Industrial and Engineering Chemistry : industrial edition, Vol. 39, No. 7

D I C A L I T E M i n e r a l F i l l e r s

prove most efficient m aterial in hundreds of industrial uses.

D ICALITE M ineral Fillers are produced from diatomaceous silica, a m aterial deposited sev­

eral million ye a rs ago on the bottoms of oceans and lakes. They are composed of the siliceous remains or "skeletons" of minute aquatic plants called diatoms.

C h em ically, the finished m aterials are p rac­

tically pure silica (S iO L0 and inert. They are amorphous in character (not crystalline), com­

p arative ly soft and fria b le , and free from gritty matter. Following data give the range of prop­

erties of the m any grades of Dicalite a v a ila b le for fille r use.

C o lo r s ... g ray w hite, buff, white Particle S iz e ...from all through 150 to trace

on 325 mesh screen W eight (lo o se )...8 to 13 lbs. cu. ft.

Surface A r e a . .2 0 ,0 0 0 to 100,000 sq. ft. per lb.

P o r o s it y ... ap p ro xim ately 9 0 % Melting P o in t ... app roxim ately 2 9 0 0 J Fahr.

A p p lic a tio n s given v e ry b riefly b elo w a re e x a m p le s of how D ic a lite M in e ra l F ille rs im ­ p ro v e p ro d u c t q u a lity , sim p lify pro cessin g , in ­ c re a se p ro d u c tio n a n d re d u c e costs.

ASPHALT PRODUCTS

D icalite raises th e softening point, re ­ duces brittleness, and generally increases d u rab ility and w eathering qualities of roofing coatings and m any o th er com posi­

tions.

CATALYTIC Its trem endous surface area, absorptive- PROCESSES ness’ *’ght w eig h t’ etc-’ m ake D icalite an

efficient carrier for catalysts.

CLEANSERS T h e diatom stru ctu re of D icalite enhances r POLISHES scouring action, and its high bulking ef­

fect adds considerable volum e a t low cost.

EXPLOSIVES Efficient absorbent and anti-caking agent for nitro-glycerin and o th er explosive in­

gredients, an d for pyrotechnic com posi­

tions.

FERTILIZERS A nti-caking properties are of high value in am m onium n itra te and o th er fertilizers.

INSECTICIDES

PAINT, VARNISH, ETC.

G reat surface area, high absorption and light w eight of D icalite im prove dusting and spraying q u alities an d insure m ax i­

m um coverage w hen used as a carrier or diluent.

D icalite is used in p ap er and p aperboard products to im prove sheet form ation, speed u p drying, increase production; also for p itch and asp h a lt control.

In e rt flatting agent and extender for all types of p ain ts and p a in t products. F la ts most effectively, im proves brushing and leveling, increases durability.

T h e s e a re ty p ic a l of m a n y in d u s tria l uses.

F u ll in fo rm a tio n o n how D ic a lite m a y b e ab le to im p ro v e p ro d u c tio n a n d re d u c e costs in y o u r p la n t w ill be s e n t on re q u e s t to o u r n e a re s t office.

THE DICALITE CO M P A N Y

C H I C A G O 11 - N E W Y O R K ! ? • L O S A N G E 1 6 5 14

INDUSTRIAL

V O L U M E 39 N U M B E R ? ‘

ISSUED jU L Y 16. 1947

43,100 COPIES O F THIS ISSUE PRINTED i W

■~i

NGINEERING

j u t y 1947

E D I T O R : W A L T E R J . M U R P H Y

Assistant to Editor: N . A . PARKINSON Executive E d ito r: JAMES M . CROWE M anaging Ed ito r: D. O . M y a tt Associate Editors

W ash in g to n : ROBERT F. GOULD Al LEGGIN C h ic a g o : RICHARD L . KENYON H o u sto n : WILL H . SHEARON, JR. _ N e w Y o r k : H A R R Y STENERSON

Ric h a r d L. De m m e r l e San F ra n c is c o : FREDERICK G . SAW YER

■ Me r r it t l. Ka s t e n s

Assistant Editors

Make-up: B e rth a R eyno lds

Manuscript Editing: HELEN K. NEWTON Manuscript Reviewing: STELLA ANDERSON Editorial Assistants: CORA G . Ryerson

Ki r a V . Ka u c h e v s k y

Contributing Editors CHARLES OWEN BROWN

MARS G. FONTANA RALPH H. MUNCH WALTER VON PECHMANN

A dvisory Board W. L. BADGER

ELMER K. BOLTON W. H. DOW GASTON DUBOIS

! GUSTAVUS J. ESSELEN PER K. fROLICH C. F, KETTERING O. E. MAY C. S. MINER

H. R. MURDOCK C. F. PRUTTON A. S. RICHARDSON W. A . SCHMIDT R. N. SHREVE L. V. STECK E. C. SULLIVAN E. R. WEIDLEIN JOHN M. WEISS Industrial Edition, i&EC

Consecutive Number 13 Copyright 1947 by American Chemical Society

S h o w n o n c o v e r is a no rm al in c id e n c e c a b in e t fo r te stin g c o tt o n t e x t ile d e g ­ ra d a tio n b y va rio u s p o rt io n s o f th e so lar sp e ctru m . P h o to c o u r t e s y S o u th e rn

R e g io n a l R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y .

G as Absorption and Humidification in Cyclone Spray Towers

H . F. Johnstone and H . E. S ilc o x ...808 Vapor-Phase Nitration of Saturated Hydrocarbons

H . B. Hass and H . S h e c h t e r ... 817 Production of Citric A c id in Submerged Culture

Edward O . Karow and Selman A . W a k s m a n ...821 Initiation and Growth of Butadiene Resinous Polymers

L. M . W elch , M . W . Swaney, A . H . Gleason, R. K. Beckwith, and R. F. H o w e ... 826 Inhibition of Polymerization

M . S. Kharasch, W . Nudenberg, E. V . Jensen, P. E. Fischer, and D. L. M a y fie ld ... 830 Compressibilities of Gas Mixtures

Joseph J o f f e ... 837 Corrosion by Chlorine and by Hydrogen Chloride at High Temperatures

M . H . Brow n, W . B. DeLong, and J . R. A u l d ...839 Photosensitization in Chlorination

William T. Anderson, J r ...844 pH of Nonaqueous Colloidal Carbon Sludges

M axey Brooke ... 846 O xidation Reactions with A lip h a tic Peracids

Frank P. Greenspan ... 847 Mechanism of Catalytic Cracking

R. C . H a n s f o r d ... 8 49 Selective Demethylation of Paraffin Hydrocarbons

Vladim ir Haensel and V . N . I p a t i e f f ...853 H eat Transfer to Gases through Packed Tubes

M ax Leva ... 857 Surface Layers on Steel in Natural Gas Condensate W ells

Norman Hackerman and D. A . S h o c k ... 863 Synthesis of D D T with Chlorosulfonic A c id as Condensation A g e n t

W alter A . C o o k, Kathryn H . C o o L and W alter H . C . Rueggeberg . . 868 Adsorption of Butadiene on A ctivated Charcoal

Harold N . Taylor and Charles F. Bonilla ...871 Water Immersion Testing of M etal Protective Paints

W . W . Kittelberger and A . C . E l m ... 876 Large Scale Distillation of Isoprene

Charles F. Fryling ... 882 Effects of Impurities on Copolymerization of Isoprene and Styrene

R. L. Frank, C . E. Adams, J . R. Biegen, Rudolph Deanin, and P. V . Smith 887 Effects of Impurities on Copolymerization of Butadiene and Styrene

R. L. Frank, .J. R. Biegen, G . E. Inskeep, and P. V . S m it h ...893 Sulfur Linkage in Vulcanized Rubber

Milton L. Selker and A . R. K e m p ...895 Vulcanization of Rubber with Sulfur

Ira W illia m s ... 901 Synthesis of Taurine and N-Methyltaurine

John W . Schick w ith Ed. F. D e g e r in g ...906 Nitrogen-Containing Organic Inhibitors of Corrosion

Shih-Jen Ch'iao and Charles A . M a n n ... 910 Effect of Pressure on Nitration of Methane

H . B. Haas, H . Shechter, L. G . A lexander, and D. B. Hatcher . . . . 919 Solvent Extraction of Humic A c id s from N itric Acid-Treated Bituminous Coal

Theodore S. Polansky and Corliss R. K i n n e y ...925 A ctio n of A crylo n itrile on Viscose

J . P. Hollihan and Sanford A . Moss, J r ... 929 E D I T O R I A L ... 80.7

Headlines ...931 R e p o rts... 5 A A s W e See It . . . . 67 A Sidelights and Trends . 124 A

Equipmentand Design. Charles O . Brown 73 A Instrumentation. Ralph H . Munch . . . 7 9 A Corrosion. M a ri G . Fo n tan a... 85 A Plant Management. W . von Pechmann . . 91 A

The American Chemical Society assumes no responsibility for the statements and opinions advanced by contributors to its publications. Views expressed in the edi­

torials are those of the editors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the American Chemical Society.

Published by the American Chemical Society, from 20th and Northampton Sts., Easton, Pa. Executive Offices and Editorial Headquarters, 1155 Sixteenth St., N. W., Washington 6, D. C. Advertising Office: 332 West 42nd St., New York, N. Y.

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Filter Aids an d Fillers

/y ' ^ . m e a n s longer life li.,-: J for filter cloths because THE CAKE not the cloth DOES THE W ORK

T h e se tw o p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s s h o w th a t a C elite filter cake has sm aller o p e n in g s chan th e finest filter c lo th . I t ’s th e filter c a k e —n o t th e c lo th —th a t re ­ m oves th e su sp en d ed im p u rities.

S ave s Tailoring

Prevents Ripping

Reduces W ashing

Johns-Manville

. l u l u 1 9 4 7

INDUSTRIAL and ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY....

Reports

ON THE C H E M IC A L WORLD TODAY

S E A S I L K

Certain facts recently brought to light indi- S p ttp cate th a t Venus was a hussy. I t appears th a t

wag qUite unnecessary for her to make her initial entrance from the sea in such a shock­

ingly naked condition; if she had only exercised some of her godly omniscience she could have whipped up a fetching negligee from the indigenous kelp by a simple extraction and regeneration process now being studied by textile chemists.

F or many years seaweed colloids or phycocolloids derived from brown and red seaweeds have been used to produce stable aqueous colloidal systems in the food and other indus­

tries. Certain of these algal polysaccharides, particularly those containing high percentages of funorin, have also been used for sizing textiles and paper and as substitutes for starch.

Shortly after World War I workers in both Japan and G reat Britain investigated the possibilities of alginate fibers b u t there was no commercial source of pure alginates a t th a t time, and the resultant yarns were irregular in dimensions and variable in properties. However, within the last ten years high grade sodium alginate has been made available in both the United States and G reat Britain. In this country commercial sodium alginate is pro­

duced by digesting shredded salt- free kelp with soda ash. I t is re­

fined by filtration and reprecipita­

tion as the calcium salt. To form the pure acid, (C c H sO e )th e pre­

cipitate is bleached with sodium hypochlorite and acidified with 5%

hydrochloric acid.

W ith this pure material several"

investigators—notably a group a t the Textile Chemistry Laboratories a t the University of Leeds, England, under the direction of J. B. Speak- man—have been able to produce a commercially acceptable product which m ay soon prove economically practicable.

The so-called Speakman proc­

ess follows rather closely the

procedure normally used in the production of viscose rayon.

An

8

% solution of sodium alginate is forced through a candle filter to a gear-wheel pump, which delivers the solution to a tantalum spinneret; the latter is immersed in an acid coagu­

lating bath constituted so as to produce the desired type of fiber. To form calcium alginate, the bath consists of 1 N calcium chloride-

0.02

N hydrochloric acid arid 2.5% by volume of olive oil emulsified with a neutral detergent such as Lissapol (Imperial Chemical Industries). Alginic acid rayon is produced in a bath comprising 1 N sulfuric acid saturated with sodium sulfate and 2.5% olive oil emulsified with 1% of a cation-active agent such as Fixanol I.C .I.).

Both the acid and calcium salt rayons are objectionably al­

kali soluble. However, it has been found th a t by coordinat­

ing the hydroxyl groups of the acid molecules with metals of high coordinating power, such as chromium or beryllium, an alkali-resistant rayon of excellent handle can be obtained.

Formaldehyde was also successfully used to cross link the fibers to obtain an alkali-stable yarn. This stabilized prod­

uct is obtained by treating the finished yarn with solutions of the basic acetates of the metals; this results in a partial dis­

placement of the original metal content. Pure acid yarns yield the best product from this treatm ent.

The outstanding property of the sea silks is their non- flammability. Because of their high metal content, these fabrics will not char even when soaked in gasoline and ig­

nited. However, this high metal content also makes it dif­

ficult to produce light-weight full- handling fabrics. For these reasons alginate yarns may be used princi­

pally for the manufacture of draper­

ies and furnishing fabrics. Algi­

nate rayons have a marked affinity for basic dyes and can be dyed with selected direct dyes. Chromium or beryllium alginate yarns can be dyed with mordant dyes.

If sea silk does come into com­

mercial production, its volume will necessarily be restricted by the available supply of natural kelp.

The only im portant kelp beds on the N orth American sea coast are found off southern California and are harvested by boats working out of San Diego. I t has been esti­

m ated th a t more th an 30 million tons of fresh Macrocystis pyrifera could be taken from these t beds annually; however, the largest harvest recorded to date was 394,974 tons in 1917. At present an estimated 60,000 tons are cut annually in this area. (Continued on page 8 A)

An interpretative monthly digest for chemists, chem ical engineers, and

executives in the chem ical producing and chem ical consum ing industries

TR A N E TYP E R C O IL F o r W a f e r C o o lin g M aterial: Copperand Aluminum Cooling Surface: 700 ^ Sq.^ Ft.

Dimensions: 1 8 " x 6 0 " x 7 "

Weight: 4 0 0 pounds

TRAN E A LUM IN UM RA D IA TO R Fo r W a f e r C o o lin g

M a t e r i a l : A lu m i n u m C o o li n g S u r f a c e : 7 0 0 S q . F t . D im e n s io n s : 21 " x 2 5 V 2 x 6 A

W e i g h t : 1 1 0 p o u n d s

ONLY ONE TRAVELS B Y A IR

THE TRA N E CO M PA N Y, LA CROSSE, W ISCON SIN • Also TRAN E CO M P A N Y O F C A N A D A , ITD ., TO R O N TO , O N TA R IO

A L U M I N U M . . . AN D TRANE

EN G IN EERIN G . . . M A K E IT POSSIBLE

A lu m in u m h e a t t r a n s f e r s u r f a c e h a s com e a lo n g w a y since T r a n e firs t m a d e th e f a m ilia r f m - a n d - tu b e s u r f a c e e n tir e ly o f a lu m in u m o v e r tw e lv e y e a rs a g o . T h e s tr ik in g c o n tr a s t in h e a t e x c h a n g e rs y o u see a b o v e is th e r e s u lt o f e n tir e ly n e w d e v e lo p m e n ts in w h ic h T r a n e u tiliz e s th e f u ll a d v a n ta g e s o f a lu m in u m in e x tr e m e ly c o m p a c t, h ig h ly efficient h e a t e x c h a n g e rs f o r u se w h e r e sp a ce a n d w e ig h t m u s t b e sa v ed .

T o b u ild th e se n e w h e a t e x c h a n g e rs , T r a n e e n g in e e rs n o t o n ly u tiliz e d a ll o f t h e i r y e a rs o f e x p e rie n c e w i t h a lu m i­

n u m , th e y in v e n te d n e w te c h n iq u e s f o r th e f a b r ic a tio n o f a lu m in u m to s u r m o u n t o b sta c le s t h a t h a d b een c a lle d im possible. F o r ex a m p le , th e y d e v e lo p e d a m ean s f o r

b r a z in g p a p e r - th in a lu m in u m sh e et in a flu x b a th . T h en th e y h a d to t r a i n w o r k e r s in th e te c h n iq u e s o f th e A rg o n H e lia r c w e ld in g o f a lu m in u m . E v e ry ste p w a s n e w a n d d iffic u lt — b u t T r a n e so lv ed e v e r y p ro b le m .

TRANE CAN SOLVE YOUR HEAT EXCHANGE PROBLEM I f y o u r p r o d u c t in v o lv e s h e a t t r a n s f e r s u r f a c e , a n d w e ig h t, sp ace, o r re sista n c e to c o rro s io n a n d p r e s s u re a r e p ro b le m s, T r a n e m a y h a v e a b e t t e r so lu tio n . T r a n e " s u r f a c e ” is.

m a n u f a c t u r e d in a w id e v a r i e t y o f m a te r ia ls — f ro m c o p ­ p e r a n d a lu m in u m t o sta in le ss s te e l a n d in c o n e l a n d it is b u i l t to h a n d le a n e v en g r e a t e r ra n g e o f h e a t e x c h a n g e a p p lic a tio n s .

F o r f u r t h e r in f o rm a tio n a b o u t T r a n e h e a t e x c h a n g e s u r ­ f a c e — o r a b o u t a n y o f th e m o st c o m p le te lin e o f h e a tin g a n d a i r c o n d itio n in g p r o d u c ts in th e i n d u s t r y w r i t e T h e T r a n e C o m p a n y , L a C ro sse, W isc o n sin f o r th e lo c a tio n o f th e n e a re s t o f 85 T r a n e field offices.

July 1947 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y

Reduce Costs in Handling Parts and Packaged Goods the Modern LINK-BELT W ay

. b y o v e r h e a d c o n v e y o r Link-Belt overhead con­

veyors p u t ceilings to work, save valuable floor space, prevent congestion, interference and dam age to m aterials in transit.

Can be installed in existing plants w ithout costly remodeling. Link-Belt Overhead T rolley Conveyors can be supplied for mono- or m ulti-plane service;

with short or long turns; for light, m edium or heavy loads; for low, medium, high, or variable speeds.

. . b y e a r t y p e c o n v e y o r T he Link-Belt T ru-T rac car type m old conveyor is de­

signed for handling both large and small snap flask molds and to operate in irregu­

lar paths— up and down inclines. I t has heavy cast-iron car tops, is fully equipped with anti-friction bearings and is low in both m aintenance and H.P. requirem ents.

T he unit, illustrated, autom atically dis­

charges the molds.

a p r o n c o n v e y o r The steel-pan type, consisting of pans m ounted on m ultiple strands of chain, is ideal for conveying fine or lum py m aterials, light or heavy-duty serv­

ice. The wood-slat type is recom m ended for handling packaged goods, parts, crates, bar­

rels, boxes, etc.

c h a i n c o n v e y o r s Link-Belt Chains and their team mates, Link-Belt Sprockets have aided expanding industry since 1875 — pacing prog­

ress through th e years for ever-better operation, ever- longer service life. In han­

dling m aterials and trans­

m itting pow er this winning com bination has earned the approval of engineers and oper­

ators alike for efficient perform ­ a n c e . L e t L i n k - B e l t C h a in

Specialists supply your needs.

L I N K - B E L T C O M P A N Y

The Le a d in g M a n u fa c tu r e r of C o n v e y in g a n d M e c h a n ic a l P o w e r Transm ission M a c h in e r y

C hicago 9, In d ia n a p o lis 6, P h ila d e lp h ia 4 0 , A tla n ta , D allas 1, M in n ea p o lis 5, S a n F ran c isco 2 4 , L o s A ngeles 3 3 , S e a ttle 4, T o ro n to 8. Offices in P rin cip al C ities. i o.s k

☆ * ☆

Conveyors and elevators are called upon to do an endless variety of tasks. Each presents its own prob­

lems . . . each requires its own solution. From the design to the erection of your conveyor system . . . Link-Belt offer experience, backed by thousands of installations and foresight th a t has established their reputation as pioneers in the field of continuous m ovem ent of materials.

The m o n e y w a s t e d in m a te ria ls h a n d l i n g is a cost that

d o e s not a d d to p ro d u ct quality.

S a v e in h a n d lin g y o u r m aterials a n d p roducts.

C o n su lt Link-Belt C o n v e y o r a n d P o w e r Transm ission Specialists.

SCREW CO NVEYOR

BUCKET CARRIERS

OSCILLATING TROUGH CONVEYORS

BULK-FLO CONVEYORS

’l i f e

BUCKET ELEVATORS

Photo

Chlorination

with

Ultraviolet Rays

R ad iatio ns from the H ig h Pressure M e rcu ry A r c are in the Range of Peak A b s o rp tio n of C h lo rin e . T h e E lo n ­ gated Tu b ular Shapes A r e Id e a lly Su ited for Providing H ig h Effi­

c ie n c y U tilizatio n of the A c tiv a tin g R a d ia ­ tions in Batch or for C o n ­ tinuous Flow C h lo rin a ­ tion System s.

S e e “ Photo Se n sitiza ­ tion in C h lo rin a tio n ,"

W . T . A n d e rs o n , Jr., J u ly Issue, I.E .C .

S P E C IA L P R O D U C T S D IV IS IO N

Il A N O Vf 4

CHEMICAL & MFG. CO .

NEWARK 5. N. J.

E K reports

In 1941, the last year for which d a ta are available, approxi­

m ately 2 million pounds of algin were produced in the United States; however, it is believed th a t this production was sub­

stantially increased during the war years. For comparison, production of rayon filament yarn and staple fiber totaled over 800 million pounds in 194C.

Alginous pastes range from seven cents to a dollar a pound, depending on the purity; algin suitable for sea silk now costs seventy-nine cents. Volume production would undoubtedly reduce these prices. Wholesale prices for mass-produced cellulose rayon are about seventy cents for the minimum fiber yarn and thirty cents for the staple fiber.

Workers in this field feel confident th a t seaweed rayons will find an im portant place in the textile industry of the future.

If their confidence proves justified, future terrestrial Venuses may be nonflammably draped in the products of marine flora.

M .L.K.

P R E S S U R E C O O K E R S FOR IRON

Blast furnaces, the temples of the iron and

~ (P)iin steel industry, are soon likely to undergo modifications in their existing architecture.

These changes will be prompted by the en­

couraging experience of the Republic Steel Corporation in operating two of their furnaces a t a high average static pres­

sure which resulted in a sizable increase in efficiency over the conventional low pressure operation. In a detailed account of this large scale experiment, J. H. Slater of Republic Steel revealed before a recent meeting of the American Iron and Steel Institute th a t this new mode of operation is capable of increasing the capacity of the furnace by

1 1

-

20

%, decreasing the coke requirement per ton of iron by about 13%, and flue dust production by approximately 30%. M onetarily speak­

ing, this all means a manufacturing cost saving of over one dollar a ton as compared to the present wholesale price of thirty-three dollars for one ton of pig iron.

This new blast furnace technique is essentially the same as its predecessor in so far as materials handling is concerned.

Ore, coke, and limestone are fed in a t the top of the unit, and air is blown in a t the bottom, while flue dust and other ex­

haust gases arc vented a t the top. The im portant difference lies in the fact th a t the latter are throttled and the blowing pressure increased in the new method; the result is a higher average static pressure in the furnace. This has the happy effect for the iron man of enabling him to increase the rate of blowing air through his furnace without developing a corre­

sponding increase in velocity th a t would mean losing a goodly fraction of his charge through the top. In fact, air velocities in the furnace are lowered a t the conditions used.

The Republic development traces its origin to 1944 when, acting on a proposition by A rthur D. Little, Inc., the steel company undertook the high pressure operation of a Defense Plant Corporation furnace a t Cleveland under the sponsor­

ship of the War Metallurgy Committee. Although this ex­

periment was shortly abandoned because of mechanical prob­

lems, the results were heartening enough to cause the Republic management to plan further trials a t the end of the war.

These intentions blossomed into an experiment in which the two furnaces described in (Continued on page 10 A)

8

A

July 1947 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 9 A

It’s not every d a y that som eone Finds a need for a quick-opening fermenter like the one pictured here. But it is a rare d a y , in this age of rapid de­

velopm ents in the field of applied chem istry, that som e n ew product or method does not require the creation of v e sse ls or equipm ent that depart just as w id e ly from the conventional.

★ ★ ★

Here at Emerson-Scheuring we believe th at we arc particularly w ell-fitted to handle the fabrication of special equipm ent of this type. For one thing, in a lm o st a q u a r te r -c e n tu r y o f e x p erien ce in th e w eld in g and fa b rica tio n o f c o r ro sio n -resista n t m etals, a large proportion of our work has been of this character.

We like it . . . and so does the highly flexible and resourceful organization o f skilled craftsmen we have built up to handle it. T hey have everything in the w ay of modern m anufacturing, welding, forming and m achining equipm ent that it takes to perm it all operations to be com pleted w ithin our own p la n t, under our direct control.

So we hope you will keep us in mind whenever you have special equipm ent to be fabricated, either to your own specifications, or to specifications which you m ay wish to work out in collaboration w ith our engineering departm ent. We shall w el­

come the opportunity to work w ith you as we do w ith m any fine companies in the chemical and related processing fields.

EM ERSO N -SCH EURIN G TANK & M ANUFACTURING CO., INC.

2 0 7 7 M a r tin d a le A v e n u e • In d ia n a p o lis 7 , In d ia n a

A t le f t : J a c k e te d Ferm e n te r w ith Q u ic k -O p e n in g D o o r— T y p e 3 0 4 S ta in ­ less S t e e l; N o . 4 finish in sid e. Q u ic k o p e n ing d o o r a sse m b ly o f b ro n z e , g e a r d riy e n *b y h an d w h e e l; b e v e le d g ro o ve m achined to p ro v id e p re ssu re s e a l.

You Don't Fini

in M a

Reed Jacketed C a st Iron V a lv e s h ave jack­

ets cast integral with the b o d y and a re fur­

nished with fla n g e d ends only.

Flanges are the next nominal size la rg e r than the va lve size, that is: 1 " valves h ave 2 " end flanges, etc. All valves are F & D to A. S. A.

stand ard dimensions.

A v a ila b le only in sizes 1", 2 ", 3 ", 4 " and 6 ", line w orking pressure 1 2 5 p. s. i. at 4 5 0 ° F.

maximum.

W rite now for full information on either Jacketed Cast Iron or Jacketed Steel Valves.

Qtfid _{I ^ ' I T}

a l v e d i v i s i o n

o f t h e . R E E D R O L L E R B I T C O M P A N Y P. O . D RAW ER 2119 H O U STO N 1, T E X A S

E K ^{rep orts}

Slater’s report were run a t normal pressures and then, be­

ginning in the summer of 1946, a t pressures of about 10 pounds per square inch in the top of the furnace.

Fortunately the cost of converting a furnace to pressure operation is relatively small, provided, of course, th a t excess blower capacity is available. The changes necessary consist of the installation of a one-piece hopper to ensure a tight seat for the big bell, equalizer valves, a wet washer level, and a throttling valve to regulate the top pressure in the furnace.

Additional changes include more hold-down rollers, extra weights on the McKee top, and superior packing for the gage rod.

Only the surface of the subject of high pressure operation of blast furnaces has been explored. Still higher pressure ranges are to be investigated, especially with regard to their influence on lowering coke rates, an im portant economic con­

sideration. Already blast furnace blowers capable of de­

livering 125,000 cubic feet per minute a t 40 pounds per square inch are being constructed. When installed, these units will permit operation of furnaces a t a pressure up to 20-25 pounds a t the top, which may have further significant effects on the digestive processes of the cow th a t gives iron

milk. R.L.D.

T O X I C I T Y S L E U T H S

T h e . physical chemistry professor’s lecture-

■ A J I room device of “painting an ion red,” so th a t ESriklf its migratory wanderings could be observed by sleep-slanted students, can now be claimed in retrospect as the forerunner of the recently developed tracer isotope technique. The past two years have seen a great amount of literature on tracer isotopes in chemistry and medicine, where they have served as identifying bells about the necks of cations and anions in engineering and bodily processes.

Few reports have been published, however, on the use of isotopic “tags” in the field of industrial toxicology, which usually draws heavily upon the chemical and medical sciences for tactical equipment. The fact th a t an infusion of this method into toxicity studies has now started was much in evidence a t the recent meeting of the American Industrial Hygiene Association.

In a paper presented before this gathering by J. H. Sterner, director of the Laboratory of Industrial Medicine of the Eastm an Kodak Company, several future possibilities as well as past performances of tracer isotopes in toxicological studies were discussed. I t was revealed th a t the toxicologist has two groups of isotopes to choose from, the radioactive and the stable. The former group, which has received most publicity to date, includes hydrogen 3 (tritium), carbon 14, sulfur 35, sodium 24, phosphorus 32, potassium 42, bromine 82, and iodine 131. Among the stable isotopes the speaker included hydrogen 2 (deuterium), carbon 13, nitrogen 15, oxygen 18, and sulfur 34. The radioactive materials are usually detected by the now familiar Geiger-Müller counter or an adaptation of it, whereas the mass spectrometer carries out the corresponding function for the stable isotopes.

The eventual choice of an isotope or type of isotope for a given toxicological investigation (Continued on page 14 A)

July 1947

(p a t. p c n o i n g)

NON-ELECTRIC

M A G N E T S

Prevent Expl os ions C a u s e d By T r a m p Iron.

® UST e x p lo sio n s from sp a rk in g m e ta l c a n ’t h a p p en w ith Eriez P e r m a n e n tly M a g n etized P r o te c tio n o n th e job . . . C lean ijia te r ia ls reach yo u r pulverizers an d m ills free of tra m p iron or s te e l, p r e v e n tin g explosive sparks or d a m a ge to c o s tly p ro cessin g e q u ip m e n t. T h e p o w erfu l m a g n e tic field of th e p e r m a n e n tly m a g n e tiz e d E riez p re­

v e n ts th e p assage of th e s m a lle s t p a r tic les or la rg e st p ieces of tra m p iron , a ssu r in g p u r ity o f p r o d u ct. N o tr a n s ­ form ers, g a d g ets, w ires . . . n o cu r r en t . . . E riez M a g n e ts c o st lit t le to in s ta ll on p ro cessin g lin e s, feed ta b le s, m a ­ ch in ery , c h u te s or sp o u ts, o n p resen t or on n e w e q u ip m e n t.

T h ey c o st n o th in g to m a in ta in . L ea d in g c h e m ic a l p la n ts sp e c ify Eriez M a g n e ts b eca u se th e y w a n t P e r m a n e n t M a g n e tic P r o te c tio n . Clip an d m a il th e c o u p o n to d a y for

fu ll d e ta ils.

C U P A N D M A IL T O D A Y ' •

D ear S ir: We are in te r e s te d in r e m o v in g tr a m p iro n or ferrou s p a r tic le s fro m t h e fo llo w in g m a te r ia ls : _______________ _____ __________ _______________

We w o u ld lik e to k n o w m o re a b o u t in s t a lla t io n o f E R I E Z o n : IEC-7

Q G ravity C on veyors Q M e c h a n ic a l C on veyors Q P n e u m a tic C onveyors

□ L iq u id P ip e lin e s M a g n e tic T rap □ E q u ip m e n t or P r o c e ssin g M a c h in e s N a m e ____ ___ _____________ __________________________________________________

A d d ress____________ __________ ________ __ .C it y ___________ _____ Sta*te---

• fy'd 'PTfapftedcc 'P'iafea&ut . . .S e e £%ce^ {

ERIEZ MANUFACTURING CO.

116 EAST 12th ST. ERIE, PENNA.

12 A I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y Vol. 39, No. 7

OVERFLOWS All

The best answer to your problem can probably be found through Swenson’s ex­

tensive experience w ith processes involving sim ilar difficulties. O r in the accumulated reports from Swenson’s long-continued p ro ­ gram of independent research.

W hen Swenson engineers tackle a p ro b ­ lem, they apply the know ledge gained from both experience and research, plus the "know how ” th at has given Swenson its reputation for exceptional engineering skill.

A prelim inary discussion of your proc­

esses and problem s will disclose the extent to which Swenson engineers may be able to help you. It involves no cost or obligation.

W hy not call in Swenson today?

Sw enson D o u b le Effect E v ap o rato r

¥ M l? £ HORMt

VALVE WA * y Ai V£ HO*K

^

aTMotruemt . <Jo *e/T*rox.

-pj-

Y füNNCL O*.

I M flh lS

6 f . i i s t- W s r e t L w > £

£ lfiÄ‘ i mttcL n u

E V A P O R A T O R S • F I L T E R S • C R Y S T A L L I Z E R S

S P R A Y D R Y E R S J

on* rue pi tur

SWENSON EVAPORATOR CO H A R V E Y , IL L ., U .S .A .________________

Title- FLO W S H £ £ T 4 MAT£fí/4L BAÍAA/CE Capacity

July 1947

Sw enson V acuum C rystallizer in Sodium Sulfate P la n t

Sw enson G la u b e r’s S alt F ilter

Process Engineering f o r a S o d i u m S u l f a t e P l a n t

N a tu r a l d ep o sits o f m ir a b ilite (G la u b e r’s sa lt) are p u m p e d fro m th e g ro u n d in the fo rm o f b rin e. S w enson w as assigned th e task o f d e v e lo p in g a process fo r p u rify in g th is m in e ra l a n d c o n v e rtin g it in to an h y ­ d ro u s so d iu m sulfate.

W o r k in g o u t a sa tisfacto ry process w as a t­

ten d ed w ith special difficulties because (

1

) th e p r in c ip a l d ep o sits a re lo cated in a desert w h ere a ll w a te r m u st b e h a u le d several m iles, a n d (

2

) th e b r i n e c o n ta in s c o n s id e r a b le am o u n ts o f dissolved h y d ro g e n sulfide, w h ic h is h ig h ly corrosive to e q u ip m e n t.

F irst step , as w o rk e d o u t th ro u g h Sw enson Process E n g in e e rin g , is to crystallize o u t th e G la u b e r’s salt ( N a

2

S (V 1 0 H

2

0 ) in Sw enson V acu u m C rystallizers, th u s se p a ra tin g it fro m n u m e ro u s im p u ritie s (ch iefly E psom s a lt) ;

a fte r w h ic h th e crystals are sep arated w ith Sw enson R o ta ry V acu u m Filters.

U sin g a Sw enson d o u b le effect C alan d ria E v ap o rato r, th e G la u b e r’s salt is th e n m elted an d w a te r o f c ry stallizatio n rem oved, leav­

in g co m m ercial a n h y d ro u s so d iu m sulfate.

In a n in sta lla tio n w h e re w a te r conserva­

tio n is o f such g re a t im p o rta n c e , surface ty p e condensers had to b e used w h e re v e r possible.

T o m eet th e difficulties o f h y d ro g e n sulfide co rro sio n o f surface cond en ser areas, th e e q u ip m e n t h ad to b e d esig n ed w ith ex trem e care, u sin g o u r special k n o w le d g e o f these p ro b lem s in o rd e r to secure o p tim u m results.

S w enson p ro v ed itself fu lly cap ab le o f co­

o p e ra tin g in th e desig n , co n stru c tio n , an d e re c tio n o f so d iu m su lfate process e q u ip ­ m e n t w h ic h has g iv e n satisfacto ry service over a p e rio d o f m an y years.

SWENSON EVAPORATOR COMPANY

15671 L a th ro p Ave.

D iv isio n o f W h i t i n g C orporation

H arv ey , Illin o is

P o ly b u te n e s

P lasficize rs

H y d ro c a rb o n s

K B K I H W H H p i M

S U ’ v A - w i" -V' A d d r e s s in q u i r i e s to

S T A N D A R D O I L C O M P A N Y (INDIANA)

C H E M I C A L P R O D U C T S D E P A R T M E N T

9 1 0 South M ich ig a n A v e n u e C h ic a g o 8 0 , Illin o is

. . . a v a ila b le in b arrels and

ta n k cars

depends upon several factors, not the least of which is the hazard involved in the use of radioactive materials. Prepa­

ration of the radioactively tagged compound often necessi­

tates elaborate and expensive procedure. The sensitivity of detection of the isotope and its availability and cost are also im portant considerations governing selection. There are m any cases where it is desirable to use two different isotopes or two different types of isotopes in the same molecule; in such instances they iire more complementary than competi­

tive.

In general, the employment of isotopes in industrial toxi­

cology is concerned with preparing and administering a labeled compound, and following its absorption, distribution, deposition, and elimination in the animal body. The sim­

plest method of using this treatm ent is th a t in which an element is followed into the various tissues and organs w ithout regard for the chemical combinations occurring along the way. Be­

cause of the sensitivity of isotope detection, it is possible to use subtoxic amounts of the element and yet obtain more ac­

curate data than have been available heretofore from the con­

ventional chemical analysis methods.

An example of the valuable assistance th a t element tagging can render to toxicologists can be seen in the use of radio­

active phosphorus to determine the absorption through human skin of dangerous amounts of triorthocresyl phosphate. Pre­

vious conventional analytical studies failed to identify the relatively small increment of phosphorus.

If the effect of a compound, as distinguished from th a t of an element, needs to be known, the problem becomes more complicated. In the case of radioactive isotopes, for instance, identification of the radioactive atom does not tell whether it is still in the original administered compound form or whether it has entered into a new combination. Sometimes it m ay be necessary to incorporate two or more isotopie atoms into the molecule a t strategic places to solve these more com­

plex problems. R.L.D.

BI T TE R S W E E T

Webster describes sugar sirup as an “aqueous solution of sugar, with or without the ad­

mixture of . - . etc., etc.’ The admixtures of el cetcras, however, are the little demons th a t have long plagued the dreams of sugar refiners and manufacturers of commercial sugar sirups, who would be only too glad to settle for just a plain old watery solution of the sweet stuff.

Quieter sleep seems in store for these worthies with the revolutionary introduction of ion exchange methods for the purification of sugar sirups. Mushrooming pilot plants, especially in the western part of the United States and the Hawaiian Islands, have been exuding encouraging data about the use of ion exchange resins and equipment when applied to the purification of cane, beet, fruit, and corn sugars. The hundred-year-old philosophy of removing the sugar from the impurities by stepwise crystallization is being replaced with one championing the removal of the impurities from the sugar.

The rise of this new approach bids well to be the demise of the blackstrap molasses industry (Continued on page 16 -I)

The Hand o f E xp erien ce has a t the tip o f its fingers conventional designs and intimate know ledge that it a d a p ts and combines to produce sp e cia lize d products.

This means g re a t savings in experim entation and e xp ense.

In this m assive 10 00-g a llo n Dowtherm h eated resin k ettle— built fo r the Arco Co m p an y, C le v e la n d , O h io — Blaw -K no x has a d a p te d and combined conventional designs to produce m odified resins o f a special n ature. The process requires high tem peratures, high pressure, and h e a v y construction throughout.

The Blaw -K no x Hand o f E xp erien ce m akes savings fo r o th ers—

a w a its your call to serve you.

B L A W -K N O X D IV IS IO N

O F BLA W -K N O X C O M P A N Y

2 0 8 7 F a n n ers B a n k B ld g . P ittsburgh 2 2 , P a .

Ha

o p ® - '- ™ i p s s

/ * f » * £ * * t r . v r s ■

Kinney High Vacuum Pumps p lay an important part in the freeze-dry process at the new Streptomycin Plant of Merck & C o ., Inc. at R ah w ay, N . J . Under super sterile conditions, vapo r from the sublimation dryer is frozen in a high vacuum a t -80 deg. C . in the con­

denser and removed as snow. Kinney Vacuum Pumps are giving highly dependable service in the production of this and m any other pharm aceutical, food, optical, m etallurgical and other products where low absolute pressures must be m aintained. Com pactly designed, Kinney Vacuum Pumps save floor space, and their fast pump down and low ultimate

pressures shorten production time and reduce costs. Kinney Single Stag e Vacuum Pumps produce low absolute pres­

sures to 10 microns; Com ­ pound Pumps to 0 .5 micron.

W rite fo r Bulletin V45

KINN EY MANUFACTURING COMPANY

3549 WASHINGTON ST., BOSTON 3 0, MASS.

N EW YO RK C H IC A G O P H ILA D ELPH IA LOS A N G E L E S SAN FRA N CISCO F O R E IG N REPRESEN TATIV ES

G e n e r a l E n g in e e rin g C o . (R a d c liffe ) L td ., S ta tio n W o r k s , B u ry R oad , R a d c liffe , L a n c a s h ire , E n g la n d

H o rro c ks, R o xb u rg h P ty, L td ., M e lb o u rn e , C . I. A u s t ra lia W . S . Thom as & T a y lo r P ty, L td ., Jo h a n n e s b u rg , U nion o f South A fric a

WE ALSO MANUFACTURE LIQUID PUMPS, CLUTCHES AND BITUMINOUS DISTRIBUTORS

i8 E reports

which flourished

011

the incapability of the older method to snatch all of the sugar out of the juice for edible purposes.

Until the recent war the resultant inedible molasses was the param ount source of ethyl and butyl alcohols and cattle feed. W ith ion exchange methods, however, molasses be­

comes either edible sirup or fertilizer. Ionization refining proponents do not fear any setback to industrial alcohol production because of this impending extinction of raw material, believing th a t synthetic alcohol production can compensate for any ensuing slack in molasses output.

The sugar sirup m anufacturers have joined the refiners in acclaiming the possibilities of ion exchange methods in their industry. The raw sirups, coming as they do from a variety of materials, often possess flavors th a t are peculiar to their earthy origins. Since practically no two of .these charac­

teristic tastes are alike and most are incompatible with the flavoring agents with which the sirups will eventually be used, steps m ust be taken to remove the compounds th a t cause them. Happily most are metallic ions (potassium, for instance, causes the bitter taste) and organic acids and so may be removed quite easily by the ion exchangers.'

Although the individual application of ion exchange methods of purification will vary somewhat from case to case, the basic technique remains essentially the same.

Complementary cation and anion exchanger beds of syn­

thetic resins are used. Passage of the solution through the cation bed results in the conversion of the mineral salts into their corresponding acids by replacement of the metallic or organic cation with the hydrogen ion in solution. The second bed, the anion unit, completes the operation by re­

moving some or all of the acids formed in the first step.

Regeneration of the cation bed is accomplished with sulfuric acid while caustic soda, soda ash, or ammonia is used for the same purpose in the anion bed.

The breadth of interest in using ion exchange methods in sugar and sirup refining is evident from the number of com­

panies which have been stim ulated to make large research, development, and production investments in the process.

Pilot plant results, for instance, have inspired the Hawaiian Pineapple Company to undertake the construction of a

$750,000 full-scale commercial plant for the recovery of n at­

ural sugar from nonpotable pineapple juice. Since th e sugar content of the latter amounts to approximately

10

%, this recoyery plant will go a long way tow ard making th e pineapple canning industry more self-contained by furnishing over 4000 tons of the 17,000 tons, of sugar annually needed by the company.

Another large production investment is to be found in the

§500,000 plant recently constructed by The Amalgamated Sugar Company a t Twin Falls, Idaho, for the production of sugar from beets with ion exchange purification. Recovery of refined sugar may be increased

10

% or more over yields from plants using the present crystallization method.

I t is significant th a t the ion exchange method :'is; better adapted to use with beet sirup than to purification of the'cane solutions. The latter contain fermentation products th a t bring about an acidic condition, a pH of about 1

.8

existing from the time the juice leaves the hydrogen ion exchanger until acids are removed by the anion exchanger. This acidic condition, in turn, catalyzes the undesirable formation of noncrystallizable invert sugar. (Continued on page 22 A)

1 6 A

July 1947

M O R E p e o p le w a n t M O R E a lu m in u m fo r M O R E u se s th a n e v e r

Aluminum does not catalyze the decompo­

sition of hydrogen peroxide. T h a t’s why H 20 2 is safe in Alcoa Aluminum for storage and handling equipment, piping, pumps, valves, tank cars, and drums used by chemical plants and bleacheries.

The hydrogen peroxide and the bleached materials are not discolored nor contam i­

nated by contact with aluminum. Fabrics, oils, and fats, paper, vegetable, and

animal libers can be bleached safely with II20 2 th a t’s been handled in aluminum.

For the names of shops skilled in the fabrication of aluminum chemical equip­

ment, or for expert advice on the design

and building of aluminum equipment in

your own shops, w rite to A

^luminum

C

^{ompany of}

A

^merica

, 2154 Gulf Building,

Pittsburgh 19, Pennsylvania. Sales offices

in leading cities.

I N D U S T R I A L Ä N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y Vol. 39, No. 7

o I R T

¡LECTROCAST

are hard, dense refractories o f low porosity and high corrosion-resistance, made by melting selected clays, ores o r oxides in electric furnaces, then casting into molds of any reasonable shape and size. They offer unusual advan­

tages in certain continuously-operated industrial furnaces and processes in which high temperatures and corrosion or erosion are factors. Full information on request.

Corhart Refractories Company, Inc., 1630 W . Lee Street, Louisville, Ky. . . . In Europe: L’Electro Refractaire, Paris

* " C o r h a r t" is a tra d e -m a rk , R e g is te re d U .S . P at. Off.

S H A R P I E *

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FOR SOLUBILIZING 2,4-D

O n e of the new ly d ev elo p ed uses for ethylam ines is illus­

tra te d by a b le n d of Triethyl- a m in e a n d M o n o e th y la m in e . This new, com m ercially avail­

able b le n d is an efficient a g en t for the form ulation of 4 0 % so­

lutions of 2,4-D.

W e invite your inq u iries re la t­

ing to Ethylam ines a n d other S harpies products.

DOUBLE CHECKED ^ fro m RES EA RCH to IHDUSTRY

S U A R P L E S S Y N T H E T I C

O R G A N I C C H E M I C A L S

PE N T A SO L * (A M Y L A L C O H O L S) B U R A M I N E 4 (B U T Y L U R E A , T e c h .) O R T H O P H E N ’ (o -A M Y L P H E N O L )

P E N T -A C E T A T E * (A M Y L A C E T A T E ) P E N T A P H E N k (p -te r t-A M Y L P H E N O L ) P E N T A L A R M 1 (A M Y L M E R C A P T A N ) V U L T A C S ' (A LK Y L P H E N O L S U L F ID E S )

P E N T A L E N E S * (A M Y L N A P H T H A L E N E S )

A M Y L A M IN E E T H Y L A M IN E B U T Y L A M IN E

D IA M Y L A M IN E D IE T H Y L A M IN E D IB U T Y L A M IN E T R I A M Y L A M IN E T R IE T H Y L A M IN E T R IB U T Y L A M IN E D IE T H Y L A M IN Ö E T H A N O L T E T R A E T H Y L T H IU R A M D IS U L F ID E E T H Y L E T H A N O L A M IN E S 161 T E T R A E T H Y L T H IU R A M M O N O S U L F ID E

D I-se c -A M Y L P H E N O L T E T R A M E T H Y L T H IU R A M D IS U L F ID E

?*■ ZIN C D IE T H Y L D IT H IO C A R B A M A T E Z IN C D IM E T H Y L D IT H IO O Ä R B Ä M A T E

ZIN C D IB U T Y L D IT H IO C A R B À M A T E

¡■SELENIUM D IE T H Y L D IT H IO C A R B A M A T E

A M Y L C H L O R ID E S ' o -te r t-A W fi.T H E N Ö L o -se c -A M Y L P H E N O L D IC H L O R O P E N T A N E S D I-te r t-Ä M Y L P H E N O L A M Y L S U L F ID E

D IA M Y L P H E N O X Y E T H A N O L

* Trademark Registered 1

fill, 11 ! I’ LES CHEMICALS Inc.

EX EC U TIV E O FFICES: P H IL A D E L P H IA , P A . P L A N T : W Y A N D O T T E , M ICH,

Sales Of f ices

NEW Y O R K C H IC A G O

Wes! Coast: M A R T IN , H O Y T & M IL N E , IN C ., Los Angeles . . San Francisco . . Seattle Mining Representative: A N D R EW C L A U S E N , 18S6 Herbert A v e ., Salt Lotte City 5, Utah

Canada: SH A W IN 1 G A N C H EM IC A LS LTD ., Montreal, Quebec . . Toronlo, Onfario Export: A IR C O EXPORT CO R P ., New York City

I range up to 432 to 1.

I

Increase the salability of your motor driven products . the economy, safety and productivity of your plant equi;

with M aster O e a rh e a d MotorSi the horsesense w ay to use h

THE MASTER ELECTRIC COMPANY « DAYTON

A D U S T - F R E E P L A N T IS ALW AYS MORE EFFICIENT

'

W h e n other factors are the same, a plant that is D U S T - F R E E is more effi­

cient and will p rod uce at lower cost.

T h is is important in a highly com petitive econom y. D R A C C O Dust Control protects eq u ip m en t— prolongs its use­

ful life and reduces maintenance to the minimum. A healthy climate increases the w o rk er’ s efficiency and results in higher production. D R A C C O E n g i­

neers have more than 3 0 years* exp eri­

ence solving dust problems — w h y not consult them?

F o r F u r t h e r I n f o r m a t i o n W r it e

DRACCO C O R P O R A T I O N

4055 E. 116th St., Cleveland 5, Ohio New Yorle Office: 130 W. 42nd St.

D U S T C O N T R O L E Q U I P M E N T J

Bie reports

Beet sirup, on the other hand, is more alkaline because of a higher content of potassium salts and therefore suffers less from this disadvantage.

Prim ary credit for the development of ion exchange methods for application to sugar refining is shared by the Chemical Process Company of San Francisco, the Dorr Company of New York, and Infilco Inc. of Chicago. Several other well known sugar equipment and resin manufacturers, however, have done considerable work in ironing out the wrinkles in this new device to bring the “sweets to the sweet.”

R.L.D.

S T U C K P I P E S AND S I L I C O N E S

The silicones have scored another hit. This

■ a ^ a time it is in the oil field, where the advent of L ® H this new and versatile family of complex or-

ganosilicon oxide compounds has made pos­

sible another type of “divining rod” of great interest to the driller. Neutronic divining rods to indicate the nature of subsurface strata were discussed a t some length in January (page

8

A). The rods employing the silicones are of a differ­

ent type and for a different purpose.

Determining the point a t which drill pipe is stuck, and guessing at what is holding it, have been tough problems for the driller for a long time. Various methods of estimation have been tried, including the use of formulas based on set- down compression and pipe stretch under tension, b u t accu­

racy has been uncertain because of friction and crooked holes.

In locating the lowest point a t which pipe is free in a well, accuracy is of prime importance, for it may mean extra casing recovered. Quick location of the stuck point in the case of drill pipe, before the pipe has time to stick further up the hole, is also advantageous.

The McCullough Tool Company of Los Angeles took all of these requirements into consideration and came out with the Magna-Tector, a slender tool about

8

feet long with a magnet a t each end and a combination electronic registering device and telescoping joint in the center. The tool is lowered into the pipe on regular electric conductor cable, the curient is turned on wherever a test is desired, and the magnets attach themselves firmly to the pipe wall, anchoring the instrum ent in a fixed position relative to th a t section of pipe. A stretch of as little as

0.001

inch between the magnets, when tension is applied, causes the transmission of a reading to a surface.- meter from the electronic measuring device. As the hold on the pipe by the sticking medium increases, the meter reading progressively decreases until a zero reading the stuck point

—is obtained, with an accuracy of

1

foot in some actual tests.

To use this instrum ent successfully in deep wells where hy­

drostatic pressures a t the bottom reached 15,000 pounds per square inch and tem peratures were as high as 460° F., an insulating and sealing fluid and a pressure-balancing device had to be found which would w ithstand such rigorous tre a t­

ment. This was where the silicones showed their colors, because only a liquid silicone solved the problem of low vis­

cosity change over a wide tem perature range, good insulating properties, lubricity, and inertness a t high temperatures.

Likewise, the pressure-balancing device was made of a silicone rubber, since it was found to be the only m aterial which would retain its flexibility under such severe conditions. W .H.S.

22 A

July 1947 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 23 A

Installing a Cascade _Cooler

use the

RBATE

cto ^ /C ascad e Cooler

C A S C A D E coolers m a d e of “ K a r b a te ” m aterial—N ational C arbon C om pany’s impervious graphite —are com pact, light in weight, easy to install. T hey are constructed of standardized interchangeable parts. C a­

p a c ity m a y be ad justed a t any tim e to your processing needs, sim ply b y adding or rem ov­

ing th e stan d a rd sections.

“ K a r b a te ” im p e rv io u s g ra p h ite coolers offer an exceptionally high rate of h e a t tra n s ­ fer. This property, coupled w ith u n m atch ed r e s i s ta n c e to c h e m ic a l a t t a c k , m a k e s

“K a rb a te ” sectional cascade coolers ideal for

h a n d lin g a g re a te r n u m b e r of corrosive chemicals th a n an y other practical high heat- transfer m aterial.

All p a rts for these coolers are carried in stock and b o th com plete coolers an d replace­

m e n t item s are available for im m ediate ship­

m ent. “K arb ate” coolers come in five sepa­

ra te sizes, w ith inside pipe diam eters of 1", I / 2", 2", 3", and 4". If you have n o t y et received Catalog Section M-8807-A, the b u l­

letin describing “K arb ate” Sectional Cascade Coolers in detail, w rite to N ational C arbon C om pany, Inc., D ept. IE.

The term “ K arbate ” -is a registered trade-m ark of

NATIONAL CARBON COMPANY, INC.

U nit o f Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation

W È

30 E ast 42nd Street, New York 17, N. Y.

Division Sales Offices: A tlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Kansas City, New York, P ittsburgh, San Francisco