Industrial and Engineering Chemistry : industrial edition, Vol. 39, No. 6

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(2) PFAUDLER . . ; .. '. ■. ■ ' ■... '. -. ■ .....-.r _. 1. : ä. l J. p. l Ö. ' 1 ''. - i. ■. H. i :. ;. Ever since Pfaudler introduced glass-lined flush, safety line valves to complement its glass-lined process equipment, pipe and fittings, production has been stepped up repeatedly. Now, new sizes have been added. Heretofore, the made was 3"; new 4 " and 6" sizes (outlet dia.) will be able in the future. If still larger sizes are desired, Pfaudler will add them.. Pfaudler Pop S afety Vcl for fop outlet openings. Remai tight until at re lie f pressure ci when it pops, drops press« about 1 0 % before closing.. Pfaudler valves are unique in design as one valve body can be used to make a flush, safety or line valve. Parts are interchangeable. Great mechanical flexibility is thus obtained. A ll valve bodies are made of cast iron, lined with Pfaudler highly acid resisting glass, fitted with porcelain valve seats and plugs. The plug is bonded to a glass covered steel stem w hich cannot break under tension. A ll porcelain parts are free of unequal temperature expansion and bear no pipe line strains. This construction makes Pfaudler Glasslined Valves suitable to withstand any service for which. Pfaudler Line V a lv e can b furnished as reverse glob v a lv e (pressure dosing) or stand a rd globe yalve (against pre: sure) fo r either straight line c angle assem bly.. Pfaudler equipment is used. Bulletin on request.. Complete the glass-lined assembly. W ith the aid of Pfaudler glasslined equipm ent, valves, p ipe a n d fittings, you can duplicate laboratory standards of purity on a commercial scale. Pfaudler p ipe a n d fittings are available in diameters of VA" upw ard, for 125 P.S.I. Heavy-duty pipe a n d fittings are b u ilt for pressures of 3 0 0 P.S.I. Ask for Bulletin 829.. Branch Offices: 330 West 42nd St., New York 18, N.Y.; 111 W. Washingtc St., Chicago 2, 111.; 1325 Howard St., San Francisco 3, Calif.; 818 Olive S St. Louis 1, Mo.; 7310 Woodward Ave., Detroit 2, Mich.; 1318-lst Nat'l Bar Bldg., Cincinnati 2, O.; 1041 Commercial Trs. Bldg., Philadelphia 2, Pa.; Little Bldg., Boston 16, Mass.; Box 982 Chattanooga 1, Tenn.; Enamelled Met Products Corp., Ltd. Artillery House, Artillery Row London, S.W. 1, Englam. THE ENGINEERS. PFAUDLER AND. CO.,. FABRICATORS. A lo r p I i n n j C t» » l. OF. ROCHESTER CORROSI ON C tnnU. 4,. RESISTANT. M i«l<nl. NEW. YORK. PROCESS. In r A n a l. EQUI PME NT. U n n a l M a in l.

(3) INDUSTRIAL V O L U M E 39. and. ENGINEERING. 0hemi§try. NUM BER 6. ISSUED JU N E 16 . 1947. r. 43,100 COPSES O F THIS ISSUE PRINTED. EDITOR: WALTER J. MURPHY. Commercial Molecular Distillation. Assistant to Editor: N .* A . PARKINSON. Furfural Extractive Distillation. Executive Edito r: JAMES M . CROWE M anaging Editor: D. O - M y ATT Associate Editors •Washington: R O B E R T. K. C . D. H ickm an...................................................................................................................686. C . K. Buell and R. G . B o a trig h t.................................................................................. 695 Rotary Concentric-Tube Distilling Column. C . B. Willingham, V . A . Sedlak, F. D. Rossini, andJ . W . Westhaver F .'G O U L O. H . O . McM ahon. ............................................................................................................. 712. R IC H A R D L . K e n y o n. Houston: WILL H . N e w Yo rk:. S H E A R O N , JR .. San Francisco:. G.. F R E D E R IC K. SAW YER. M e r r it t L . K a s t e n s. W o lf, andA . L. Conn . . . .. 714. J . G . Aston, W . E. Lobo, and Brymer W il lia m s ............................................ 718. Liquid A ir Fractionation. Rectification of Liquid A ir in a Packed Column. Assistent Editors Make-up: B E R T H A R E Y N O L D S Manuscript Editing: H E L E N K. Manuscript Reviewing: S T E L L A Editorial Assistants:. Performance of M c M ah on Packing. W . L. Forsythe, J r ., T. G . Stack, J . E.. H A R R Y STEN ERSO N. Ric h a r d L. Dem m erle. John A . Weedman and Barnett F. D o d g e ........................................... N EW TO N A N D ERSO N. G . RYERSO N V. K auchevsky. CORA K iR A. Theory of the Performance of Packed Rectifying Columns. John R. Bowman and R. C . B r ia n t ............................................ CH A RLES O W EN BROW N M ARS G . FO N TA N A RA LPH H . M U N C H W A LTER V O N P E C H M A N N. A dvisory Board W . L . BA D G ER ELM ER K . B O L T O N W. H. DOW G A S T O N D U B O IS. H R. M U R D O C K C . F. P R U T T O N R IC H A R D S O N W . A . S C H M ID T. G U S T A V U S J . ESSELEN PER K . F R Ö L IC H C . F. K E T T E R IN G. R. N . S H R E V E L . V . STECK E . C . S U L L IV A N. E- R. W E ID L E IN J O H N M . W E IS S F R A N K C . W H IT M O R E Industrial E d itio n , l& EC C o n se cu tive N um b er 11. 74^. Rectification of Benzene-Toluene. John G risw o ld and Paul B. Stewart . . . Contributing Editors. O . E. M A Y C . S . M IN E R. 706. Efficient Packing for Rectifying Columns. A t L E G G IN. Chicago:. .. ^52. Calculation of Relative Volatility from Boiling Points. F. W . M elpolder and C . E. H e a d in g to n .................................................. 763. Comparison of Rectification and Desorption in Packed Columns. Donald W . Deed, P. W . Schütz, and Thomas B. Drew . . .. 766. Bubble Tray Hydraulics. James A . D a v ie s ............................................................................................................. 774. A Binary Mixture for Evaluating Low Pressure Distillation Columns. Frederick E. W illia m s ................................................................................................. Liquid-Vapor Equilibria in High Vacuum. Edmond S. Perry and Robert E. F u g u itt....................................................... 782. Binary Mixtures of n-Butane, Isobutane, and 1-Butene with Furfural. T. S. Mertes and A . P. C o lb u rn .................................................................................. 787. Ternary Systems n-Butane-1-Butane-Furfural and lsobutane-1-Butane-Furfural. C o p yrig h t 1 9 4 7 by Am erican C hem ical So cie ty. J . A . Gerster, T. S. Mertes, and A . P. C o lb u r n .................................................797 Distillation is an Indispensable tool of the petroleum industry. Cover view of gasoline plant at Richmond, C a lif., highlights the month's theme on this unit operation. Photo courtesy Standard O il Company of California.. EDITORIALS . . . .. 685. H e a d lin e s ..................................... 805. Equipment and Design.. Reports. Instrumentation.. .................. A s W e See It. . . . .. 5A 69 A. S id e lig h t s and Trends. 1 3 2. The A m erican Chem ical So cie ty assumes no re sp o n sib ility fo r the ^ je m e n ts and opinions advanced b y contributors to its p u b licatio n s. V ie w s expressed in torials are those of the editors and d o not necessarily represent the o fficial position of the A m erican C hem ical S o c ie ty . ___ ___ Pub lish ed b y the A m erican Chem ical S o c ie ty , from 20th and NorthampiIon S ., Easton, Pa. E xe cu tive O ffic e s and E d ito ria l H e a d q u a rters, 1 1 5 5 Sixteenth S t., N . W ., W ashington 6 , D. C . A d v e rtis in g O ff ic e : 3 3 2 W e s t 42 n d S t., N e w Y o rk , N Y . Branch E d ito ria l O lfic e s : C h ic a g o , III., Room 8 1 9 , 2 5 East Ja ck so n B lv d ., H o usto n, T e x . 4 1 3 W e st B ld g .; N e w Y o rk , 6 0 East 4 2 n d S t .; San Francisco , C a lit ., * 4 e a li forn'ia St. Entered as second-class matter at the Post O ffic e at Easton, P a ., u" ° e r ‘ he A c t of M arch 3 , 1 8 7 9 , as 2 4 times a ye a r: Industrial E d itio n monthly on the 1st, A n a ly tic a l E d itio n monthly on the 15 th . A c c e p ta n c e fo r m ailing at sp e cial rate of oostage p ro vid e d for in Se ctio n 1 1 0 3 , A c t of O c t . 3 ,1 9 1 7 , authorized J u ly 1 3 ,1 9 1 8 .. A. Corrosion.. Charles O . Brown 75 A. Ralph H . Munch ■ ■ .. . 81 A. Mars G . F o n t a n a ................................87 A. Plant Management.. W . von Pechmann .. . 93 A. A n n u a l subscriptions: Industrial E d itio n and A n a ly tic a l Ed itio n sold on ly as a unit members $ 3 .0 0 , nonmembers $ 4 .0 0 . Postage to countries not in the Pan-A m erican U n io n $3.00,- C anad ian postage $ 1 .0 0 . S in g le c o p ie s: current issues, Industrial E d itio n $ 0 .7 5 , A n a ly tic a l E d itio n $ 0 .5 0 , back numbers, Industrial E d itio n $ 0 .8 0 , A n a ly tic a l E d itio n p rices on req uest, sp e cial rates to members. Claim s for missing numbers w ill not be a llo w e d if re ce ive d more than 6 0 days from date of issue. N o claim s a llo w e d from sub scrib ers in cen tral E u ro p e , A s ia , o r the Pacific slands othei than H a w a ii, o r because o f fa ilu re to no tify the C irc u la tio n Department of a change of ad d ress, o r because c o p y is "m issing from file s ." The A m erica n C hem ical S o c ie ty also p ublishes C hem ical a n d Engineering News, C hem ical Abstracts, and the Jo u rn a l o f the Am erican Chem ical Society. Rates o n request..

(4) BETTER DISPERSION. ADDITION AL TOUGHNESS Asphalt products gain toughness, a higher melting point and a lower brittle point from Celite.. IMPROVED “ FLOW " As a caking pre v e n tiv e , C e lite Fillers im p ro v e the flow charac teristics o f deli quescent chemi cals.. INCREASED BULK Manufacturers of such products as powdered cleansers and detergents find that Celite Fillers add bulk, improve absorption and color.. M ORE DURABLE FINISH. G REA TER ABSORPTION. C e lite F ille rs im p a r t a better, longer-lasting, surface finish, im prove the electrical properties of plastics.. Celite Fillers are widely used in fine polishes as an absorptive, n on scratching abrasive for metals and other surfaces.. PR O PER TIES O F SO M E S T A N D A R D G R A D E S O F CELITE M IN E R A L FILLERS. A verag e. Freo. P a r t ic le S iz e. M o istu r e. (O d e n M e th o d ). Content. G rad e D e s ig n a t io n. Celite FC Celite SSC. F in e n e s s. M axim um 3% on 150 mesh. 4-6 microns. M axim um 5% on 150 mesh. 6-8 microns. M axim um 7% on 150 mesh. 7-9 microns. M axim um 0.5% on 325 mesh. 1-2 microns. M axim um 0.5% on 325 mesh. 2-4 microns. Absorption*. Bulking Linseed V alue** S p e c ific W afer Oil Loose W et G r a v i t y. Approx. 4%. jOHXS-MANVIlLB Approx. 4%. G a r d n e r - C o le m a n M e t h o d - l b s . o f liq u id. Johns-Manville. Filter A id s a n d Fillers.

(5) June 1947. INDUSTRIAL and ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY .... Ueports ON THE CHEMICAL WORLD TODAY DYEING FOR LIF E The surest way to tell if a seed will grow is to plant it, but it is desirable to have some advance assurance. Germination tests have been developed, as in the testing of seed corn, wherein a few kernels of the ear are kept under optimum ger mination conditions with the percentage of sprouts giving de pendable indication of living kernels in the ear. However, work by the chemists, biologists, and agrono mists, started in Germany and now in progress in the United States, indicates a better method, which may have applica tions beyond the mere testing of plant seeds for germination. Perhaps it may soon be possible merely to apply a chemical solution to plant or animal tissue and, by observing the re sultant color, to determine whether it is living or dead. The chemicals involved are the tétrazolium salts. These were first prepared by H. von Pechmann and Runge in Ger many. Richard Kuhn, of Heidelberg, carried out some ex periments and suggested their use for biological work. Further study has been carried out by George Lakon, working for the German Department of Agriculture, which indicates that these salts are highly useful in testing the germinating power of seeds. A report of the German work is given in PB32, available from the Office of Technical Services of the United States Department of Commerce. Tétrazolium hydrochloride, like some of its homologs, is a colorless organic salt which shows a red color in the presence of hydrogen ions under reducing conditions. It has been found that seeds which will germinate have reducing power which will effect the color change, whereas lifeless seeds are inactive in this respect. The following chemical interpretation has been advanced: , E S te. + 2H. \T=N C l. GOOD D IG E S T IO N AND A C L E A R HEAD A slice of pineapple perched prettily on an invalid’s lamb chop may seem a far cry from papaya plantations in Ceylon, in Mombasa in East Africa, and in Mercedes, Tex. If the pineapple is canned, it is a far cry; but if it is fresh, then this old decorative custom not only makes sense but also is closer to the field of the papaya grower today. Fresh pineapple contains bromelin, a proteolytic enzyme, and its presence on the lamb chop probably was explained by the tenderizing and digestive effects of the enzyme. Papaya, the fruit of the tree Carica papaya, contains a similar enzyme known as papain that has become an object of definite commercial interest. Papain has been used for a long time, whether the users were aware of it or not. (Continued on page 8 A) isr .aj« . K fiE. N—NHR'. N—N—R' R—C. solution, as it is the embryo and viable tissues which produce the effect, and the living parts are indicated by the color they retain. Action within a few hours on wheat, barley, rye, and oats has been reported. At least three groups of workers are doing research on this phenomenon in the United States and Canada: Mattson, Jensen, and Dutcher of Pennsylvania State College, Porter, Durrell, and Romm of Iowa State College, and Forward of the Canadian Department of Agriculture’s Seed Laboratory in Toronto. The work at Penn State has been along the lines of analyz ing the component of living tissue responsible for the color change, and extending the substances tested to- animal and vegetable tissues other than seeds and yeast. A brief account from the Canadian laboratory appears in the May Arews Letter of the Association of Official Seed Analysts. The Canadian workers apparently are investigat ing tetrazolium compounds and also have done work on sodium biselenite, NaHSeO?, a 2% solution of which also possesses the property of turning red in contact with some living tissues. The chemistry involved in this case is, simi larly, reduction of the compound. The reduction product is amorphous red selenium. According to the Canadian report, the first viability work with selenite, which was limited to tests of seeds, was done by Eidmann of Germany and Gadd, Kjaer, and Phillips of the Danish Seed Testing Station at Copenhagen. The selenium compound possesses a major drawback of toxicity, which is no advantage either to the laboratory worker or the plant. R.L.K.. R—C. \. +HC1. N = N —R". \. R" tétrazolium chloride (colorless). formazan (red). Two of the salts which have been used are 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride and 2,3-diphenyl-5-methyitetrazolium chloride. The color formation is irreversible, since the formazan product is an insoluble pigment. The test depends upon the penetration of the seeds by the. An interpretative monthly digest for chemists, chem ical engineers, and executives in the chem ical producing and chem ical consuming industries SA.

(6) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 39, No. 6. neFOR EXAMPLE. Fractionation u n it of an ethylene plant, one of many such plants de signed and constructed by S t o n e & W e b s te r Engineering Corporation.. A. Over a half century of broad experience qualifies our organization to assume fu ll respon sibility for all phases of design, engineering and construction of projects in the petroleum and chemical industries.. STONE & WEBSTER ENGINEERING CORPORATION . A S U B S I D I A R Y O F S T O N E & W E B S T E R , IN C ..

(7) Conveyors by. m eet e v e ry need of In d u stry . . . . L in k -B e lt m a n u fa c tu re s p ra c t ic a lly e v e r y s ta n d a rd ty p e fo r h a n d lin g b u lk m a t e r ia ls , p a rts a n d p a c k a g e d m a t e r ia ls. O VERH EA D TR O LLEY CO N VEYO RS. B ELT CO N VEYO RS. SCREW CO N VEYO R. O S C IL L A T IN G - T R O U G H CO N VEYO R. C H A IN CO N VEYO RS.

(8) SO EASY OH THE EYES! ¡^?Z<2. N EW. PA LM ER <rjtv e A A fiX ^ n e te A. wi t h S T A N D A R D C H R O M E FINISH. In this sensational new thermometer with Extruded Case, Palm er has com b ined accuracy w ith far greater visi bility and attractive appearance. You get a beautiful standard chrome finish — at no extra charge. O th er new features in c lu d e "Snap-on c a p ;" double-strength, non-rattling glass; dust-proof, fumeproof case. Not since the introduction of "RedReading-Mercury" by Palmer, has there been such an im portant con tribution to the industrial thermometer field. Palm er Extruded Brass Case Thermometers cost no more than other makes . . . offer far more! W rite for Bulletins Nos. 46-2 and 46-3 today.. Note:. Bring your old thermometers. (any make) up-to-date — securing new extruded case. Write for information.. In 7 , 9 and 12 inch case sizes w i t h chrome finish/ in 4 and 6. inch sizes. with durable nickel finish.. D IA L THERMOMETERS. M ercury actuated. 8 in. case. Very sensitive. Permanent accuracy. G uaranteed. Built for long life. Flexible arm oured tu bin g and b u lb of stainless-steel. A ll ranges up to 1000F. or 550C.. PA LM ER. THERMOMETERS. INC.. 2512 N orw ood A v e. C a n a d ia n F ia n t :. C in c in n a ti 12, Ohio. K in g a n d Geozge S ts., T oronto 2. M fr s . Of I n d u s t r ia l, L a b o r a t o r y , R e c o r d in g a n d D ia l T h e rm o m e te r s. Natives of the semitropical and tropical countries where the papaya is grown have eaten the ripe fruit and observed empirically that it seems to aid the digestive processes. This native folklore was undoubtedly responsible for the introduc tion of papaya extract as a medicinal agent many years ago. Papain as an article of commerce may be judged by import figures. Although imports for 1946 fell off somewhat from those of 1945, arrivals of crude papain at New York, particu larly from Ceylon, have increased lately, and January re ceipts were slightly under 24,000 ¡sounds. The present price of S5.75 to §6.00 per pound, spot New York, is well in excess of prewar prices. In spite of temporary shortages from time to time, the supply is apparently adequate. ' However, at least one prominent American firm has recently had a repre sentative in Ceylon and East Africa, principal sources of supply, to study the industry thoroughly with the hope of eventually locating a source of supply a little nearer home. The Iioblitzelle Ranch near Mercedes, Tex., is experimenting with two acres of mature trees and ten acres of seedling plant ings. Here, as well as on the ranches of C. R. Melton and other growers in the Rio Grande Valley, papain will lie only one item of interest. The juice is becoming a popular item on the market, and modern quick freezing processes may over come the prejudice of shippers against the thin skin and bruise susceptibility of the papaya. Since only female trees are used in papaya production, most of the male trees are torn out and discarded early in the plant ings, leaving about one male to ten female trees for pollina tion. The unripe fruit, when tapped; exudes latex as does the lubber tree,'and to this latex, dried, the term “papain” is commonly applied. Maximum latex yield is reached in about 12 to 14 months, and the fruit is tapped while on the tree. Ripening takes place as usual, the only noticeable difference being a slight reduction in sweetness. Methods of tapping vary. In Ceylon four widely separated incisions, running the length of the fruit, are made each week; in Africa one in cision is made, one a week to one a month. The incisions are shallow, and the latex runs freely for a few seconds and then coagulates. One tapper collects the wet latex and another the coagulated material. The latex, spread out on drying racks about which a current of warm air (preferably about 100° F.) is circulated, dries in 5 to 8 hours. About 1 pound of dried papain is obtained from 6 pounds of latex, and ship ment is made in ordinary 5-gallon tins. Papain is used in the beer industry to prevent two different types of hazes, chill haze and oxidation haze, and for such uses is purchased in the crystalline form with a glucose filler. Rate of use is from 0.5 to 1 gram per barrel of beer, depending on the individual characteristics of the beer and the degree of chill haze resistance desired. Some breweries use pepsin, and there is an important difference between the two which is often overlooked even by chemists. Papain, it is generally agreed, attacks proteins or catalyzes their depolymerization at the isoelectric point, whereas pepsin catalyzes protonated proteins. One of the great difficulties experienced with papain has been its poor keeping quality. Arnold K. Balls and his as sociates of the United States Department of Agriculture have carried on a considerable quantity of research over a period of years, aimed toward methods of {Continued on page 10 A).

(9) INDUSTRIAL. ■. ■. I. AND. EN G IN E ERIN G. CHEMISTRY. IH IH L ' .! ÄVfife. r. 0. .*•’ ‘ ' teSsSfS. ¡ill A? ¡f.. »ROCESSES . I t ’s one thing to work out the chem istry of a gas process in the laboratory. I t ’s something else to design and build a plant that will do the job on a big scale under actual operating condi tions. This requires a competent and practical organization such as Girdler’s —experienced in every phase of gas engineering — in the laboratory pilot plant—commercial installations. G a s process plants have been de signed, engineered and built by Girdler for most of the big names of industry. This includes plants for gas manufac.ture, purification, separation, and de hydration. I t covers processes involv ing hydrogen sulphide, carbon monox ide, carbon dioxide, inert and controlled atmospheres, natural gas, synthesis gas, refinery gases, liquid hydrocarbons, hydrogen, nitrogen. Whatever your needs in gas processes, deal with Girdler.. THE GIRDLER CORPORATION, GAS PROCESSES DIVISION, LOUISVILLE 1, KY. D,STR IC T O FFICES:. 1 5 0 B R O A D W A Y , N E W Y O R K CITY 7 • 2 6 1 2 R U S S B L D G . . SAN F R A N C I S C O 4 • 3 1 1 T U L O M A B L D G . , T U L S A 3.

(10) Ë8S reports retaining the potency of the enzyme preparation. Balls feels that the so-called paste method which they developed, in which the material is stored as a thick paste containing a good deal of sodium chloride, is quite successful, since in this form the papain seems to keep for years. Some irresponsible statements have been.made by enthusi asts relative to widespread possibilities for the use of papain by the meat packing industry. However, careful inquiry elicits the fact that, except in the tenderizing of sausage casings, such practice does not come within the bounds of government regulations. An excellent reason for this, in addition to the fact that such practice would be classed as adulteration, is that deterioration of the treated meat tends to take place on storage, even under refrigeration. At one time commercial meat tenderizers were rather widely on sale, and it is known that some restaurants which use their meat almost as soon as it is delivered employ papain for tenderizing. The extent of this practice is hard to judge. Papain has several interesting medical uses and, partially purified, is a constituent of many of the antacid powders and other digestive aids currently prescribed by physicians. Its superiority over animal enzymes for incorporation into pharmaceutical formulas is due to its stability and activity ovei a rather wide pH range. A particular brand of papain sold under the trade name Caroid is in wide use by physicians for its rapid solvent effect on mucus and its ability to digest sloughing and necrotic tissues. As a result of increasing in terest in the field of nutrition, physicians have begun to pre scribe protein hydrolyzates, and several of these products are prepared with papain as the lytic agent. The future of this interesting fruit will bear watching. W.H.S. D o n 't take chances w ith p r o d u c t c o n ta m in a tio n . U se barrels a n d d ru m s o f E n d u r o — the lustrou s m e ta l th a t is in e rt to m o s t c h e m ic a l a n d fo o d p ro d u c ts — th at is s a n i tary a n d easy to c le a n — that is resistant to c o r r o s io n — th at is to u g h a n d s tr o n g — that is e c o n o m ic a l to use because it lasts so lo n g . T h e S T E V E N S L in e offers a type a n d size fo r every chem ical a n d fo o d p la n t need. W rite us fo r literature.. The solid bead drum at the left and the patented Ring/ox drum shown above are but two of the many styles in the complete STEVENS Line.. NI LES STEEL P R O D U C T S D I V I S I O N REPUBLIC STEEL CORPO RATIO N NILES, OHIO R EPU B LIC. m m w METAL. BARRELS. AND. DRUMS. D Y E S T U F F S , HOT AND COLD We always- liked this definition of coloring agents by one of the country’s leading dye manufacturers: “Materials that selectively absorb or rcflect radiant energy and, by so doing, modify its nature in such a manner that the resulting stimuli are registered psychologically as color perceptions.” As far as color goes that is probably correct, but the dye technicians today know that different dyes of identical hue by no means have the same degree of absorption of radiation. When man learned to wear dark-hued clothing for winter warmth and shed it in favor of cooler white garments in sum mer, he had only partially solved his thermal problem. About 2.7% of the sun’s energy is ultraviolet, 44.3% visual, and 53% infrared. We know that the radiation absorbed from sunlight by a black or dark blue coat ranges from the infrared up into the visible region of light and that lighter colors or white enable a fabric to reject such heat through re flection. We have gone much further than that and deter mined that the dyestufTs themselves possess high, medium, or low radiation reflectance properties that depend upon their chemical classification father than their actual color. The extent to which the dye classes vary in these properties can also be measured; some surprising results from this line of research were related a short while ago before the American Association of Textile Chemists (Continued on page 12 A).

(11) VOTATOR HEAT TRANSFER TUBE. VOTATOR WORKER TUBES. a case of S u p e r-co o lin g , plus I F your processing problem in volves a liquid-to-solid transi tion, chances are you can do the job better and more economically with V o t a t o r chilling and plasticiz ing apparatus. For example, in the processing of vegetable shortening, hydrogenated cotton seed oil enters the V otator heat transfer tube (A) at 120° F. As the oil flows through the heat trans fer tube, it is super-cooled in 7.4 seconds to about 65° F. The oil is carried past the congealing point of vegetable shortening without con gealing, and leaves the heat transfer. tube (B) a freely flowing, fine-textured material of only slightly in creased solidity. The material then flows rapidly through the V otator worker tubes. Here the effects of the heat of crys tallization are kept under control by scientifically determined agitation. The texture of the vegetable short ening is fixed at a smooth, fine grained level. I t leaves the worker tubes (C) in a plasticized state yet fluid enough to flow into the final packages—a pro d u ct of uniform quality, chilled and plasticized in less than half the floor space required. VOTATOR is a trade-mark (Reg.U.S.Pat.Off.) applying only to products of The Girdler Corporation. by open methods, and with a remark ably economical use of refrigeration. For facts about other V otator chilling and plasticizing applications, write to The Girdler Corporation, Louisville 1, K entucky. D is tric t Offices: 150 Broadway, New York City 7; 2612 Russ Bldg., San Fran cisco 4; 617 Johnston Bldg., Char lotte 2, N. C.. CHILLING & PLASTICIZING APPARATUS.

(12) eS£ reports A re you k e e p in g p osted on n ew p etro le u m ch e m ica l d e v e lo p m e n t s ?. INDOPOL P o ly b u te n es. and Colorists. A paper presented by the Philadelphia sec tion of this organization revealed, for example, that cotton fabrics dyed to approximately the same shade will vary sev eral degrees when exposed to light, depending upon the re flectance characteristics of the dyestuffs alone. Several vat dyes were found to be medium-reflecting and sulfur dyes to be low-reflecting, but certain azo and all “direct” colors were high-reflecting. The Chrome Blacks and Naphthol Green B used for dyeing wool were on the low side (that is, absorbed more heat) as might be expected. Since dye classifications, such as direct, vat, acid, acetate, sulfur, etc., each have more or less definite applications, the investigations went beyond just garment fabrics and included materials found in awnings, tarpaulins, and tentage. Among the fabrics tested were cotton poplin, wool flannel, delustered viscose-rayon lining cloth, and cotton duck. These heavy materials obviously should be dyed with low-reflectance colors for the minimum heat transmission during the hot months. Some of the most striking results encountered by the Phila delphia research group were obtained in studying the re flectance of wool clothing fabrics imn where warmth is. INDONEX P lasficize rs INDOIL H y d ro ca rb o n s. A v a ila b le in R esea rch Q u a n tities. ALKAN E S U L F O N I C A CID (M ix e d ). p-DI-tertBU TYLBEN ZEN C. Sen d for literature. A d d re ss in q u iries to. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (INDIANA) CH EM ICA L. /. 910 Sou th. PRODUCTS. M ich ig a n A v e n u e. DEPARTMENT C h ic a g o. 80,. Illin o is. stuffs of . low reflectance. The investigations reported were focused particularly on infraied absorption characteristics. There is a tendency on the part of wool, cotton, and rayon to absorb ultraviolet rather than infrared rays; since ultraviolet causes tanning and sunburn, it would be interesting to study fabrics and dyestuffs at this end of the spectrum. Perhaps the day will come when merchants will boast of summer cloths which, like a cloudy summer day, let through the tan-producing ultraviolet radiation while warding off the hot infrared rays. Here, through this preliminary work on the thermal be havior of synthetic dyes, is a new and absorbing field for study, and the Philadelphia textile chemists and colorists ex press the hope that other workers will be induced to explore the subject more thoroughly. A study of the thermal aspects of dyestuffs may lead us into an even more intimate under standing of the chemical and physical make-up of these com plicated organic materials which provide us with so many durable and excitingly beautiful colors. The spectrophotom eter, of course, has unlocked some of these mysteries; but we still do not know why two dyeings of practically similar shade on cotton, one an azo compound and the other a vat dye, absorb varying amounts of radiation. H.S. (Continued on page l/t A).

(13) Pressure Vessels Vacuum Vessels Fractionating Columns Autocl aves Heat Exchangers Dr ye rs Carbonators E v a po ra t or s. Stills Condensers. ^ e x c e lle d facilities for the » b ricatio n of code v e s s e ls. Devine has a spacious modern plant, complete up-to-date equipment and 38 years o f experience in the designing and b u ild in g o f plate-fabricated equipment for process industries. Facilities in clude a n n e a lin g ovens o f ample size for the largest vessels, and X-ray testing equipment for the application o f ASME and API-ASME codes.. H .. K .. P O R T E R. Devine facilities are at your service, whether for the designing of equipment to fit special needs, or the fabricating of equipment from your own or standard blueprints. N o vessel is too large size is restricted only by the limitations o f trans portation. A telegram or letter w ill bring a Devine representative.. C O M P A N Y ,. In c. PORTER. \'SttterSf/t/. Equipment. J. P. D EV IN E D IV IS IO N PITTSBURGH 22, PENNSYLVANIA. District O ffices in Principal Cities.

(14) & £ re p o rts I I T T L E HALF INCH The yeoman service rendered by the Big and Little Inch pipe lines in carrying petroleum from the succulent fields of the Southwest to the thirsty refineries of the East, to furnish the nutrient of modern war, has been universally acknowledged. This remarkable engineering feat has excited the imaginations of all planners who have heard of it, including, perhaps, the engineering staffs of Walter Kidde & Company, Inc., and the Liquid Carbonic Corporation. The former organization, engaged in the manufacture of carbon dioxide-type fire extinguishing equipment, was one of the largest customers of the latter; therefore when Liquid Carbonic decided to build a plant in New Jersey, proximity to the Walter Kidde plant there became desirable’ By building according to this plan, direct pumping of the liquid carbon dioxide from the producer to the consumer would be possible and would result in substantial economic savings. Previously the producing plant converted the carbon di oxide into bricks of dry ice which were shipped by truck to the consuming company,'where it was stored in insulated bins until needed. Before it could be used, however, it had to be reconverted into liquid form. Requirements for the Little Half Inch installation were determined, and construction was completed early in 194G. Extra strong 2-inch black steel pipe with welded joints and fittings capable of withstanding 400 pounds per square inch were used throughout. Because of the fact that the liquid carbon dioxide would be subjected to normal temperatures after leaving the supplier’s tanks at about -30° F., it was necessary that the Little Half Inch be well insulated. All but the underground segment of the pipe line was covered with thick layers of special 3.5-inch cork, fastened on with copperclad wire. Piping exposed to weather conditions was further insulated by coverage with two layers of 55-pound roofing felt thoroughly coated with hot asphalt. In the case of the underground section of Little Half Inch the cork insulation was not necessary because of the good insulating qualities of the New Jersey earth. Complications • in leading the piping under a railroad track and siding that sepaiated the two plants were eliminated by the discovery of an abandoned 14-inch steam line that was going in the same direction. I his was put to good use as a sleeve for Little Half Inch. In the producer’s plant the piping was designed to run over head with 90 turns and was set away from the walls to allow for expansion and contraction. The same procedure was used in the consuming plant, but here it was necessary to in stall two 36-inch-radius loops to take care of the problem of expansion and contraction. Three sectional valves were also included to provide cutoffs in case of rupture along the line. In operation the liquid carbon dioxide is weighed in the producing plant and pumped a quarter of a mile through Little Half Inch to a 40,000-pound-capacity refrigerated storage tank in the Kidde plant. From this tank it can be tapped as needed and put through two pumps to build up the pressure to 1400 pounds per square inch, the pressure required for filling fire extinguishers. R.L.D. rjf| | P. WHEREVER THERE ARE MATERIALS IN PRO CESS, THERE IS A TRAMPIRO N H AZARD . . . c O o u r c e s o f tr a m p - ir o n c o n t a m in a t io n a re as n u m e r o u s as th e uses o f fe rro u s m e ta ls in in d u s tr y . A n d th e d a m a g e c a u s e d b y tr a m p - ir o n r a n g e s fr o m fin e ly - d iv id e d i m p u r itie s in fin is h e d p r o d u c t s t h r o u g h fires, e x p lo s io n s , a n d m a jo r e q u ip m e n t w r e c k a g e . D in g s h a s b e e n s u c c e s s fu lly f ig h t in g tr a m p - ir o n h a z a rd s fo r n e a rly h a l f a c e n tu ry . S p e c ia liz in g in th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f p o s itiv e m a g n e t ic ir o n - r e m o v a l e q u ip m e n t has p r o v id e d D in g s u n its w h ic h fit th e r e q u ir e m e n ts o f m o s t m o d e r n in d u s tr ia l a p p lic a t io n s . S p e c ia l tr a m p - ir o n r e m o v a l p r o b le m s a re w e lc o m e d in D in g s M a g n e t ic s L a b o r a to r ie s . . . S o lu t io n s o f c u r r e n t n e w p r o b le m s in m a g n e t ic s ha v e fr e q u e n tly tu r n e d o u t to be s ta n d a r d p r a c tic e in p r o g r e s s iv e ly b e tte r p r o d u c t io n m e th o d s . R e s e a r c h a n d d e v e lo p m e n t fa c ilitie s o f D in g s L a b o r a to rie s a re o ffe re d to y o u w it h o u t o b l i g a t i o n — as a p r o v e n m e a n s o f s e c u r in g m u tu a l ben e fits in m o r e effective m a g n e t ic s e p a r a tio n e q u ip m e n t. W r it e fo r sp e c ific in f o r m a t io n o n y o u r p a r t ic u la r p r o b le m s .. DINGS DOUBLE- GAP S S f e S t t SPOUT MAGNETS carrying m aterials in process. " H ig h In te n sity^' double-gap magnet design insures positive iron-removal at full flow volume. Automatic safety gate discharges iron out side chute when current is interrupted. Simple in stallation; low-cost o p e r a tio n . I l l u s t r a t i o n show s m a g n e t wi t h safety gate open.. D IN G S 4728. M A G N ETIC. W . M cG EO G H. A VEN U E,. SEPA RA TO R M IL W A U K E E. CO.. 1 4 , W IS C O N S IN. "WiciyHetcc SefuvhHtc<xn.. ’iVeadqutiit& ui Sc*tce 1899". (Continued nn page 16 A).

(15) ALCOHOL FOR RESINS IN THE QUANTITIES YOU N E E D ... OR. W hatever the stage of your w ork on resins you can get furfuryl alcohol — gallons, drum s or ta n k cars. A nd regardless of the stage of your work w ith resins if you have n o t considered furfuryl alcohol, we suggest it m ay be w orth your while to explore th e properties o f this resin-forming. LA R G E SCA LE P R O D U C T IO N. alcohol. T h e well-known acid-catalyzed, self-condensation of furfuryl alcohol yields a resin characterized by its inertness to acids, alkalies and sol vents. M ore recently it has been established th a t modified resins having interesting properties can be prepared by reaction of furfuryl alcohol w ith a variety of other substances. with PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS. Reaction with phenolic resins yields products of good mechanical strength and alkali resistance. In addition furfuryl alcohol and phenol, cresol or resorcinol can be reacted to form thermosetting resins. Conversion to the insoluble and infusible state is accelerated by the addition of hexamethylenetetramine. with FORMALDEHYDE. Liquid resins useful as varnishes and binders are made by condensation of formaldehyde with furfuryl alcohol in an acidic medium Similar products can be obtained when furfuryl alcohol is partially resimfied prior to condensation with formaldehyde. with OTHER MATERIALS. Furfuryl alcohol can also be reacted with melamine, ureas thiocyanates and other materials to produce resins with interesting and promising properties. Chemists who are trying to develop new products will find furfuryl alcohol most interesting because of its versatility. FURFURYL A LC O H O L AVAILABILITY. Today, furfuryl alcohol is available for. shipment in tank car quantities. Literature on the properties and uses of fur furyl alcohol and samples will be supplied when requested on business etterhead. While W E DO N O T M A N U F A C T U R E R E S IN S , our Technical Staff is at your service for consultation on the application of furfuryl alcohol to your requirements.. The Quaker O a t e. G>m P. 1910 BOARD OF TRAD E BLDG. 141 W . J A C K S O N BLVD., C H IC A G O 4 , ILLINOIS , h . U ni<5 d K in g d o m , Q u a k e r Q o . s L t d ., S o U, h C , M , d d . „ « , E „ 8 , a „ d. In E u r o p e , Q u a k e r O a . s - G r a a n p r o d u t f e n M . V , R o l t e r d a m , T h C H o ,h e r ,e n d s. In A u s t r a l i a , S w i f t & C o m p a n y , P t y . Ltd , S y d n e y. FURFURAL. FURFURYL ALC O HO L • FUROIC AC ID • TETRAHYDROFURFURYL ALCOHO L.

(16) ESC. reports. BUILT-I N P R O T E C T I O N _. While the race to defeat the insect by the use. IW lf». Stokes M ic ro v a c P um p s produce and m aintain high vacuum w ithin the low m icron range, economically and dependably in hard, continuous service. They combine high volum etric efficiency and low power requirements; are sim ple in design, rugged in construc tion, fool-proof in opera tion. Six models, 10 to 500 cu. ft. displacement. B ulle tin N o . 463.. Stokes H ig h Vacuum Gages (patented M cLeod type) are always accurate, even in the presence of condensable vapors. Require no calibra tion, give rapid readings, are easy to operate— just tip and read. N ew "Vacorder” gage produces a continual, visible record of high vacuum conditions be tween 0 and 5000 microns. B ulle tin N o . 45-G.. Stokes engineers and m anu factures complete high u u m p ro c e s s in g p la n ts . W id e ly used are Stokes Vacuum R otating and R o tary Dryers, Vacuum pregnators, V acuum Stills, P an s, E v a p o r a to r s , C o n densers and Shelf (illu s tr a te d ) . C N o . 46-C.. F. J . S T O K E S M A C H IN E C O M P A N Y S 9 2 Z Tabo r Ro ad. SEE. P h ila d e lp h ia 2 0 , P a .. FOR HIGHER VACUUM ...TEC H N IQ U E AND EQUIPMENT. °f external,y aPP,ied chemicals has been one of increasing swiftness, the chemists and bot anists have been working from the inside to produce what is already an effective weapon in the florist’s greenhouse. This has been done by “feeding" sodium selenate to develop the resistance of the plant itself to certain pests. Selenium is well known as a poison to both plants and animals. This has afforded problems which are now being smoothed out. Contributions along these lines have recently been reported from work done at Battelle Memorial Institute led by O. A. Nelson and Glen Fuller. The use of certain sulfur compounds, particularly gypsum, as a carrier has given a better regulated uptake of selenium, the result being equally effective insecticidal power with less damage to the plants. ^ More than ten years ago A. M. Hurd-Karrer, of the United States Department of Agriculture, in studying the poisoning of animals by plants grown in soils containing appreciable proportions of selenium, observed and reported the absence of insect pests on these plants. Since then work has proceeded at a number of laboratories, including the Department of Agriculture, Battelle, Cornell University, The Ohio State University, and Ohio State Agricultural Experiment Station, " has developed the principle to a practical point. The application of 10 parts of selenium per million parts of soil of normal moisture content (approximately 1/ Agram of sodium selenate per square foot of soil surface) has been shown to give satisfactory control of red spiders and foliar nematodes, as well as aphis, and about 12 p.p.m. are needed for thrips! However, some sensitive plants, particularly certain varieties of chrysanthemum, suffered damage, particularly where dis tribution was not uniform. Gypsum remedied this situation. Plants receiving 20 to 30 p.p.m. of sodium selenate alone or with limestone, used to check for the effect of calcium ion. showed recognizable signs of damage after a week, whereas similar plants receiving the same amount with gypsum were normal in appearance. The most effective insect control with minimum selenium damage was demonstrated on plants Receiving 20 p.p.m. of selenium. The accumulation of selen ium by the plants was considerably less, and the proportionate toxicity was reduced where gypsum was used. For instance, although plants treated with 20 p.p.m. of selenium with gvpsum showed a greater accumulation than those treated with 10 p.p.m. of selenium with limestone, they exhibited less toxic effect but prooved to be equally effective in the control of aphis. Although the absorption of selenium by a vegetable crop following a floral crop on soil treated w'ith selenium has not been thoroughly investigated, treatment of the soil with gypsum may have a desirable restraining effect on selenium absorption. Leaching between crops is also effective. It should be remembered, however, that this work grew out of the investigation of selenium poisoning. Selenium is not simultaneously man’s meat and the insect's poison, so there is little promise that this agent can find use in protection of plants destined for human consumption. But for flower beds and ornamental plants this method of chemical vaccination may have quite a future. RLK.

(17) jBae 1947. INDUSTRIAL. AND. EN G IN E ERIN G. CHEM ISTRY. ^. Installing a Cascade Cooler?. Cooler A S C A D E coolers m a d e of “ K a r b a te ” m aterial—N atio nal Carbon C o m p a n y ’s impervious graphite —are com pact, lig ht in weight, easy to install. They are constructed of standardized interchangeable parts. C a p acity m a y be adjusted a t any tim e to your processing needs, sim ply by adding or rem ov. C. ing the standard sections. “ K a r b a te ” im p e rv io u s g ra p h ite coolers offer an exceptionally high rate of heat trans fer. This property, coupled w ith unm atched r e s is ta n c e to c h e m ic a l a t t a c k , m a k e s “K arbate” sectional cascade coolers ideal for. h a n d lin g a greater n u m b e r of corrosive chemicals th an any other practical high heattransfer m aterial. A ll parts for these coolers are carried in stock and b o th complete coolers and replace m ent item s are available for im m ediate ship m ent. “K arbate” coolers come in five sepa rate sizes, w ith inside pipe diameters of 1 ", V /2" , 2 ", 3 ", and 4". I f y ou have n o t yet received Catalog Section M-8807-A, the b u l letin describing “K arbate” Sectional Cascade Coolers in detail, write to N atio nal Carbon C om pany, Inc., D ept. IE.. The te r m “ K a r b a t e ” is a reg iste red trade - m ark o f. NATIONAL CARBON COMPANY, INC. U n it o f U n io n Carbide a n d Carbon C orporation. Œ 0E 30 E a s t 42nd S tre e t, N ew Y o r k 17, N . Y .. D ivisio n S ales Offices: A t la n t a , C h ic a g o , D a lla s , K a n s a s C ity , N e w Y o r k , P itt s b u r g h , S a n Francisco.

(18) lö / i. INDUSTRIAL. ÄND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 39, No. 6. The two fitters in the p ic tu re (o n e with sid e cu t aw ay) are used to se p a ra te two radio channels com ing In on the sam e antenna but on d iffe re n t freq u e n cies. A t the end o f the co nnecting w a veguide, the channels are m ade to p a rt com pany, each goin g to a d ifferen t circ u it through its assigned filte r.. Thirty years ago, when all telephone service went by wire, Bell scientists developed means of sending dozens of conversations over the same line.. Laboratories devised a different kind of filter — a filter in a waveguide. This filter is a system of electrically resonant cavities formed by walls and partitions. W aves that set up sympathetic vibrations in the cavities pass through; others are reflected.. This they did by giving to each conversation a different carrier frequency; then to separate it from the others, they used a device which they had in vented and named—the electric wave filter. Today, in microwave telephone systems, the mes sage-bearing waves pass to and from the antenna in pipes called waveguides. So scientists in Bell. EX PLO RIN G. AND. INVENTING,. DEVISIN G. AND. PERFECTIN G ,. FOR. CO N TIN U ED. In the Bell System, now, single circuits are carry ing many conversations at the same time through precision wave-filtering.. !(. BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES IMPROVEMENTS. AND. EC O N O M IES. IN. TELEPH O N E. SERV ICE.

(19) A D V E R T I S E M E N T - ™ » enti re l-aocis a paid advertisement. U.S.I. ■ ■ ■ _______________. A M o nthly Series for Chemists and Executives of the. New Data Uncovered On U se of B u ta n o l In Organic Syntheses. Solvents and Chem ical C onsum ing Industries. *. 19-17. P resen t E x terio r P aints B etter T h an Pre-W ar, Says E. T. T rigg President of National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer A ^orfatio«. Research in Russia, India, U.S.A. May Herald New Applications Laboratory research by Russian. Indian, and American scientists discloses new mformai l n concerning the use of butane m organic syntheses, according to a nurnbe P P published within the last three years, T l e g. States Few Item s N ow G ive M ore D o lla r V a lu e T han 1 a m is WASHTNPTON Tune 2 .— In an interview today, Ernest I. liig g , I> esi ni nf the National Paint. Varnish, and Lacquer Association stated that in dent of the lVational rai eOnim0dities for which the consumer is now his opinion there are few an) ¡n„ more (1(,Uar value than in bis paint A. THE MONTH IN C O A T IN G S 1,‘Z g used widely in the protective coatings U ,ul other i m p o r g ^ n d u ^ Most recent of the new s>'V**u. vrVcTcid. American patent, excess quantities aldehyde a re m ix ed w ith. ,\. a p p M a tu rT h e mixture is then treated with a ^. ^. “. S v e a l^. recently that. I The reaction is said to be spontaneous and to Generate a considerable amount of heat. Ano l l r Russian report claims that butyl chlo ride and some secondary-butyl cWoride a obtainable from reacting butanol with ternc ’ '"Although the reaction between g o c W ° ? c acid and butanol has been known for some “ me Indian chemists have purportedly dis covered a method for increasing the reaction iate This is claimed to be accomp .shedI adding benzene to the reaction mixture. The effect is said to be due to the great.sr■solub hty of the hydrochloric acid in the butanol compared to the benzene. S ta n d a rd A p p lic a tio n s Butanol, a medium boiling alcohol owes its industrial importance in the solvent field to ' its relatively low evaporation rate, and strong solvent powers for a wide variety of organic materials. Its most important aPPllc a tI0 n ' X is a< a latent solvent for nitrocellulose to make airplane dopes, artificial leather, patent and enameled leather, coated paper finishes, nonshatterable glass fillers, printing inks and photographic film. Butanol is also used as a solvent for a variety of resins. In general, this compound is an excellent (Continued on page 2, column 2). P rotein Synthesis O b served O utside B o d y fo r First T im e The synthesis of proteins has been observed for the first time outside of the animal body through the application of radioactive tracers, according to a report published recently by two American scientists. These biochemists placed slices of animal liver in a solution containing radioactive methionine. Although the total protein content of the tissue decreased, the liver was shown to be still actively syn thesizing new protein by the incorporation of methionine containing radioactive sulfur by the formation of peptide linkages. The re search may lead to methods of coming to rlirp.c.t oriDs with Drotein synthesis in vitro,. A s u b s titu te lo r casein in p a in ls is reported to be a lg in ic a cid , a m arin e p lan t d é riv a five . . . A s u r v e y o f m e th o d s for testing coating resin s, w h ich is s a id to a v o id du plication of the w o rk of other groups and to be w id e in scope, is pu b lish ed . . . To cut can d a m a g e a n d s a v e floor sp a ce , a n e w d evice is m arketed for stocking, stor in g, tran sp o rting , a n d d isp la y in g round cans . . . A p h o t o s e n s it iv e la c q u e r , w hich is sa id to be tough enough to requ ire no h a n d -a p p lie d reinforcem ent a n d to in cre a se fineness of d e ta il a n d accuracy o production, is ann ou nced . . . A d u a l s e rv ic e “ w a s h -p rim e r,” is describ ed a s a v in yl resin b a s e m ate ria l w h ich serves as a m etal surface conditioning a g ent a n d a prim ing coat . . . A “ can m ob/lom eter” is on the m arket for m easu rin g the viscosity of m a te ria ls in their o rig in a l containers . . .. purchases. “As far as exterior paints are concerned,” he went on, “ there are many who have the conviction that the war-time paints are equal or superior to pre-war types, am this conviction is so deep-seated that they do not expect ever to revert to their old formulas. Pointing out that the protective coatings industry was forced to meet skyrocketing war time production demands in the face of critical. U .S .I.. Reduces Prices Of Synthetic Resins L.. Despite the fact that resin availability is lagging well behind demands, U. S. Industrial Chemicals has announced a reduction of ap proximately 10 per cent in its prices on prac tically all types. The price reduction is the second general cut U.S.I. has made on syn thetic resins since prices were decontrolled. The reductions have been made possible h> lowered costs and improved production metliSynthetic resins manufactured by U.S.I. are used in the production of protective coatings, such as paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, as well as many specialty products lhese resins are manufactured in U.S.I. plants at Newark, Baltimore, and Pensacola. ^. B ook let on Shipping Chem icals Now Available A 32-page pamphlet on tank car classi fications for ladings, listing the chemi cals usually shipped by tank cars, and the class of cars permitted by the Inter state Commerce Commission, is now available. The A A R classification of cars and ICC rules for shipping are included.. "1 h a v e little hesitation in stating that a ll during the w a r a n d right up to the present, there h a v e been fe w , if a n y , com m odities for w hich the consum er has received more v a lu e for his d o lla r than p a in t .” — E. T. Trigg. shortages, he asserted that there was never theless no real sacrifice in quality. During the war,” be said, “ members of the paint, varnish and lacquer industry were cal ed upon to furnish protective coatings for the army and navy in prodigious quantities, .ships, tanks, planes, g u n s - every piece of am m uni tion down lo the smallest shell — all req uiitd the products of our industry to keep them in fighting trim and ready to go into acticm at the proper time. We also had to meet the paint requirements of the camps and training stations where millions of our young men were housed while preparing for overseas duty, of the huge new p l a n t s constructed to provide the sinews of war, and of the housing which was needed for the workers in these war plants. ... “ Our industry met every military require ment and all essential civilian requirements, he continued, “ despite the shortages of many critical materials. Although some of the modern fast drying paints could not be made because certain critical materials were going into military uses, comparable results weie obtained with slower-drying finishes, lh e rt.

(20) A D V E K l I S h M b N r — J his entire page is a paid advertisement. June. U.S.I.CHEMICAL NEWS. *. Present-D ay Paints (Continued from page 1, column 3 ). was never any real sacrifice in quality,” he reiterated. O n ly O n e F u n d a m e n ta l C h a n g e According to Mr. Trigg, the only funda mental change that was made in paint formu lation during the war was occasioned by the W ar Production Board Conservation Order M-332 which lim ited the quantities of oil used in several types of paint. This order was put into effect in accordance with the recommen dations of a committee of outstanding paint technologists based upon their own knowledge and experience, and was in keeping with a trend which had already begun. “ For example,” Mr. Trigg said, “before the war, exterior house paints contained about 5 pounds of raw linseed oil. The W P B order lim ited them to 3.75 pounds of oil. But the oil which was used was a bodied oil to which 1.25 pounds of thinner could be added to give a vehicle comparable to raw linseed oil in its properties.” How do these new exterior paints compare with the pre-war type? “ We determined that,” Mr. Trigg said. “ Soon after the order became effective, the Scientific Section of the National Paint, Varnish, and Lacquer Association placed panels coated with a number of ‘conservation’ paints on our exterior test fence. We exposed them in direct comparison with the first-line paints made by the same manufacturers in 1940. Today, after more than three years of exposure, the ‘conservation’ paints appear to be equal in integrity to the old-type paints. They are cleaner and give a better appearance because of their self-washing qualities.” Sees B r ig h t F u tu r e “The lessons of the war have been absorbed and are being reflected in improved paints for architectural surfaces and in specialized finishes as well,” Mr. Trigg declared. “ R e search programs are being carried on con tinuously in the laboratories of paint m anu facturers and their raw material suppliers — and while these hold promise for the future, there should be no hesitation upon the part of the consumer in accepting the products of reputable manufacturers today.”. R e p o rts “ T ongu e P rin ts ” S im p lify Disease Diagnosis. experiments indicate that present recommendations for poultry are inThis was especially true in rations for high hatchability and weight. Further information on these items. A simple and accurate method for taking “ tongue prints” will aid in the treatment of many diseases, according to a paper published recently in an American medical journal. The tongue print, which is said to be as individual as a fingerprint, is reported to alter in measur able fashion during disease, providing an ac curate means of diagnosis. Basis of the new method is a special ink described as contain ing Evan’s blue, gum acacia, and chlorobutanol, a derivative of acetone. The print is obtained by applying the inking solution, then pressing cardboard-backed paper against the tongue in a prescribed manner.. may be obtained by writing to U.S.I.. To prevent wood decay, a new primer, or sealer, has been placed on the market, which is said to combat mildew and rot in hot, wet climates. USI (No. 202) A new hand-operated emulsifier is claimed to disperse small quantities of immiscible liquids into a homogeneous emulsion by means of a few vigorous strokes. (No. 203) USI To stabilize plastics against light, a new prod uct has been developed which is alleged to be effective in quantities as low as three per cent. USI. G eiger Counter Made Into Sensitive Fire Alarm. To improve the fastness of dyes, a new aftertreating compound is offered. (No. 208) USI A substitute for red lead or zinc chromate in conventional paint primers is described as a muscovite mica containing graphite. (No. 207) USI Two new adhesives have been placed on the market. One is described as a cold-setting ther moplastic, synthetic waterproof adhesive with high resistance to oxidation. The other, a liquid, is claimed to adhere to any material and de velop strong tack immediately. (No. 208) USI To remove silica from boiler feed water new equipment, which applies the principles of demineralizing, has been developed. (No. 209). New B utanol Data ( Continued from page 1, column 1). USI. blending agent for holding immiscible liquids together in a homogeneous solution, or for pre venting the precipitation of otherwise incom patible solids. Miscellaneous solvent uses are for brake fluids, hydraulic shock absorber fluids, insect sprays, penetrating oils, polishes, and metal cleaners. It is also a detergent, a dehydrating agent, a surface tension depres sant, and an anti-foaming agent.. To bond vinyl to vinyl sheets or other stocks coated with these materials is now possible by means of a new adhesive, the manufacturer states. (No. 210) USI To resist summer heat rays, a new roof paint is being offered which is said to cut interior temperatures as much as 15 degrees by deflect ing 70 per cent of the sun's heat rays. USI (No-2U) To stabilize rayons permanently isthe purpose of a new process which is alleged to cut rayon shrinkage down to the range of 0 to 1 per cent.. Butanol (Normal Butyl Alcohol) Fusel O il—Refined Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol) Specially Denatured—all regular and anhydrous formulas Completely Denotured—all regular and anhydrous formulas Pure—190 proof, CP. 9 6 % Absolute •Super Pyro Anti-freeze •Solo* proprietory Solvent ♦ANSOLS Ansol M Ansol PR •Registered Trade Mork. USI. maintenance during high egg production. Addition of riboflavin to rations previously thought adequate produced chicks with greater livability and growth potential.. 6 0 E AS T 4 2 N D ST., N E W Y O R K 1 7 , N . Y.. Amyl Alcohol. (NO-204>. A new dip-coating plastic, is said to provide adequate protection for all types of equipment with a single dip. The coating is claimed to resist acids, alkalies, oxidizing agents, and some solvents. (No. 205) USI. A redesigned Geiger counter, a device formerly used to detect dangerous X-rays or those present in atomic material, can now report the presence of flames, according to a recent announcement. The device is said to be so sensitive that it can spot a match flame yards away, or sound an alarm at the sparks from the wheel of a cigarette lighter. The instrument is only 1 % " in diameter and 6Vt" long, w ith an electrically charged tungsten wire running through the center and a quartz window at one end. W hen ultra-violet rays from a flame pass through the eye, an electric charge is released.. U .S .I N D Ux5 T R I A L ALCOHOLS. 1947. T E C H N IC A L D E V E L O P M E N T S. M ore R iboflavin N eeded in P o u ltr y Feeds Recent riboflavin adequate. designed. ★. ACETIC Amyl Butyl Ethyl. ESTERS Acetate Acetate Acetate. O X A LIC ESTERS Dibutyl Oxalate Diethyl Oxalate PHTHAL1C ESTERS Diamyl Phtholote Dibutyl Phthalate Diethyl Phthalate OTHER ESTERS •DIafol Diethyl Carbonote Ethyl Chloroformate Ethyl Formate. CHEM ICALS, BRANCHES. INTERMEDIATES Acetoacetanilide Acetoocet-ortho-anisidide Acetoacef-ortho-chloranilide Acetoacet'ortho-toluidide Acetoacet-para-chloranilide Alpho-acetylbutyrolactone 5-Chloro*2-pentonone 5*Diethylamino-2-pentonone Ethyl Acetoacetate Ethyl Benzoylacetate Ethyl Alpho-Oxalpropionote Ethyl Sodium Oxolocetote Methyl Cydopropyl Ketone ETHERS Ethyl Ether Ethyl Ether A b so lu te-A .C .S.. <No-zl2). A new corrosion-proofing material has self-seal ing properties and can be patched over areas from which it has been removed, according to the manufacturer. (No. 213). IN. AIL. ‘. PRINCIPAL. INC C I TI E S. FEED CONCENTRATES Riboflavin Concentrates •Vacatone 40 •Curbay B-G *Curbay Special liq uid ACETONE Chemicolly Pure RESINS Ester Gums—all types Congo Gum s—raw , fused & esterified •A rop laz—alkyds and allied materials •Arofene—pure phenolics •Arochem—modified types Natural Resins—all standard grades OTHER PRODUCTS Collodions Ethylene Ethylene Glycol Urethon Nitrocellulose Solutions d/-Methionine Printed in U .S.A ..

(21) H \. • -V. f .. V. '. '• ^. '. *>|. ñ ^ i:U :M É û e s t t 'î. S S Í cost. m ÊÊÊÊÊÈSÊÊÊÊm.

(22) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINE. G CHEMISTRY. Vol. 39, No. 6. Process coils made from 1" IPS Type 316 Carpenter Stainless Tubing.. How You Reduce Equipment Costs . . . The u n ifo rm w a lls of this tubing m ean easier and faster bending, flanging or rolling into tube sheets. That saves, time a n d reduces labor costs. It saves money for you. Carpenter Stainless Tubing can often be bent on a radius as short as ll/2 times the diameter of the tube.. 't y a u. c< z*t How You Improve Processing . • .. re d u ce. e q u ip m e n t c o s t s. a n d cm ^ n o v e p r o c e s s in g. Full corrosion resistance a n d faster heat transfer are two advantages you get with Carpenter Stainless Tubing. Inside a n d outside tube surfaces are rigidly inspected, in addition to hydrostatic, tolerance a n d straightness tests. W ith this tubing on the job, you'll have less down time for replace ment a n d repair work.. w ith (^ a r p e n t e r. Detailed Engineering Data on Stainless Tubing . . .. S t a in le s s T u b in g !. Here is easy-to-use d ata on velocity constants, mass velocity constants, sq. ft. internal a n d ex ternal surface per lineal ft. tube, sizes a n d a n a ly ses available, etc. For your copy of the Carpenter Stainless Tubing Slide Chart, drop us a note on your c o m p a n y letterh e ad , in d ic a tin g your title, please.. THE CARPENTER STEEL COMPANY W e ld e d A lloy Tube Division. •. Kenilworth, N ew Je rse y.

(23) INDUSTRIAL. June 1947. AND. EN G IN E ERIN G. Recently, a leading manufacturer of sew. CHEMISTRY. W A N T FULL D E T A IL S O N THIS C A S E ?. ing © machines found a better, faster, more economical way to strip paint from sewing machine parts—thanks to modern Pennsalt. I f you’d like to know more about this case, write us for Case Report Number 68-6, which gives complete details. I f you have a tough problem in metal cleaning, plating, enamelling or corrosion-resistant construc tion, turn it over to your Pennsalt repre sentative—by training and experience, lie is thoroughly qualified to assist you.. methods. TIME R E D U C E D TO O N E -S IX T E E N T H. Formerly, they had used a caustic potash type of stripper . . . and the job took 24 hours. The Pennsalt representative recommended and demonstrated a Pennsalt stripper. Re sult? Complete stripping in only 1 3 hours . .. at less than half the previous cleaner cost!. \peh m ^ 7. sa lt/. CHEMICALS 07 Years of Service lo Industry. P EN N SY LV A N IA. SALT. SPEC IA L C H E M IC A LS D IV IS IO N N EW Y O R K. •. C H IC A G O. •. S T . LO U IS. •. M ANUFACTURING .. PITTSBU R G H. COMPANY. 1 0 0 0 W ID EN ER B U IL D IN G , PH ILA D ELPH IA 7, PA . •. C IN C IN N A T I. •. W YAN DO TTE. •. TACO M A. •. PO RTLA N D , O R E ..

(24) 24 A. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 39, No. 6. % fee. % % • B adger's experience and fa c ilitie s are unexcelled for handling any or all phases of any size chemical, petro-chemical or petro leum refining construction project anywhere in the world. • W ith a rich background of w idely diversi fied domestic activities, Badger has handled the special problems that arise in the design and construction of plants and units abroad. Planning, procurement and transportation of specialized equipment as well as local mate rials, and development of an efficient con struction fo rce from n ative and im ported personnel, are some of the features of foreign. e n g in e e rin g w o rk in w hich the Badger organization is skilled. • In the Far East, In d ia , Ira n , Palestine, Rumania, Russia, Italy, France, England, Canada, Mexico, the West Indies, Brazil, Venezuela, Argentina, and elsewhere, Badger installations — large and small — have been placed in successful operation. • The cumulative experience gained from these foreign and many domestic projects, plus Badger's integrated facilities and engi neering "know -how ," merit your considera tion of this progressive organization when planning new processing plants or units.. BADGER E. B. B A D G E R & S O N S CO. NEW YORK PRO C ESS. .. E N G IN E E R S. SAN F R A NC IS CO AND. CO N STRU CTO RS. • FO R. .. E s ta b lis h e d 1841. LOS A N G E L E S TH E. C H E M IC A L ,. •. LONDON. PETRO LEU M. AND. •. B O S T O N 14. •. R I O DE J A N E I R O. P E T R O - C H E M IC A L. IN D U S T R IE S.

(25) INDUSTRIAL. AND. EN G IN E ERIN G. CHEMISTRY.

(26) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 39, No. 6. The performance of an orchestra depends on the control exercised by the conductor. W itho ut this control, the greatest aggregation of musicians in the world would make a sorry mess of the finest symphony. Likewise, the smooth performance of an industrial plant depends on the valves which control the media necessary to its operation. A nd for perfect performance in flow control, the valves must be adapted in every way to the conditions under which they operate. For more than a century, Powell Engineers have been designing valves to meet every new flow control condition as it has arisen.. C lass 300-pound C ast Steel G a te V alve w ith bolted flan ged yoke, ou tsid e screw rising stem a n d taper w edge solid disc. Pow ell C ast Steel V alves of all types are a v aila b le in pressure classes from 150 to 2500 pou nd s, inclusive.. Large Iron Body B ronze M o u n te d G ate V alve for 125 pou nd s W . S. P. made in sizes 2 ' to 3 0 ', incl. H a s fla n g e d ends, o utsid e screw rising stem , bolted flanged yoke a n d taper w edge so lid disc. Taper w edge do u b le discs can be provided in sizes 2 ' to 12", incl. A lso a v aila b le in All Iron for process lines. S m a ll size 200-pound Bronze G lo b e V alve for ste a m , w ater, oil or gas. For assured, long-life perform ance, it has a re ne w ab le, specially heat treate d stain less steel seat a n d re grin da ble , re ne w ab le, w ear-resisting " P o w e lliu m " nickelbronze, plug type disc.. Today there’s a Powell Valve, in Bronze, Iron, or Cast Steel, for every known requirement of Indus try. A nd to meet the demands of the Chemical and Process Industries for corrosion-resistant valves, Powell makes a complete line, including many special designs, in the widest range of pure metals and alloys ever used in making valves.. The Wm. Powell Company C incinnati 22, Ohio DISTRIBUTORS AND STOCKS IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES.

(27) June 1947. THE ONE TEMPERATURE Sorco F lo a t- T h e r m o s ta tic S te a m T ra p s show n a b o v e d r a in e a c h o f th e o v e n s a ls o c o n tro lle d b y th e Sorco Electric C o n tro ls s h o w n a t th e l e f t .. In m aking ca n d le s, for instance, if the w a x is too co ld —it tak es m ore tim e to rem o ve the fin ished product from the m olds and the ed g e s b re a k off causing a high p ercen tag e of rejects. If too hot, the m aterial is d isco lo red or ruined. A fter y e a rs of unsatisfacto ry hand control, the plant illustrated now runs like clock-w o rk—with a S a rco Electric Control on each o v e n , and S a rco Float-Therm ostatic Stea m T rap s on the floor b e low to drain the coils. This form of control is less e x p e n siv e than other m ethods, and is used ex te n sively in all form s of plating, chem ical co o kers and food p ro ce sse s. O th er S a rco controls a re a v a ila b le for out-door and indoor open and closed tanks and for room and duct tem p eratu re control. For a n y p ro cess using ste a m , there s a co m b in a tion of S a rco trap s and tem p eratu re control that will sp e e d production and low er costs. The n e a r est S a rco rep resen tative will show you how.. FLO A T -T H E R M O S T A T IC ST EA M TR A P. ELE C T R IC C O N T R O L 140. SARCO COMPANY, INC. Represented in Principal Cities. 475 fIFTH AVE., NEWYORK 17, N .Y. SARCO CANADA, tTD., TORONTO 1, ONTAfcIO.

(28) INDUSTRIAL. A ND ENGINEERING. For cooling Corrosive Gases equipment MUST: (1) be resistant to acid fumes, (2) have relatively high heat transfer, (3) be of simple construction for economical installation and maintenance. General Ceramics Coolers pictured above are (1) made of high grade Chemical Stoneware and are not only cor rosion resistant but corrosion proof against all strong acid gases with the exception of Hydrofluoric, (2) are manufactured with heat transfer tubes fabricated of a special stoneware body which not only has superior properties of thermal shock resistance and physical strength, b ut has 3 T O 4 T IM E S T H E T H E R M A L C O N D U C T IV IT Y of standard stoneware, (3) are de signed for chemical engineers by chemical engineers. They offer sturdy simple construction featuring accessi. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 39, No. 6. bility of all parts and joints, easy cleaning and conven ient tube replacement which does not require disman tling of the entire unit. The coolers pictured above are widely used in the chlorine industry where they have successfully withstood the stringent action of hot (up to 200° F.) saturated chlorine' from the cells. Varying capac ities can be handled by using one or a multiplicity of units and an installation of General Ceramics tubes for gas coolers with B-41 tubes interconnected by SP-32 piping, valves and fittings, is your guarantee of a satis factory gas cooling operation. Send for Circular A which illustrates this equipment and, if you have a specific problem, a letter from you with complete details w ill result in a proposal giving our recommendations.. GENERAL CERAMICS. \ J ie n e r a l B U F F A L O : 610 Jackso n Bldg. L O S A N G E L E S : 415 So. C e n tra l A v e .. C H IC A G O : 20 N. W ack e r Drive P O R T L A N D 5 , O R E .: 410 N e w Flied ner Bldg.. S E A T T L E : 1411 Fourth A v e . • S A N F R A N C IS C O : 5 98 M on ad no ck Bldg. • T A C O M A : 4 1 7 Taco m a Bldg. M O N T R E A L : C a n a d a C em ent Bldg. • T O R O N T O : Richardson A g e n cie s, Ltd., 454 K in g St., W est. C e r a m. ic s. V A N C O U V E R , B .C .: W illa rd Equipm ent Ltd., 86 0 B each A v e .. AND STEATITE CORP. In addition to the m anufacturing facilities of the Chem ical Equipm ent Division those of the Insulator Division ore also a v a ila b le for handling ceram ic problem s in a ll branches of industry. G e n e ra l C eram ics & Steatite Corpo ration is therefore a b le to offer service covering a ll industrial application s of ceram ic products.. CHEMICAL EQUIPMENT DIVISION KEASBEY, NEW JE RSE Y.

(29) lune 1947. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. 29 A. CHEMISTRY. W IT H. PORO-STONE AND. PORO-CARBON FILTER M E D I U M INERT.. . Resists action of acids and alkalies. PERMANENT. . .Eliminates filter medium replacement. RIGID . . . Permits pressure filtering and backwashing. HIGH DEGREE FILTRATION. . . Obtainable in various porosities.. 1. Totally enclosed. Especially safe for handling hazard ous liquids, as dismantling for cleaning is not necessary. 2. Cleaned by Backwashing . . . the Adams surge tank method. Filtered liquid under pressure is forced through the filter in reverse flow, thoroughly cleaning the pores in a few seconds.. TYPE CFL an d CFR. 3. Com plete Liquid Recovery. Valuable liquids filtered completely and withdrawn before backw ashing. 4. All contact surfaces lined to resist action of corrosive liquid. W R IT E F O R B U L L E T IN for fu ll in fo rm a tio n o n c o nstructio n and o p e ra tio n o f C F L and C F R Type Filters. R E P R E S E N T A T IV E S IN P R IN C IP A L C IT IE S O f U N IT E D S T A T E S A N D C A N A D A.