kojikoto kohtckctkt no-acHO fleMOHCippipa, ne kbtoHeonpeACJicHHcenpe^CTaBar htbccthhHaroBopemna JiHnah npeaMem (npeflHMHo jinija), TOJiKOBa hobcmc MecTOHMeHHero ce orrjiacKBa ot
ocHOBHara ch ceMaHTHKa h aanonsa aa oócjiyacBa nparMarHHHHTe HaMepeHHa na roBopemna aaH3pa3HopcnKa.
11 3a BpwKaTa Meamy aacHnenaTa HeonpeaenenocT u sacajienaTanpeHeSpeaorrejiHaOKpacKab>k. KOMeHTapHTe 3aMecTOMMeHHSTaetc cub HnijojiOBa 1986;AH/ipenHHft1978; Ctohhob1980; Koctob1939; IlanioB 1989.
HeKa aa paanie/iaMC pBa npuMepa:
1. ToBa 6h 6hjioHacwiHe otmohcrpana// flaroBops 3ahhkohch/ komtoe noa hhboto na MnxajiaKn Feopraefl/bo6ihhjihhmh//(PP)
2. HsiKaKBach cryaeHiKa me mhnmne na mchnennja!(PP)
B
m>pBns npHMep e ynoTpeSeno cyócTaHTHBHOTo MecTOHMCHHe. 3a CBÓeccjiHHLiHTe b CHiyauHSTa e ucho 3a koto craBa Btnpoc, a cbnocTaBKara c apyr aBTop (MnxajiaKn FeoprneB) roBopn h 3a lapEJiSoneno nosnaBane Ha tbophcctboto Ha to3h “neoiipcACBCH” aBTop. 3aTOBa HsóoptT pa ce iia3OBc npci HeonpepejiHTenHo MecTOHMCHHe, bmccto c HeyrpajiHH pyMH, Karo aamop, nucamen hjihcoGctbchohmc, e CpCpCTBO 3a HCrOBOTO OTCKpeflHTHpaHC.Bbb BTopna npHMep MecTOHMeHHero e ynorpeGeno aTpHÓyniBHo, ot KonreKCTa e acHO, ne roBopcmnaT noanaBa Ta3H, konto openaBa Karo HHKaKea cu, 3nae CTaiyca u, hb pesyjiTaT Ha TOBa pa3MHHaBane MOKpy pcancH h peajinmpaii b penra KorHHTHBCH CTaiye opcHKaTa ocTasa cbhjo HeramBHa.
IL(e 6bpe iipHBcpeH npHMep caMo c onje epno hcoiipcpcjihtcjiho MecroHMenne, BBiipeKH ne b GtJirapcKHa e3HK HMa hbkojiko CHCTeMH ot (JiopMH b napapHTMara na HconpepenHTCJiHnTC MecroHMeHHa12 13.
12 B 6i>JirapcKHH e3HK HeonpejjejiHTejiHHTe MecTOHMeHHa ce oSpasyBaT ot BbnpocmeaHHTe c noMonjTa Ha cjic/ihhtc nacTMiin h cnoMaraTejiHH ayMH:hh-, dae, -mo u da e,edu-...cu, Hanp.
hhkou, kouda e, Koumo u da e, edu-Kou cu (no-noapoÓHO b HmiojroBa 2008).
13 B peKaaMHHTe tckctobchcctocTHjiHsaijHHTa HapairoBopna pen noMara, 3a aa ce hocththc aceaaHOTO BtaaeiicTBHe.
HMa u apyra,hobucne crekoh /ja e, 3a aa cjryinare kiikboaae(PeicnaMa no BHT)1
HarpynBaHeTO Ha HeonpcpcjiHTCJiHH MecroHMeHHa e b ycjiyra Ha hhtch3mc[)h- UHpanaTa oucHKa. Aócojhotho npcHeSpoKCiine, HcaaHHTaHC HMa b cnepnaTa penuiHKa ot paaroBopHai a pen: Mu, me cedna da nojiseoM Hemo cu Ha hukou cu/ demo yotc uscjiedeaji ue 3homcukukso// (PP)
B
ceMaHTHHHHTe npepnocTaBKH 3a ohchbhhh ynoipcGn Ha orpHpaTeaHHTc MecTOHMeHHa kem HeonpejjejieHOCTTa ce nacnarBa h oTpnijaHHeTO kbto nCHXOJIOI'HHCCKH (|jeHOMCH. IICHXOJIO3HTe TO OÓaCHaBaT Karo HHCTO CyÓeKTHBHa npoaBa nan-oGmo na ncopoGpcHHe, npepH3BHKaHO ot peHCTBHTCJiHOcrra hjih ot onpepejieHO ct>zK/ichhc (BopnapeHKO 1983: 29-30). Ee3 pa a6cojiK>TH3HpaMe rosa cxBain,aHe, uje ce ctrnacHM, ne oTpHH,aHHero b mhcjichctohb esmca HMa cbohtcMecmouMeHuama fi cmunoeeme na fnjizapcKwi e?UK MAPHM HJIHEBA
flCHKOJIOIHHCCKHMOTHBHpaHH npejHIOCTaBKH. riCMXHqeCKHTe peaKIJHHMOŻKCpa ca
caMOHacroa Herosa nposBa,ho Te ctmecrByBaT Kam pcsyjiTar Ha “aicranamhcjicho
ctoTHacflHcnanpcAHKarakt>mci>pi>pacaHHeTOna cyGeicra n aicra Ha operno Ha TOBa
CbOTHacHHe” (EonaapeHKo 1983:27). Karo cpepcTBo 3a H3pa3HBaHc Ha orpniiannero
OTpHpaTejiHHTemcctommchhhMoraT pa Bcp6ajin3Hpai heMopHOHajiHH peaKipiH,h parjuoHajiHH ohchkh. JIoimhho e aa ce onaicBa, hc Te nje H3pa3asaTorpniiarejinH OHCHbHHH CMHCJIH.
OrpHuaTCJiHHTC MecroHMeHHs MoraT pa HMar arpHÓyTHBHa h cyócrauTHBHa ynoTpeóa b ouchbhhh (jjyHKijHH, hotbh Karo cyGcTaHTHBHara e no-necra, mc ce
cnpeM caMO nahcm.
B
cyócTaHTHBHaynorpeGa aKTHBHO ce BKJHOHBar orpHuaTejiHMTC mcctohmchwi 3amma h npc/iMe™, Koero e oGhchhmo npepBHp cHcreMHara hm cyócraHTHBHa
ceMaHnnca.
KaTcropnHna orpnuarejina openKa nape^epenra ot crpana na roBopeipHa ce H3pa3»Ba cMecTOHMeHHero hhkoh, Hanp.:
1. Th 3Haein jihkoh e hhjkchcp FleineB, a mhottoboph, 3Haeni uh. .. Mhoto po6pe 3HaM a3 koh e - Tpocna My ce 6aft Mhxo.
- E, poópe pe, Koił e - 3annra ro ser My Tomo. Hhkoh - pene My Gaii Mhxo, - aScojnoTHO hhkoh..
- U TyKa ch npaB pene My 3ct My Fonio. Eto, bh/ihiiiuh, Tarę, th naK ch npaB, qe hhżkchcp IleiueB e hhkoh, a Hac TpecKa hh Tpece ot Hero. 3amo 6e, Tarę? 3anjo hhżkchcp IleineB xcm e hhkoh, xcm Hac TpecKa hh Tpece ot Hero? Mkjmhui. .. Ho as me th Kaaca 3amo. TpecKa hh Tpece tłkmo 3amoTO HH>KeHep IleineB e hhkoh. (AT)
2. 7(a He ct>m jiyn hhkoh. .. H no-/io6pe h as pa ct>mhhkoh. (AT)
B
m>pBn» tckct pecJiepcHTŁT Ha orpHuaTcuHoro MecTOHMenne e aócojiiOTHOH3BecreH 3a yHacTHHUHTCbpaaroBopa. Te popuoTMacra ro xapaKTepn3npaT bpenra cm. HeroBoro ctinecrBysaHe hc hoajiokh Ha c-bMHCHne h 3aroBa OTpHuaTCJiHOTO
MecTOMMeinie ce pHCTaHijnpa ot cncreMHaTa ch ceMaHTHKa h peajiH3Hpa caMO
OUeiTbHHOCT.
OipHuarejmaoiiciiTMua ceMaHTHKapeajiH3npahMecTOHMeHHerohhiiio, Hanp.: 1. KaKBO Genie Tan cepna! Eahoiihiiio! (PP)
2. B caaoHa Hamana HKKaKBO aBnacemie, nocne na Bxojia ce noaBH tokhobck, kohto cera e hhiho. (IIB)
KaTeropHHHOCira Ha HeraTHBHaTa OHcmmHa ceMaHTHKa, peajiH3HpaHa npe3
b ObnrapcKara paaroBopna pen CBnjecTByBa (JiopMara HHKaKBHua (Pchhuk EAH nocoHBa h (jiopMa 3a m. p. iiHKaKBen (t. 10, c. 1142) cbc 3HaHCHHe: “^Kena, komtohc ce noji3Ba c ao6po mmc cpefl xopaTa, kobto e 6e3 zjoctohhctbo; HenpoKoncaHHna” (t. 10, 1142), Hanp.: Ilomypnjiu, HiiKiiKtiuuy...
Cjie^BamaTa onoiimna, kohto pcajin3Mpar MecTOHMCHHjrra h kobto ma cthjihcthhch eKBHBajieHT, e ono3nijnnTa Meayiy hobchiko h HenoBeniKO. B CHCTCMaTa OT MCCTOHMCHHH TS IIJC HaMCpH H3pa3 B npOTHBOnOCTaBHHeTO Ha (J)OpMHTe 3a Cpe^CH pofl Ha 4>OpMHTC 3a M'l>‘zKKH H 'żKCHCKH pOfl. Te3H BB3MO7KHOCTH 3acaraT cjiynaHTe, Koraro o6eicr na oneHKa e mobck. B tbkbb cjiynail b oneinmiia ynoipeóa ce BKmoHBar (j)opMmc 3a cpcacH poa, kohtochctcmho He Ha3OBaBar xopa:
TOBa H OHOBa, TaKOBa H TO, Henio H HHIHO. HpC3 H30opa Ha MeCTOHMCHHeTO 3a cp. p. 3a HaaoBaBanc Ha Jinne ce nojiynasa aenepcoHajiH3aijna, kobto e npHHuna 3a HeraTHBHHTe ohchkh, Hanp.:
Ta saTyfi B>m>p a Beenie Marsa ILumapKaTa, sero enTpeneme e/mo Bpewe Bochtc KpaKaH3 KaMBHaKau ce Mncjieme, ne me raGura ot6a6euiKaTaosyMKa [...]
- Tona sa mu ce He ot6hb3bKT>mara - mepcae crapara IIIeHTaHKa u me ruiioeasa m>THBtpxy nptCTHTCCH.
[...]
- TaKOBa Koił jihmtókme ro nomeane. To MtpjuiBO,Mtpjwmo, ne aa ne nmoemorrope My - me ,'io6aBH6a6a51na Kpi/iMapKara. HHaae He3Jio6jiHBa uKpoTKa /Keinma. (MC)
MeCTOHMCHHeTO ot cp. p. hhiho npH ofioiHanaBanc Ha jinija cbhjo e rpyOa opeHBHHa flyMa, Hanp.:
1.Toii e e/rnotojismohhiho! (PP)
2. Bjrn3aM bKpiaiMara/bjih33m/h meaaM// H KaKBoraeaaM/ęhhohhiko// E«hhyxac// H immoro nporoBaps// (PP)
HerarHBHara oijeHKa e no^cHJiena ot HeonpcACJiH icjiHO io MecTOHMeHHe ejiiH b m>pBHa npHMep H OT CHHOHHMH3HpaHCTO Ha OTpHUarejIHOTO MCCTOHMeHHe HHIHO CŁC CbHjeCTBHTejIHOTO HM6 V>KaC BBB BTOpH3. Uje CC CnpCM nO-HO/ipoSlIO Ha BTOpHS npHMep, Tbii Karo H3TJieaęa,a no-KpacHopeHHB. Ot CHTyaiiHJi ra e hcho, ne b cjiynaa hhiho 3aMecTBa hmcto Ha acena, no3Hara Ha ynacTHHijHTe b pairoBopa h BHayjaHa ot roBopenjHS (cbiho acena) bbb Bb3npoH3BC>K;ianara CHTyapHa, t. e. oOcktbt Ha oueHKa npHTeacaBa npH3Hann [+onpeHeneHOCT], [+no3naTOCT], [+bh^hmoct] h cjieHOBaTejiHO [+nepcoHanHOCT] h [+aceHCKH hoji]. OcHOBHara ceMaHTHKa na MeCTOHMCHHeTO e oóaHC aa Ha3OBaBa npcAMCTH, a He Jinua. H3noji3BaiiKn MeCTOHMCHHeTO OT Cp. p. HHIHO, [OBOpCIUHMT OTHCMa Ha OÓCKTa Ha pa3TOBOp
MecmouMeHunma bcrnwioseme na6-bJizapcKuae3UK MAPUJ! WIHEBA
(J)H3HOnornHHiM óejier ‘non’, pecn. npmnaKa ‘nepconajiHOCT’. IIo tskłbhbhmhtom ro M3KJHOHBa ot CBeTa Ha tkhbmtc nenja, na xopara, n ro H3npama b CBera Ha MbpiBHIC Henia.
Kaicro ce Bnxna, nponectT Ha nenepcoHanH3aijna hm OTBcncna kem m>pBHHHOTo nenene na onoaniinnTe. B nponeca na oTnejianero Ha A3a onoannnsrra CBociny/Kno m>pBOHaHajiHo HMa aHTponoiieHrpHHHo H3MepeHMe, pasrpaHMHaBanKH mobciiikoto ot hchobcihkoto. PeneBara ncncpcoHannaannn npenpania kem ntpannHara ono3fflins n no TO3H hbhmh OTny>KnaBa no npnpo.ua oóeicra, 3a komto roBopemnaT e H36pan TaKasa (JjopMa 3a Ha3OBaBane14. Taica ce nocmra iian-ronjiMaTa nncraHuna MOKuy roBopeinns n HaiOBaBanna ot Hero noBeK. Karo nocnennna oneHKara e KaTeropnHHO neraTHBHa, kocto ce nonKpenn yóenMTenHO ot npMBeneHHTe npnMepn.
14 H3Ó0pT>T OT HHKOJIKO BMMOTKHH aJITepHaTMBB BMHarH 6 3HaHeU!, 3aiHOTO rOBOpCllIMMT e npe/moueji cbotbcthum iuaK Karo Haił-e(j>eKTHBHO cpencTBO 3a peinaBaneTO Ha cbohtc KOMyHHKaTHBHH 33/iaUH (nO BtnpOCa B5K. HcpHeiłKO 1990).
15 HH(|>opMaTop Ha npHMepme ot noncKara paaroBopua pen e noKTop (lop/iamca Okoh - e3HKOBen, npenonaBareji b JłrenoHCKHi! yHHBepcHTeT, a nocjiejjHHTe UBa npHMepa ca B3e™ ot CTaTHSTa Ha ManrojKaTa MapimaneK (Marcjanek 1999: 144 145).
OneHbHHa ynorpeóa na MecTOMMennaTa b pcaymar na nenepcoHannsaima HMa perMCTpnpaHa n 3a hojickmc3mk, Hanp.:
1. Przyszło takie coś ! (PP) 2. To takie ono! (PP)
3. Tfu, takie coś! Jak ja wyszłam za mąż, to od rana w czepeczku, w fartuszeczku, w kuchni - mężowi świeże bułeczki upiekłam, teściowej ziółek zaparzyłam... A ta śpi! Czy ona się do tej pory nie miała kiedy wyspać? (Flesz Koch)
4. - Swołocz - mruknął kolejarz. - Takie to ani do roboty, ani do miłości. Pan wie, podobno on ją bijał (Szew Wyp) .15
Tern npnMepn nasar bł3mo»choct na ce npennononcn, He yHHBepcajiHocrra na mc- CTOHMeHHara ne ce H3Hepnsa caMO c TtncHara cncreMHa eeMamuKa, ho BepoarHO 3a- cjira h oneHBHHMTe hm ynorpeón. 3a na 6r>ne noKaaana Ta3n xnnore3a oóane e Heoóx- onnM Marepnaji ot noBene C3nnn.
HaKpaa me ce cnpeM Ha enna cnenH^MHHa ynorpeóa Ha MecTOMMennaTa Karo on- chehhm cpencTBa b pasroBopnara pen, Koiaio Tsnmara ceMaHTMKa Monynnpa b pesyn- Tar na HerpannnHOHHHa kohtckct. Orana Bbnpoc 3a ynorpeóara na MCCTOMMCHnara npn aHTponoHHMn. B TaKasa ynorpeóa ce BKJiiOHBaT noKasarejiHnre n neonp- enenMTeJiHHTe MccronMetina. B nnara rnna ynorpeÓM ce HaónionaBa enHaKEB
pesyn-T3T npH pa3J!HHHH npHHHHH. TbH KTTO aHTpOnOHHMHTC Ca IIO npHpO.Ha HH4HB- HHyanHH h onpc;icncHH naHMCHOBanna na oSeicni, ynorpeóara Ha noKarareano Me- CTOHMCHHe npcfl T3X HyGjIHpa Ta3H HHflHBHHyaJIH3ai[Ha. B pC3yJITaT Ha TOBa ocHOBHara ceMaHTHKa na noKaaarejiHOTO MecTOHMenne He motkc aa ce i iponcrc b Ta- KBB KOHTCKCT, a MCCTOHMeHHeTO HpHJtoGHBa HOBa ceMaHTHKa - Ha npCHcGpeżKCHHe, HpoHHa kbm petftcpcHTa Ha COÓCTBCHOTO HMe16, Hanp.
16 no Btnpoca B5K. HwuojioBa 1986:113, BypoB 1998: 23, Hapajiososa 1996: 47.
1. Tan Mmmm/ ran Mmmm! (PP) (BŁ3KjnmaHHeT0 e H3pa3 na hchobojictbo, npH TOBa b ripHCbCTBuero na HOCnTejia Ha co6ctb6hoto HMe).
2. Toh He Mo»e aa ch nonece co6cTBeHara mjenKa na njieniHTe h 3aT0Ba hc ro xapecBaM toh ,/Jocto- cbckh. (AT)
Onje no-ataóoK kohcJjjihkt Meacay ocnoBHa (penHHKOBa) h peaaH3Hpana ceMaHTHKa ce HaóaioaaBa npH ynoTpeSaTa na HeonpeaeaHTeaHH MecTOHMeHHa kbm aHTponoHHMH. TyK ce HOJiynaBa (j)opMajieH napaaoKc: eana Heonpeaeaena no ceMaHTHKa e3HK0Ba eannHna ce CBneiaBa c eana CBpi>XHHaHBHayaaH3Hpania, Hanp.:
Toii OTKora aaKa m>pBara paKHs// H M3Bcain,>K/ ce noHBHBa hhkohch/ otiihki./icch/ e/iHii Bajrrep/
h Ka3Ba/ HMaM npoójieMH c BpaTaTa// (PP)
Kaicro ce Bnacaa ot npnMepa, b HMeHHara (j)pasa ce cójitcKBaT h npoTHBOi locraBai npH3HanHTe ‘HeonpeaeaeHocT’ (hhkou cu, edim) h ‘onpeaeaeHOCT’ (Bajimep}, npn TOBa B TCXHHTe KpaHHH H3MCpCHHT: 3aCHJlCHa HCOnpCaCJICHOCT (mcctohmchhji CbC ch) h MaKCHMajina onpc/icjiCHOCT (co6ctbchojihhhohmc). Tbh Karo btophst npn3H- aK ce CBflBpżKa b ni>jiHO3HaHHaTa nyMa, ecTecTBeno e toh /ja ce h3jio>kh 3a hcthhch Karo ceMaHTHKa h aa Bapnpa 3HaHeHHero Ha ayMara, H3pa3aBanja iicoiipeacjicHOCT. no TaKBB HaHHH Cy6eKTBT He npOCTO CJIHMHHHpa HHflHBHflyajIH3HpamHTe npH3H- apn, hohth AHCKpcAHTHpa Hpc3 ynoipcGaia Ha MecTonMenne, kocto sanoHBa aa H3- pa3MBa jiHiica Ha ysa^enne, npcHcGpezKCHHe h ap.
3HaneHHeTo na hhkohch npn aHTponoHHMH e pa3LicicHo b caeaHara peiuiHKa ot iiHCca: HyniKapoB. Ofjwieiihkoucu HyuiKapoe - moea e meatcKa KJieeema! Toea e hukou, Hoeeue! Hhkou, 3a Kozomo He cu cmpyea da ce eoeopu! (“^BySon”, Kanaji 1). PeruiHKaTa e HHTepecna c TOBa, hc KOMÓHHanHHTa hhkoh CH+aHTponoHHM ce H3paBH3Ba OneHBHHO C HHKOH, T. e. 6h MOTTO aa CC 6yKBajlH3Hpa, HC MaKCHMaJIHaTa
MecmouMeHusima a cmwioeeme na CrwizapcKun e3UK
MAPUH HJIMEBA
HeonpeaejieHOCT b KOMÓnnaijHS etc CBi>pxHHflHBnjjyajiH3npaHOCT Boan ao orpmjaHne.
B 3aKJiK>HeHne motkc aa ce Kaace, ne BtnpcKn npnnaaJie>KHOCTTa en kbm e3HKOBHTe yHHBepcajiMH, komto npeanoaara ynacTHCTO hm Karo CTanaapTHH
cpeflCTBa 3a oSniyBane bi>b bcckh cthji, MecTOHMeHHSTa noKa3BaT cbohtc (J)yHKiiHOHajiHOCTHJioBM npc/inoMn raHHa, Karo pa3JiHHHHTemcctohmchhh yuacTBar
no pasjinnen Hannn bpeneBara CTpyKiypa na oraeaHHTCcthbobc. 3acano c TOBa
MCCTOHMCHHMia b GbarapcKaTa paaroBopna pen MoraT aa &baar H3pa3HTejin na
oneHKa, kosto ce nopaacaa nan-necTO npn Tpancnosnunirra hmhjih motkc aa &bae
HHayUHpaHaOT KOHTCKCTa.
Jlnreparypa
AnapemiiH JI., 1978, OcHoena fhzizapcKa zpaMamuKa, Cofana.
AnpecsH łO./J,., 1986, ffeuKcuc e jieKcuKe u zpaMMamuKe u naufmati Modem, Mupa. —
CeMuomuKa u UH(f)opMamuKa, Bbin. 28, 5-33.
BoHaapeHKO,B. H., 1983, OmpuifaHue kok nozuKo-zpaMMammecKOH Kamezopun, Mockbh.
BypoB Ct., 1998, EeneotcKU 3a ynompefjama Ha HapuifamenHume CbtąeemeumenHU UMena 3a
Jiutfa Kamo ripazMamunecKU onepamopu e u3Ka3sauemo. — CjiaeucmuHHU npoyueaHUH,
B. TtpHOBO, noa pea- Ha H. /JacKanoB u ap., 9-25.
Kjinena M., 2004, Etwzapumm e ceoume MecmouMemm, B. TbpHOBO.
HiikieBa M., 2005, Ko.iuuecmeen anajiua Ha MecmouMeHHume ynompeóu e cmwioeeme Ha EbJizapcKun e3UK, Bapna.
HocHt^OBa P., HjiHeaa, M., 1999, CmtuiucmuKa. Teopemiemu óeneotcKU. 3adauu u meKcmoee
3a ynpaoKHeHim, B. l’i>pnoBO.
Kopnyc HiiKOJiOBa, http://www.hf.uio.no/easteur-orient/bulg/mat/Nikolova
Koctob H., 1939, E-bJizapcKa zpaMamuKa, Cocjina.
HuKOJioBa U.B., 1987, Hecmomen perniuK Ha EbJizapcKama paszoeopna pen, Cotjtua. HrmojiOBa P., 1986, EwtzapcKume MecmouMenun, CotJtuH.
Hmj,ojiOBa P., 2008, EtzizapcKa zpaMamuKa. Moptpojiozun, Cotjma.
riamoB, II., 1989, ripaKimmecKa (nzizapcKa zpaMamuKa, Cot|)ns.
PeuHMK BAH, 2000, Pchhuk Ha EbJizapcKUH esuK. Iloa pea. Ha Emhjiusi IlepHHiiiKa h ap. BAH. T. 10. C.
Ctohhob Ct., 1980, EpoMamuKa Ha ómjizapcKim KHuaicoeeH e3UK, CotjtHM.
tpayjmp P., 1993, PemtuK Ha cbepeMeHHume jiumepamypuu mepMUHU, Cocjins.
HapajiotOBa K., 1996, Hukou HaómodeHUfi m,pxy ynompe6ama Ha noKasameiiHomo Me-cmouMeHue mo3u/oH3U npu cumyaifuoHeH deuKcuc, „ BtarapcKu e3HK”, N"2), 44 48.
HepHeitKO JI. O., 1990, Oifenna e 3HaKe u 3HaK e oifeiiKe. — Hayu. aoKJi. Bbicm. ihk.Omjioji.
Marcjanek M., 1999, Sposoby móweniaprzez Polaków o osobach trzecich, „Przegląd Huma nistyczny”, nr 6, XLI11, s. 137-153.
Wierzbicka, A., 1996, Semantics: Primes and Universals, N. Y. Oxford.
CtKpaiijeHHa bTeKCTa AT - AneKcaump Tomob
BAH - BuirapcKa aKaaeMHM na HayKrne BHT - BwirapcKa Hannonajma TejieBH3HH HP - Hopąan PąanHKOB
nB - naBeji Bokmhob PP - PaaroBopHa pen I[H - Henra H Bano aa
Stylistic Peculiarities of the Pronouns in the Bulgarian Language
The stylistic peculiarities of the pronouns in the Bulgarian language are examined in the paper. The reasons for the attention towards the pronouns lie in their poor studying as stylistic means as well as in their belonging to the linguistic universalities which gives an opportunity for observations in comparative and juxtaposing aspect. First of all, on the basis of materiał from the five functional styles, conclusions are drawn about the frequency of the pronominal use in each formation. By discussing the extra-linguistic reasons for the results the marked activity of the pronouns in the colloquial speech is ascertained vs. the comparatively Iow frequency of use in the business speech. The statistic data are based on a body of 150 000 units for each style. The author quotes data conceming the functioning of the separate groups of pronouns in the five functional styles and the data are bound to the indication bookishness of the texts.
The second problem which is discussed in the paper is the axiological and intensification use of the pronouns in the colloquial speech. On the basis of their distribution on the scalę us / them the assessment uses are described which are connected with the oppositions near / far, definite / indefinite, man / not man. As a result of the analysis of the cited examples the equalization of the oppositions us /them and good / bad in the use of linguistic means is determined. Part of the examples have counterparts in other languages as for instance in the Polish language and this provides the opportunity to formulate the hypothesis of universality in the assessment uses of the pronouns in the various languages as well.
K.eywords: pronouns, colloquial speech, frequency, functional styles, extra-linguistic factors, connotation, opposition, assessment, intensification, depersonalization.
EssayReviews
Ze sta let ćeske stylistiky
MARIE ĆECHOYA
(Praha)
Situace stylistiky sejazyk odjazykalisi, i kdyź u slovanskych jazyku nese nektere rysy
spolećne. Myse ohledneme za sto letyvyvoje ćeskestylistiky. Tim nechceme tvrdit, źe
poćatky novoćeskestylistiky spadaj i aż do prvnichdesetileti dvacateho stoleti. Jejiranęobdobi je spjato se jmenem Josefa Jungmanna, jakjsme ukazali ve studii Jungmannova Slovesnost a vyvoj ćeske stylistiky, prednesene v Krakove, na
konferencikonane na poćestprof. Niedziely, jeźvyśla v pfislusnemkonferenćnim
sbomiku (1999) a poslouźila jako zakładkapitoly Poćatky vyvoje novoćeske stylistiky pro knihu Soućasnd stylistika (2008). Slovesnost (1820, 1845) pfedznamenala nejen vyvoj a vyuku literami teorie, ale i stylistiky a teorie komunikace, bezprostfedne
ovlivnila na cela desetileti vychovu ćeskeinteligence.
Tfebaźe Jungmannova zakladni, vertikalni triada: niżsi, prostfedni a vyśśi
(vzneśeny)styl anijeho , jakosti”stylove senestaly vychodiskem ćeske stylisticke
teorie novejśi, stałypfecejen v jejimpozadi abyły v 70. letech 20. stoleti ożiveny
K. Hausenblasem (SaS, 1973) a v teoriislohoveho vyućovani M. Ćechovou (1985). Pozdeji była triada vćlenena i do Soućasnestylistiky (2008) v ramci tzv. vertikalniho
ćlenenistylu (a pfedtim do4. dilu stfedośkolskych ućebnic(viz Stylovaprisluśnost jazykovychprojevu k yyśśimu nebo niźśimu stylu, s. 107-110, Ćechova a kol.,ĆJ SŚ
2003).
Ponechamestranou vyvoj slohu a stylistikyv 2. poi. 19. stoi., jeż ostatne mela
charakter pfevaźne prakticisticky,orientovana byłak vyucc (viz otomĆechova1985 a 1998), a zamerime se na zdroje, znichź mohla vyrustteorie funkćnestylisticka.
