Industrial and Engineering Chemistry : industrial edition, Vol. 39, No. 10

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(2) Sturdy spiral bevel drives, motor driven, make vigorous agitation possible. H igh-duty stuffing box. seals a g a in s t. co rro siv e fu m e s or air within reactor, or a ir le a k age from. outside.. With inside diameters of 42", 48", 60", 66" ,and 78" plus varying straight depths, 30 standards are available and in three alternative internal pres sures, 50, 75 and 100 PSI. Standard jacket pres sure, 90 PSI. A dju stab le u pw ard or downward deflecting baf fles greatly improve mix ing efficiency. Im p eller ag itato rs—retreating blade type—for maximum agitation up to relatively high viscosities.. For Faster Reactions, Higher Yields... PFAUDLER " R ” SERIES HIGH-PRESSURE GLASS-LINED REACTORS Where “R ” Series are The answer to faster reactions and higher yields is often found with increased pressures, coupled with more turbulent agitation, in reactors which are totally resistant to all acids (except HF). Such an answer is provided economically by Pfaudler R Series Glass-Lined Steel Reactors. They are ASME Code built in capacities from 200 to 2000 gallons. Thirty standard designs offer a selection which may meet your problem at a much lower cost than custom built units. Study the "R" Series features shown above . . . then let's get to gether to see how we may solve your problem to your advantage.. THE ENGINEERS. J 11dll .1PFAUDLER. AND. G la s s -L in e d. CO.,. FABRICATORS. OF. Branch Offices: 330 West 42nd St., New 111 W. Washington Ave., Chicago 2, 111., St., San Francisco 3, Calif.; 818 Olive St., St. ^ 1, Mo.; 7310 Woodward Detroit 2 1st Nat'l Bank Bldg., Cincinnati 2, 0.; 104 Trs. Bldg., Philadelphia 2, Pa.; 7S1 Little 16, Mass.; Box 982, Chattanoogai 1, Ten0*» Artillery Metal Products Corp., Ltd., Artillery House, A Row, London, S.W. 1, England. A v e .. ROCHESTER. CORROSION. Especially Advantageous. Because gasket exposure to the product is practically eliminated by "R" Series design, these units are particularly valuable for such ser vices as— Polymerizations which build up rapidly on any gasket material. Process operations, especially in the field of biologicals and. antibiotics, where complete sterility is desired.. 4, N E W. R E SI ST A NT. YORK. P RO C E S S. EQUI PMEN. S t e e l . . . S ta in le s s S te e ls . . . N ic k e l . . . I n c o n e l. . . M o n e l M etal.

(3) INDUSTRIAL and ENGINEERING KJO LU M E. ;%% ,, -. .j ; N U M B E R. ISSUEP |. 1j .»* i o - i= ' o >■■>1' - ¡ ? :. 1B£« 1«, '194T '. i. 0. O CTO BER 194 7. m is issoi. printed. w a it e r. j. .. m u r p h y. C H E M IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G M A T E R IA L S OF C O N S T R U C T IO N R E V IE W . Subject Index and Author B io g ra p h ie s...................................... 1193. ^Misfentjo/tdiion-,N. A:.'P a rk in s o n iBscuiive Editor; James M C R O W Mafizyirig E'diiOi : D. O . M v a tt UAssociate Editors. Continuous-Mixing Process (or ManuFacture of Concentrated Superphosphate. G . L. Bridger, R. A . W ilson, and R. B. Burt. W . Nelson A x e and W alter A . S c h u lz e ................................................................... vW ashingtoni ROBERT F, G O U L IJ. Solubility of C a (O H )a and C a S O j .i H s O in Dilute A lk a li Solutions. A i. l.EGGIN i. ' . . . ^;;:Chkfi 30; feiCHARD L, KENYON • '•New. York: -. W . C . Hansen and E. E. P r e s s le r ................................................................................... D. A . Shock and Norman H a c k e rm a n ............................................ ........................... J . E. Currah, E. M . S. Arthur, R. E. Thiers, W . A . E. M cBryde, and F. E. B ea m ish ................................................................................................................................ ■’. Manuel N . Fineman and Ira E. Puddington.............................................................. M e r r i it L ' K a s t e n s. -. Editors'. M ake-up:. .. .. | * | M anuscript E d itin g : • H E LE N K . N E W T O N. [¡Editorial Assistants: j. .. •. 1283. 1286. ■. 1288. Browning of Dehydrated Vegetables during Storage. R. R. Legault, W . F. Talburt, A . M . M ylne, and L. A . Bryan........................ 1294. Solubility of Silver Selenide and Silver Telluride in A q ueous Ammonia. B e r t h a R e y n o ld s '. K i.M a n u sc rip tR e v ie w in g ':. 1280. Kinetics of Cure of Resol Resins. ^ S a n ’ Fraricisco : ’ FREDERICK G . S a W Y E k. f’jfeisiant. 1273. Electrolytic Recorder Paper. H A R R Y 'S iF .N E R S Q N .. ' R ic h a r d !.: D e m m e rle. 1265. Corrosion Studies in Natural G as Condensate W ells. ; ;:Housidn; f i l l H , SHEARON, J r. 1: ^ : : : v.. . ................................................... Diisopropyl from Isobutane-Ethylene A lkylatio n in Presence of BF 3-H 2 O - H F Catalyst Systems. STELLA A N D ERSO N. CORA G . RYERSONM ildked E: Draper. R. S. Young and A . G o lle d g e ......................................................................................... 1299. Production of Benzyl Benzoate I. D. Tharp, H . A . Nottorf, C . H . H err, T. B. H oover, R. B. W agner,. C . A . W eisgerber, J . P. W ilkins, and F. C . W h itm o re................................... 1300. Stabilization of Cellulose Nitrate with Ammonia. Richard E. Reeves and Jo e l E. G i d d e n s ................................................................... 1303. Mechanism of Am monia Stabilization of Cellulose Nitrate C o n trib u tin g E d ito rs. ’. CHARLES O W EN BROW N MARS O'. F O N T A N A RALPH H . M U N C H • WALTER V O N PECH M A N N. Richard E. Reeves and Jo e l E. G i d d e n s .................................................................... 1306. Vitamin A and O il Content of Fish Livers and Viscera. Russell O . Sinnhuber and D. K. L a w ......................................................................... 1309. Plasticizer-Filler Mixtures and Their Dispersion in Rubber. Fritz S. Rostler and Hubert I. du P o n t ......................................................................... 1311. Solvent Separation of Hydrocarbon Mixtures by V ap or-Liquid Extraction A d v is o ry B o a rd L..BADGER IJÍM ER Kl BO LTO N ' •W. (I. DOW ■«ASTON DUBOIS g u St a v u s j . e s s e l e n ■PER K. FROLICH C F . KETTERING j.;6 . E. M AY •X. S;1MINER ,. H . R. MURDOCK C . F. p r u t t o n : A . S. RICHARDSON •W. SCHM IDT R: N . SHREVE : L. V . STECK E.' C . S U LLIV A N E. R. WEIDLEIN J O H N M . WEISS. A'.. M . R. Fenske, C . S. Carlson, and D. Q u ig g le ........................................................ 1322. Correlation of V ap or-Liquid Equilibria Data for Nonideal Ternary Systems. Edward G . Scheibel and Daniel Fried l a n d .............................................................. 1329. Epsilon Isomer of 1,2,3,4,5,6-H exachlorocyclohexane. K. C . Kauer, R. B. D uVall, and F. N . A lq u is t ......................................................... 1335. Relation between G e l Content, Plasticity, and Dilute Solution V isco sity of Elastomers. Aaron L. Back. ....................................................... .................................................................. 1339. Distribution in Hydrocarbon-Solvent Systems. T. G . Hunter and T. B r o w n ............................................................................................... 1343. Commercially Dehydrated Vegetables j. Industrial Edition, l&EC Consecutive Number 19 Copyright 1947 by American Chemical Society. M . F. M ailette, C . R. Dawson, W . L. Nelson, and W . A . Gortner . .. 1345. Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relations of Benzene. E. J . Gornow ski, E. H . Amick, J r ., A . N . H ix s o n .............................................. 1348. P IL O T P L A N T S : Regenerative Unit for Generating O xygen. Benjamin B. F o g le r ...................... ............................................................................................ Cover show« a nickel-lined steel 5 0% caustic evaporator under con struction for Diamond A lk a li Company, at Deer Park, Texas. It calls attention to the first annual Materials of Construction Review featured in this Issue. Photo by Paul Peters, Houston.. 1353. E D I T O R I A L ........................1191 Headlines . . . .1361 Reports........................ 5 A s W e See It . . . 83 Industrial Data . . . 111 Sidelightsand Trends 152. o_i .c my<can Chemical Society assumes no responsibility' or the statements and toria!°nS Ldnce^ ky contributors to its publications. V iew s expressed in the edi»k* Afe editors and do not necessarily represent the official position p'hlfl!” jriLSn Chemical Society, r *j>*d by the American Chemical Society, from 20th and Northampton Sts., a‘ Executive Offices and Editorial Headquarters, 1155 Sixteenth St., N . W ., Rr.n-ucj0" , ' Advertising Office: 332 West 42nd St., N ew York 18, N . Y . 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Single copies: current issues, Industrial Edition $0.75, Analytical Edition $0.50, back numbers, Industrial Edition $ 0.80, Analytical Edition prices on request, special rates to members. Claims For missing numbers w ill not be allowed if received more than 60 days from date of issue. No claims allowed from subscribers in central Europe, Asia, or the Pacific Islands other than Hawaii, or because of failure to notify the Circulation Department of a change of address, or because copy is "missing from files. The American Chemical Society also publishes Chemical and Engineering News, Chemical Abstracts, and the Journal o í the American Chemical Society. Rates on request..

(4) BETTER DISPERSION. from tiny particles. Celite Fillers give insecticides better dispersion, greater "kill.” They aid grinding of low-meiting-point poisons such as DDT, ADDITION AL TOUGHNESS. A sp halt p ro d u cts gain ¡i. toughness, a higher melting point and a lower brittle point from Celite fillers.. IMPROVED “ FLOW. As a caking preventive, Celite Fillers improve the flow characteristics of del iquescent chemicals.. y o o r p ro d u c t INCREASED BULK. Manufacturers of house hold cleansers and syn thetic detergents find that Célite Fillers add bulk, improve absorp tion and color. The m icroscope sh o w s w h y Celite* ad d s so many desirable properties to products at lo w cost.. MORE DURABLE FINISH. Celite Fillers produce a more durable surfacefinish, reducemoistureabsorption, and improve the electrical properties of plastics. G REATER ABSO RPTIO N. Celite Fillers are widely used in fine polishes as-absorp tive, nonscratching abrasives.. Fineness. Averago Particle Sizo (Oden Method). Free Moisture Content. Celite FC. Maximum 3% on 150 mesh. 4-6 microns. Approx. 4%. Celite SSC. Maximum 5% on 150 ihesh. Snow Floss. Maximum 0.5% on 325 mesh. 1-2 microns. Maximum 0.5% on 325 mesh. 2-4 microns. Grade Designation. Absorption* Bulking Linseed Value** S p e c ific Water Oil Loose Wet Gravity. 7-9 microns Approx. 4%. Gardner-Coleman Method—lbs. of liquid per 100 Ibt. of Celite.. Johns-Manville. **lbs. per cubic ft.. Fillers and Filter Aids.

(5) O c to b e r J 9 4 7. INDUSTRIAL and ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY..... ON THE CHEMICAL WORLD TODAY The big spurt in Swedish interest came as a result of World War II and the fact that Sweden, cut off from her usual sources of petroleum imports, was reduced to using wood, straw, peat, and alcohol as primary sources of heat, industrial fuel, and power. The Swedish Shale Oil Company, governmentally owned and operated, was producing over half a million barrels a year by 1945. Since the Swedish deposits are essentially easy to reach, be ing covered only by a layer of soil and limestone about 10 feet thick, mining is not difficult. From a deposit estimated to contain 400,000,000 barrels of oil the industry mines about 4000 tons of shale per day. The shale is quarried after blast ing, crushed, screened, and siloed. The size of the particles of crushed shale determines the process used. The Bergh process unit shown in the accom panying sketch is the one of greatest capacity. It is continu ous, is externally heated by gases derived from burning the spent shale immediately below the retort, and uses particles from 5 to 30 mm. in diameter. Dilution of the products of distill ation by combustion gases is prevented by maintenance of a suit able pressure within the retort. A steam coil generator modifies the re tort temperature, and part of the steam produced is introduced at the bottom of the shale to increase the ammonia yield and better the quality of the oil product. The Rockesholm process, next in capacity, is a modified Pumpherston method and uses shale particles greater than 30 mm. in diameter. Like the Bergh operation, it employs externally heated retorts, but the gas used is that derived from the dis tillation process itself, and this pre vents dilution of the vapors by com bustion products. The spent shale is removed and utilized elsewhere for power production. The third retort method is pat terned after the Estonian “horizon tal” retort and consists of a tunnel heated by tubes carrying the prod ucts of combustion from two hori zontal, circular, gas-fired furnaces. The shale is (Continued, on •page 8 A). OIL SHALE The recent dedication of the National Bureau of Mines oil shale demonstration plant near Rifle, Colo., and the current unrest about m petroleum reserves have served to fan the spark of interest in this country on the general subject of oil from oil shales to a steady if still moderate flame. With a first-hand report on the remarkable success of the Swedes in this direction, Gustav Egloff of Universal Oil Products Com pany put in a very timely appearance before the Division of Petroleum Chemistry at the 112th Meeting of the A m e r ic a n Chem ical S o c ie t y last month. What is so remarkable about the Swedish success is that they started with not one process but four, all at the same time, and all worked. It is perhaps worth pointing out that the term “oil shale” is not synonymous with “oil sand.” In an oil sand, liquid is actually present in voids, and oil may be obtained by merely pumping to the surface. In con trast, there is no substantial poros ity in oil shale. The oil is present as a mixture of solid hydrocarbons known as kerogens and is obtained generally by mining the shale, de structively distilling the kerogens (which involves heating all the shale), and only then coming out with something comparable to crude oil. Perhaps the process might best be compared to the mining of coal, and subsequent production of light tars and phenols from the coal. The early interest in oil shale de veloped because the destructive dis tillation of the kerogens and sub sequent treatment of the kerosene fraction gave a material suitable for burning in lamps. The use of oil from shale actually preceded the worldwide use of petroleum, a Scotch retorting plant eighty-odd years old is the oldest in the world. Even after petroleum came into use in the United States, shale oil from other parts of the world was still able to compete with it on a price basis as long as crude oil sold in this country for four or five dollars a barrel. O IL S H A L E. IN. A n interpretative monthly digest for chemists, chemical engineers, and executives in the chemical producing and chemical consum ing industries. 5A.

(6) Boxing Gloves for Fuel Lines Barco Flexible Joints are like boxing gloves—they cushion shock and impact. The best way to protect fuel lines from vibration in mechanical operation is with this famous flexible joint. In every phase of industrial activity, these expertly engineered protectors have successfully offset the onslaught of shock and vibration in fuel lines, g u a r d e d against strains caused by contraction and expansion. For full particulars about this universally accepted line, write to Barco Manufacturing Company, Not Inc., 1823 Winnemac Avenue, Chicago 40, Illinois.. BARCO. FLEXIBLE /OINTS. FREE ENTERPRISE— THE CORNERSTONE OF AMERICAN PROSPERITY lo Canada:. Tha Holden Co., Ltd., Montreal, C anada.. "MOVE IN. EVERY. N ot just a swivel joint ...b u t a combination of a swivel and ball join! with rotary motion and responsive movement through every an^ e'. DIRECTION'".

(7) 7A. INDUSTRIAL ÄND E NGI NE E R I NG CHEMISTRY. October 1947. Elevate Your Bulk Materials Efficiently.. the LINK-BELT Way . . b y Continuous B u ck et E l e v a t o r This type is used where higher capacity at slower speed is desired or where the material is friable. It consists usually of steel buckets mounted on either a chain or belt. M aterial is fed directly into the buckets at the foot of the elevator and discharged over a head wheel onto the proceeding buckets, whose front and projecting sides form a chute, thereby directing the material into a fixed discharge spout. . . . b y In tern o Bucket E l e v a t o r This is an internally loaded loop type bucket elevator for the gentle handling of small parts, as well as such materials as seed corn, beans, peas, etc. It consists of steel buckets mounted on a chain. M aterial is fed directly into the buckets at the foot of the elevator from the center of either side of the casing and can be discharged ^| —— into chutes or directly to a conveyor passing jtfSSSmSk under the buckets.. Conveyors by. LINK-BELT m eet e v e ry need of Industry . . . . Link-Belt m anufac tures practically e v e ry standard type for handling bulk m a terials, parts and packaged m aterials. O V ERH EA D TR O LLEY CO N VEYO RS. . . . by Perfect Discharge Bucket Elevator which operates at slower speeds and is used where materials will not readily discharge at centrifugal speeds. Malleable iron or steel buckets are mounted between two strands of chain. M aterial is fed directly into buckets at the foot of the elevator or scooped up in the boot and discharged over a snubbed head wheel which inverts the position of the buckets over the discharge chute.. B ELT CO N VEYO RS. ,. by Centrifugal Discharge Bucket Elevator which is used for most products. It consists of either malleable iron or steel buckets mounted on either a chain or belt. The material is fed either directly into the buckets at the foot of the elevator or scooped up in the boot and is discharged over the head wheel by centrifugal action.. This is a Helicoid (screw) elevator which handles many products that normally can be conveyed by a horizontal screw conveyor. It consists of a vertical screw driven from either the top or bottom, operating in a solid or split casing. The material is fed to the vertical screw by screw feeder near the foot of the lift and is discharged at the top or head end. ETpritjii which is used where mass conveying is possible. It consists of malleable iron or steel flights attached to a chain. The material is fed directly into the lower horizontal portion of the casing, thereby eliminating a feeder and is discharged at the opening in the upper portion of the casing, just before the flights reach the head wheel. LIN K-BELT. COMPANY. Chicago 8, Indianapolis 6, Philadelphia 40, Atlanta, Dallas 1, Minneapolis 5, San Francisco 24, Los Angeles 33, Seattle 4, Toronto 8. Offices in Principal Cities. io.hs-d. ★ ★ ★. When your plant is “Conveyorized” by LINK-BELT, every umt belongs! Because every unit is selected from the broadest line of conveying machinery, and specified as the most satis factory type and size for the purpose.- Link-Belt manufactures Practically every standard type of conveyor and power trans mission machinery. Link-Belt “know-how”, accumulated from many years of service to industry, is available to aid you in selecting and applying the correct equipment to give the most satisfactory service.. SCREW CO N VEYO R. O S C IL L A T IN G - T R O U G H CO N VEYO R. C H A IN CO N VEYO RS.

(8) ES C r e p o r ts placed in the tunnel in perforated steel cars, and the vapors pass out through the perforations without contamination or dilution. The Ljungstrom method, by which approximately a third as much oil is produced annually as the total of the other three processes, destructively distills the oil straight from the shale beds. Contrary to the practice involved in the underground internal combustion method attempted by the Germans at Schorzingen, the Swedes use electrical resistors in drilled holes and draw off the vapors through a central piping system. This method is an outgrowth of earlier Swedish and Australian methods employing direct burning of the shale deposits by use of tunnels and produces a better quality oil than the retort processes. W ien a bed is exhausted (in about two months) the equipment is merely moved to a new location. It takes about three months for a new bed to become sufficiently heated, and it cools so slowly (estimate is 30 years) that the abandoned area becomes an excellent plot for truck farming. The total capital expenditure for the four Swedish processes was about 835,000,000, and their economic success depends on an efficient utilization of by-products. Production of lime stone from the strip-mining operation may reach 60,000 tons annually, and the spent shale may be useful as a building material. From the uncondensable gases a high purity sulfur is obtained, plus light gasoline, ammonium sulfate, liquefied butanes, and propane. Compounds of aluminum, vanadium, molybdenum, and potassium are present, and each ton ol shale contains about half a pound of uranium oxide, not now recovered but probably recoverable in the future. In Scotland the industry has been subsidized by the govern ment for years; in France there is great pressure to shut down the oil shale plants. There is no definite information on the Manchurian industry operated by the Japaneseduring the war. It is estimated that the United States reserves of shale oil are of the order of 100,000,000,000 barrels. Two million dol lars have been invested in the Rifle, project which employs two retorts, each with a 40-ton capacity. The United States Bureau of Mines intends to evaluate a number of processes but at present is employing a batch process, with the shale being placed in the retort and a fire being built on top of the charge. Both the products of combustion and of destructive distilla tion move downward through the charge, and as a result the vapors are contaminated with combustion products. These combustion products have such a high partial pressure that some gasoline is lost along with them. There are other oil shale beds in this country besides the extensive and relatively rich deposits in the Colorado, Wyo ming, Utah, and California areas—in Texas, for example. However, there are few places in Texas where oil shale can be strip-mined, and underground operations would require going to considerable depths to get any appreciable tonnage. Id general, too, the yield per ton is so low that practically as much heat is required to raise the temperature of the shale to the point where distillation takes place as would be realized eventually from the oil in the form of energy. In 1942 the Standard Oil Development Company undertook for the Australian Government the investigation of possible manufacture of marine fuel from Australian oil shale by fluidized solids techniques. They expected that reduction of the shale to a reasonably small (Continued on page 10 4). Buna S Latex, PRE-VULCANIZED (UBS B-1700) la - . a.. .. . . . 2500 lbs. tensile strength minimum . . . dry, non-tacky film . . . no adding of vulcanizing agents . . . no heat treat ment necessary other than drying PROPERTIES. 1. Dried film tensile strength...............2500 lbs. persq. in. minimum 2. Dried film ultimate elongation . .. .700% to 800% 3. Viscosity...........................................Thin 4. Specific gravity................................ 1.012 5. pH Value..........................................93 to 9.8 6. Solids content.................................. 33% APPLICATION. 1. Back coating of rugs and fabrics to impart non-slip and fibre binding characteristics. 2. Coating and impregnating of fabric, paper and wadding for strength, water resistance, and base for further coating. 3. Preparation of molds utilizing properties of flexibility and free dom from further heat treatments. 4. Dipped goods where deposition of film is complete on drying. 5. Adhesive for paper, fabric and leather where bond is improved by film deposit of cured Buna S. 6. As an additive to natural latex, as well as to buna and neoprene, for extension and modification.. P.S.. It is proposed to supply pre-vulcanized Buna S Latex in a more concentrated form if the de mand is great enough to warrant it.. Write for detailed data sheet.. Union Bay S tate C /ie m ic a h C o m p a n y In c . 5 0 H A R V A R D S T R E ET , C A M B R ID G E 4 2 , M A S S .. 8A.

(9) October 1947. ,. I NDUS T R I AL AND E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMI STRY. 9A. In this d ay of intensive chemical research, the de velopment of new products and new processing techniques has become more regular than rare.. I f. Rare Requests. But, to translate these new, experimental ideas into profitable actualities frequently requires spe cial vessels or processing equipment unobtainable from usual sources of supply.. Daily Routine. Here at Emerson-Scheuring, however, requests for unconventional designs are not the exception. As pioneers in the successful welding of corrosion resistant metals, we have had a generous share of uncommon and intricate assignments . . . each re quiring special handling and a special approach to solve a specialized processing problem. Over the last quarter-century, we have developed a resourceful and versatile organization, combining the engineering experience and creative craftsman ship it takes to design and produce such equip ment. And, to back up this seasoned staff, we have assembled a diversified range of modern manufac turing, welding, forming and machining equipment —which permits all operations to be completed within our own plant, under our own control. The experience and facilities of Emerson-Scheuring are yours to call upon whenever you have spe cial equipment to be fabricated. We welcome the opportunity to work in cooperation with your en gineering department, or to provide the services of our own skilled designers, as we have in working with many leading chemical, pharmaceutical and processing companies. EMERSON-SCHEURING. TANK. 2 0 7 7 M artind ale A v e n u e. & MANUFACTURING •. CO. , I N C. In d ia n a p o lis 7 , In d ia n a. A t Left: Ja cketed and insulated pressure tanks fo r pharm aceutical process ing, fa b rica te d from Hastelloy C , with stainless steel sheathing. Shown re a d y fo r installation..

(10) !!S£ reports fwB’•«PT.--.- ' ë e t e r mp..9 « am» « eHr'. That's w h y it's SO im p o rta n t to c h o o se a s y o u r d e s ig n a n d e n g in e e r in g co un se l a firm of b r o a d e x p e r i e n c e a n d p r o v e n a b il it y .. F ro m d raw in g board, th ro u g h con stru c tio n , to test o p eratio n of the com pleted plan t, P ritc h a rd en g in eers b rin g to bear upon yo ur problem s a th o ro u g h fa m ilia rity w ith latest tre n d s and sound in g e n u ity in a p p ly ing new tech n iq u es. A lso th ey know and con sid er in the lig h t of y o u r re q u irem e n ts every com m ercially s ig n ific a n t m ethod from past and present p ractice th a t w ill assu re m axim um p ro d u ctio n and p ro fit from y o u r in v estm ent DESIGN - ENGINEERING • CONSTRUCTION. — one re sp o n sib ility th ro u g h o u t, or any ' p art of these com prehensive services is available sep arately F or m ore com plete info rm atio n on P ritc h ard 's chem ical engineering services i f f h see Sw eet F iles, C hem ical E n g in ee r ing C atalog, R efinery C atalog, etc C H E M IC A L D I V I S I O N , F I D E L I T Y. B U I L D I N G , K A N S A S C I T Y 6 , MO. ENGINEERS • CONSTRUCTORS • MANUFACTURERS for the CHEMICAl, PETROLEUM, GAS & POWER industries. HOUSTON • T U L S A • P ITT SB U R G H • C H IC A C O NEW YO RK • LOS A N C E L E S • ST. LO UIS. particle size and handling by the fluid method would allow uniform temperatures to be reached in the retorting zones, and would eliminate sticking and caking which occur in con ventional nonfluid systems. Their conclusion was that the method was novel and sound, and that costs would be al most totally governed by the price of raw shale as delivered to the retorting plant. It was also their opinion that oil shale processing in the United States might to some extent become competitive with other methods of crude oil produc tion in the not-too-distant future— that is, if the cost of the mined product can be cut to around 50 cents per ton. W.H.S. S U P E R GREASE A new class of metallic soap-thickened greases ■jgSggp is now in volume production which utilizes LSWBS certain complex compounds to attain special characteristics, particularly water and solventresistance and increased heat stability. According to the manufacturers, the superior stability of these greases under operating conditions makes them particularly suitable for specialized applications which warrant their slightly higher cost. These new greases owe their unusual characteristics to the inclusion of metal soap complexes, according to Lester W, McLennan of the Union Oil Company of California, who de scribed the complexes in a recent patent. These compounds comprise the reaction product of 1 equivalent of high-molecular- weight organic acids with 1.1 to 4 equivalents of an alkaline compound, but they are essentially free of readily titratable excess alkalinity. Since this reaction occurs only in the pres ence of oxygen at temperatures between 400° and 550° F., it is believed that in the initial saponification reaction a portion of the normal soap is oxidized, and the excess basic material reacts with the acidic products formed. This theory is further supported by the fact that similar complexes can be formed by reacting a normal metal soap with the metal salt of a low-molecular-weight organic acid or a salt of a mineral acid. It has been found desirable in some cases to utilize two or more metals in the formation of the complex, where at least one of the metals is polyvalent and a secdnd is prefer ably an alkali metal. In the manufacture of the greases the reaction is usually conducted in open kettles at atmospheric pressure. Air is blown through the reaction mixture to provide the necessary oxygen. The reaction is also influenced by the presence of a polar solvent, such as water or glycerol. The most successful soap complex greases have been made from the alkali earth metals, especially calcium, strontium, and barium. However, almost all the other definitely metal lic elements have given satisfactory products. Greases have been prepared from soap stocks comprising prime tallow, sperm oil, lard oil, peanut oil, tallow fatty acids, oleic acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, ricinoleic acid, acids from oxidized waxes, etc. Oils as low in viscosity as 55 Sayb o lt Universal seconds a t 100° F. and as high as 200 Saybolt Universal seconds at 210° F. have been used. Most mineral oils, including technical white oils, residual oils of various types, and lubricating oil distillates and extracts have proved •suitable for formulation. (Continued on page 12 4).

(11) October 1947. I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y. Vat Paste, for example. heated for 15 minutes at 210°F by conventional open kettle methods.. heated for 30 seconds at 230° F by continuous, closed Votator method.. Dollars Worth of Difference QTARCH based “vat paste,” used by the textile industry, is a typical example of V otator supenority in processing materials which must be brought from a liquid state toward the solid by means of heat transfer and manipulation. Photo-micrograph “A” shows the unexploded starch when v at paste is cooked at the m aximum tem perature f°r open k e ttle m eth o d s. P h o to micrograph “B ” shows the more homogenous texture obtained with Votator processing apparatus. All the particles of starch are ex ploded because V o t a t o r apparatus Permits higher cooking tem peratures.. Cooking and cooling are accomplished in one-thirtieth of the time required by open kettle methods, as the material flow s continuously through the V otator heat transfer tubes. The V otator heat transfer operation in corporates a uniform agitating action. And the general result, for vat paste and many other viscous products, is unusually fine quality at unusually low processing cost. If you process a viscous product, it will be well worth while to ask for more information about V otator. THE G IR D LE R C O R P O R A T IO N , V O T A T O R D IV ISIO N LO UISVILLE 1, K E N T U C K Y 150 Broadway, New York City 7 * 2612 Russ Bldg., San Francisco 4 * 6 1 7 Johnston Bldg., Charlotte 2, N. C.. is a trade mark (Reg. U. S. Pat. Off.) applying only to products of Tho Girdler Corporation. V o ta to r. PROCESSING APPARATUS.

(12) This flexibility in compounding makes the complex, thickened greases eminently desirable from the refiner’s point of view. The water content of the greases is generally of negligible magnitude, for it represents only what remains after essential dehydration. However, in some instances small percentages of water are intentionally added to the batch to smooth the texture and improve the clarity of the product. Conventional additives have been successfully incorporated to inhibit rust ing and impart enhanced resistance to oxidation, wear, and extreme pressure One of the more important claims for these new lubricants, according to their manufacturers, is that they can be heated and cooled continuously in service without any substantial change in grease structure or any marked consequent change in consistency. This characteristic would make the grease particularly valuable in bearings operating intermittently at atmospheric and elevated temperatures, such as is the case in aviation motors and aircraft auxiliary bearings. Greases of this type have additional special value for general-purpose lubrication on aircraft in that they exhibit high impermeabil ity to water, even at high temperatures in the presence of steam, and also resist the leaching action of light hydrocarbons such as gasoline. When properly formulated, the strontium soap greases exhibit excellent stability at elevated temperatures and under severe conditions of mechanical “working.” The manufac turer reports that these lubricants have performed success fully in internal kiln and oven bearings under l$avy loads at temperatures up to 400° F. They also have demonstrated superior corrosion protection against salt spray and moisture when used on transoceanic airliners. The strontium used in compounding these greases is obtained in the form of the hydrate, Sr(QH)2.8H20, which has come into quantity pro duction on the Pacific Coast as a result of this development. The type of oil used can be varied virtually without practical restriction. These new greases promise significant advantages in opera tions which, up to now, have been seriously hampered by lubrication problems. M .LX. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS. IN D O N E X Reg. U. S . Pat. O ff.. PLASTICIZERS. Grade. 633. C o l o r ............................................. Sp. G r. (60 ° F . ) ...................................... 634. Vi. 638. Vi. VG. D ark. 0.9958. 0.99 79. 1.020. .9847. 450. 460. 510. 460. 35. 40. 70. 20. 110. 125. 510. 103. —130. —365. —110. Flash ° F ...................................... Pour °F ............................................................. V isco sity 2 1 0 °F .,. 'A. Dark. Saybolt sec.. V isco sity I n d e x ..................................... —109. D ark Medium. D isl. (1 m m )°F. ..................................................... 405. 409. 498. 430. 3 0 % ..................................................... 5 %. 442. 445. 540. 458. 5. 5. 3. 4. E va p . Loss m g /lO g . (1 h r. oven 1 0 0 °C .) . . .. V IN Y LS — In compounding vinyl resins IN D O N EX V G is a satisfactory medium-colored partial replacement for dioctyl phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, etc. Because of its low volatility, retention of flexibility and physical properties on aging are excellent. (Circular 101.). RUBBER— The utility and low cost of the dark-colored IN D O N EX grades 6331/2, 634Mz, 638Vi in compounding of GR-S, Natural Rubber, Neoprene, Butyl and Acrylonitrile Copolymers has been fully. demonstrated.. (Bulletin 13.). OTHER A P P L IC A T IO N S — All grades of IN D O N EX are compatible with a wide range of resins including various phenolics, modified phenolics, alkyds, acry lates, polyamides, cellulose derivatives, coal tar and petroleum resins, polystyrenes, rosin derivatives, and waxes. M any diverse applications as plasticizers, modi fiers, or extenders are indicated. (Circular 105.). STANDARD OIL COMPANY (INDIANA) C H E M IC A L. PRO D UCTS. 910 South M ichigan A ven ue. ^. 4r I;:; 'Xf^. D EPARTM EN T Chicago 80, Illin o is. WPS#^ 1 * 1 1 12 A. OXYGEN G ETS AROUND Oxygen, the universal sustainer of animal rjB tf* ' life, is again the subject of industrial interest as a vitalizer in several chemical and metal lurgical processes. Similar waves of oxygen enthusiasm in this country have arisen in the past only to die out because of economic complications and a general hesitancy on the part of some potential users to embrace new technologies. These depths and heights of interest, however, have had little, if any, effect 0 11 a steadily growing American oxygen industry that reached its peak production during the recent war. It is a tribute to the producers that they answered the call to armament so well. In spite of the lavish demands made upon them, oxygen was one of the very few tonnage chemicals that was never on allocation. The principal product of this industry has been an oxygen of 99.5% purity; the major part (Continued on page 14 &.

(13) October 1947. I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G C H E MI S T R Y. M. il. t e a r “'. PITTSBURGH. 22,. PENNSYLVANIA. District Offices in Principal Cities.

(14) ESS reports C. v m. p le t e. COMBUSTION. OF HEAV Y O I L S AND TARS. Type "SA" Oil Burner operates steadily over a wide range without cleaning or clogging . . . requires minimum supervision and main tenance . . . and internal atomizing feature (using steam or compressed air for atomiza tion) completely atomizes and thoroughly burns the lowest and cheapest grades of fuel oil and tar, requiring only low oil pressure and temperature.. of this production has been used for purposes of cutting and scarfing in the steel industry. Even a slight decrease in this purity figure seems to affect the cutting speed significantly, especially in the more modern equipment designed for high speed cutting. Although the last few degrees of purity are the most expensive to obtain, their cost is more than offset by the saving in labor which results from increased cutting speeds. For efficient welding, purities as low as 98% can be tolerated, but even here the purer product is still preferable. Therapeutic techniques have also settled fairly well on the 99.5% level product, which has been adopted as the U.S.P. standard. All of these factors have had a direct influence on the development of our present-day oxygen industry con cerned with the manufacture of this product, commonly known as high purity oxygen. Oxygen production is a peculiar field, however, that shares very few idiosyncrasies with any other chemical production endeavor. Air, the “ore” from which oxygen is made, is well dispersed over the face of the earth with an oxygen content that is fairly uniform. No mining operations are necessary, and costs of transportation of raw material to the plant are nil. Reserves are plentiful despite the predictions of some “worry worts” to the contrary. Essentially the entire problem of the oxygen industry to date can be summed up under the heading of distribution. Not a small part of this item could be placed under the subhead of packaging, because of the need to use heavy steel containers to ship a product “as light as air.” A spokesman for The Linde Air Products Company drew the analogy, “It’s like using seven pounds of paper to wrap one pound of butter.”. Type "SA" Oil Burner is equally adaptable to all types of industrial heating, power or process furnaces — it is suitable for firing above stoker grates as alternate fuel. Write for Bulletin 21 which gives complete data about these Oil Burners. Regular sizes and capacities are as follows: Size No. 0, rated maximum capacity — 10 gallons of oil per hcfur (approximately 35 horse power) S ize No. 1/ rated maximum capacity — 40 gallons oi oil per hour (approximately 135 horse power) Size No. 2, rated maximum capacity — 80 gallons of oil per hour (approximately 270 horse power) Size No. 3, rated maximum capacity — 120 gallons of oil per hour (approximately 400 horse power). Mem Officii. EAST SÏDGIEY AVENUE. PHIt ADElfHIA. Texas Office: 2nd N ational Bank Hldg..‘H ouston. fA.. Although oxygen has not yet been packaged successfully in paper bags—which, incidentally, would be one solution to the packaging difficulty—the problem has been amelio rated considerably by the shipment and handling of oxygen in the liquid state, or in large containers as a gas under high pressure which can be placed in the customer’s plant. Linde, a strong proponent of the liquid school of thought, has had considerable success in using large tank cars capable of holding in a liquid state the equivalent of a million cubic feet of oxygen at normal temperature and pressure. This is a load equal to that of fourteen ordinary box cars of con ventional steel cylinders. Shorter range distribution of liquid oxygen is accomplished by the use of fleets of tank iirucks which either deliver it as a liquid to the customer or convert it upon arrival at his plant to the gas phase for storage in receivers. In the former ease, observed where the demands are large, conversion is handled (Continued on -page 16 A).

(15) G CHEMISTRY. October 1947. THERE’S PLEN TY O W e’ll let you in on a secret. The re cent announcement that furfural will soon be used in the manufacture of nylon was no surprise to us. And should this new use for furfural be fol lowed by announcements of the adop tion of furfural for other process indus tries you can be pretty sure that we will have had foreknowledge of those new requirements as well. All of which means, that we have an ample supply of furfural for your needs. Present capacity of our two plants at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and Memphis, Tennessee is upwards of 50,000,000 pounds per year. New techniques in manufacture indicate that even greater output can be obtained in present fa cilities and even these facilities are be. F. F. O. R. ALL. ing continually expanded to meet an ticipated demands. So to you who are working with fur fural experimentally now, we suggest that you intensify your development program without worry about avail ability. To you who have not yet in vestigated furfural’s possibilities in your processes, may we suggest that the versatility of furfural as shown by its present uses, indicates there are still greater developments on the way. Per haps you may be the one to make the headlines. Quaker Oats Technical Staff will be glad to work with you on the applica tion of furfural or the other furans to your particular problems.. The Quaker Oafs (ompa 1910 B O A R D O F TR A D E BLDG. 141 W. JA C K S O N BLVD., C H IC A G O 4 , ILLINOIS E«TERN SALES O FFICE, 1231 W HITEHALL BLD G., 17 B ATTERY P LA C E, NEW Y O R K 4 , N . Y . In the United Kingdom, Quaker O a ts Ltd., Southall, Middlesex, England In Europe, Quaker Oats-Graanproducten N .V ., Rotterdam,The Netherlands In Australia, Swift & Company, Pty. Ltd., Sydney. FURFURAL . FURFURYL A L C O H O L (FA) . F U R O IC A C ID • T ET R A H Y D R O FU R FU R Y L A L C O H O L (THFA).

(16) T h e re. are. many factors. that make. for efficient o p e ra tio n — an. impor. tant one is the elimination of dust hazards.. N o matter how well man. aged a plant might be — it just c a n ’t reach. M A X IM U M. less it is dust-free.. effic ie n c y. un. It w o uld p a y to. c h e c k into dust even in small quan tities.. DRACCO. Engineers have. been re sp o n sib le for solving many co m p licate d. dust and. fume p r o b . lems that resulted in greater plant efficien cy.. They. have. over. 30. y e a rs ’ e x p e rie n c e in dust and fume control — w h y not consult them ? F o r F u r t h e r In f o r m a t io n W r if e. DRACCO C O R P O R A T I O N. m u«. <055 E. I t 6 t h St., Cleveland 5, Ohio. New York Office: 130 W. 42nd St.. DUST C O N T R O L E Q U IPM E N T I P N E U M A T IC C O N V E Y O R S » METAL F A B R IC A T I O N j. by semiautomatic equipment located on the user’s property, but serviced and inspected periodically by the supplier. The current trend of interest in the use of industrial oxygen for other purposes lies in open hearth steel practice, blast furnace air enrichment, coal gasification, production of synthesis gas, the roasting and burning of sulfide ores, and the production of gasoline from natural gas. Although many of the preliminary studies of these applications were made some years ago in this country, the center of enthusiasm shifted to Europe from which a tide of technical literature on the subject arose in the 1920’s and 1930’s. This was sub stantiated by the disclosures of British and American investi gating teams that toured Germany after the recent war. On the basis of reports received, Russian interest seems to have paralleled that of the Germans. Generally speaking, the philosophy behind attempts to employ oxygen in the process industries is to furnish an oxygen-consuming operation with an atmosphere higher in oxygen content than the usual 20.9% by volume found in normal air. This, of course, should have the effect of increas ing the plant capacity and decreasing labor costs. Economic considerations, however, do not allow the problem to remain ;so simple as that. Much hangs on the determination of the optimum oxygen purity level for a given process. For this, reason it is somewhat unfortunate that American oxygen production has been so closely geared to the 99.5% product which has precluded a' lot of necessary work on low purity oxygen potentialities and economics. It would seem that each definer has his own individual definition of low purity oxygen, and agreement occurs only on the. basic premise that its oxygen content is at some level below 99.5%. Actually the oxygen producers have done their part of the investigatoiy work rather well, and it now remains for the prospective consumers to determine just what they require in a low purity product. The spokesman for one large producer phrased the problem concisely when he said: “We’re in the oxygen business and we think we know quite a bit about it. However, although we follow every possible use of oxygen very closely, we can’t know everything about every process in which it might be em ployed. If the users tell us what they want and in what quantities, we’ll give it to them.” At present it seems that the steel companies will be counted among the first consumers to settle on requirements. Linde has operated for some months a 200-ton-a-day plant at East Chicago, Ind., for the production of 90-9S% oxygen for metallurgical use. The Air Reduction Company, in a joint endeavor with the Iioppers Company, Inc., and the Bethle hem Steel Company, is building a low purity plant at Johns town, Pa., for production of a 90-95% oxygen plant. I' is expected that the 150-ton-a-day plant will begin operation within a few months. The Air Reduction people point out that, although this capacity is large in terms of high purity gas plants, future developments in low purity application will make this installation seem small by comparison. Fur ther evidence of steel’s interest in low purity oxygen can be seen in the recent award of a contract by the Weirton Steel Company to Air Products, Inc., for the erection of a 400ton-a-day plant. It is reported that, when the new plant is finished in about a year, production will begin on oxygen in the purity range of 88-92%. R.L.P.

(17) I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G CH' EMI STRY. October 1947. o U. r. c. o. f M. s. m. /. l. in manufacturing phosphoric acid. . . with Carbon, Graphite, and “ Karbate” Impervious Graphite. Graphite. Graphite. COOLING. wat£R. Carbon e'ectr° ^ at precip'tator. COOLANT. Viater-c bustion phorus. I graphite com iber where ph°* „verted to. storage. Carbon h^rator Carb0nbricK-«ned cooling tanH. I jo s p h o r ic „u fa c tu rf.. pro cess. ARBON, Graphite, and “Karbate” materials are ideal for the construc tion of complete systems for the manu facture of phosphoric acid and related compounds. They are unattacked by phosphorus, its oxides and acids, or by those contaminants normally encoun tered in the m anufacture of these products. Graphite material, because of its C. high thermal conductivity, is required for combustion chambers and gas cool ers; but either carbon or graphite is suitable for hydrators and precipita tors. Chamber and hydrator construc tion may be either vertical or horizon tal, completely of graphite and carbon, or graphite and carbon-lined steel, de pending upon individual design con siderations.. Advantages of “ National” Carbon, Graphite, and “ Karbate” m aterials. •. No m elting point Immune to therm al shock. •. No metallic contamination of product. •. Light weight with adequate Strength. •. NATIONAL CARBON COMPANY, INC. U nit o f U nion Carbide and Carbon Corporation. EM3 30 East-42nd Street, New Y ork 17, N . Y,. Division Sales Offices: Atlanta, Chicago,‘Dallas, Kansas City, New York, Pittsburgh, San Francisco. Easy to machine and install The terms "Karbate" and "N ational” are registered trade-marks of National Carbon Company, In a.

(18) 1 8 'A. I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y. 21s! xposition of hemical. D E C . 1-6 GRAND CENTRAL PAŁACE NEW YORK CITY. Vol. 39, No. 10. Hundreds of Practical A N SW ERS to your Present and Future Problems To chemists, engineers and plant execu tives seeking to apply chemistry’s latest advances to their own specific problems, this biggest of all chemical expositions offers an unequalled opportunity. 340 m anufacturers and suppliers w ill be there... showing, demonstrating and explaining the new est in m aterials, methods, equipment and products... offering a wealth of new ideas for better, faster, and cheaper ways to get things done... for improving your products ...f o r cuttin g costs and increasing production. Interchanging ideas between science and technology... between creative re search and engineering know -how ... at this Exposition may save you much valuable time in finding practical solu tions to present and future problems. So come... see the many new developments ...discuss your problems and plans first hand with other technical m en... get money-saving ideas you can profitably use today and tomorrow. M ake it a MUST for New Ideas Something Worthwhi le for E ve ryone in E v e r y P hase of Industrial Chemistry. Management International Exposition Co.. Q. O.

(19) AT. KATY, T E X A S TH ROUGH. NORDSTROM VALVES. § i r. m m m C»V'.Î’/Ï.WH:.:>'&<•■:.v>‘■ >• Ï. ‘1. 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 F E E T OF GAS D A I L Y P R O C E S S E D , W I T H. HERE is real conservation! At Katy, 30 miles west of Houston, 35 separate companies joined in the construction of a cycling plant to utilize most com pletely the latent energy of natural gas. The plant is operated by Humble Oil & Refining Co. for these companies. Gas from 31 wells, a half billion cubic feet per day, is processed, from which approximately 15,000 barrels of pe troleum products, principally gasoline, are removed. Then, more than 80%. the gas, stripped of its recoverable hydrocarbons, is pumped back into the ground for future use. Recycling on this gigantic scale re quires high-pressure valves that must not and cannot fail. Manifolds, pump lines, cooling towers, scrubbers, absorpdon units, inlet. 8 0 % * GAS C O N S E R V A T I O N. project are all controlled and protected with Nordstrom lubricated valves. Nearly every modern cycling plant constructed during the past decade is likewise equipped with Nordstrom valves. Nordstrom dependability adds insurance of trouble-free valve service a high safety factor that only a. -X-About 80% of the produced gas is returned as dry gas to the reservoirs to be conserved for future uses. Royghly half of. 1.

(20) "How can Nordstrom Valves save money for my plant?. asks an inquiring Engineer. SOME ENGINEERS assume that Nordstrom valves are only to be used where ordinary valves fail. As a matter of fact, more Nordstroms are being installed on the "easy” lines than ever before because the economy factor enters the picture. It costs money to replace a valve. A shut-down line costs money. Labor is sky-high. Therefore, a valve that will give longer service is money saved. It is surprising to note that many sizes of Nordstrom valves are competitive in price to the ordinary type—but even if they cost more, savings are earned that repay the difference. Let's consider a few cases: If you have a valve opera tion that requires frequent shut-offs, figure the amount of time required to turn an ordinary valve. Then comparewith thesimple<7«iz?*rturn of a Nordstrom. Time saved is money earned. There’s a group of four Nordstrom valves operating gasometers that are actuated every second, and have been in service over 20 years, with a record of over 6 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 oper ations. 1 hese valves repaid their cost in a few weeks. One prominent oil company was using three 4" ordinary brass cocks on sludge acid draw-off. The valves. only lasted 9 0 days and they cost $90.00 each. Eventually they in stalled three Nordstroms as replace ments, costing §212.00 each. At last. H Y P R E S E A L - G E A R O P E R A T ED. The Hypmeal valve, made in sizesfrom / " to 24", is universally accepted as the most dependableflow line controlfor high pressures. The valve illustrated has flanged ends with raised face. It is made in the smaller sizes for wrench operation and with screwed ends.. N O R D S T R O M V A LV E D I V I S I O N W O R L D S. L A R G E S T. - i i a ^ n Man»facturing company. M A N U F A C T U R E R S M ain. 4 0 0 North Lexington A ve . Allanta . Soiîon . ChîcaBo . Houston .. report, these valves.had given 32 times the service life of the prede cessor valves, at a saving of §8640. Then there’s theapplication ofNordstrom Merchrome coated valves on drilling mud lines. Sure, they cost m ore BU T they invariably give many times more life. And we can cite the installation of Nordstrom valves on digestors in paper mills, and on hydrofluoric acid in alkylation plants, and on lines in chemical plants handling chlorine, dilute sulphuric acid and other cor rosive liquids where no other type of valve will stand up to compare with Nordstroms. Take, for example, valves on cross-country pipelines "miles from nowhere.” They mightnotbeopenedorclosed for m onth s, b u t wh en they d o need to be operated, then is when a lubricated valve with "Sealdport” lubrication is ex tra insurance of operability. All of which adds up to this conclusion—theprice of a valve is the least consideration. What will it save you, the operator, over a period of years? It is an established fact that Nord strom valves outwear, outperform, outlive ordinary valves. They cost the least in service rendered. So if you want your operations to function most economically, install Nordstroms on every line.. kan,a,C»y. OF. L U B R I C A T E D. PLUG. VALVES. O ffic e : Pittsburgh 8 , Pennsylvania. . Lo, Angela, . New Vo, k •. Plmbur«h. . Son Francisco .. Seattle . TUlso.

(21) 21 A. I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMI STRY. October 1947. t is a fact th at m any of the new chemical processes, or improve ments in old processes, developed in recent years would not be possible, or economical, w ithout the use of corrosion-resisting Stainless Steel. For, in his efforts to obtain better yields, greater speed and lower cost of production, the chemical engineer has found it necessary to raise proc essing tem peratures and pressures, higher and higher. But higher te m p e ra tu re s and higher pressures usually involve more severe corrosive conditions . . . con I. where plant shutdowns or process interruptions due to corrosive fail ures m ust be avoided . . . wherever corroding equipment can cause fairly harmless compounds to become ex plosive. Our engineers are specialists in the use of Stainless Steel. They know w hat it has done and w hat it will do in almost any kind of service. You will find their cooperation and advice extremely helpful not only in select ing the right Stainless Steel to exactly fit your needs, but in its efficient fabrication as well.. ditions that ordinary materials can not cope with. T hat is why today, the am ount of Stainless Steel used by the chemical industry is m any times greater than 10 years ago, and is steadily increasing. In Stainless Steel —and especiallyinU -S-S Stainless— you will find the answer to m any of your most pressing problems. Because of its record of past per formance, U -S -S Stainless Steel de serves your consideration wherever the reduction or elimination of.corro sion is im portant . . . where freedom from contam ination is essential . . .. U S S STAINLESS STEEL ÎTAU*. SHEETS. '. • STRIP. UNITED STATES STEEL C A R N E G I E - IL L IN O I S N A T IO N A L. TUBE. STEEL. C O R P O R A T IO N ,. CO M PAN Y,. Pittsburgh. BARS. • PLATES. A M E R IC A N Pittsburgh «. &. •. BILLETS. STEEL. & W IR E. C h icag o. TEN N ESSEE. •. «. CO A L,. UN ITED S T A T E S S T E E L S U P P L Y C O M P A N Y (W areh ouse D istributors), C h icag o t. PIPE. -. TUBES. • WIRE. • S P EC IA L SECTIONS. C O M P A N Y , C le v e la n d , C h icag o C O L U M B IA. IR O N U N IT E D. &. STEEL. R A IL R O A D. CO M PAN Y,. & N ew San. CO M PAN Y,. Y o rk. Fran cisco. B irm in g h am. S T A T E S S T E E L E X P O R T C O M P A N Y , N e w York.

(22) I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMI STRY. Vol. 39, No. 10. BUCKS PRESSURES UP TO 10.000 psi. g f c. A. U. B S & B. H O RIZO N TA L. A U TO M A TIC. CHEMICAL FEEDER. Stumped by a problem of precise, timed feed ing? A Black, Sivalls & Bryson Chemical Feeder accurately injects liquids into high-pressure lines, treating chemicals into flow lines, paraffin sol vents into well casings, methanol into gas lines . . . handles many other similar jobs in refin eries and process industries. Operates inexpenon air or gas pressure of 20 to 50 psi. chieves wide flexibility of discharge. Equally fficient with light or heavy viscous chemicals.. SPECIFICATIONS Maximum Chemical Output per Day— 12l/2 gal lons with % " piston; 50 gallons with % " piston Capacity of Chemical Tank— 10 gallons Piston Sizes— % " and Overall Size— I’ 2" wide— 3' 3" long—2' 1" high. Available for immediate shipment. Your near est BS&B Sales Engineer has complete specifica tions and details. Call him today . . . or write the Executive Offices, Black, Sivalls & Bryson, Inc., Power and Light Building, Kansas City 6, Missouri.. W RIT E T O D A Y FOR LATEST C A T A L O G. F O R t lC K. IN Q U IR IE S. I H VIT E 0. Cable Address: B L A C K , K A N S A S C ITY . U S A .. BLACK, SIVALLS & BRYSON, INC. '. MOWYO.. ‘. O K L A H O M A C IT Y, O K L A . C A L G A R Y , A LTA ..

(23) Odober 1947________________ I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G. C H E M I S T R Y ______________________________ 23A. here Hard Rubber Saves ACE HARD RUBBER RESISTS:. RUBBER LINED TANKS. RUBBER LINED VALVES. HARD RUBBER & RUBBER LINED PIPES & FITTINGS. ALL ALKALIES METALLIC SALTS of INORGANIC ACIDS NITRIC ACID up to 16 ° Be PHOSPHORIC ACID up to 75% SULPHURIC ACID up lo 50 ° Be ALL OTHER INORGANIC ACIDS ANY STRENGTH ACETIC ACID ACETONE ALUM SOLUTIONS CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE CHLORINE SOLUTIONS FORMIC ACID OXALIC ACID SODIUM ACID SULPHATE SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SODIUM SULPHIDE SODIUM THIOSULPHATE (hypo) —and countless other corrosive solutions and fumes. Corrosion is a constant, sly destroyer. It makes expensive equipment die young. It contaminates chemicals. It eats up operating profits. ACE hard rubber lining, applied to chemical equipment with all the skill developed over 75 years of ACE service, is the safest, most economical protection against the great ma jority of corrosive solutions, ACE rubber protection is avail able today in a wide variety of standard ACE tanks, piping, valves, fittings and pumps. You can order completely pro tected ACE systems for storage, processing, and circulating almost all acids, alkalies, and corrosive metallic salts. The above list is only partial. If what you need is not listed in our 64-page catalog (available to plant executives), the chances are we can make it to your specifications. Probably we have already done a ¡ob similar to yours, and can offer you the full benefit of our experience. Write us today, giving us details of your special problems. Have you a copy of oar free Dała Book 300-6?. RUBBER PROTECTED PUMPS. SPECIAL RUBBER COVERED EQUIPMENT. MOLDED HARD RUBBER AND SARAN. ACE HARD RUBBER AND SARAN AMERICAN HARD RUBBER COMPANY 11 MERCER STREET NEW YORK 13, N. Y ..

(24) IN D. Vol. 39, No. 10. H H ^ T h e uniform walls of Carpenter Stainless Tubing can help you reduce processing costs by providing for: •. FULL C O R R O S I O N. •. UNIFORM. R E S I S T A N C E — no off-. gauge or "thin” areas in the tube wall. HEATING AND. COOLIN G-to. safeguard quality of the finished product. • LOW COST FABRICATION-becau$e of uni form ductility and consistent physical properties. Carpenter Stainless Tubing provides an extra margin of safety during processing. In addition to mechanical tests, this tubing is 100% hydrostatically tested before shipment. If you would like samples to test against your own particular re quirements, drop us a line outlining your problem. SELECTION, FABRICATION and USE Use the new Carpenter Stainless Tubing Data Book as your s t a r t i n g place to reduce the cost of using tubing. Contains over 100 pages of technical data and useful information to help you g e t th e most from Stainless Tubing. Available to Engineering and M a n a g e m e n t executives. Write on your company letterhead, and ask for th e Carpenter Stainless Tubing Data Book. THE CARPENTER STEEL COMPANY Alloy Tube Division »111 Springfield Road, Union, N.J.. i a. r. p. e. 1. l t e. r. STAINLESS TUBING ‘ M O RE TH AN C O R R O S IO N R E S IS T A N C E '.

(25) October 1947. IN. AL A N D ' E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y. Here’s a NEW book describing the most modem and economic cal way to a readily accessible supply of mineral-free water. Here are some of the questions the book will answer for you: (Q>Why is demineralized water so much more economical than distilled water? @ W hat other advantages do Cyanamid’s FILT-R-STIL* Demineralizing Units oifer as compared to distillation? © W hat ’s in raw water besides H20 ?. $&Why is water processed by a FILT-R-STIL Demineralizer always of uniformly high quality—even though the raw water fluctuates considerably? Q W h y are FILT-R-STIL Demineralizers so easy to operate? What capacities are available? How little space is required? © H ow can operating costs be calculated . . . and savings? fiiW hat does Cyanamid do to “stay ahead of the parade” in demineralization? * « s. Pat. off.. If your operations call for an economical supply of mineral-free water, you need this new, free book. Mail coupon for it today! American Cyanamid Company Ion Exchange Products Dept. 10 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, N. Y. Send me your new booklet o n F IL T -R -S T IL Demineralizers. Briefly, my water problem is of the following nature:. Name ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Company.------------------------------------------------------------------------ — — — Address---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------City _________________________________________ — — State..

(26) I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G CHE MI ST RY. Vol. 39, No. 10. This hemispherical bottom varnish kettle, five feet in diam eter, ten feet high w ith a one-inch thick bottom is another E dge M oor achievement in process equipm ent fabrication . . . a direct result of E dge M oor experience, facilities and proficiency. E dge M oor is equipped to furnish any type of heavy-wall welded fabrication to your individual designs, specifications or requirem ents . . . in m etal thicknesses up to 21/ / . M aterials include; CA RBO N STEELS. M ONEL. STAINLESS STEELS. IN CO N EL. HERCU LO Y. NICHROM E. CLAD STEELS. HIGH CHROM E. EVERDUR. NICKEL STEELS. 18-8 A LLO Y S. NICKEL. E dge M oor Shops have com plete facilities for stress-relieving, annealing and X -ray . . . and are approved by leading insurance companies for fusion welding to m eet all codes and tests. We shall be pleased to place our experience and facilities a t your disposal when you are con sidering additional plant equipm ent. E D G E M O O R IRON W O R K S , IN C. • M ain O ffice and W orks: Edge M oor, Del. Branch O ffices and Agents: 9 5 River Street, Hoboken, H e w Je rse y. •. 7 W a te r Street, Boston, M assa. chusetts • P. O . Box 9 , Station E, A tla n ta, G e o rg ia W o o d w ard Avenue, Detroit, Michigan Street, C h icago, Illinois Paul, Minnesota T exas. •. •. 623. •. •. • 2459. O ne N. LaSalle. 2 2 9 5 University Avenue, Sain A ztec. Building, San Antonio 5,. 141 Second Street, San Francisco, C a lif..

(27) m. g s g g m. ii.ii: i.Ji= f. .Ü- m WK',. '-. '-''if'1... i -I. -S h M ^i-. .,1 íij.iírítRi. !i(- ' J1í I i Í • ' Í :T-1í ' I •> : ■. -'. U. v .. variable sp e e d op eratio n .. . . . . .. ... ... .. d o e * o t to%t.

(28) 28 A. I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G C H E MI S T R Y. A CRYSTAL THAT GREW FROM A SEED. Vol; 39, No. 10. . . . The large crystal in the foreground is an E D T (Ethylene Diamine Tartrate). crystal. It started from a seed (a piece of mother crystal) and in three months grew in a sloivly cooling solution to the size shown. The small plate is cut from a large crystal, then gold-plated for electrical connection and mounted in vacuum. Culti vated E D T crystals can do the same joh as quartz in separating the nearly 500 conversations carried hy a coaxial circuit.. Crystals for Conversations. A t war ’s end , the Bell System began to build many more Long Distance coaxial circuits. Hundreds of telephone calls can be carried by each of these because of electric wave filters, which guide each conversation along its as signed frequency channel. Key to these filters was their frequency-sensitive plates of quartz. But there was not enough suitable quartz available to build all the filters needed. Bell Telephone Laboratories scientists m et the emergency with cul » E L L. T E L E P H O N E. tivated crystals. Years of research enabled them to write the prescription at once—a crystal which is grown in a laboratory, and which replaces quartz in these channel filters. Now Western Electric, manufactur ing unit of the Bell System, is growing crystals by the thousands. M any more Long Distance telephone circuits, in urgent demand, can be built, because the scientists of Bell Telephone Labo ratories had studied the physics and chemistry of artificial crystals. L A B O R A T O R I E S. «» EXP LO R IN G A N D. IN V E N T IN G , D E V IS IN G. AND. P E R FE C TIN G , FO R. C O N TIN U ED. IM PROVEM ENTS. AND. EC O N O M IES. IN. TELEP H O N E SERVICE.

(29) I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y. October 1947. Facilities... a pulsating panorama of men and m achines... ihe very muscle and sinew of C L C ,f^ . .. every movement ruled by superb craftsmanship. Large steel plates are deftly handled by huge machines... great planers and ro llers... modern equipment that fits, welds, tests and x-rays... creating better tank cars faster and more economically. So when you are thinking of high-quality transportation remember Q / C ,£ ). YORK. •. C H IC A G O. •. ST. LO U IS. •. CLEV ELA N D. •. P H ILA D ELP H IA. *. . W A S H IN G T O N. •. PITTSBU RG H. •. SA N FR A N C IS C O.

(30) 30 A. I NDUS T RI AL AND E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMI STRY. Vol. 39, No. 10. your problem is conveying, p ut it up to Fuller. W e’ll make layouts, drawings; in fact, subm it the entire proposition for your approval w ithout any obligation on your part. The entire job can be engineered and built by Fuller. U ndivided responsibility . . . equip m ent designed and built by one m anufacturer for one particulai purpose . . . no division of responsibility for the satisfactory perform ance of the installation as a whole. The Fuller-K inyon System illustrated above, conveying pulverized phosphate rock, is a good exam ple. Fuller-K inyon Pump for conveying m aterial from a pulverizer to storage, F uller Feeder for control of feed to the pum p, and a Fuller-Rotary Single-stage Compressor, direct connected to the pump, w hich furnishes air for conveying . . . air where and w hen needed and at pressures to do the work most econom ically and efficiently. F u ller. C o m pa n y, Ca ta sa u q u a . Pa. Chicago 3 • 120 So. LaSalle St. San Francisco 4 • 4 2 0 Chancery Bldg.. FULLER-KINYON. FULLER-FLUXO AND THE AIRVEYOR CONVEYING SYSTEMS . . . ROTARY FEEDERS AND DISCHARGE GATES . . . ROTARY AIR COMPRESSORS AND VACUUM PUMPS . . . AIR-QUENCHING INCLINED-GRATE COOLERS . . . DRY PULVERIZED-MATERIAL COOLER . . . AERATION UNITS . . . MATERIAL-LEVEL INDICATORS . . . MOTION SAFETY SWITCH . . . SLURRY VALVES . . . SAMPLERS.

(31) October 1947. I NDUS T R I AL AND E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMI STRY. TlentH eutatt Solved <ute owt. N o n - E le c tric. "‘yfyave. M a g n e ts. P lacin g san d passes o v er f in s of E r ie z M agnetic Separator.. S a n d R e circu la tin g over M agnetic g rill.. Every ferrous particle is re m o v e d fro m placing san d.. netized Grill Type Separator thoroughly cleans (^POTS caused by oxidation o£ iron particles it of the m ost m inute iron particles. This in placing sand spoiled some 30 to 40 dozen results in “ Savings, w hich” , according to Mr. dishes a day previous to installing 2 Eriez Gould, “ pay am ply for the Eriez M agnetic Jumbo Non-Electric Perm anent M agnetic P rotection.” Separators of special M agnetic Grill design For Complete details on the solution of any in the placing sand lines of Buffalo Pottery Iron C ontam ination Problem clip and m ail Inc. “ Now” says R. E. Gould, President and coupon below today. General M anager, “we are able to use fresh placing sand w ith as good results as if it had been fired previously . . . we do not Dear Sir: We are interested in removing tram p iron or ferrous particles have any iron spots since in the following m a te ria ls :---------- ---- ---- --------------stalling Eriez M agnets.” Re from We would like to know more about installation of E R I E Z on: 1EC-10 circulating placing sand over □ Gravity Conveyors □ Mechanical Conveyors 0 Pneumatic Conveyors the Eriez Perm anently M ag 0 Liquid Pipelines Magnetic Trap 0 Equipm ent or Processing Machines CUP. Visit our booth No. 631 a t th e New York Chemical Exposition, Decem ber 1 to 6th.. AN D. M A IL T O D A Y. N am e_____________________________ ________________________________________ Address_________________________________ C ity-------------State----. . .. •. TV&eK. Tftcuptetcc 'P/tatecU<M . . .Sec. ERIEZ MANUFACTURING CO ;--. 1X6. EAST. 1 2 th. ST.. ER IE,. PEN N A.

(32) I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMI STRY. Vol. 39, No. 10. This is W hy the Nash is the M ost Simple Compressor IN L E T D ISCH A R G E PO RT. PO RT. discharge. discharge. in let. port. PORT. ROTATION 1$ C LO C K W ISE. tâ e T ta á & t There are no mechanical complications in a Nash Compressor. A single moving element, a round rotor, with shrouded blades, forming a series of buckets, revolves freely in an elliptical casing containing any low viscosity liquid. This liquid, carried with the rotor, follows the elliptical contour of the casing. The moving liquid therefore recedes from the rotor buckets at the wide part of the ellipse, permitting the buckets to fill with gas from the stationary Inlet Ports. As the casing narrows, the liquid is forced back into the rotor buckets, compressing the gas, and delivering it through the fixed Outlet Ports. Nash Compressors produce 75 lbs. pressure in a single stage, with capacities to 6 million cu. ft. per day in a single structure. Since compression is secured by an entirely different principle, gas pumping problems difficult with ordinary pumps are often handled easily in a Nash. Nash simplicity means low maintenance cost, with original pump performance constant over long periods. Data on these pumps sent immediately on request. NASH. No internal wearing parts. No valves, pistons, or vanes. No internal lubrication. Low maintenance cost. Saves floor space. Desired delivery temperature automatically maintained. Slugs of liquid entering pump will do no harm. 75 pounds in a single stage.. ENGINEERING. COMPANY. 3 1 3 W I L S O N , SO. N O R W A L K , CONN..