A N N A L E S
81,9(56,7$7,60$5,$(&85,(6.à2'2:6.$
/8%/,1±32/21,$
92/;;;9,,, 6(&7,2,
)LOR]R¿F]Q\Z\PLDUQLHXVSUDZLHGOLZLRQHJRVDPREyMVWZD
.$0,/$*5$/(:6.$
0LFKDHO&KROELMHVWSURIHVRUHP¿OR]R¿LQD&DOLIRUQLD6WDWH3RO\WHFKQLF8QL- YHUVLW\ 3RPRQD 6SHFMDOL]XMH VLĊ Z WHRULL HW\NL SRQDGWR ]DMPXMH VLĊ ELRHW\Ną
SV\FKRORJLą PRUDOQRĞFL ¿OR]R¿ą VRFMRORJLL L SROLW\NL ¿OR]R¿F]Q\PL DVSHNWD- PLFKRUyESV\FKLF]Q\FKL¿OR]R¿ąHGXNDFML:VZRLPGRURENXPDOLF]QHDUW\- NXá\GRW\F]ąFHSUREOHPXVDPREyMVWZDNWyUHXND]Dá\VLĊZF]DVRSLVPDFKR]D- VLĊJXPLĊG]\QDURGRZ\P3RQDGWRMHVWDXWRUHPNLONXKDVHáHQF\NORSHG\F]Q\FK
: URNX XND]DáD VLĊ MHJR SLHUZV]D NVLąĪND6DPREyMVWZR ± Z\PLDU ¿OR]R-
¿F]Q\(Suicide – The Philosophical Dimensions&HOHPWHMSUDF\E\áRSU]HGVWD- ZLHQLHLRPyZLHQLHJáyZQ\FKS\WDĔ¿OR]R¿F]Q\FKGRW\F]ąF\FKSUREOHPXVDPR- EyMVWZD-DNVDPDXWRU]D]QDF]DZHZVWĊSLHNVLąĪNDPDLQVSLURZDüGRGDOV]\FK
EDGDĔL]DFKĊFLüF]\WHOQLNDGRVLĊJQLĊFLDGRLQQ\FKG]LHáRWHMWHPDW\FH
:SLHUZV]\PUR]G]LDOH]DW\WXáRZDQ\PNatura samobójstwa Cholbi podaje NLONDQDĞFLHSU]\NáDGyZĞPLHUFLVDPREyMF]HMLRPDZLDMHZNRQWHNĞFLHGH¿QLFML
VDPREyMVWZDNWyUHMQDMSURVWV]DZHUVMDEU]PLQDVWĊSXMąFRÄVDPREyMVWZRWR]DEL- FLHVLHELH´V=ZUDFDXZDJĊQDWUXGQRĞFLLQLHMDVQRĞFLZRFHQLHWDNLHMĞPLHU- FL F]\ PRĪQD Mą ]DNZDOL¿NRZDü MDNR PRUGHUVWZR F]\ QLH DOH SRGNUHĞOD ĪH
GH¿QLFMDSRZLQQDÄRSLV\ZDüUDF]HMQLĪREFLąĪDüRFHQą´V=D]QDF]DĪHSR- Z\ĪV]DGH¿QLFMDMHVWQLHZ\VWDUF]DMąFDLSURSRQXMHSU]\MĊFLHQDVWĊSXMąFHMÄ6D- PREyMVWZRMHVWFHORZ\P]DELFLHPVLHELHF]\QGDQHMRVRE\MHVWDNWHPVDPREyM- F]\PZWHG\LW\ONRZWHG\JG\RVREDZLHU]\ĪHWHQDNWDOERMHJRNRQVHNZHQFMH
PRJá\E\SU]\QLHĞüMHMĞPLHUüLGHF\GXMHVLĊQD]DFKRZDQLHNWyUHJRFHOHPMHVW
VSRZRGRZDQLHMHMĞPLHUFL´V1DNRQLHFDQDOL]XMHWDNĪHNZHVWLĊLQWHQFMRQDO- QRĞFLF]\QXL]ZUDFDXZDJĊQDWUXGQRĞFLZMHGQR]QDF]QHMMHJR RFHQLH
0&KROELSuicide – The Philosophical Dimensions &DQDGDVV
Y
.DPLOD*UDOHZVND
'UXJL UR]G]LDá Moralna niezgoda na samobójstwo to przedstawienie argu- PHQWyZ SU]HFLZNR VDPREyMVWZX 7XWDM &KROEL Z\UyĪQLD DUJXPHQW\ FKU]HĞFL- MDĔVNLHDUJXPHQW]SUDZDQDWXUDOQHJRQDZLą]DQLHGRĞZ7RPDV]DDUJXPHQW
]ZáDVQRĞFLF]áRZLHNMHVWZáDVQRĞFLą%RJDDUJXPHQW]GDUXĪ\FLHMDNRGDURG
%RJDMHVWUyZQLHĪ]DF]HUSQLĊW\]SLVPĞZ7RPDV]D.ROHMQHWU]\SU]HGVWDZLDQH
DUJXPHQW\QLHVą]ZLą]DQH]ĪDGQąUHOLJLąDUJXPHQW]HĞZLĊWRĞFLĪ\FLDOXG]NLH- JRĪ\FLHOXG]NLHMHVWQDMFHQQLHMV]HDUJXPHQW]GREUDVSRáHF]QHJRF]áRZLHNPD
RERZLą]NLZ]JOĊGHPZVSyOQRW\ZNWyUHMĪ\MHDUJXPHQW]Z]DMHPQRĞFLRGELH- UDMąFVRELHĪ\FLHF]áRZLHNNU]\ZG]LZVSyOQRWĊNWyUDXF]\QLáDMHJRĪ\FLHPRĪOL- Z\P±MDNVDPDXWRUWZLHUG]LLVWQLHMHQLHZLHONDUyĪQLFDPLĊG]\W\PDSRSU]HG- QLPDUJXPHQWHPDUJXPHQW]RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLLPZLĊNV]DVSRF]\ZDQDF]áR- ZLHNXRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞüZREHFLQQ\FKOXG]LW\PEDUG]LHMRERZLą]XMHJR]DND]
VDPREyMVWZDDUJXPHQW.DQWDQDZLą]DQLHGRLPSHUDW\ZXNDWHJRU\F]QHJR 7U]HFLUR]G]LDáMoralne przyzwolenie na samobójstwoMHVWSUyEąRGSRZLH- G]LQDS\WDQLDF]\SU]\]ZROHQLHPXVLE\üXVSUDZLHGOLZLRQHRUD]F]\PPRUDO- QLHUyĪQLVLĊVDPREyMVWZRRGPRUGHUVWZDSU]HFLHĪREDVą]DELFLHPF]áRZLHND
&KROELSRGDMHWXDUJXPHQW]VDPRREURQ\MHGQDNJRRGU]XFDJG\ĪZHGáXJQLH- JRVDPREyMVWZRZZ\QLNXQLH]JRG\QD¿]\F]QHFLHUSLHQLDQLHMHVWVDPRREURQą
SU]HGEyOHPOHF]SR]RVWDMHPRUGHUVWZHP%yOERZLHPMHVWZ\QLNLHPFKRURE\
NWyUDZSUDZG]LHMHVWZF]áRZLHNXDOHMHMSRFKRG]HQLHMHVW]HZQĊWU]QH&]áRZLHN
PD]DWHPSU]\]ZROHQLHW\ONRQDÄ]DELFLH´FKRURE\DQLHFDáHJRRUJDQL]PX'DOHM
RSLVXMHV]F]HJyáRZRWDNĪHDUJXPHQW]VDPRZLHG]\VDPRSRVLDGDQLDDXWRQRPLL
LUDFMRQDOQRĞFL7ZLHUG]LĪHRPyZLRQHSU]H]QLHJRSU]\NáDG\VDPREyMVWZQLHVą
SU]HNRQ\ZXMąFHLZ\FLąJDZQLRVHNĪHQLHPDVDW\VIDNFMRQXMąF\FKDUJXPHQWyZ
]D]JRGąQDVDPREyMVWZRWDNMDNQLHPDLFKSU]HFLZNRQLHPX
:F]ZDUW\PUR]G]LDOH&KROELS\WDÄ&]\VDPREyMVWZRPRĪHE\üRERZLą]- NLHP"´$XWRUWZLHUG]LLĪZSU]\SDGNXV]SLHJyZDJHQWyZU]ąGRZ\FKLĪRáQLH- U]\PRĪHVLĊ]GDU]\üĪH]RERZLą]NXEĊGąPXVLHOLSRSHáQLüVDPREyMVWZRMHG- QDNQLHMHVWSU]HNRQDQ\F]\VDPREyMVWZDUHOLJLMQHPRĪQDX]QDü]DRERZLą]- NRZH %DUG]LHM NRQWURZHUV\MQ\ L QLHMHGQR]QDF]QLH UR]ZLą]DQ\ MHVW SUREOHP
WDNLHJRVDPREyMVWZDNWyUHJRFHOHPMHVWRGFLąĪHQLHLQQ\FK:W\PPLHMVFXDX- WRU ZGDMH VLĊ Z SROHPLNĊ ] -RKQHP +DUGZLJLHP F\WXMąF IUDJPHQW MHJR DUW\- NXáX Is there a Duty to Die Ä+DVWLQJV &HQWHU 5HSRUW´ YRO V
+DUGZLJ ZLG]L RERZLą]HN VDPREyMVWZD FKRUHJR Z SU]\SDGNX JG\ FKRU\ WHQ
VWDMHVLĊQDGPLHUQ\PFLĊĪDUHPGODVZRMHMURG]LQ\&KROELMHGQDNZW\PZ\SDG- NXZDKDVLĊ]RFHQą=JDG]DVLĊĪHVDPREyMVWZRFKRUHJRPRĪHE\üZWDNLHMV\- tuacji moralnie dopuszczalneDOHQLH]JDG]DVLĊLĪMHVWRQRRERZLą]NLHP3RG
NRQLHFUR]G]LDáXSRMDZLDVLĊWHĪSUREOHPF]\ZLPLĊGREUDZLĊNV]HMJUXS\PRĪ- QDZ\PDJDüSRĞZLĊFHQLDVLĊMHGQRVWNL:HGáXJ&KROELHJRNZHVWLDWDZLąĪHVLĊ
]UyĪQ\PLSUREOHPDPLPLĊG]\LQQ\PLJG]LHQDOHĪ\XVWDOLüJUDQLFĊGODLOXRVyE
GZyFKF]\GZXG]LHVWXMHGQRVWNDPDRERZLą]HNSRĞZLĊFLüĪ\FLHw razie ko-
)LOR]R¿F]Q\Z\PLDUQLHXVSUDZLHGOLZLRQHJRVDPREyMVWZD
QLHF]QRĞFL&]\WHOQLNQLHX]\VNXMHMHGQDNMHGQR]QDF]QHMRGSRZLHG]LQDSRVWD- ZLRQHS\WDQLD
.ROHMQ\UR]G]LDáQRVLW\WXáZapobieganie i interwencja w przypadku samo- bójstwa7X&KROEL]DXZDĪDĪHUDWXMąFĪ\FLHVDPREyMF\RGELHUDP\PXSUDZR
VDPRVWDQRZLHQLDLWUDNWXMHP\JRMDNG]LHFNRZ\PDJDMąFHRSLHNL:SRGUR]G]LD- OHV]HURNRRPDZLDFLHNDZ\SRP\VáW]ZXPRZ\2G\VHXV]DUlysses contract MDNRĞURGNDSUHZHQF\MQHJR1DZLą]XMHWXGRRSLVDQHMZIliadzie+RPHUDKLVWR- ULL R VSRWNDQLX ] V\UHQDPL NWyU\FK NXV]ąF\ ĞSLHZ ]ZRG]Lá ĪHJODU]\ QD SHZQą
ĞPLHUü -DNR ĪH 2G\VHXV] FKFLDá XVá\V]Hü LFK ĞSLHZ SROHFLá SU]\ZLą]Dü VLĊ GR
PDV]WXL]DEURQLáVLĊUR]ZLą]\ZDüQDZHWZyZF]DVJG\E\RWRSURVLá2EHFQLH
QLHNWyU]\OXG]LHRVNáRQQRĞFLDFKVDPREyMF]\FKVWRVXMąDQDORJLF]QHĞURGNL]DSR- ELHJDZF]H
5R]G]LDáV]yVW\SRUXV]DF]ĊVWRG\VNXWRZDQąNZHVWLĊW\WXáRZHJRÄZVSRPD- JDQHJR VDPREyMVWZD´ :HGáXJ &KROELHJR OHNDU] QLH PD RERZLą]NX DV\VWRZDü
ZGRSXV]F]DOQ\FKPRUDOQLHVDPREyMVWZDFKDOH]GDU]DMąVLĊZ\SDGNLZNWyU\FK
WHJR W\SX ]RERZLą]DQLD PRĪH SRGMąü VLĊ URG]LQD$XWRU NáDG]LH QDFLVN QD UROĊ
OHNDU]\NWyU]\FRSUDZGDPDMąXPLHMĊWQRĞFLQLH]EĊGQHGRSRPRF\ZVDPREyM- VWZLHDOH]GUXJLHMVWURQ\MHVWWRVSU]HF]QH]LFKLQWHUHVHP2F]\ZLĞFLHWDNZH- VWLDáąF]\VLĊEH]SRĞUHGQLR]HW\NąOHNDUVNąLURG]LS\WDQLHF]\SRPRFZVDPR- EyMVWZLHQLHMHVW]QLąVSU]HF]QD"
:EpiloguDXWRU]D]QDF]DĪHGOD¿OR]RIyZLHW\NyZZDĪQDMHVWRGSRZLHGĨ
QDS\WDQLHdlaczegoF]áRZLHNGREURZROQLHRGELHUDVRELHĪ\FLH'HF\GXMHVLĊMHG- QDNQLHUR]ZDĪDüWXWDMNZHVWLL¿OR]R¿F]Q\FKW\ONRVNXSLüQDSV\FKRORJLF]Q\FK
SV\FKLDWU\F]Q\FKLVRFMRORJLF]Q\FKDVSHNWDFKPDMąFQDG]LHMĊĪHWRRQHUR]MDĞQLą
SUREOHP 2PDZLD SRELHĪQLH UyĪQH FKRURE\ SV\FKLF]QH NWyUH QDMF]ĊĞFLHM NRĔ- F]ąVLĊVDPREyMVWZHPWDNLHMDN]DEXU]HQLHDIHNW\ZQHGZXELHJXQRZHDQRUHN- VMDLGHSUHVMD:GDOV]HMF]ĊĞFLRSLVXMHVXLF\GDOQHFHFK\FKDUDNWHUXZ\VWĊSXMąFH
F]DVDPLZZ\ĪHMZ\PLHQLRQ\FKFKRUREDFK3RWDNLPSRVWDZLHQLXVSUDZ\RGGD- MHJáRVVXLF\GRORJRZL7KRPDVRZL-RLQHURZLNWyU\SU]\F]\QVDPREyMVWZDGRSD- WUXMHVLĊZFKRUREDFKSV\FKLF]Q\FKSRF]XFLXE\FLDFLĊĪDUHPGODLQQ\FKVLOQ\P
VWUHVLHF]\EUDNXSRF]XFLDSU]\QDOHĪQRĞFL
=DFKRZDQLDVDPREyMF]HQDMF]ĊĞFLHMZ\VWĊSXMąZyZF]DVJG\SU]HGRVREąFKRUąSV\FKLF]QLH
SU]\]Z\F]DMRQąGRVDPRRNDOHF]DQLDSRGGDQąSRF]XFLXEH]QDG]LHLSRMDZLDVLĊRND]MDGR]DFKR- ZDQLDVDPREyMF]HJR±RND]MDNWyUDRG]ZLHUFLHGODFHOHLZąWSOLZRĞFLX]DVDGQLDMąFHWDNLHG]LDáDQLH
2F]\ZLĞFLHEDUG]LHMRJyOQHZ\MDĞQLHQLDVąáDWZLHMV]HGRVIRUPXáRZDQLDQLĪZ\WáXPDF]HQLHGODF]H- JRSUyEXMHRGHEUDüVRELHĪ\FLHNRQNUHWQDRVRED-DNXMąáWR-DPHVRQÄ.DĪGDGURJDGRVDPREyMVWZD
MHVWEDUG]RRVRELVWDQLHSR]QDZDOQDLRNURSQD.DĪGDSUyED]EDGDQLDRVWDWHF]QHJRWHU\WRULXPPRĪH
E\üW\ONRQDPLDVWNąV]DOHQLHQLHNRPSOHWQą´
6DPREyMVWZR ZLĊF Z\GDMH VLĊ QLH]JáĊELRQH L WUXGQH GR ]UR]XPLHQLD GOD LQQ\FK QDZHW GOD
W\FKNWyU]\PDMąSRGUĊNąEDUG]LHMRJyOQHX]DVDGQLHQLD$NWVDPREyMF]\SR]RVWDMHQLHPRĪOLZ\GR
]EDGDQLDV±
.DPLOD*UDOHZVND
: ]DNRĔF]HQLX &KROEL ZUDFD GR UHÀHNVML ¿OR]R¿F]QHM L SRGVXPRZXMH ĪH
ÄVDPREyMVWZR QLH MHVW SURVWą VSUDZą SU]\QDMPQLHM Z Z\PLDU]H ¿OR]R¿F]Q\P´
V$QDVWĊSQLHGRGDMHÄ>«@MHGQDNVLąĪNDQLHUR]ZLąĪH]DJDGNLMDNąMHVWVD- PREyMVWZR'RMGĊGRPRMHJRFHOXMHĪHOLQDV]H¿OR]R¿F]QHUR]ZDĪDQLDGDG]ąQDP
QDG]LHMĊE\E\üEDUG]LHMRSW\PLVW\F]Q\PLĪHUR]ZLą]DQLHMHVWEOLĪHM´V 1LHVWHW\ SR OHNWXU]H WHM NVLąĪNL UR]ZLą]DQLH ZFDOH QLH MHVW EOLĪHM &KROEL
ZQLHZLHONLPREMĊWRĞFLRZRG]LHOHSUyERZDáSRUXV]\üLRPyZLüJáyZQHSUREOH- P\]ZLą]DQH]VDPREyMVWZHP,FKRFLDĪMDNVDPZVSRPQLDáZHZVWĊSLHMHJRFH- OHPE\áRSU]HGVWDZLHQLHQDMZDĪQLHMV]\FKS\WDĔVNáRQLHQLHGRP\ĞOHQLD]DLQWHUH- VRZDQLHWHPDWHPF]\WHOQLNPDSRF]XFLHQLHGRV\WX1LHW\ONR]HZ]JOĊGXQD]E\W
SRZLHU]FKRZQH SRWUDNWRZDQLH QLHNWyU\FK ZąWNyZ DOH WHĪ ] SRZRGX QLHRNUH- ĞORQHMSRVWDZ\DXWRUDZ]JOĊGHPVDPREyMVWZD1DZHWJG\]GDU]\VLĊDXWRURZL
QDSLVDüVáRZDÄVąG]ĊĪH«´WR]DUD]SRQLFKSRGZDĪDVZRMąRSLQLĊLXVXZDVLĊ
QDEH]SLHF]Q\WHUHQWZLHUG]ąFĪHVSUDZDMHVWWUXGQDZRFHQLHLQLHMHGQR]QDF]QD
RUD]ĪHQLHPRĪQDVLĊ]GHF\GRZDQLHRSRZLHG]LHüSRNWyUHMĞ]HVWURQ:LGDüĪH
&KROEL]DSR]QDáVLĊ]OLWHUDWXUąSU]HGPLRWXĪHPDV]HURNąZLHG]ĊZW\P]DNUH- VLHMHGQDNQLHPDVZRMHJR]GDQLDOXEWHĪQLHFKFHJRXMDZQLü%DODQVXMHPLĊG]\
SU]\]ZROHQLHPLQLH]JRGąQDVDPREyMVWZRPLĊG]\VXURZąRFHQąDáDJRGQąDN- FHSWDFMąQLHGRFKRG]ąFGRĪDGQ\FKZQLRVNyZ-HĞOLSRNXVLP\VLĊRSU]HGVWDZLH- QLHVWDQRZLVND&KROELHJRQDWHPDWVDPREyMVWZDSROHNWXU]HMHJRNVLąĪNLPRĪH
RQREU]PLHüQDVWĊSXMąFRÄ7R]DOHĪ\«´
1DVWURQLH]QDMGXMHP\FLHNDZHVWZLHUG]HQLHDXWRUDVDPREyMVWZRQLHMHVW
UDFMRQDOQHJG\ĪF]áRZLHNSRSHáQLDMąFMHQLHZLHFRURELMDNRĪHQLHZLHQDSRG- VWDZLHMDNLFKRSFMLZ\ELHUDQLHZLHSU]HFLHĪFRJRF]HNDSRĞPLHUFLRUD]QLH
ZLHFRE\JRF]HNDáRZGDOV]\PĪ\FLX:]ZLą]NX]W\PMHJRZ\EyUQLHMHVW
UDFMRQDOQ\0RĪQDVLĊWXWDMVSLHUDü]DXWRUHPERF]\ĪZLĊNV]RĞüZ\ERUyZQLHE\- áDE\LUUDFMRQDOQDMHĞOL]D&KROELPX]QDOLE\ĞP\ĪHW\ONRZ\EyUNWyUHJRZV]\VW- NLHVNXWNLPRĪHP\SU]HZLG]LHüMHVWUDFMRQDOQ\"&]\F]áRZLHN±VWRVXMąFZ]R- UHPDXWRUDPHWRGĊSU]\NáDGyZ±Z\FKRG]ąF]GRPXQDXOLFĊMHVWSHZLHQWHJR
FRJRF]HND"&]\OXG]LHNWyU]\]RVWDOLSRWUąFHQLSU]H]VDPRFKyGZLHG]LHOLFR
LFKF]HNDF]\WHĪPRĪHSRVWąSLOLQLHUDFMRQDOQLHZ\FKRG]ąF]GRPX".RQW\QX- XMąFZW\PGXFKXVZRMHUR]ZDĪDQLD&KROELWZLHUG]LĪHGHF\]MDRVDPREyMVWZLH
MHVWGHF\]MąQLHUDFMRQDOQąSRQLHZDĪQLHPRĪQDSU]HZLG]LHüF]\FLHUSLHQLHNWyUH
SRZRGXMHP\ĞOLF]\Q\VDPREyMF]HQLHVSRG]LHZDQLHVLĊQLHVNRĔF]\6NRURQLH
PRĪQDSU]HZLG]LHüSU]\V]áRĞFLWRSU]HFLHĪQLHZLDGRPRF]\DNXUDWG]LHĔSRVD- PREyMVWZLHQLHVSRWNDáRE\F]áRZLHNDZLHONLHV]F]ĊĞFLH
3U]\SRPLQD WR QLHFR ]DNáDG 3DVFDOD ]DZV]H NRU]\VWQLHM GOD F]áRZLHND MHVW
ZLHU]\üZ%RJDDZHGáXJ&KROELHJR±OLF]\üQDOHSV]HMXWUR-HĞOLMXWUREĊG]LHOH- SLHMWRZ\JU\ZDP\DMHĞOLQLHEĊG]LH±WRUR]VWU]\JQLĊFLH]DNáDGXSU]HVXQLHVLĊQD
QDVWĊSQ\G]LHĔ&]\MHGQDNZáDĞQLHWDNLHOLF]HQLHQDFXGQLHZ\GDMHVLĊQLHUDFMR- QDOQH"%D]XMąFQDLQG\ZLGXDOQ\FKSU]\NáDGDFKÄFXGRZQ\FK´R]GURZLHĔOXEQLH-
)LOR]R¿F]Q\Z\PLDUQLHXVSUDZLHGOLZLRQHJRVDPREyMVWZD
VSRG]LHZDQHJRÄXĞPLHFKXIRUWXQ\´QLHPRĪQDWZRU]\üSUDZGNWyUHPLDá\E\GR- W\F]\üZV]\VWNLFK-HVWWREáąGZUR]XPRZDQLXLEU]PLUyZQLHĞPLHV]QLHMDNSR- Z\ĪV]\ SU]\NáDG ] Z\SDGNLHP VDPRFKRGRZ\P 3UREOHP VDPREyMVWZD GRW\F]\
OXG]LNWyU]\MXĪVWUDFLOLQDG]LHMĊFRDXWRUSU]HFLHĪXGRZDGQLDZOLF]Q\FKSU]\NáD- GDFKZSLHUZV]\PUR]G]LDOHNVLąĪNL*G\E\VDPREyMF\ZLG]LHOLFKRüE\FLHĔPRĪ- OLZRĞFLSRSUDZ\LFKORVXDZLĊFJG\E\PLHOLZVRELHQDG]LHMĊWRQLHGHF\GRZDOL- E\VLĊQDĞPLHUü3RFLHV]DMąFHVáRZD&KROELHJRWHMQDG]LHLLPQLHGDG]ą1LHPQLHM
&KROELQLH]UDĪRQ\VZRMąSRP\áNąEUQLHGDOHM:QDVWĊSQ\PSDUDJUD¿HF\WXMH'
+XPH¶DWZLHUG]ąFLĪWHQÄ]SHZQRĞFLąVLĊP\OLáSLV]ąFĪH©ĪDGHQF]áRZLHNQLH
RGU]XFLĪ\FLDJG\MHVWRQRZDUWH]DFKRZDQLDª´V1LHVWHW\&KROELSU]\WR- F]\áW\ONRIUDJPHQW]P\ĞOL+XPH¶D2EDM¿OR]RIRZLHZJUXQFLHU]HF]\]JDG]DMą
VLĊDOHZ\UZDQ\]NRQWHNVWXF\WDWWRXNU\ZDLSR]RVWDZLD&KROELHJRLMHJRF]\- WHOQLNyZZIDáV]\ZHMĞZLDGRPRĞFLQLH]JRG\]+XPH¶HP+XPHERZLHPWZLHUG]L
ĪHGRRGHEUDQLDVRELHĪ\FLDQLH]PXVLF]áRZLHNDMDNDĞGUREQRVWNDF]\kaprys (jak WZLHUG]L&KROELQDVJG\ĪÄSU]\WDNRJURPQ\PVWUDFKXSU]HGĞPLHUFLąPDáH
PRW\Z\QLJG\QLHEĊGąPRJá\QDVGRQLHMSU]HNRQDü´'+XPHOf Suicide & Of the Immortality of the Soul:JUXQFLHU]HF]\REDMZ\FKRG]ą]SRGREQHJRVWD- QRZLVNDOHF]GRFKRG]ąGRUyĪQ\FKZQLRVNyZ3RZDĪQ\P]DU]XWHPNWyU\PRĪ- QDVIRUPXáRZDüZVWRVXQNXGRZ\ZRGX&KROELHJRMHVWQLHEUDQLHSRGXZDJĊVLá\
PRW\ZyZGHF\]MLVDPREyMF]\FKW\ONRRFHQLDQLHZV]\VWNLHJR]MHGQHJRSR]LRPX
.ROHMQą NZHVWLą MDNą SRGHMPXMH &KROEL MHVW SUyED RPyZLHQLD GZyFK
Z\]QDF]QLNyZ UDFMRQDOQRĞFL F]\QX VDPREyMF]HJR ZDUXQNX NRU]\ĞFL ZáDVQHM
LZDUXQNXSR]QDQLD:HGáXJDXWRUDDE\F]\QPyJáE\ü]DNZDOL¿NRZDQ\MDNRUD- FMRQDOQ\PXVLVSHáQLDüREDWHZDUXQNL6SHáQLHQLHZDUXQNXSR]QDQLD]DSHZQLD
PRĪOLZLHSHáQDZLHG]DRNRQVHNZHQFMDFKF]\QX=NROHLZDUXQHNNRU]\ĞFLZáD- VQHMMHVWPRĪOLZ\GRVSHáQLHQLDSU]H]RVREĊ]GURZąSV\FKLF]QLHNWyUDQDWXUDOQLH
Z\ELHUDZ\MĞFLHGODVLHELHQDMNRU]\VWQLHMV]H-DNRDUJXPHQWSU]HFLZNRVSHáQLH- QLXWHJRZDUXQNX&KROELSRGDMHVXELHNW\ZL]P2GUD]XQDVXZDMąVLĊF]\WHOQLNR- ZLS\WDQLDF]\RFHQDLQWHUHVXZáDVQHJRPRĪHE\üQLHVXELHNW\ZQDF]\NWRĞPRĪH
RELHNW\ZQLH VSRMU]Hü QD VZRMH SRWU]HE\ -DNR UR]ZLą]DQLH WHM WUXGQRĞFL &KRO- ELSURSRQXMHZ]LĊFLHSRGXZDJĊRVąGXLQQHMRVRE\:\GDMHVLĊĪHMHVWWREáąG
ERSU]HFLHĪQLNW]]HZQąWU]QLHEĊG]LHPLDáOHSV]HJRZJOąGXZSRWU]HE\F]\SUD- JQLHQLDRVRE\QLĪRQDVDPD2LOHZLĊFZDUXQHNZ\GDMHVLĊVHQVRZQ\RW\OHMHJR
X]DVDGQLHQLHLSURSRQRZDQ\SU]H]&KROELHJRVSRVyEMHJRZHU\¿NDFMLVąQLHGR
]DDNFHSWRZDQLD .ZHVWLD ZDUXQNX SR]QDQLD Z\GDMH VLĊ MHV]F]H WUXGQLHMV]D GR
VSHáQLHQLD&]\XPLHP\]QDOHĨüSU]\NáDGGHF\]MLRNWyUHMPRĪQDE\SRZLHG]LHü
ĪHVSHáQLDZDUXQHNSR]QDQLD"'RSyNLF]áRZLHNQLHEĊG]LHZVWDQLHSU]HZLG]LHü
SU]\V]áRĞFLĪHE\PyFSR]QDüSRWHQFMDOQHNRQVHNZHQFMHNDĪGHMSRGHMPRZDQHM
GHF\]MLGRSyW\MHJRGHF\]MDQLHEĊG]LHPRJáDVSHáQLüZDUXQNXSR]QDQLD0RĪ- QDU]HFĪH&KROELWDNVLĊUR]SĊG]LáZĞFLJDQLXUDFMRQDOQRĞFLĪHZSĊG]LHW\P]D- NZHVWLRQRZDáUDFMRQDOQRĞüZV]\VWNLFKOXG]NLFKGHF\]ML
.DPLOD*UDOHZVND
3U]HGVWDZLHQLH)R[KROH-XPSHUDMDNRZ\MąWNRZ\LMHG\Q\SU]\NáDGQDVD- PREyMVWZRUDFMRQDOQHVEXG]LNROHMQHZąWSOLZRĞFL)R[KROH-XPSHUWRĪRá- QLHU]NWyU\U]XFDVLĊQDERPEĊNWyUDPD]DUD]Z\EXFKQąüDE\RFKURQLüVZR- LFK NROHJyZ 2 LOH F]\Q MHVW RF]\ZLĞFLH FKZDOHEQ\ R W\OH QLH]UR]XPLDáH MHVW
GODF]HJR &KROEL SU]\]QDMH ĪRáQLHU]RZL SUDZR GR VDPREyMVWZD L QD]\ZD MH UD- FMRQDOQ\P7UXGQRXZLHU]\üLĪĪRáQLHU]ZWDNNUyWNLPF]DVLHPyJáSU]HP\ĞOHü
ZV]\VWNLHÄ]D´LÄSU]HFLZ´:\GDMHVLĊWRUDF]HMVSRQWDQLF]Q\PERKDWHUVWZHP
QLĪUDFMRQDOQ\PF]\QHP-HGQDNZHGáXJDXWRUDWR)R[KROH-XPSHUSRSHáQLDUD- FMRQDOQHVDPREyMVWZRZRGUyĪQLHQLXRGQSSU]HZOHNOHFKRU\FKERZLHPZH- GáXJQLHJRFKRU]\QLHXPLHMąRELHNW\ZQLHRFHQLüVZRMHMV\WXDFML
%DUG]RGREU]H]RVWDáDRPyZLRQDXPRZD2G\VHXV]DV&KROELZVZR- MHM NVLąĪFH SRĞZLĊFD MHM GRV\ü GXĪR PLHMVFD L Z\MDĞQLD EDUG]R GRNáDGQLH F]H- JRZNRQWHNĞFLHVDPREyMVWZDWDXPRZDGRW\F]\ĝZLHWQLHWHĪSRND]DáSUREOHP
W]ZUyZQLSRFK\áHMslippery slope VF]\OLSURFHVXSU]\]ZROHQLDQDHXWD- QD]MĊNWyUDEĊG]LHVLĊUR]V]HU]DáDLRVWDWHF]QLHZVSRPDJDQHVDPREyMVWZR]DVWą- SLZVSRPDJDQLHĞPLHUFL:HGáXJ&KROELHJR]JRGDQDHXWDQD]MĊPRĪHGRSURZD- G]LüGRV\WXDFMLZNWyUHMFRUD]áDJRGQLHM]DF]QLHVLĊMąSRVWU]HJDüFRZHIHNFLH
PRĪHGRSURZDG]LüGRÄNRQWURORZDQHJR]DEyMVWZD´RVyEVWDUV]\FKFKRU\FKF]\
XSRĞOHG]RQ\FK
&DáRĞüOHNWXU\Z\ZRáXMHZUDĪHQLHMDNE\&KROELXZDĪDáĪHDE\ĞP\PRJOL
]SHZQRĞFLąX]QDüVDPREyMVWZR]DF]\QUDFMRQDOQ\PXVLDáRE\RQRGRW\F]\ü±
QLHFR NRORU\]XMąF ± ]GURZ\FK QLHVNDĪRQ\FK VPXWNLHP OXG]L NWyU]\ SHZQH- JRGQLDSU]\SRUDQQHMNDZLH]DF]\QDMąP\ĞOHüRVDPREyMVWZLHLSRUR]ZDĪHQLX
Ä]D´LÄSU]HFLZ´DQDMOHSLHMSRRPyZLHQLXNZHVWLL]NLPĞFDáNRZLFLHREF\PNWR
SRWUD¿áE\ZSHáQLRELHNW\ZQLHZ\SRZLHG]LHüVLĊWHPDWUDFMRQDOQRĞFLSODQRZDQH- JRVDPREyMVWZDGHF\GXMąVLĊQDRGHEUDQLHVRELHĪ\FLD:V]\VWNLHLQQHSU]\SDG- NLVąGRSRGZDĪHQLD
0LPRNLONXSROHPLF]Q\FKWH]NVLąĪND]GDMHVLĊE\üZáDĞFLZąLZDUWąSR- OHFHQLD OHNWXUą GOD RVyE NWyUH ]DF]\QDMą LQWHUHVRZDü VLĊ SUREOHPDPL HW\F]Q\- PL0RĪHE\üLPSXOVHPGRG\VNXVMLQDOHNFMDFKHW\NLZOLFHXPF]\QDXF]HO- QLDFK Z\ĪV]\FK -Ċ]\N MDNLP RSHUXMH &KROEL MHVW MDVQ\ L ]UR]XPLDá\ SRUXV]R- QH Z NROHMQ\FK UR]G]LDáDFK SUREOHP\ Vą DNWXDOQ\PL SUREOHPDPL GRW\F]ąF\PL
VDPREyMVWZDG\VNXWRZDQ\PLQLHW\ONRQDJUXQFLH¿OR]R¿L%DUG]RGREU\PSR- P\VáHPE\áRQDSLVDQLHSRNDĪG\PUR]G]LDOHNUyWNLHJRSRGVXPRZDQLDRUD]FR
EDUG]RFHQQHZ\PLHQLHQLHOLVW\W\WXáyZSR]\FML]NWyU\PLZDUWRVLĊ]DSR]QDü
-HVWWRSUDFD]ELHUDMąFDUD]HPZDĪQHS\WDQLDDOHQLHZQRVLRQD]E\WZLHOHGROLWH- UDWXU\SU]HGPLRWX2VWDWHF]QLHZLĊFNVLąĪNĊPRĪQDE\SROHFLüMDNRSU]HJOąGUyĪ- Q\FKZąWNyZLS\WDĔNWyUHPRJąVLĊSRMDZLüSU]\UR]ZDĪDQLDFKRVDPREyMVWZLH
DWDNĪHMDNRĨUyGáRELEOLRJUD¿F]QH