Industrial and Engineering Chemistry : industrial edition, Vol. 39, No. 8

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(2) W here "L a b ” Research gets its Sh aked o w n Test T his p ilo t p la n t (a n d h u n d r e d s m o re lik e it) is w h e re la b o ra to ry r e s e a r c h g e ts its sh ak ed o w n test. For it is in th e p ilo t p la n t th a t th e a n s w e r to th e p ro c e d u r e for m a x im u m y ie ld o n a c o m m e rc ia l b a sis is fo u n d . By tra n s fe rrin g o p e ra tio n s from la b o ra to ry g la s s w a re to P fa u d le r a c id -re sistin g g lasslin e d steel, y o u sim u la te e x a c t c o n d itio n s for b o t h la b o ra to ry a n d p la n t. T his e n a b le s y o u to p la n p ro c e d u re s th a t w ill g iv e y o u g re a te s t y ie ld a t th e sm allest cost.. S e rv ic e Flexib ility P fa u d le r G lass-L in ed Pilot P la n t K ettles co m . b in e d (w h e n re q u ire d ) w ith P fa u d le r glasslin e d c o n d e n se rs, re c e iv e rs , p ip e a n d fittings g iv e you m axim um se rv ic e r a n g e sin c e th e y a r e re sista n t to all a cid s, e x c e p t H F., a t e le v a te d te m p e ra tu re s a n d p re ssu re s.. M ech an ica l F lex ib ility A v a ila b le in v a rio u s c o m b in a tio n s in sizes r a n g in g from 5 g a llo n s u p w a rd , w ith o r w ith o u t ste a m jack ets, to p -h e a d s , a g ita to rs a n d d riv e s, y o u c a n s e le c t th e e x a c t u n it for y o u r p a r tic u la r p ro b le m . T his g iv e s y o u p ra c tic a lly a cu sto m m a d e u n it o n a s ta n d a rd u n it p r ic e sc a le . M ay w e h e lp y o u w ith y o u r p ro b le m ?. " C h e m i x " A g ita to r D riv e — This new Pfaudler variable sp eed drive for Kettles over 3 0 gallons in size provides agitating flexibility. Its variable speed feature perm its adjustm ent to comply with viscosity o r specific gravity varia tions during reactions. It also may b e used for m any simple mixing jobs. It is inexpensive, sturdy, easy to attach for either vertical or angle mounting. Bulletin on request.. THE PFAUDLER C O ., R ochester 4, New York. B n n c h Offices: 3 3 0 W est 42nd S t, New York 18, N. Y.; I l l W . W ashington St., C hicago 2, 111.; 1325 Howard SL, San Francisco 3, Calif.; 8 1 8 O live St., St. Louis 1, Mo.; 7310 W oodw ard Ave., Detroit 2, Mich.; 1 3 18-lst N at'l Bank Building, C incinnati 2, O.; 1041 Com m ercial Trs. Building, Philadelphia 2, Pa.; 751 Little B uilding, Boston 16, Mass.; Box 982, C hattanooga 1, Tenn.; Enamelled M etal P roducts C orp., Ltd., Artillery House, Artillery Row, London, S. W. 1, England..

(3) INDUSTRIAL and ENGINEERING AU G U ST. C. h. e. m. is. tr. y. 1947. OF. W ÈÊÈm. 1 1 1 1r. Washington: ROBERT /. - ill. F.. GöÜLD. A l . L E G G IN . C h ic a g o :. Ric h a r d L . Ke n. . yo n. H o u s to n : ' W IL L H . S ft E A R O N . J R . N e W .V o r k :. H. a. ". RRY S T EN ER SO N. R i c h a r d L . D km ,m e r le S a n F r a n c is c o :. FREDERICK G , S a W y E R M e r r it t L . K a s te n s. A s s is t a n t E d i t o r s • M a ke -u p :. B E R T H A R EY N O LD S .. M a n u s c r ip t E d it in g :. H ELEN K . N EW TO N. M a n u s c r ip t R e v ie w in g : S T E L L A A N D E R S O N E d i t o r i a l A s s is t a n t :. C O R A G . R VER SO N. '. C o n t r ib u t in g E d it o r s CH A R LES O W EN BRO W N M ARS G . F O N T A N A R A LP H H . M U N C H . W ALTER tfO N P EC H M A N N. A d v is o r y - B o a r d W . L . BA D G ER ELMER K. B O L T O N W. H . DOW G A S T O N D U BO IS G U S T A V U S J . ESSELEN PER K. FR O LIC H C . F. KETTERIN G ' O . E. M A Y C , S. M IN ER. H . R. M U R D O C K C . F. PRU TTO N A . S . R IC H A R D S O N W . A . S C H M ID T , R. N . S H R E V E L . V . STECK E. C . S U L L IV A N E. R. W EID LEIN J O H N M . W EISS. industrial Edition, l&EC Consecutive Number 15 Copyright 1947 iÿy American Chemical Society. Cover photo shows pilot plant at University of Texas for manufac ture of acetylene from natural gas. It calls attention to a new pilot plant section starting with this issue. Photo by W ill H . Shearon, Jr.. T h e F e r m e n ta tio n In d u s t r y d u rin g W o r ld W a r II C . S . B o r u ff a n d J . M . V a n L a n e n .............................................................................................. 934 R a d ia l C h r o m a to g r a p h y in In d u s try P e te r P. H o p f ................................................................................................................................................... 938 E c o n o m ic P ro c e s s O p e r a t io n W . D . H a r b e r t ................................................................................................................................................... 940 E c o n o m ic a l U s e o f T it a n iu m D i o x id e in E n a m e ls W . G . A r m s t r o n g a n d W . H . M a d s o n ................................................................................ 944 R e c e n t A d v a n c e s in th e U s e o f H ig h P re ssu re s E . W . C o m i n g s ................................................................................................................................................... 948 G u a n id in e N it r a t e fro m D ic y a n d ia m id e a n d A m m o n iu m N itr a t e b y P re s s u re 952 R e a c t io n . J . H . P a d e n , K . C . M a r t in , a n d R . C . S w a i n ................................. H e a t T r a n s fe r in a 3-1 H y d r o g e n - N it r o g e n M i x t u r e at H ig h P re s s u re A . P . C o lb u r n , T . B . D r e w , a n d H o o d W o r t h in g t o n ........................................ 958 T h e rm a l C o n d u c t iv it y o f G a s e s a t H ig h P re s s u re s E . W . C o m in g s a n d M . F . N a t h a n ............................................................ " .............................. 964 C ir c u la t in g H T S as a P i lo t P la n t H e a t T ra n s fe r M e d iu m W in f o r d B . J o h n s o n a n d W e s le y M . N a g l e ................................................................... 971 T r io x a n e a s a S o u r c e o f F o r m a ld e h y d e J . F . W a l k e r a n d A . F . C h a d w i c k ............................................................................................. 974 C r u d e R u b b e r P re p a ra tio n E . B . N e w t o n , W . D . S t e w a r t , a n d E . A . W i l l s o n ...................................................... 978 N u t r it iv e V a l u e o f C a n n e d F o o d s Effect of Commercial Canning Operations on the Ascorbic A c id , Thiamine, Riboflavin, and Niacin Contents of Vegetables , Effects of Blanching on the Retention of Ascorbic A c id , Thiamine, and Niacin in Vegetables 985, 990 J . R . W a g n e r , F . M . S tr o n g , a n d C . A . E l v e h j e m ........................................ Effect of Time and Temperature of Storage on Vitam in Content of Commercially Canned Fruits and Fruit Juices (Stored 12 Months) D . S . M o s c h e t t e , W . F . H in m a n , a n d E . G . H a l l i d a y . ................................... ...... 994 Effect of Duration and Temperature of Blanch on Vitam in Retention by Certain Vegetables N . B . G u e r r a n t , M . G . V a v i c h , O . B . F a r d ig , H . A . E lle n b e r g e r , R . M . S t e r n , a n d N . H . C o o n e n ................................. ........................................ . 1000 Effect of Duration and Temperature of Blanch on Proximate and M ineral Composition of Certain Vegetables A m ih u d K ra m e r a n d M a r y H . S m i t h ...........................................................................1 0 0 7 C h e m ic a l R e fin in g o f A r o m a t i c H y d r o c a r b o n s fro m P e tro le u m P . L . B r a n d t , R . J . L e e , a n d F . T . W a d s w o r t h ......................................................1 0 1 0 C a t a ly t ic R e d u c t io n o f S o d iu m S u lfa t e C . J . N y m a n a n d T . D . O ’ B r i e n ............................................................ .......................... 1 0 1 9 H y g r o s c o p ic i t y o f P e n ic i l l i n S a lts C e c i l C a r r a n d J o h n A . R id d ic k . ..............................................................................................1 0 2 1 E ff e c t o f D r y H e a t o n P r o t e in s D a le K . M e c h a m a n d H a r o l d S . O l c o t t ................................................................................ 1 0 2 3 A n t if o u lin g P a in ts A l l e n L . A l e x a n d e r a n d R o b e r t L . B e n e m e lis ............................................................ 1 0 2 8 C a t a ly t ic C r a c k in g o f P u r e H y d r o c a r b o n s G . M . G o o d , H . H . V o g e , a n d B . S . G r e e n s f e l d e r ............................................... 1 0 3 2 E x tr u s io n P ro p e rt ie s o f H ig h P o ly m e r s w ith In c lu d e d C r y s t a llin e F ille r J . H . G r e e n b la t t a n d D . F e n s o m ............................................................ ...... .................................1 0 3 7 B a t c h D is t illa t io n N o m o g r a p h fo r B in a r y o r M u lt ic o m p o n e n t M ix t u r e s W a lt e r H . S t a n t o n ............................................... » ....................................................................................... 1 0 4 2 P h a s e R e la tio n s in H e a t T ra n sfe r S a lt S y s te m s J . A le x a n d e r , J r . , a n d S . G . H in d in . . .......................................................................... 1 0 4 4 S o l u b ilit y o f N itr o g e n a n d M e t h a n e in S u lfu r D io x id e M . R . D e a n a n d W . S . W a l l s ........................................................................................................... 1 0 4 9 P I L O T P L A N T S : P r o d u c t io n o f A lu m in a fro m C la y b y a M o d if ie d P e d e rs e n P r o c e s s . T . P . H i g n e t t .............................................................................................................................. 1 0 5 2. E D IT O R IA L ...........................9 3 3 H e a d lin e s . . . R e p o r t s ................................. A s W e S e e It . . . S id e lig h t s a n d T r e n d s. The American Chemical Society assumes no responsibility for the statements and opinions advanced by contributors to its publications. V ie w s expressed in the edi torials are those of the editors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the American Chemical Society. Published by the American Chemical Society, from 20th and Northampton Sts., Easton, Pa. Executive O ffices and Editorial Headquarters, 1155 Sixteenth St., N . W ., Washington 6 , D. C . Advertising O ffice : 332 West 42nd St., N e w York 18, N . Y . Branch Editorial O ffices: Chicago 4, III., Room 819 , 25 East Jackson Blvd.; Houston 2, Tex., 413 West Bldg./ N e w York 17, 6 0 East 42nd S t.; San Francisco 2 , C a lif., Room ^54,760 Market St. Entered as second-class matter at the Post O ffice at Easton, Pa., under the A c t of March 3 ,1 8 7 9 , as 24 times a year: Industrial Edition monthly on the 1st, Analytical Edition monthly on the 1 5th. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of dosu ge provided for in Section 1 1 0 3 , A c t of O c t. 3 ,1 9 1 7 , authorized Ju ly 1 3 ,1 9 1 8 .. 1061 5 A 75 A 124 A. E q u ip m e n t a n d D e s ig n . C h a r le s O . B r o w n 81 A In s tru m e n ta tio n . R a lp h H . M u n c h . . . . 87 A C o rr o s io n . M a r s G . F o n t a n a .............................. 9 3 A P la n t M a n a g e m e n t . W . v o n P e c h m a n n . . 97 A. Annual subscriptions: Industrial Edition and Analytical Edition sold only as a unit members $ 3 .0 0 , nonmembers $ 4 .0 0 . 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(4) 4A. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 39, No. 8. 1 How CELITE* solved the case of the deliquescent NH4N03 VV-. BETTER DISPERSION. M. A N Y C RY STA LLIN E M A T ER IA L S re a d ily a b s o rb a irb o rn e. m o istu re . A m m o n iu m n itra te is o n e o f these. I t cak es on e x p o su re, re sists sp re a d in g by h a n d o r m a c h in e — serio u sly h a m p e r in g its usefulness as a fertilizer.. Celite Fillers give insecti c id es b e tte r d is p e rs io n , g re a te r " k i ll .” T hey aid g rin d in g o f lo w -m eltin g point poisons such as DDT.. D u rin g th e w ar, C elite solved th is p ro b le m . N o w th e fe rtilize r g ra d e s o f am m o n iu m n itra te a re n o n -c a k in g , free-flow ing. T h e tin y p a rtic le s o f C elite coat th e crystals, p re v e n t a d h e sio n a n d a b s o rb th e m o istu re th a t w o u ld o th e rw ise cake th e salt. ’. ADDITIONAL TOUGHNESS. C elite’s u n iq u e d ia to m ic stru c tu re an d h ig h liq u id a b s o rp tio n capacity m ake it an effective, a n ti-c a k in g a g e n t n o t only fo r a m m o n iu m n itra te b u t also fo r d e te rg e n ts an d m any o th e r d e liq u e s cen t m aterials. C elite, th ereb y , w id e n s th e ir field o f u sefulness.. A s p h a lt p r o d u c ts g a in toughness, a higher melt ing point and a lower brit tle point from Celite Fillers.. INCREASED BULK Manufacturers of house hold cleansers and syn th etic d eterg e n ts find that Celite Fillers add bulk, improve absorp tion, prevent caking.. C elite is am o rp h o u s d ia to m a ce o u s silica, ch em ically in e rt, firere s ista n t, h ig h ly a b so rb e n t, lig h t in w e ig h t a n d has la rg e surface area. C elite F illers are av ailable in m any g ra d e s at lo w c o st. W h y n o t discuss th e ir a p p lic a tio n to y o u r p r o d u c t w ith a C elite e n g in e e r. A d d re ss Jo h n s-M a n v ille , B ox 2 9 0 , N e w Y o rk 16, N . Y. • non. U.S. Pat. Oil.. MORE DURABLE FINISH Celite Fillers produce a more durable surface finish, reduce moisture ab sorption, and improve the electrical properties of plastics.. JCMNS-MAHVUtl. K.OOUCTS. PROPERTIES OF SOM E STAN DARD G RA D ES O F CELITE M IN ER AL FILLERS. A ve ra g e G rad o D esignation. P article Size Color. Fineness. Free M oisture Content. W a ter. A bsorp tio n* Bulking Linseed V a lu e * * Specific O il Loose W et G ra v ity. Colite FC. Light buFF M axim um 3 % on 150 mesh. 4-6 m icrons. A p p ro x. 4 %. 215. 205. 8. 17. GREATER ABSORPTION. C elite SSC. Light pink M axim um 5 % on 150 mesh. 6-8 m icrons. M a x . 1%. 210. 190. 9. 17. 2 .1 5. Colite HSC. W hite. 7-9 m icrons. M a x 1%. 220. 180. 10 .5. 17. 2 .3 0. C e lite F il le r s a re widely used in fine polishes as absorp tive, nonscratching abrasives.. Snow Flo**. Light buff M axim um 0 .5 % on 3 2 5 mesh. 1-2 m icrons. A p p ro x. 4 %. 210. 185. 8. 24. 2 .0 0. Super Flos*. W hite. 2-4 m icrons. M a x . 1%. 150. 120. 9. 28. 2 .3 0. Johns-Manville. M axim um 7 % on 150 mesh. M axim um 0 .5 % on 3 2 5 mesh. * G ardner-C olem an M ethod—lb s. o f liq u id p er 1 0 0 Ib i. o f C elite.. * * lbs p er cubic ft.. Fillers and Filter Aids. 2 .0 0.

(5) A ugust 1947. INDUSTRIAL and ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY..... K eports ON THE CHEMICAL WORLD TODAY susie. a. According to A.C.S. experts in the analytical field, few papers in the A n a l y t i c a l E d i t i o n of I.&E.C. in the last year have attracted as much discussion and interest as th a t of Fred W. Jensen and A. L. Parrack of Texas A. & M. College entitled “Use of High Frequency Oscillators in Titrations and Analyses” (October, page 595). “Susie Q,” as Jensen affectionately calls the instrum ent involved, has developed quite a bit since publication of the paper, and some of the questions and suggestions which have been received have opened up fields of possible usage far beyond the original thoughts of the authors. The principle came to light when Jensen and a graduate student were doing some research work on dielectric con stants. In the regular routine involving changing concen trations and the attainm ent of end points, it was noticed that in one particular case the end point was somewhat shaky and a little different from w hat might normally be expected. Checking to see w hat might be the cause of this not-too-satisfactory result, the student found th a t he had forgotten to put in the electrodes. W hat struck Jensen immediately was the fact'that, shaky or.not, the end point was there, even with no electrodes, and pos sibilities began to form in his mind. From this beginning came the Susie Q, based sim ply on the production of ionic or dipole motion without the introduction of elec trodes, by using the field of a high frequency oscillator and measuring the change in oscil lator current caused by the energy used in producing the motion. There was never much change from the original idea, since Jensen feels th a t almost any resonating circuit will exhibit the required char acteristics to greater or less degree. W ith the theory in hand it became a m atter of selection of the proper type of circuit to give the best results. The Engineering Experim ent Station furnished A. L. Parrack to assist in the study of oscillators to be used for this type of work, and the tuned-plate tunedgrid type described in the paper was the one adopted. Requests for reprints and additional information came pouring in, even from Russia. Angled from a “this is too good to be tru e” standpoint, many of the letters contained queries as to the possibility of adapting the instrum ent to S M r tt fc S w. certain specific types of titrations. Jensen’s answer to any and all of these questions on titrations is simply this: The titrim eter will show any end point where there is a change in type or amount of ions a t the end point, and titrations are not restricted to the use of reagents which are utilized in • standard volumetric practices and which depend upon color changes or changes in hydrogen ion concentration. M ost numerous have been the requests received from the plastics, paint, and varnish industries and from biologists, and the authors foresee wonderful possibilities in the use of the titrim eter as a control instrum ent. In the varnish in dustry, where degree of reaction is measured by determination of acid value, it has been suggested th at a glass pipe might be substituted for the tube containing the solution, and th at a continuous flow of varnish from the reaction kettle might be led through the instrum ent. Temperature seems to be the only im portant factor which might have an adverse effect on this particular application of the analytical method. Among the possi bilities s u g g e s te d for the instrum ent is th a t it might have an a d v a n t a g e in following titrations of fluoride solutions w h ich s h o u ld be kept in rubber or p o ly s ty r e n e con ta in e r s . J e n s e n sees no reason why the solution con tainer should nec essarily be of glass. Another angle of great research in terest is Susie Q’s application in following the course of reactions by changes in the number and type of dipoles. In organic solutions offer simple situations in all cases; the difficulty with organic solutions up to now is that, al though changes in the solution and the resulting loading of the oscillator are evident, the causes to which this loading may be due are not always so obvious. Colloidal systems are also being investigated. Although the tuned-plate tuned-grid oscillator is not particularly adapted to this type of work because the frequency range is so narrow, it is thought th a t projection of the theory into the colloid field will open up (Continued on -page 8 A ). An interpretative monthly digest for chemists, chemical engineers, and executives in the chemical producing and chemical consuming industries.

(6) Vol. 39, No. 8. ene F O R. E X A M P L E. Fractionation unit of an ethylene plant» one of many such plants d e signed and constructed by S to n e & W e b ste r EnglneerlngCorporatlon.. ^. STONE. a. Over a half century of broad experience qualifies our organization to assume full responsibility for all phases of design, engineering and construction of projects in the petroleum n d chemical industries.. & W EB STER E N G IN E E R IN G A S U B S ID IA R Y O F S T O N E & W E B S T E R , IN C .. C O R PO R A TIO N.

(7) August 1947. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. HERE ARE SOME OF THE MANY TYPES OF L-B CONVEYORS BELT C O N V E Y O R S L ink-B elt m akes all types of troughing, flat-roll, re tu rn and self-aligning idlers, including all accessories, such as trip pers, belts, pulleys, bearings, take-ups, etc., for handling a w ide range of m aterials, for light, m edium and heavy-duty service.. BULK-FLO C o n v e y o r - E le v a to r - F e e d e r Sim ple . . . V ersatile . . . C o m p a c t. . . Enclosed. Econom ically handles flowable, granular, crushed, ground or pulverized m aterials of a non-abrasive, non-corrosive n atu re in a continuous mass, horizontally, vertically or on an incline, in a single unit. B ulk-F lo is easily ad ap tab le to practically any surroundings.. O SCILLA TIN G -TR O U G H. CONVEYORS. BUCKET ELEVATORS If your conditions call for th e use of a b u ck et elevator, let L ink-B elt show you th e m ost efficiently perform ing size and type for your needs. Included are all accessories— chain, buckets, casings, takeups, drives, etc.. SCREW C O N V E Y O R S L ink-B elt m anufactures H eli coid, th e original continuous flight screw conveyor. O ther L in k - B e lt screw c o n v e y o r eq u ip m en t includes sectionalfiight, ribbon and paddle conveyors, as well as a com plete line of accessories, such as collars, couplings, hangers, troughs, box ends, flanges, thru sts and drives.. BUCKET CARRIERS A N D ELEVATORS T h ere is a ty p e of L ink-B elt b u ck et carrier and elevator for every service— horizon tal, vertical or inclined— for handling all kinds of m ate rials a t desired capacities.. A P R O N & SLAT CONVEYORS T h e steel-pan type, consisting of pans m ounted on m u ltip le strands of chain, is ideal for con veying fine or lum py m aterials, light or heavy-duty service. T h e wood-slat type is recom m ended for handling pack aged goods, parts, crates, barrels, boxes, etc. Conveyors and elevators are called upon to do an endless v ariety of tasks. E ach presents its own problem s . . . each requires its own solution. F rom the design to th e erection of your con veyor system . . . L ink-B elt offer experience, backed by thousands of installations and foresight th a t has established th eir rep u tatio n as pio neers in th e field of continuous m ove m en t of m aterials.. LINK-BELT. A n econom ical convey o r fo r h a n d lin g s h a r p , abrasive, h o t m aterials, such as castings, m etal turnings, hot shakeout sand, steel scrap— pieces th a t are hot, oily, jagged or irregular in shape. M ad e in two ty p es in any length, for any capacity.. OVERHEAD C O N V E Y O R S L ink-B elt overhead conveyors p u t ceilings to work, save v aluable floor space, p rev en t congestion, in ter ference and dam age to m aterials in tran sit. Can be installed in existing p lan ts w ith o u t costly rem odeling.. S K IP HOISTS T h e skip h oist is especially well ad ap te d for m aking high lifts, elev at ing abrasive or corrosive m aterials, and th e h andling of large lum ps, as well as fines. L in k -B elt ;kips are eco nom ically ap p licab le to large or sm all capacities.. FLIGHT C O N V E Y O R S M ad e in m any ty p es for fine or lu m p m aterials in single or double chain designs, some arranged to slide, others carried on rollers, for horizontal or inclined operation.. CH A IN C O N V E Y O R S T h e m o st com plete lin e of chains, sprock e ts a n d a tta c h m e n ts of all ty p e s a n d sizes fo r e v ery conveying, e le v atin g a n d pow er tra nsm ission service.. COMPANY. The Leading M anufacturer of Conveying a nd M echanical Pow er Transmission M a chinery C hicago 9, In d ia n a p o lis 6, P h ila d e lp h ia 4 0 , A tla n ta , D a lla s I , M in n ea p o lis 5, S a n F ran cisco 2 4 , Los Angele« 3 3 , S e a ttle 4, T o ro n to 8. Offices, F a c to ry B ra n ch S to res and D istrib u to rs in P rin c ip a l Cities.. io.mi.

(8) E8C repork. some very interesting avenues. The method may well be im portant in drilling mud analyses, where conductometric methods have not proved satisfactory because of fouling of the electrodes. Citrus fruit growers and packers have been trying for a long time to find a satisfactory and not too costly method for the detection of internally crushed or frozen fruit; they have picked up the idea with alacrity, on the theory th at the energy required to produce ionic or dipole motion in sound fruit is probably measurably different from th at required for crushed or frozen fruit. Work on this project is already pro ceeding. In the meantime there has been much more activity at Jensen’s laboratory, and two additional models of Susie Q, smaller and more compact, have already appeared. One operates entirely on alternating current, and the other is a portable, direct current instrum ent which will interest those who have field analyses to perform. W.H.S.. PE RMANGANATES VIA ION EXCHANGE The German war machine’s search for suitable oxidizing agents for its self-propelled missiles sent German scientists scurrying down the by ways of chemical technology after syntheses which could be carried out with the limited mineral resources available. One of the most interesting of their discoveries is a zeolite process for the manufacture of sodium and calcium per manganate, which went into small scale plant production at the Elektrochemische Werke a t Hollriegelkreuth in 1940. The plant produced 60 tons of permanganate a m onth with a crew of nine men working in three shifts and was the only one of its kind ever completed. The process is a simple ion exchange in which potassium permanganate is passed through a sodium or calcium zeolite to produce the corresponding permanganates. A batch consists of 290 kg. of potassium permanganate dissolved in 4000 liters of water a t 35° C.; this is filtered in a filter press using chlo rinated polyvinyl chloride fiber filters and is introduced into a conventional zeolite tower. The tower, which is 1.3 meters in diameter, 3 meters high, and filled with 3-mm. zeolite parti cles, retains the solution for 1.5 to 2 hours. The resulting solution is concentrated in 40,000-liter lots a t 100 mm. pres sure and temperatures not exceeding 60° C. Unreacted potassium permanganate, which amounts to 5-10% of the original charge, precipitates continually during the evapora tion and is filtered off and returned to the reactor a t regular intervals. When the volume of the product solution has been re duced to about 5%, it is removed from the evaporator and subjected to a series of cooling and filtering operations in Schumacher-type filters, ultimately reaching —10° C. This removes the remaining potassium permanganate which is practically insoluble a t this temperature. The solutions are then rediluted to the commercial strength required and trans ferred to large iron storage tanks or 295-kg. iron shipping drums. Iron has been found suitable for handling per manganate solutions and is used for tanks, pipe, the evapo rator, and the pumps. The zeolite towers, however, are made of iron lined with Oppanol (Continued on page 10 A) rjS il'P I * ». Large stocks carried at all times, permitting prompt shipments Uniformly high purify of 99% % or better Free of arsenic, selenium and tellurium.. "ex as G u l h S u l p h u r ? 5 E .4 5 ,h S tree t. N ew ’Vork 17,N.Y1. M ine: N cwgulf, T e x a s. fo ..

(9) INDUSTRIAL. August 1947. AND E N G I N E E R I N G. CHEMISTRY. The complete job w ell done W. o r k s a re m o re im p o r ta n t th a n w o rd s in g as p ro c e sse s.. The. th r e e -s ta g e g a s p u rific a tio n. p la n t s h o w n a b o v e s p e a k s f o r its e lf .. It was designed, engineered, and constructed by the Gas Processes Division of T he Girdler Corporation, turned over to the customer “on stream” . . . meeting all guarantees. Advertising superlatives aside, it is typical of the neat, com pact, efficient plant installations assured when Girdler does the complete job. Girdler’s complete service in gas processes. covers all types of gas process plants—for gas manufacture, purification, separation, and de hydration. Girdler’s versatile, practical experi ence includes processes dealing with hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, in ert and controlled atmospheres, natural gas, synthesis ‘gas, refinery gases, liquid hydrocar bons, hydrogen, nitrogen. Gas process plants designed, engineered, and constructed by Girdler serve m ost of the big names of industry.. THE H D L E I CORPORATION, E»S PROCESSES DIVISION, W H I L E 1, K¥. designers , engi neers and c o n s t r u c t o r s of gas p r o c e s s e s plants d istrict. O F F I C E S : 1 5 0 BROADWAY, NEW Y O R K C I T Y 7 • 2612 R U S S B L DG. . SAN F R A N C I S C O 4 • 311 TULOMA B L DG. , T U L S A 3.

(10) C o m p le te p la n ts fo r p ro d u c in g a b s o lu te o r 190-pro of e th y l alc o h o l fro m g ra in o r m o la sse s, d is tilla tio n an d re f in in g sy s te m s f o r w ood a lc o h o l an d s y n th e tic m e th y l alc o h o l, f r a c tio n a tio n of o x y g e n fro m a ir , re c o v e r y o f c a rb o n d io x id e , p ro d u c tio n o f so lid o r liq u id COt, re m o v a l o f H iS fro m g a se s to g e th e r w ith c o n v e rs io n o f H iS to e le m e n ta r y s u lf u r and d e h y d ra tio n o f g ases.. is#. OLD SOFTIE. P ritc h a rd e n g in ee rs a rc e x p e rt in the a p p lic a tio n. of. c ry s t a lliz a t io n ,. d is tilla tio n ,. e v a p o ra tio n ,. filtr a t io n , h e a t e x c h a n g e ,. | gas. a b so rp tio n an d m an y o th e r o p e ratio n s in c h e m ic a l p ro ce ssin g .. DESIGN. •. . 4 i. E N G I N E E R I N G. CONSTRUCTION. •. STUDIES. Any part of these comprehensive services is available separately.. E N G IN E E R S. (a butadiene copolymer) since the free chlorine which is pres ent would attack iron. I t is believed th at low phosphorus steel would also be suitable, but the austenitic VA steels were found to be unsatisfactory. The zeolite is regenerated with a 22° Bé. calcium chloride solution or a 200 gram per liter sodium chloride solution after each run. Every four or five days the manganese dioxide formed from the reaction of residual chloride and permanga nate must be removed by purging the tower for two to three hours with an SO gram per liter sodium bisulfite solution. I t has been suggested th a t calcium nitrate rather than the chloride be used to regenerate the zeolite and thus avoid the reduction of the permanganate. However, it is feared that the ammonium nitrate present in commercial calcium nitrate would react to form dangerously explosive ammonium per manganate. The potassium chloride formed in the regeneration was not recovered. M .L.K. « C O N STR U C TO R S » M A N U FA CTU RERS. fo r th e C H EM IC A L, P ET R O LE U M , G A S S, P O W ER in d u s t rie s. New York, Chicago, Houston, St. louis, Tulsa, Pittsburgh, Los Angeles. The housewife’s prime criterion in the selec tion of a good loaf of bread is freshness, which she judges almost entirely by its softness. As everyone knows, once bread becomes hard or “dry” its desirability suffers seriously. There are few people, other than baking experts, who know th a t staling is not caused by loss of moisture—experimental study has shown th at there is no appreciable reduction in water content— but by a change in the state of starch, called rétrogradation. Although staling has been a problem since the inception of breadmaking, until recently there had been little progress in overcoming it. Now, however, according to a technical re port by H. H. Favor and N. F. Johnston of the R. T . Vander bilt Company, an organic compound has been found which strongly retards this process of rétrogradation. The com pound is polyoxyethylene stearate, a reaction product of ethylene oxide and stearic acid containing an average of eight oxyethylene groups per stearic acid radical. I t is reported to be a nontoxic material, partially water soluble, stable to heat and aging, hydrolyzable by pancreatic lipase in vitro, and is said to im part no flavor or odor to products in which it is used. In laboratory and bakery examination, polyoxyethylene stearate in quantities up to 2% of the flour weight showed no significant effect in bread doughs on condition of gluten, diastatic activity, or rate and am ount of gas produced by the yeast. The only effect found in the bread was improved re tention of softness and tenderness on aging. Bread contain ing 1% of this material, compared with bread prepared from the same formula without it, was found to be a t least as soft after three days of aging as the control loaf had been after one day. W hen added to starch paste, this compound increased the temperature of gelation b u t did not prevent complete gelatinization a t the higher temperatures. The pastes containing it showed much less “setback” or stiffening after cooling and storage for one day, with no tendency to increase in viscosity or to retrograde in aging tests lasting as long as five days. (Continued on -page 13 A).

(11) INDUSTRIAL. August 1947. AND. ENGINEERING. 11 A. CHEMISTRY. THE LIQUID-TOWARD-SOLID TRANSITION Billion dollar processing problem solved b y Continuous, Closed operation , o r lu b r ic a tin g g rease, o r s h a v in g c re a m . . . D o z e n s o f food, p etroleum , a n d ch e m ic a l p ro d u c ts h a v e this in co m m o n : T h e y o rig in a te a s a liquid w h ic h m u s t b e p ro p e rly congealed with h e a t tr a n s fe r a n d m a n ip u la tio n . T h a t’s a b illio n d o lla r p ro c essin g p ro b lem fo r a v a s t cross se c tio n o f in d u s try , mos^ efficiently so lv ed b y c o n tin u o u s, closed V o t a t o r o p e ra tio n . T h e m a te ria l is h e a te d a n d /o r coo led in seconds, safe a n d s a n ita ry , as it flows. M. a r g a r in e. through the V o t a t o r processing appa ratus. S c ie n tific a lly d e te rm in e d a g ita tion a n d p e rf e c t c o n tro l o v e r tim e a n d. te m p e r a tu r e p re c isely fix p ro d u c t te x tu r e , p la s tic ity , a n d v isc o sity . U n ifo rm q u a lity is a ss u re d , a t re d u c e d p ro ce ss in g co st. V o t a t o r a p p a r a tu s do es th e w o rk in o fte n less th a n h a lf th e floor sp a c e re q u ire d b y o p e n a n d b a tc h m e th o d s, u se s h e a t tr a n s fe r m e d iu m w ith eco n o m y . TH E G IR D LER C O R P O R A T IO N V O T A T O R D IV IS IO N , LO U IS V ILL E 1, K E N T U C K Y ___________. DISTRICT O FFIC ES:. 150 B ro a d w a y, N ew York City 7. 2612 Russ. n it. c c • a ^an Francisco 4. 617 Johnston Bldg., Charlotte 2, N. C.. Typ ica l V o tato r processing ap p a ratu s, fo r industrial starch. On a continuous, closed basis, variations o f this a p p aratus handle heat transfer and plasticizing problems involving tem peratures up to 4 0 0 ° F and down t o — 7 0 ° F, in connec tion with highly viscous products as well as the more liquid.. V O T A T O R is a trade m ark {R e g .U .P a t.O ff.) a p p lying only to products o f The Girdler Corporal,on. PROCESSING APPARATUS lot p r o d u c t s s u c h. as. In d u s t r ia l. S ta rc h , C h e m ic a ls , L a rd , P a r a f f in. W a x , V e g e t a b le. S h o r t e n in g , L u b r ic a t in g. G r e a s e , S h a v in g. C re a m.

(12) E S S reports This material, which is already in use by. some baking companies, is recommended for optimum results and eco nomical use in proportions of */» pound per 100 pounds of flour, with quantities as high as 1 pound per 100 advantageous in some formulas. Thus by control of the state of the starch in bread, polyoxyethylene stearate may preserve the appeal of the aging loaf. R.L.K.. P R E S S U R E COKER “I don’t know what all the secrecy is about in making low temperature smokeless fuel. There’s nothing to it. You just put in a re tort and cook it.” So says E. H. Records of Tacoma, Wash. W hat’s more, he is building a $100,000 plant in Wellington, U tah, to prove it. The Utah plant will take locally mined coal and process it in sealed retorts with superheated steam between 650° and 800° F. and a t low pressures not exceeding 25 pounds per square inch. Experimental installations over a period of 25 years have experienced no serious corrosion at these rela tively low temperatures and pressures. The time of the treatm ent will vary with the amount of ta r and gas desired as determined by the relative prices of these substances with the smokeless fuel, b u t will average about 1.5 hours. The dis tillation can be effected in continuous retorts when nonplastic coals are used, but coking coals tend to “hang up” and require an interm ittent process. The fuel produced has approxi mately the same size and shape as the coal charged. The Utah coal to be used a t Wellington averages about 3 inches in diameter and undergoes about 10% size degradation in the retorts. The steam-tar mixture which is distilled off is easily sepa rated by drawing off the aqueous layer. The tar fraction is fractionated to yield 6 gallons of motor fuel spirits boiling below 180° F. for each ton of coal processed. The material has definite antiknock properties and can be used as a motor fuel additive without further fractionation. The total tar yield on Utah coal runs between 32 and 52 gallons per ton. The heavy residue is used for the manufacture of creosote, and the aqueous solution contains ammonium salts and soluble coal tar acids in concentrations which, it is believed, will make the solution suitable for sheep dip. About 75 gallons of this sheep dip solution are obtained from a ton of coal. Pilot plant runs on coal samples obtained from all over the world indicate th a t this process will work on any known type of coal. I t has the added advantage o being adaptable to the recovery of shale oil. By charging the retorts with an asphaltic rock, available a t Sunnyvale, Utah, and adding cer tain natural mineral fluxes, 39 to 55 gallons of oil have been recovered for each ton of rock used in sample runs. This oil, if steam-distilled in pressure stills a t 800° to 900° F., gives an almost 100% yield of an oil which, with the addition of cobalt or resin driers, compares favorably with linseed oil as a paint vehicle. We know this is impossible, but they are painting buildings with it in Tacoma, and it drys hard in 24 hours and weathers satisfactorily. The yield from this oil process is almost one third greater th at th at obtained by any (Continued on page 14 A) ■jOMai tS * ». POLYBUTEN ES. P LA ST IC 1 Z ER S. HYDROCARBONS. A v a ila b le in R esearch q u a n titie s. A ik a n e Sulfonic Acid (mixed). p-DI-tert B u tylb en zen e. A d d ress inquiries to. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (INDIANA) C H E M IC A L P R O D U C T S. DEPARTM ENT. 12 A.

(13) INDUSTRIAL. August 1947. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Pressure Vessels Vacuum Vessels Fractionating. Autoclaves eat Exchangers Dryers. Carbonators Evaporators Stills Condensers. i. D e v in e h a s a s p a c io u s m o d e r n p la n t, c o m p le te u p -to -d a te e q u ip m e n t a n d 38 y ears o f e x p e rie n c e in th e d e s ig n in g a n d b u ild in g o f p la te -fa b ric a te d e q u ip m e n t fo r p ro c e s s in d u s trie s . F a c ilitie s in c lu d e a n n e a l i n g o v e n s o f a m p le siz e f o r th e la rg e s t v e sse ls, a n d X -ra y te s tin g e q u ip m e n t fo r th e a p p lic a tio n o f A SM E a n d A P I-A S M E c o d e s.. D ev in e fac ilitie s are a t y o u r serv ice , w h e th e r fo r th e d e s ig n in g o f e q u ip m e n t to fit sp e c ia l n eed s, o r th e fa b ric a tin g o f e q u ip m e n t fro m y o u r o w n o r s ta n d a rd b lu e p rin ts . N o vessel is to o la rg e — size is re s tric te d o n ly by th e lim ita tio n s o f tra n s p o rta tio n . A te le g ra m o r le tte r w ill b r in g a D ev in e re p re se n ta tiv e.. H. K. P O R T E R. COMPANY,. Ine. J. P. DEVINE DIVISION P IT T S B U R G H. I V A N IA. 2 2 , P E N N S Y L V A N IA. District O f f ic e s in P rin c ip a l C itie s.

(14) other shale process and even exceeds the total oil content as determined by conventional dry analysis. Recent investiga tions using solvent method analysis on shales have confirmed the fact th a t the older analytical method was consistently low in the oil content indicated. ' The process gives about 1300 pounds of smokeless fuel, that looks like coke but is not, out of a ton of high moisture Utah coal a t an estimated gross processing cost from $0.75 to S1.25. This fuel burns to produce a light fly ash and no smoke, ac cording to E. H. Records. Maybe it will help to retard the trend initiated by oil salesman Lewis. M.L.K.. NON-FERROUS. WELDING ^ 'iO ÿ 'i e 4 4 - : W e a re constantly w o rk in g on yo u r problem s. Here is a "re p o rt o f p ro g re ss " — so u n d w e ld s in n o n -fe rro u s m ate. T RA F FIC IN T R A C E R S. ria ls, with excellent ductile a n d tensile properties! Porosity a n d p o o r p h ysical qualities h a ve lo n g p la g u e d m anufacturers a n d users o f non-ferrous. There is little doubt but th at tracer techniques have now become integral parts of the scientist’s tool kit. Although their ultim ate poten tialities in industry, agriculture, and physical and chemical research have been tapped only slightly, the re sults where they have been employed have given them secure footholds. A corresponding increase in instrum entation has accompanied this increase in interest of tagging molecules with radioactive or stable isotopes of constituent elements. This is especially true in the case of the radioactive tracers, where established companies have created special departments to meet the demand for constantly improved instruments for the detection and measurement of radioactivity. Many new companies owe their birth to this same reason. An interesting example of this latter category of enterprise is th at of Tracerlab Inc. of Boston, Mass., which was founded in March 1946 by a group of Massachusetts Institute of Tech nology scientists and engineers. Its original purposes were to manufacture and sell instruments, supply laboratory and con sulting services, and develop commercial and industrial appli cations of radioactivity. In late 1946, when radioactive isotopes from the atomic pile were made available for nonmilitary use, Tracerlab created a chemical division to purify, standardize, dilute, and store the radioactive materials for its clients, the ultimate users. This arrangement has the obvious advantage of placing the proc essing work in experienced hands and lowering the exposure of the consumer to radioactivity. Additional services of Tracerlab include storage of radioactive material, so that laboratories not equipped to handle large amounts of activity can obtain smaller amounts as needed. Isotope-sharing plans have also been worked out when two or more laboratoz'ies are interested in the same isotope but in amounts smaller than the minimum quantities furnished by Oak Ridge. The services offered should prove invaluable for research organizations which prefer no more contact with the radiation emitters than is required in performance of the experiment itself. Tracerlab does not stock isotopes for resale; it merely acts as the processing agent for the ultim ate user, who m ust obtain them by application to the Isotopes Branch of the United States Atomic Energy Commission a t Oak Ridge, Tenn. The company is approved, however, to receive shipments directly from Oak Ridge on behalf of the user, if the latter so requests. If the consumer already has the radioactive material in his possession, he must secure an acknowledgment of transfer from the Isotopes Branch before Tracerlab can process it. (Continued on page 16 A) ftM. pressure vessels a n d heat e xch a n ge rs. B y a p p ly ing our experience a n d research to the a p p lic a tion of the Heliarc w e ld in g technique w e h a ve licked this problem . W e are now consistently p ro d u cin g sou n d w elds, of q u ality e quivalent to A .S.M Æ . U -6 8 sta n d ard s, suitable for X -ra y e xa m in a tio n — in co p p e r up to 3A " thick, in alum inum up to 1 % " thick, a n d in Everdur up to 2 V i" thick, full penetration fla n g e shell joint — a n d the limit is not yet in sight. Typical p h ysica l properties In c o p p e r w e ld s a re e lo n ga tio n 3 5 . 2 %. with a tensile strength of. 3 0,5 0 0 p.s.i. across the w eld a n d free b en d tests in excess of 3 0 % . Let us kn o w y o u r re q u irem en ts This w elded Everdur d istilla tio n column reb o ile r, designed and b uilt by W h it lock, is m echanically and therm ally correct. It is typ ical o f sound W hitlock n o ivferro us construction.. THE WHITLOCK MANUFACTURING CO. 84. N e w Y o rk. SOUTH. S T .,. • C h ic a g o. •. ELM W O O D ,. Boston. •. H A RTFO R D. P h ila d e lp h ia. 1, C O N N .. • D e tro it. •. Richm ond. A u th o riz e d r e p re se n ta tiv e s in o th e r p r in c ip a l citie s In C a n a d a : D a rlin g B ro s ., L td ., M o n tre a l. B ends. •. H e a te rs. AHEAD. C o ils •. •. P ip in g. OF. C o n d e n se rs •. THE. P re ss u re. •. C o o le r s. V e s s e ls. TIMES. FO R. •. •. H e a t E x c h a n g e rs. R e c e iv e r s. HALF. A. •. R e b o ile r s. CENT URY. 14 A.

(15) August 1947. NEW LOWER PRICES ON "THFA” (TETRAHYDROFURFURYL I. a lco h o l). ...............................................- —. T A N K C A R S ......................... « 0 .3 6. pound. * 0 .4 0. pound. . $ 0 .4 4. pound. . $ 0 .4 7. pound. f.o .b . Ech o ta (N ia g a r a F a lls ) N o w Y o rk. D R U M -C A R LO A D S .. .. .. f.o .b . W a v e r ly , N e w Y o rk 8 0 d ru m s 4 7 5 p o u n d s not. DRUM S L.C .L'. • • • • » •. f .o .b . W a v e r ly , N e w Y o rk 4 7 5 p o u n d s net. CANS. • • • • • • • * •. f.o .b . C e d a r R a p id s , Io w a o r W a v e r ly , N e w Y o rk 8, 4 0 a n d 8 0 p o u n d s net. I N these days of rising costs, a price reduction is often reason enough for consideration of a raw material. But in the case of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (T H F A ) we suggest that you consider this versatile chemical on the basis of what it can do for you. This new price reduction is an extra dividend and is an indication of what you can continue to expect as the market continues to develop—in this, as in the other furan compounds. A V ER SA TILE CH EM ICA L INTERM EDIATE. TH FA is a useful agent for the preparation of high boiling esters, ethers and other derivatives. Among the compounds which have been pre pared are: Tetrahydrofurfuryl phenyl ether Tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate Tetrahydrofurfuryl butyrate di-Tetrahvdrofurfuryl phthalate Tetrahydrofurfuryl oleate The unique reactivity of T H F A is illustrated by: 1. Ring expansion with formation of dihy_____ dropyran.. 2. Substitution of nuclear oxygen atom with the formation of pyrrolidines and tetrahydrothiophenes. P H YSICA L C H A R A C T ER IST IC S U N U SU A L IN A PRIM A RY A LC O H O L. T H F A is probably unique among primary high boiling (170°-180°C) alcohols for it is water soluble. It is virtually water white and has a mild, pleasant odor. T H F A is stable under normal storage conditions. AM PLE SU P P LY. As indicated above, T H F A is now readily avail able in tank cars. LITERATURE O N R EQ U EST. Additional physical and chemical properties of T H F A and other uses are contained in Quaker Oats Technical Data Sheet 87A, a copy of which will be sent upon request. O ur Technical Staff, always exploring the possibilities of the furans, will be glad to assist you in the application of T H F A to your requirements.. D o n ’t forget th e S y m posium 011 F u ra n C h e m istry , A .C .S. m eetin g , N ew Y o rk City^ w eek o f S ep tem b er lo th .. 1910 BOARD OF TRADE BLDG. 141 W. JAC KSO N BLVD., CHICAGO 4, ILLINOIS In the United Kingdom, Q uaker O a ts Ltd., Southall, M id d lesex, England In Europe, Q uaker O ats-G raanproducten N .V ., Rotterdam , The Netherlands In A u stralia, Sw ift & Com pany, Pty. Ltd., Sydney. HJRFURAL • FURFURYL ALCOHOL (FA) • FUROIC ACID • TETRAHYDROFURFURYL ALCOHOL (THFA).

(16) e S £ reports. u in g s D ru m T y p e M ag n etic S e p a ra to rs a re re a d ily a d a p t a b le to m o st d ry m a te ria ls p ro c e s s in g lin e s for p o sitiv e , a u to m a tic tra m p iro n re m o v a l at n o r m a l p r o d u c tio n v o lu m e . S ta n d a r d s iz e s a n d ty p e s p ro v id e a w id e ra n g e of in s ta lla tio n p o s sib ilitie s ; a n d th e sim p le, ru g g e d b a sic d ru m u n it is q u ic k ly c o n v e rtib le for s p e c ia l p la n t in s ta lla tio n s a t u n u s u a lly lo w c o s t fo r s p e cia lly -b u ilt e q u ip m e n t. O th e r D in g s "H ig h I n te n s ity " u n its c o v e r th e c o m p le te fie ld of m a g n e tic s e p a ra tio n . A n y m a g n e tic se p a r a tio n , p u r ific a tio n o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n j o b i s a j o b f o r D in g s . W r ite f o r i n f o r m a t i o n o n D in g s S e p a r a t o r s f o r y o u r p a rtic u la r a p p lic a tio n s . A b o v e —D i n g s D r u m T y p e S e p a ra to r u s e d for iro n re m o v a l fro m pow d e re d n o n -fe rr o u s m e ta ls. L e f t —T h is D in g s M a g n e tic D rum c le a n s m a lt a s it le a v e s th e s to ra g e b in s ... A ty p ic a l e x a m p le of p o s itiv e ly p ro te c tin g fo o d p ro d u c ts from tra m p Iro n c o n ta m in a tio n .. H O W IT W O R K S . . . M a g n e ts i n s id e D in g s D rum s h e ll a re s ta tio n a ry. O n ly d ru m s h e ll r e v o lv e s , c a r r y in g iro n a r o u n d to u n d e r s i d e , w h e r e it is d i s c h a r g e d a w a y fro m th e n o rm a l tra je c to ry of m a te ria l b e in g c le a n e d . In s ta lla tio n m a y b e in c h u te , d u c t, o r tro u g h .. D IN G S 4728. M A G N E T IC. W . M cG eogh. 'HIGH. Avenue. SEPARATOR. CO.. • M ilw a u k e e 14f W is c o n s in. INTENSITY. "M a g n e tic S e p a r a tio n H e a d q u a rte rs S in c e 1 8 9 9 ". The Oak Ridge isotopes, when shipped, are classified into three groups: separated isotopes, fission products, and irradiation units. The first group (examples are C 14,1 131, P 32, and S35) meet ordinary purity specifications but may need further purification for certain investigations, such as thera peutic work. Fission products, usually in the form of mixed isotopes, generally require separation and purification before they can be used. The last category, the irradiation unit, is defined as an aluminum can in which target material has been sealed and irradiated. These are shipped w ithout chemical processing and frequently require purification before use. After purification it is usually necessary to convert the radio active material to a chemical state most suitable to the even tual use. This may entail the preparation of the desired com pound, e.g., potassium cyanide, methyl alcohol or benzene from barium carbonate containing C H, and dilution to a standardized concentration. An example of this type of work is found in the preparation of hexaethyltetrapolyphosphate containing radiophosphorus, undertaken by Tracerlab for the D epartm ent of Pharma cology a t the H arvard Medical School. The compound is one of the newer insecticides, and its mode of action appears to be through inhibition of enzymatic systems a t extremely low concentrations. The problem on which the radiophosphorus was used was to determine whether the insecticide combined with enzymes through the phosphate groups. I t was first necessary to devise a synthesis th at would per m it the inclusion of the radioactive P 32 in the molecule of in secticide. Radiophosphate ion from Oak Ridge was precipi tated as lead phosphate, and the phosphate reduced with silicon dioxide and carbon at 500° C. to elemental phosphorus. After conversion to phosphorus pentoxide, a reaction was run with triethyl phosphate to form the desired hexaethyltetra polyphosphate. The entire reaction was worked out on a 0.1 millimole scale and by the exclusive use of high vacuum technique gave a better than 95% over-all yield. The subsequent experimental data obtained when the Har vard group tested the compound on the enzymatic systems showed th a t an insignificant quantity of phosphorus had be come attached to the enzyme. I t is now planned to repeat the experiment with carbon 14 in the ethyl groups of the in secticide to determine whether the inhibition is produced through ethylation of the enzyme. The Atomic Energy Commission reports th a t business in isotopes has totaled nearly 1100 shipments since August 2, 1946, when this activity was started. About 570 of these orders were for the separated isotopes, 450 for irradiation units, and the remainder for fission products. About 100 isotopes of fifty elements have been supplied, with C u , I 131, N a14, and P 32 most in demand. M ost of the orders have been for the minimum am ount of material, ranging from 1 to 50 millicuries, depending on the half life of the material, and were requested for basic research in medicine and biology. How ever, repeat orders account for nearly half of the total, and a number of larger orders have occurred in this category. Re quests from industrial laboratories have increased significantly recently; this indicates more use for the radioisotopes in nonbiological tasks. The ingenuity of chemical research workers can be relied upon to find an ever-increasing variety of ways to utilize this powerful new tool, as its potential applications be come more widely realized. R.L.D..

(17) INDUSTRIAL. August 1947. Type FC coupling. of. "Karbate" valve. AND. ENGINEERING. Type V flanged connection. KA RBA TE. OR CONVEYING, processing, and storage of corrosive fluids, whole systems are now built 100% of “Karbate” impervious graphite. Complete equipment is available —the pipe itself, fittings, valves, pumps, heat exchangers, towers —for processing HF, HC1, H^SOi, and many other chemicals. This lightweight equipment is easy to in stall. The pipe is readily cut and fitted in the field. Standard “Karbate” pipe sizes range from 1" to 10" i.d. A full assortment of fittings can be shipped for each size. All parts made of “Karbate” impervious graphite are strong . . . immune to thermal shock . . . and offer the F. CHEMISTRY. Cross. 45° elbow. 'im pervious GRAPHITE highest resistance to corrosion of any practical high heat-transfer material. For additional information on “Karbate” impervious graphite for handling corrosive fluids, write to National Carbon Company, Inc., Dept. IE . T h e te r m " K a r b a te ” I s a r e e n t e r e d tr a d e -m a r k o t. N A TIO N A L C A R B O N C O M P A N Y , IN C U n it o f U n io n C a r b id e a n d C a r b o n C o r p o r a tio n. ŒH3 3 0 E a s t 4 2 n d S t r e e t , N ew Y o rk 1 7 , N .Y . Division Sales O ffices: Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Kansas City, New York, Pittsburgh, San Francisco.

(18) 18 A. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 39, No. 8. De Laval boiler feed pump, 800 g.p.m. capacity against 850 psi pressure, in a large Detroit automobile plant.. DE LAVAL BOILER FEED PUMPS STAND UP IN HIGH PRESSURE, HIGH TEM PERATURE SERVICE.. "IN E X C E L L E N T C O N D IT IO N after 56,000 hours'7 reports inspector. A tla n ta • P h ila d e lp h ia • C h arlo tte • P ittsb u rg h C leveland • R o ch ester • D e tro it • San Francisco C hicago * N e w Y o rk • D e n v er • K ansas City H elen a • B oston • H o u sto n • W ash in g to n , D .C . St. P au l * Los A ngeles • N e w O rlean s • Seattle Salt Lake City • T u lsa • E d m o n to n • W in n ip e g T o ro n to • V an co u v er. D E LAVAL. After 56,000 hours of service over a period of nine years, the power plant superintendent of a large Detroit automo bile manufacturer asked for an inspection of this pump. The inspection was made and the following report received. “We completely disassembled the pump and found wheels, diaphragms, shaft, bearings and all other parts in excellent condition. There was no washing of the pump case or any kind of corrosion. The shaft sleeve was highly polished. Balance parts including labyrinth leak off and the leak off bushing over the discharge end of the shaft sleeve hubs had but .005" wear.” In every detail D e Laval pum ps are designed for long trouble-free service. D E LA V A L ST E A M T U R B IN E. CO.. T R E N T O N 2, N E W J E R S E Y BF4 TURBINES • HELICAL GEARS • WORM GEAR SPEED REDUCERS • CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS • CENTRIFUGAL BLOWERS AND COMPRESSORS • IM0 OIL PUMPS.

(19) \ D V E R T I S E M K X T — T h is e n tire fa g c is a paid ad vertise m e n t. P re p a re d M o n th ly by U . S . In d u s t r ia l C hem icals , h ie .. URL CHEMICAL MEWS August. *. A M onthly Series for Chemists and Executives of the Solvents and Chem ical Consuming In d u stries. New Dye Method For Testing Cotton Fiber Maturity Is Developed A differential dyeing procedure which demonstrates the maturity of cotton fibers has been developed in this country, it was an nounced recently. The method is based on the facts that mature cotton fibers are thickwalled and immature ones thin-walled, and that thick- and thin-walled fibers take the same dyes differently and also take different dyes. The test is said to be made easily on un processed cotton lint in laboratory or dyehouse. A mixture of dyes of contrasting colors, red and green, and of different dyeing properties, is used with a standard method of dyeing. The thick-walled, or mature, fibers dye definitely red, whereas the thin-walled fibers, commonly callcd immature, dye a distinct green. As a result, differentiation is easy. The test may be used to test the progress of fiber development on seed, for comparing commercial cottons of different growth varie ties, or to indicate to cotton mills certain lots of cotton which require special care.. Copies o f Illustrated U.S.I. B o o k let Available An interesting 48-page booklet en titled, “ U.S.I. in the World of Chemis try,” describing the use of U.S.I. chemi cals in modern industry is now available. Full color pictures and charts show how solvents, alcohols, resins and other chemical building blocks are utilized in the everyday commodities of com merce. Copies may be obtained by w rit ing to the New York office of U.S.I. on your letterhead.. New M ethod Slashes Moisture Assay T im e A method for the determination of moisture in certain bituminous mixtures which slashes almost three hours from standard analysis lime has been developed by a mid-western government bureau. In this test, samples of a bituminous mix ture are shaken with Solox, U.S.I.’s proprie tary alcohol-type solvent, which is miscible in water. The resulting effect is manifested by a change in gravity of the Solox-water solution which may be determined by a sen sitive hydrometer. Previously prepared curves are consulted to obtain the moisture value of the bituminous mixture. Accuracy is usu ally plus or minus .1 to .3 per cent when the original material contains 4 per cent moisture or less. Time of analysis is stated to be 20 minutes or less, compared with 2 to 3 hours oy conventional methods. Solox is one of the most versatile and widely used of all solvents. It is finding an ever increasing market as a general solvent for innumerable industrial purposes. It has faster and better solvent power than com pletely denatured alcohol, has a mild nonr«idual odor, and is readily available for tty’ manufacturing or other lawful purpose *ith only minor restrictions.. ★. 1947. U.S.I. Boosts D iethyl Oxalate, D iethyl Carbonate Production Move is Made to Meet Increasing Demands for These Versatile Chemicals in Lacquer Formulations and Organic Syntheses Requirem ents fo r diethyl carbonate and diethyl oxalate, increasing steadily since the end of W orld W ar II, have made it necessary fo r U.S.I. to step up p ro duction of these versatile chemicals and to put plans into operation fo r expanding its manufacturing facilities. Dielhyl carbonate is used in special-purpose lacquers and as a C laim s N ew P r o cess W ill raw material for a wide variety of organic syntheses. Diethyl oxalate has found its great D ev e lo p F ilm in 1 5 S econ d s est use in organic syntheses, but. it also is employed today to extend and replace nitro A high-speed process for developing photo cellulose solvents. graphic fdm that makes it possible to project D iethyl Carbonate Has Many an image on a screen only 15 seconds after a A pplications picture is taken was announced recently. Originally used for lacquers which require The exposed fdm is treated with hot solu tions in -a special processing cup which re a pure neutral solvent—lacquer for radio tube stricts the liquids to a small circular area on cathodes is an example—diethyl carbonate is the fdm. The process is carried out at approxi now employed in many diverse types of or mately 60°C., development requiring only ganic syntheses. These range from manufac three to four seconds and fixing six. The spent ture of comparatively little-known compounds solutions are quickly removed by suction, and such as ammeline(2-hydroxy-4, 6-diamino-l, 3, the nearly-dry developed and fixed film is fed 5-triazine), to the preparation of pharmaceu into the projection system where an air-pres tical! y-important barbiturates. Diethyl carbonate may be employed in sure gate completes the drying, cools the film, Claisen condensations to react with esters of and holds it flat while it is being projected. If it is desired to project a positive rather aliphatic acids, with esters of aryl substituted than a negative, a strong dichromate bleach aliphatic acids, and with ketones and cyanide is used in place of the fixing bath, and reversal derivatives. It may also be reacted with a processing can be achieved in less than 10 Grignard reagent to give the next higher acid, seconds, in a typical machine, the fdm is and with primary and secondary amines to drawn through a series of tanks containing give the corresponding substituted ureas. developing, rinsing, fixing, and washing solu Among the other products produced with the tions at a uniform rate so that a given portion aid of diethyl carbonate are: sodium ethyl of film remains in each bath about 5 seconds. carbonate, urethan, urea and carbohydrazide. Diethyl carbonate is considered as nearly a Drying requires about 15 seconds. Total pro cessing requires about 35 seconds and yields neutral solvent as it is possible to make. It is image quality comparable to that obtained in a medium evaporating solvent, characterized normal motion picture processing machines by the desirable features of mild odor and ( Continued on n e x t page) in 35 or more minutes.. T-mrr. H ig h fid e lit y v id e o re p ro d u c tio n is m a d e p o s s ib le b y t h e n e w - t y p e t e le v is io n c a m e r a s a id to b e a s s e n s it iv e a s th e h u m a n e y e . To p r e v e n t c u rre n t l e a k a g e , c a t h o d e s in th e c a m e r a t u b e s a r e im p r e g n a t e d w it h a la c q u e r c o n ta in in g d ie t h y l c a r b o n a t e ..

(20) ADVERTISEMENT—TJiù entire page is a paid advertisement. U.S.I. CHEMICAL NEWS D ieth y l C arbonate, D ieth y l O xalate. *. 1947. T E C H N IC A L D E V E L O P M E N T S. (Continued from page 1). Ins'll stability. It is useful wherever a pure neutral lacquer solvent is required. D ieth yl O xalate is N itrocellulose Solvent Diethyl oxalate is an excellent solvent for nitrocellulose and has a slow evaporation rate. W hile its applications have previously been limited to specialized fields, due to its ten dency to hydrolyze, it is now being used very successfully where special care is taken to eliminate all possible water from the formula tion. It is recommended that, wherever pos sible, diluents with high aromatic content be used, inasmuch as diethyl oxalate has a much higher dilution ratio with aromatic hydro carbon diluents than it has with petroleum naphthas. Diethyl oxalate offers many possibilities in chemical syntheses. Here are a few typical examples: W ith ethyl acetate in the presence of sodium ethoxide (sodium ethylate) it yields ethyl sodium oxalacetate. With acetone in the. presence of sodium ethoxide, it yields xanthochelidonic acid ester (acetone dioxalic ester) from which the ethyl ester of chelidonic acid may be obtained. Gamma-pyrone may in turn be obtained from this latter substance. W ith zinc and alkyl iodides, it gives ethyl esters of dialkylglycolic acid. With sodium amalgam, the alcoholate of ethyl glyoxylate, diethyl oxomalonate, ethyl ¿Z-tartate, and the ethyl ester of desoxalic acid may be ob tained, and by reacting with phenylhydrazine, the phenylhydrazone of ethyl glyoxylate. Electrolytic reduction gives ethyl glyoxylate. W ith sodium ethoxide and urea, it gives parabanic acid (oxalylurea). It is used to manufacture phenobarbital. With ortho-nitrotoluene and sodium ethoxide there results ethyl o-nitrophenylpyruvate. By distilling with an alcohol other than ethanol, the oxalic ester of the alcohol may be obtained through alcoholysis.. Further information on these items may be obtained by writing to U.S.I.. A p h o to se n sitiv e g la s s , w h ic h is s a id to be c a p a b le of re c e iv in g p e rm a n e n t c o lo red photo g ra p h ic p rin ts w ith th re e -d im e n sio n a l effects, h a s b een announced. (No. 224) USI A n e w -ty p e s p a r k -re s is ta n t flo o rin g , u s e d dur in g th e w a r in m u n itio n p la n ts a n d gun -tu rrets, is s a id to b e sta tic c o n d u ctiv e. (No. 225) USI A n e w s y n th e tic d e te rg e n t, c a n b e u s e d on all ty p e s of w a s h a b le s in b o th h a r d a n d so ft w ater, a c c o rd in g to th e m a n u fa c tu re r. (No. 226) USI To m e a s u re m o istu re in a n y s u b s ta n c e , a directre a d in g ele ctro n ic m o istu re m e te r h a s been p la c e d o n th e m a rk e t. It is s a id to p ro v id e the p e rc e n ta g e of w a te r a u to m a tic a lly in 15 seconds. (No. 227) USI A n e w an ti-c o rro siv e fin ish , a im e d a t p rotecting m e ta l, w o o d , a n d co n crete a g a i n s t m oisture, a c id s, a n d o th e r d is in te g ra tin g ele m en ts, is c la im e d to d r y b y e v a p o r a tio n a n d to b e free of p a in t o d o rs. (No. 228) USI. H EA V IER PO U L T R Y PR O D U C E D W IT H FER M EN TA TIO N SO LU BLES IN BR O ILER FE ED. A tru e -p o ly v in y l ch lo rid e p a ste -fo rm in g resin, c la im e d to b e the first of its ty p e to b e m ade in th is c o u n try , is s a id to e lim in a te th e n eces s ity for h e a v y a n d e x p e n s iv e e q u ip m e n t in coat in g o p e ra tio n s . (No. 229) USI. In raising broilers it is essential to produce Vitamin A and D feeding oil or its equivalent (400 units D per gram) . 4 the maximum quantity of poultry meat at the lowest possible feed cost. Listed below is a *Com gluten meal or other vegetable pro ration which has been recommended by a lead tein meal such as peanut meal. Additional ing university’s experimental station. It has soy bean meal may be substituted when been used with success by feed manufacturers other vegetable protein are not available. and individual farmers. ** U.S.I. manufactures Curbay BG, a dried Cround yellow c o r n ...............................580 fermentation soluble product which con Ground heavy o a t s ...............................300 tains 80 micrograms of riboflavin per W heat m i d d l i n g s ....................................200 gram of material. Wheat b r a n .............................................. 250 ***Tms may be omitted if riboflavin or ribo Soybean oil m e a l ....................................200 flavin substitutes are available. IJ.S.I. of Corn gluten m e a l* ....................................50 fers two natural riboflavin products in its Alfalfa leaf m e a l ....................................100 line: U.S.I. Riboflavin Concentrate No. 85 Meat s c r a p s .............................................. 100 (85% ) and U.S.I. Riboflavin Mixture Fish meal ..............................................100 No. 1 (1 gram per ounce). Manganese s u l p h a t e ............................... Vi Fermentation solubles (80 micrograms riboflavin per gram) * * .....................25 N ew Seed -D isin fectan t Dried milk product* * * ..........................50 Ground limestone or oyster shell . . . 25 A new chemical seed-disinfectant, said to Bonemeal or defluorinated rock control insects that attack seeds in storage, p h o s p h a te .............................................. 10 has been announced. S a l t ............................................................. 10. U.S.I. NDU5TRIAL. 6 0 E A S T 4 2 N D S T ., N E W Y O R K 1 7 , N . Y .. ALCO H OLS Am yl Alcohol Butanol (N orm al Butyl Alcohol) Fusel O i l —Refined. A C ETIC A m yl Butyl Ethyl. E th a n o l (E th y l A lc o h o l) S p e c ia lly D enotured—a ll reg u lar and on hyd ro ui form ulos Com pletely D e n o tu re d -a ll re g u lar ond anhydrous form ulas P u re —190 p roo f, C P . 9 6 % A bsolute •Su p e r Pyro A n ti-freexe •So lo * p ro p rie ta ry Solvent. O X A L IC ESTERS D ibuty! O x a la te D iethyl O xa la te. +A N SQ LS Ansol M Ansol PR •Reg istered Trod * Mork. ESTERS A cetate A cetate A cetate. PH TH ALIC ESTERS Diomyt Phthalate D ibu tyl Phth alate D iethyl Phthalate OTH ER ESTERS •Diotot D iethyl C arb on ate Ethyl CM oroform ate Ethyl Formate. To fray -p ro o f ru g s , a n e w ru b b e r-lik e com pound h a s b e e n d e v e lo p e d , w h ic h th e m a k e rs s a y is w a te rp ro o f a n d c a n b e a p p lie d to a n y ty p e oi ru g . (No» 23°) USI A p o ly s ty re n e th a t w ith s ta n d s b o ilin g fo r short p e rio d s of tim e a n d h a s o th e r im p ro v ed p h y sic a l a n d c h e m ic a l p ro p e rtie s h a s b e e n d e v elo p ed . It is c la im e d to h a v e a n u n lim ited co lo r ran g e. (No. 231) USI. >. S. A n e w n o n -flam m ab le p a in t re m o v e r is rapid, re q u ire s no n e u tra liz in g a fte r-u se , a n d co n tain s t a p la stic r e ta r d e r to k e e p th e re m o v e r o n u p rig h t a n d o v e rh e a d s u rfa c e s , a c c o rd in g to the m a n u fa c tu re r. (No. 232) USI To im p ro v e le a th e r q u a lity , a n e w c o a tin g for ch ro m e- a n d v e g e ta b le -ta n n e d le a th e r s is bein g m a rk e te d . It is s a id to re d u c e s h rin k a g e a n d to p ro v id e a d d e d sm o o th n e ss in g r a in . (No. 233) USI. CHEMICALS, BRAN CH ES. j. IN. IN TERM ED IA TES A cetoaceton ilid e A cetoacet-ortho-anisidide Acetoacet-orlho -ch lo ranilid e Acetoacet-ortho-toluidide Acetoacet-para-ch lo ran ilid e Alph o-acetylbutyrolactone 5-Chloro-2-pentonone 5-Diethylom ino-2-pentanone Ethyl Acetoacetate Ethyl Benzoylaceto te * Ethyl A lph o-O xalp rop ion ate Ethyl Sodium O xa la ce ta te M ethyl C yd o p ro p yl Ketone ETHERS Elh yt Ether Ethyl Ether A b s o lu te - A .C .S .. A LL. P R IN C IP A L. INC CITIES. FEED C O N C E N T R A T E S Riboflavin Concentrates •V acaton e 40 •C u rb a y B -G ‘ C u rb a y Sp e cia l liq u id A CETO N E C h e m ically Pure R E S IN S Ester Gu m s—a ll types Congo G u m s—ra w , fused & esterified • A ro p la x —a lky d s ond a llie d m aterials •A ro fe n e —pure phenolics •A rochem —m odified types N atu ral R e s in s - a ll standard grades O TH ER P RO D U C TS C ollodions Ethylene Ethylene G ly co l Urethon N itro cellulo se Solutions dJ-M ethionine Printed in U .S .A .. k. j.

(21) INDUSTRIAL. August 1947. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. 21 A. . . . If so, assure oil withdrawal in coldest weather with a G-FIN TANK OIL HEATER Note These Advantages of the G-R G-FIN Tank Oil Heater G R EA T E ST H E A T IN G E F F E C T IV E N E S S . . . p ro v id e d b y th e G - F IN e le m e n t s w h ic h have. s ix. su rfa c e. to. e ig h t. of b are. tim e s. th e. h e a t in g. tu b e s. M O ST C O M P A C T U N I T . . . f e w e r tu b e s a n d sh o r te r. s h e ll. fo r a. LEA S T P R E S S U R E D R O P mum fr e e a r e a flo w o f o il. g iv e n. . . .. and. d u ty. h a s m a x i. s t r a ig h t -t h r o u g h. NO S T R A T IF IC A T IO N O R V A P O R IN G. .. •. .. o il. at. s h e ll. U SES L E S S S T E A M . . . h e a t s o il lo c a lly a t p o in t o f w it h d r a w a l. o n ly. pocket. FEW ER T U B E J O I N T S . . . sm a ll num ber e lem e n ts. to p. B IN D . of. p re v e n ts d e a d. o u tle t. of. re s u lt in g fro m. r e q u ir e d. h e a t in g. A C C E S S I B I L I T Y . . . e a s il y e x a m in e d a n d c le a n e d t h ro u g h o u t e n t ir e le n g th d ia m e te r o f h e a t in g e le m e n t s. and. IE A K P R O O F J O IN T S . . . th e c o n ic a l en d s o f t h e h e a t in g e le m e n t s are s e a te d. w it h. accu. r a te ly m a c h in e d m e t a l- t o - m e t a l h e ld tig h t b y lo ck -n u ts. in. th e. tu b e. sh e e t. jo in ts. N O T E M P E R A T U R E S T R A IN S . . . b e n d e le m e n t s a r e co n tract. fr e e. Many hundreds of installations of the G-R G-FIN Storage Tank Oil Heater have fully demonstrated the speedy action, thorough reliability, low steam consumption, and economical maintenance of these units. Users report that even in sub-zero temperature, or where oil has partly solidified through long periods of storage, these highly effective heaters assure a steady flow of oil soon after steam has been turned on. Wherever fuel oil, lubricating oil, crude oil, road oil, tar, asphalt, glycerine, cotton seed oil, molasses or other viscous liquids are stored . . . at process plants or power plants, tank farms or dis tributing centers, loading wharves or platforms... the G-R G-FIN Tank Oil Heater is a necessary insurance against difficulties or delays in oil withdrawal. Available for installation outside of, or partly within the tank. Write for Bulletin 1641 describing these units in detail.. th e U -. to e x p a n d. or. THE GRISCOM-RUSSELL CO. n rl. 17. M. Y.