Local and Global Hydrodynamic Loads on the FPSO Glas Dower for Fatigue Assessment

Local and Global Hydrodynamic Loads

on the FPSO "Glas Dower" for Fatigue

Assessment

:L.W. Pastoor and J.A. Pinkster, TU Deift

M. Krekel, Bluewater Engineering BV

Report 1149-P

Project Code: 962

ISBN i-880653-34-6

24th - 29th May 1998

Published in: The Proceedings of the Eight International

Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE'98.

Volume I, Mon tréal, Canada

TU Deift

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology Ship Hydromechanics Laboratory

The Proceedings of

the Eighth (1998) International

OFFSHORE AND POLAR ENGINEERING

CONFERENCE

Montréal, Canada

VOLUME I, 1998

-ISOPE

International Society of

Offshore and Polar Engineers

The Proceedings of

the Eighth (1998)

_{International}

OFFSHORE AND POLAR

ENGINEERING CONFERENCE

VOLUME I, 1998

Offshore Developments, Energy and Resources (Wave Energy, Gas Hydrates and

Deep-Ocean Mining), TLP, Very Large Floating Structure (VLFS),

FPSO, Offshore Systems, Geotechnjcal Engineering

edited by:

Jin S. Chung, Colorado School of

_{Mines, Golden, Colûrado, USA}

Tamotsu Matsui, Osaka University,

_{Osaka, Japan}

Shigeru Naito, Osaka University, Osaka,

_Japan

Mohamed Sayed, National Research

_{Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada}

presented at:

The Eighth (1998) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference held

in Montréal, Canada, May 24-29, 1998

organized by:

International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers

sponsored by:

International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)

with cooperating societies and associations

International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)

P.O Box 1107 Golden, Colorado 80402-1107 USA

Copyright © 1998by InternationalSociety of Offshore_{and PblarEngineers,.} Golden, Colorado, USA. All Rights Reserved.

International Standard Book Number:

International Standard Sériai Number:

ISOPE BOard olDirectors

A. Abel, Australia; RM Das, USA, C.P. Ellinas (Chairman), UK, R.MW. Frederking, Canada, YC. Li; China, 1.

Langen, Norway, M. Olagnon, France, iM. Roesset, USA, and_{Y. Uèda, Jäpan}

Cooperating Organizations:

Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP)

American Society of Civil Engineersi(ASCE) Engineering Mechanics Division

Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering (KCORE)

Canadian SocietyofCivilEngineers (CSCE) - EngineeringMechanics Division

Chinese Society of Ocean Engineers (CSOE)

Chinese Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers_(CSNAME) Chinese Society of Theoretical and AppliediMechanics_(CSTAM) Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS)

Singapore Structural Steel Sòciety(SSSS)

Norwegian Petroleum Society (NPF)

The Institution of Engineers Australia (lE Australia) KansaiSocietyofNaval Architects, Japan (KSNAJ) 1RO(TheNetherlands)

]echnical RescarchCenti-e of Finland (ViT) The SocietyofMaterials Science, Japani(JSMS)

TheOffshore Engineering. Society (OES), United Kingdom Ukraine Society of Mechanical Engiñeers:(USME) IFREMER, France

Scott Polar Research 1nstitute(SPR1), UK

The Instituteof Engineers lndonesia(PlI)

Brazilian Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers(SOBENA)

The publisher and the editors of its publications assume no responsibility for the statements or opinions expressed in papersor presentations by the contributorsto thisconference_{or proceedings}

ISBN l-88O653-34-&(Set)

ISBN I-88O653-35-4VI, I)

ISSN iO986 189 (Set)

4

FOREWORD

We greatly appreciate the excellentresponses and help

_{we have received from colleagues around the world}

in the successftul organization of the 8th InternatiOnal

_{Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference}

(ISOPE-98), Montréal, May 24-29 1 998 Technical program committee

_{received more than 600 abstracts The}

Conference features 84 sessions withsome

_{380 refereed paps and 6 plenarysessions from 43}

countries.

The purposes ofthe ¡SOPE conference

are to:

s

_{promote technological progress and activities, international}

technological transfer and cooperation, and

opportunities for engineers to maintainand improvetechnical

_{competence;and}

.

_{provide a timely international forum for technical activities cooperation opportunity and fellowship}

among researchers and engineers,

by developing focused session topics with high quality (in both originality and significance) papers accepted

through rigorous review establishing high

_{international standards for publication and worldwide distribution}

and:promoting interdisciplinary interaction between academia and industry.

The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE) has already held

16 successful

international meetings:

o The lst(i:990) EuropeanOffshore Mechanics

_{Symposium'(ISOPE EUROMS-90) in Trondheim, 1990;}

The Ist(1990)Pacific/AsjaOffshore Mechanics

_{Symposium (ISOPE-PÄCOMS-90) Seoul; PACOMS-92}

San Francisco;

_{PACOMS-94 (SOSC-94)Beijing; andPÂCOMS-96}

Pusan.

o The Ist (1995) ¡SOPE Ocean Mining Symposium(ISOPE

_{OMS-95) Tsukuba; ISOPE OMS-97 Seoul.}

The ist (1996) International Deep-Ocean

_{Technology (IDOT-96) Symposium and Workshop,}

Los

Angeles.

The Annual ISOPE conferences starting

_{in Edinburgh 1991 were held w San Francisco Singapore}

Osaka The Hague. LosAngeles and Honolulu. Since 1992, theannual ¡SOPE Conferencehas been heldwith

the world's largest technical Lprograjnofitskind with refereed papers.

Since 1997 the ¡SOPE TPC expanded greatly the number of papers on recent worldwide developments

_in

frontier technologies in environment, advanced

_{ship technology coastal engineering Sakhalm oil}

and gas

We shall continue toaddother emerging topics

_{to the futureconferences.}

On behalf of all the individual TPC members (listed in this volume) we would like to thank the

_reviewers

(listed in this volume) for their help in maintaining the technical accuracy and quality ofpapers We greatly

appreciate the help from colleagues around the world particularly from the authors and reviewers in meeting

deadlines. Theefficient handling of the conference organization bythe ¡SOPE staff

are greatly appreciated.

lt is our pleasure to welcome participants from all over the world to the ISOPE-98 Conference in Montréal.

We would like to take this opportunity to announce that the ISOPE-99 Conference will be held in Brest,

France, May 30-June 4,, 1999.

Co-chairmen of the ISOPE-98 Conference:

Jiii Chung, USA

_{Bob Frederking, Canada}

Michel Olagnon, France

_{Yukio ILJeda, Japan}

Acknowledgement

The successof the 8thInternational Offshore and Polar EngineeringConference(!SOPE-98), Montréal, Canada, May 24-29, 1998, is credited to the teamwork of the members of the Technical Program Committee (TPC) the conference cosponsors the cooperating organizations änd the reviewers, (see the list).

The committee would like to acknowledge the management support of the TPC

members

The TPC wOuld like to express its sincereappreciation to theTPC members organizations, andNationaU Research CouncibCanada for their support toward the successfiul conduct of the conference events, and to the ISOPE staff for the efficient handling of the conference organization.

ISOPE-98 Technical Program Committee (TPC)

Prof. A. Abel, Univ ofSydney, Sydney, Australia Prof. A. Akyarli, Dokuz Univ., Izmir, Turkey

Dr. L. Mdronicoù, IiloydsRegister ofShipping, UK

Dr A.VM. Arunachalam, WISER Associates, St John's, Canada Prof. K. Aso, Akita Univ., Akita,Japan

Dr. M. Ba, ENSMA,Fuftiroscope, 'France Dr. Y. Bai, JPKenny, Forus4 Norway

Prof. RG Bea, Univ ofCalifomia atBerkeley, CA, USA

Prof.A.T. Bekker, FarEastemState Tech. Univ., Vladivostok, Russia Dr. , S. Berg, AkE Verdal a.sVerdal, Norway

Dr. T. Bjernsen,,Det Norske Ventas, Høvik, Norway Dr. LF. Boswell, City Univ., London, UK

Dr. HG. Brandes, Univ., ofHaWaii, Honolulu, HI, USA

Mr. C. Capanóglu; IDEA.S. Inc., SanFrancisco,CA, USA

Prof.J.R. Chaplin, Cityl1Jniv., London, UK

Prof. Y-P. Chin, National ChengKungUniv., Taiwan, China Dr.. Hin Chiii, Amoco ProdüctionCo., Houston; TX, USA Dr. Han S:Choi, McDermott Engineering Houston; TX, USA

Prof. im S. Chung,(Chairman), Colorado,School!of Mines, Golden; CO, USA

Prof. Chwang, Univ. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Dr. A. Clément, Ecole Centralede Nantes, Nantes, France Dr. I'S Cole, C.S.I.R.O., Highett. Australia

Prof. B:M., Das,Califomia State Univ., Sacramento, CA, USA

Dr Z Demirbilek, Army Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg MS USA Dr. iF. Dos Santos; GKSS Research Center, Geesthacht, Germany

Dr. W. Dursthoff, Univ. of Hannover, Hannover, Germany Dr. P. K. Dutta, USACRREL, Hannover, NH, USA Dr. W. J. Easson, Univ. of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Dr. CP Ellinas,MottMcDonald Ltd, Croydon, UK

Dr. J.M. Falzarano, Univ ofNewOrleans, New Orleans, LA, USA

Prof M Farzaneh Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi Canada

Mr J,A 'Feliham,, Public Works Goveniment:Services, Charlottetown, Canada Dr. P. Ferrant, SIREHNA, 'Nantes, France

Prof. A.J. Ferrante, TSO sirl., Milan, Italy Dr. AM; Fish, USACRREL, Hanover, NH, USA Prof. A.Francescutto, Univ. of Trieste, Trieste, Italy

Dr. R.MW. Frederking (Co-Chairman), NationalResearch Council, Ottawa, Canada ir AM Gresnigt, Delft.Univ. of Technology, Delfi. The Netherlands

Prof. 'P. Grundy, Monash Univ., Clayton. Australia

Dr T Hiraishi Port and Harbour Research Inst Yokosuka, Japan

Prof. Y. Hirose; Kanazawa Univ., Kanazawa, Japan Prof. R.E. Hobbs, Imperial College, London, UK

DÈ.S.W.Hong,Korea Research Inst. of Ship:andOcean Engineering, Daejeon,Korea Dr. G Horrigmoe, NORUT Teknologi. Narvik, Norway

Prof. F. Huang, Univ. of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA

Prof. Y. Ilceda, Univ. oføsaka Prefecture, Osaka,_Japan Prof. Y. moue, Yokohama National Univ., Yokohama,Japan

Prof M. Icairson, Univ. ofßritish Còlumbia,

_{Vancouver, Canada}

Dr. C.H. Jo, InhatJnivesity, Inchon,Korea

Dr. MA. Kamyshev, VNLIST,Moscow, Russia

Dr H. Karadeniz, Deift Univ. oflechnology,Deffl,

_{The Netherlands}

Dr. T. Kllrn, VU Building Technology, Espoo,

_Finland

Prof. CH. Kim, Texas A & M Univ, CollegeStation, TX, USA

Dr MR Kirn, Texas A & M Univ., CollegeStation,

_{TX, USA}

Prof. S.S. Kim, Chung-AngUniv, Seoúl, Korea

Dr. H.L. Kite-Powell; Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., Woods Hole, MA, USA Prof. R.H. Knapp, Univ. ofHawaii, Honolulu,HI,_USA

Dr. i. KoorExxonResearch& Engineering

_{Co., Annandale, NJ, USA}

Profj W. Koterayama, Kyushu Univ., Kasuga,iapan Prof. Y. Kyozuka, Kyushu Univ., Kasuga, Japan

Prof. L. Langen, Hogskolen i Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway

Dr.J.Legrand,Ifremer, France

Dr. B.J. Leim, SINTEF, Trondheirn, Norway Dr. J. Leonard, M.I.T., Cambridge,MA, USA

Prof. Y.-CLi, Dalian Univ. ofTechnology, Dallan, China

Dr. S.S Lin, USNaval FacilitiesEngineering ServiceCenter,_{Port Hueneme, CA, USA} Dr. F. K. Lim, McDermoj:t Marine.Constructjon Ltd, Wembley, UK

Dr. A.K. Liii, NASA Goddard SpaceFlightCenter, Greenbeft. USA Dr. L.A. Louca, TheCity Univ., London, UK

Dr. K-T Ma, ABS America,.Houston, TX, USA Prof. H. Maeda, Univ of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Dr. W. Magda, Technical Univ. of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland Dr. L Mahendran, INTEC Engineering, Houston, TX, USA Dr. Yu. Makogon, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, USA Dr. JA. Maple, Maple& Associates, Houston, TX, USA Prof. T. Matsui, Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan

Prof. G.P. Miao, ShanghaiJiao Tong Univ, Shanghai,_China Prof. R.W. Miksad, Univ. ofVirginia,Charlonesvjlle, VA, USA Dr. N. Mizutani, Nagoya Univ., Nagoya, Japan

Prof. V.1. Modi, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Dr. H. Moshagen, Statoil. Stavanger, Norway

Dr. C.E. Myers, National Science Foùndation, Arlington, VA, USA Prof. S Naito, Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan

Dr. V.R. Neralla,Envjronment Canada, Downsview, Canada Prof. J.M:Niedzwecki, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, USA Prof. MW. O'Neill, Univ. of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Prof. 0.0. Ochoa, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, USA Prof. S.-K. Oh,PukyongNational Univ., Pusan, Korea

Mr. M. Olagnon, IFREMER,Plouzane, France

Dr IR Orisamolu, MàrtecLtd, Halifax, Canada

Dr: S. Pamukcu, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA,_USA

Prof. H-P Pao, CatholicUniv. of America, Washington, DC, USA Dr. G. Partmentiers, BureaU Ventas, Rueil-Malmaison, France Prof N. Patnikalakis, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA

Dr. V. Pavienko, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Dr. C.P. Pesce, Univ ofSo Paulo, Säo Paulo,

Brazil

Dr. J.C. Price, Brown & Root Energy, Houston, TX,_USA

Prof. M.F. Randolph, Univ. of Western Australia, Nedlands,Australia Prof. K. Riska, Helsinki Univ of Technology, Helsinki,_Finland Prof. J. Roesset, Texas A&MUniv., College Station, TX, USA Prof. H. Saeki, Hokkaido Univ.,Sapporo, Japan

Dr A.J.N.A. Sarmento,Lisbon Technical Univ., Lisbon, Portugal Dr. M. Sayed, National.ResearchCouncjl Ottawa, Canada Prof. G. Scarsi, Univ. of Genoa,Genoa, Italy

4

Prof A.P.S. Sclvaduraj, McGilhljJniv, Montréal, Canada Prof T. Setoguchi SagaUniv., Saga, Japan

Dr, 1G. Shin, SeoulNational.Univ., Seoúl Korea

Pro R A Skop Univ ofMiami Miami' FL USA

Dr S Soemantri Bandung Inst ofTechnology Bandung Indonesia

Pro S H Sphaier COPPEIUFRJ Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Pro V A Squire (!Jniv of Otago Dunedin New Zealand

Dr. M-Y. Su, Naval Research Lab, Stennis SpaceCenter, MS, USA Pro Y Sùga, Keio Univ., Yokohama, Japan.

Dr B M Surner Technical Univ of Denmark, Lyngby Denmark

Pro. Y. Tanaka, Kobe Univ, Kobe,Japan Dr. M. Teng, Univ. of Hawaii, 'Honolulu, HI, USA Pro Y. Tornita, Osaka Univ.,, Osaka, Japan

Pro .MS. Triantafyllou, MiT,, Cambridge, MA, 'USA

Dr. AL, Tunik, ABS; Paramus, NJ .IJSA

Pro Y. Ucda. K inkl Univ., Wakayania,, Japan

l)r. K. Venkataramana, KagoshimaUniv., Kagoshima, Japan

Pro . Wan AM, Wan Mahood, Mara Inst. of Tech.,.Selangore, Malaysia. Dr. White, Coventry Univ., Coventry. UK

Dr I _{Yamazaki National Inst of Resources and Environment Isukuba. Japan}

Prof i Yao Hiroshima UJniv Higashi Hiroshima, Japan Prof .R.W. Yeung, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

Prof J.Z. Vim; National Taiwan Ocean Univ.4 Keelung, Taiwan,China

ISOPE-98, Executive Committee

(I!] S. Chung (Chairman). Colorado School of _{Robert.M:W.Frederking,.NationalResearch Council Canada} Ronald Il. Knapp. tJniversity of l-lawaii, USA _{Michel Olagnon; lfremer, France}

ISOPE-98 Conference Co-chairmen

Jiii S. Chung (Chairman). Colorado Schoolof Mines, USA _{Robert MW.frederking,National RcsearchCouncil. Canada} MicheltOlagnon Ifremcr. France _{Yukio Ucda, Kinki University. Wakayania, Japan}

Partial List of Reviewers

vi

Aarnlid. O Berg, S Casella. G Chwang..A T Ertekin, R C

Abe, T _{Bertram, V Chan; E S Clément, A H}

Ettema, R

Abel, A Bijkcr, R _{Chaplin,.J R Cole, I S Evgin,, E}

Ahilan, R V Bjornscn, T Chcn, D B Collberg, L Falzaraño, J M

Alpers. W _{Bole, JB Chen, J S Contento, G}

Fames; K A

An, P Ii Borthwick,A G L Chen, L Cox, D T Farzaneh, M

Ananthakrishnan, P Boswell, L F Chen. S Y Crookshank, N Ferrant, P

Aoki. S Bouchard, G Chen, W J Daky, C Fish, A M

Arunachalam, AVA Boudet, L Chen, Y K Das,B M Forristall, G Z

Aso. K Brandes; LI G Chen. Y N Davis4 A _{Franccscùtto, A}

l3ai Y T3ransby, F Chcugn. K F Demirbilek, Z Frederking, R

Balasubrarnanian, S 'Bravo, j Chin; Y P Doering, J C Fujikubo,M.

Bang, S.0 Brown N A Chisholm. W A Dover. W D Fuktic;. M' Barthelcmy. E Brown. T

_{Chiu Il}

Druez, J Fükushirna, T

.Basu, R Brown, T G Choi, I-I'S Dursthof1 W Furukawa, A

Bea. RG Bruce,, T Chou, S-D Dutta, P K _{Gagnon, R E} Bearman, PW Bruzzone, D Chow, K W Easson, W J Gaines. A Beck. R F Capanoglu, Ç Christiansen, N Eatock-Taylor. R Gato, L Beet, A Carcaterra. A Chung. J S Ellinas, C P Gatto. IL W Bekker. A T Cardo, A Chung. U y Endal, G Gentaz, L

Gentile, R Koo, J Y Nabeshima, Y

Schulson E M

Gloersen, P Koterayama, W Naito, S Seliverstov. V I

Goasguen, G Kotlinski, R Nakai, T

_{Selvadurai A P S}

Gornolski, S G Koyama, S Nakamura, M

_{Senjanovic I}

Goncalves, E Kron, W Nakamura, T

Setoguchi T

Gratz, E T Kweon, Y G Nakano, S

Shaw, PK

Gresnigt, A M Kyozuka, Y Natvig, B J

Shin E C

Grilli, S Lái, G Z

Nralla VR

Shin: J G

Grundy, P Lanaghome, P Nerzic, R

Shiraishi S

Hagedorn, P Lando, L R Niho, T Shogaki, T

Hamamoto, T Landrini, M Nobükawa, H Shókr, M

Handa, K Langen, I Nomura, S

SIva, A J

1-lashimoto, T Lawrence, K L Nwogu, O

Skalllërud B

Hauch, S Lee, J W _{O'Neill, M W Skop, R A'}

Haugen, B Lee, S K Ochoa, O O Skoürup, J

Hayman, B Leira, B Ohmatsu, S Sohn, K H

Hinatsu, M

Lernoine, t

Ohyarna, T Son, C Y

Hinwood, J Leonard, J Okada, H Song, Y P

Hiraihi T

Li, Y C Olagnon, M

Sorensen J D

'Hirayama, T Liao, S S Otsuka, K Sphaier, S H

Hirose. Y Liberatore, G Pamukcu; S Squire, V A

Hoff, G C Lim. F K Pao, H :P Su, C-H

'Holthuijsen,.L H Lin, S S Park, E D

Su M Y

Hong, S W Liu, A K Park, I K Suga, Y

'Hopkins; M Liu, Y Park, N S Surner. B M

Horrigrnoe, G Lockett, F'P Pattiaratchi. C Surni, Y

Huang, T Lodahl; C R Paulling. J Suzuki, H

Huang, W H Lozowski, E P Peregrine, D FI Takahashi. Y

Huang, X L

Lugni C

Pesce, C P Takaki, 'M

Huttelmaier. I-I-P Lunne, T Phadke, A C Tárnate, S

Ikeda, Y Ma, K T Pradhan, T

Tamura M'

Ikegami, Y Ma, N Prevosto, M Tanaka. Y

Inoue, Y Ma. W Prinsenberg, S Tanizawa. K

Isaacson, M _{Macsirnenko. V rl Pritchett. C Tèng, B}

Ivanov, L D Macda, H Puri, V K Teng, M H

Iwata; S Macno, S' Puthli, R S lihakker, A

Jam, A K Magda, W Randolph. M F Thayamballi, A

Jang, Y S

_{Mahendran, i}

_{Ravindran;M Thiel, 'H}

im, D Makogon, Y Remrners, G Tirnco, G W

Jo, C H Mansard, E Remseth. S N Tornita. H

Jones, S J Maple, J A

Richardson M D

Tornita, T

Kaneko, K Martèl. S J Richter-Menge. J Tornita. Y

Karadeniz, H Mase4 'H 'Riggs; H R Torurn, A

Karal, K Masuda; Y Riska. K Toyosada. M

Kareern, A Matsoukis. P Robertson, I

Triantaf'llou M S

Kashiwagi. M'

Matsüj T

Roddier,.D Troesch, A W

Kato, S' Matsumoto, K Roesset, J M Tsai4 D-G

Kiho, S Maze, "R Saëki4 H

Tsai S

Kirn, C'H _{McCaIlurn, J S Sakakiyama, T Tsûboi, l-1}

Kirn, L V McCornber, P Sakato, T Tsurusaki, K

Kirn, M H McCúllurn, J Salter4 SR Tsvetsinsky. A,S

Kirn, SS

Melton, J S Sarmente, A liuncan. M

Kioka, W

Miao,GP

Sato, H Tunik, A L

Kite-Powell4 H L , Miksad, R W Sato, Y

Leda, Y

Kiyokawa; T Miles, M Savadjiev, K Urneda,14

Knapp, R 'H Mitsunori, T Sayas,, O LJvarova, T E

Kobarashi, A Miura; K Sayed, 'M v.d. Vegte, G J

Kokawa, H

Mizutan, N

Scarsi G

van, de Kreeke, J

Komarova,O A

'Moshagen, H SchalTer, HA Vega, L A

Kong, C-H Nabergoj, 'R Schriever, G Venkatararnana, K

vii Venturi,M

Venuijt, A

Vinogradov, O Vishnubhotla, S Wada, K Walkden5 M Walker, S Wan. D C Wang, B' P Wang, Y Y

Watson, PG

Watterson, J K White, P R S Wintcrstein, S Woko4 A W M Woo,, B K Wu, K Q Wu, S Y Xu, Z 'F Yamaguchi. s Yarnarnoto. N Yarnazaki, I' Yao, T Yasukawa. H

Ye W

Yeung, R W Vim, J Z Vu, X Zhang, D 'II Zhang, J E Zhao, Y I-1 Zhou, L D Zhu. D Zueck. R

ISOPE Publicatiön Order information

International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineers

- Quarterly(March,.June, September, December) (ISSN 1053-5381).

Editors: Jin S. Chung, J. Wardenier, R.M.W. Frederking, W. Koterayama.

Topics: offshore engineering, ocean engineering, environ,neni offshore mechanics; polar (Arctic and Antarctic) engineering, advanced marine technology, materials and technology andenergy: Yearly subscription'rates: US$120. (Member; complimentary)and USSIOOper a set of animal backissues.

Proceedings of the lst.(i990), Pacific/Asia Offshore Mechanics Symposium (PAC.OMS'90),.Seoul, Korea, 24-28 June

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VOLLINIE I

ISBN 1-880653-35-4

OFFSHORE DEVELOpMENTS

RESOURCES AND ENERGY

Energy

cean Mining

Gas Hydrates

TLP; FPSO

VERY LARGE FLOATING STRUCTURES

(VLFS)

'OFFSHORE SYSTEM AND OPERATIONS

GEOFECHN'JCAj ENGINEERING

VOLUME II

ISBN 1-880653-36-2

SAKHAL]N DEVELOPMENT FACILITY

JOIA 'PROJECTS

ICE MECHANICS AND ICE FORCES

ICE CONDITIONS

ATMOSPHERiC ICING

NAVIGATION

ENVIRONMENTS

ICE REMOTE SENSING

'OFFSHORE AND ARCTIC PIPELINES

RISERS, CABLES AND MOORiNG

UNDERWATER VEHICLE CONTROL

'The Proceedings

_of

The Eighth; (1998)

_inter

_{i ational}

FFSHO:' AM POLAR

_ENGINEE1UNG

CONFERENCE

'ISBN 1-880653-34-6 (SeO

Montréal,. Quebec,, Canada, May 24-29, 1998

VOLIJM1E,ffl ISBN I-880653-37-O

'NUMERICAL WAVES

INTERNAL WAVES AND SENSING

BREAKiNG W'AVES

FIELD WAVES

WAVES & SPECTRUMS

MEASUREMENTS AND SENSING

VORTEX SHEDDING AND FLOW-INDUCED

VIBRATIONS'

DYNAMIC RESPONSES

HYDRODyNAMLC FORCES

COASTAL HYDRODYNAMICS AND

BREAK WATERS

VOLUME IV ISBN l'-880653-38-9

TUBULAR STRUCTURES

FATIGUE AND FRACTURE

STEEL AND CORROSION

WELDING

NONDESTRUCflVE TESTING (NOT)

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

RELIABILflY, RISK & SAFETY

MECHANICS AND STRUCTURES

'COL'LISION/IMYACT/DAMAGE

NAVAL AND FAST SI-lIP SYSTEMS

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

CONTENT

Foreword

Acknowledgement iv

ISOPE-98 Technical Program Committee iv

PartialList of Reviewers .. Vi

Announcemenisand Publication Order Information Viii; Xi,Xii

List of Topicsin Each Volùme xiii

OFKSHORE DEVELOPMENTS

MobileOffshore Ease

Gene Remmers, Robert Zeck, Paul Paloand RObert Taylor

The.Tasks of'Far-Eastern Regions ofRussia in Development of the Sakhalin Shelf

Igor L. Bekhuk

6

Japans Ocean Test of the Nodule Miúing System

H. Yamada and T. Yamazaki 13

Recent Progress in Springing and Ringing. Research - A Review

C.H. Kim 20

OFFSHORE RESOURCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Effect of Collector Touchdown Speed on Dynamic Response of Simulated Deep-Sea Sediments

T Yantazaki K Tsurusakz and T 1nagak

29

Experimental Study of Water Jet System for Hybrid Pick-up Device

Jae-Yong Shim, Keh-Sik Mi ¡n-Kyu Park, Kyung-Sik Ham, fin- Woog Cho. Sup Hong and Jong-Su Choi 35

TheScale and Nature of Water Column Variability In an Area Designated for Polymetallic Nodule Mining

G. Tlca:chenko and V. Stoyanova ₃₉

Determination of Distributions ofVelocity and Concentration of Solids in a HorizontaiSlurry Pipeline with

a Digital Video Camera System

Hiroshi Sato, Yushun Cui, Fumio Sugimow, Yoshihisa Tozawa and Kazunori Hase 44

Application of New Safe and Economic Technologies of Development of Coal Layers on theShelfin

the South

f Piimorye Territory

Yuriy N. Niskovskiy, Elena V. Niskovskaya and Anatoliy M. Vasianovitch 52

Technological Structures of Marine Dressing Complexes for Mining the Deposits of the Far-Eastern and

Arctic Seas Shelf

Anatoliy V. Ziiukov and Mikhail L Zvonarev 55

ShapeEffect of Solidson Pressure Drop in a 2-Phase. Vertically Upward Transport: Silica Sands and Spherical Beads

f. S Chung, G. Yarim and H. Savasci

58

Dynamics of Bubbles in Conditions of Gas Hydrate Formation

Nail A.. Gumerov and Georges L. Chahine

..

66

Natural Gas Hydrates and Global Change

Y.F. Makogon, J. C. Hoisteand S.A. Holditch

73

Performance of an Impulse Turbine Based Wave Energy Plant

S Santhakwnar V fayashankar M A Atmanand A G Pathak M Rawndran T Setoguchi M Takao and K Kaneko

75

Observations, of Time Domain Data on the Wells Turbine in the Islay Wave-Power Plant

R. G. Alcorn and W. C. Beanie

81

Study on a Wells Turbine for Wave Power Conversion:

_{Improvement of the Performance by the Use of}

Porous Fences

T. Setoguchi, M. Takao, K. Käneko S. Raghunathan and M ¡noue

₈₇

The Effect of Rotor BladeSweep on the Performance of the Wells Turbine

M. Webster and L.M. C. Gato

94

A Proposal of Multi-Floats Type Wave Energy Conversion System

K. Hadano, T. Saito, S. Kawano, M. Hashida and

_{T. Ozaki}

_:'

100

Performance Analysis of Wave Energy Pump wiih Inclinable Cylinder

Hironobu Ueki and Katsuyuki Kawagugy

106

Wave-Energy Pump with Inclinable Cylinder for Nearshore Operation

Hironobu Ueki and Katsuyufci Kawaguzy

112

On the HydrodynamicPararntj Comparisons

_{of MOWC Wave Energy Caissons ¡n Array}

K.. Thiruvenkarasamy, S. Neelamani and MichioSato

119

Self-Adaptive Control ola Piston Wave Absorber

G. Chatry, A.H. Clément and T. Gouraud

127

A Study on a Wave and Wind Energy Hybrid:Convers ion System

- Part I: Output Characteristics of

a Wave Energy Convertor Using a Ball Screw

Noboru Kojima, Kenic/jjro Ohinata and Takashi

Abe

Conceptual Design of Ocean Thermal, Energy Conversion (OTEC) Power Plants In Sri Lanka

Yasuyuki Ikegami, Tomohjro Mitsümori, T.K.D.

Tennakoon, Nishanilia Nanayakkara and Haruo Uehara

140

Comparison of OTEC Power Plant Using Plate.Type Heat Exchanger and One Using Double Fluted Tube Type

Tomohiro Mifsumorj, Yasuyziki Ikegami and

_{Haruo Uehara}

Applicability of Darrieus-Type Türbine for Extra-Low Head Tidal Power Generation

Preethisri Ananda Gajanayake, Akinori Furukawa

_{and Kusuo Okuma}

155

TLP, VLFS AND FPSO

Experimental and Numerical Assessment ofMini:TLP for Benign Environments

P. Teigen andJ.M. Niedzwecki

162

Deep Water TLPs - Tether System Loading

Kjetil Eckhoff 'and Jan Mureñ

. 168

Experimental Loads on a Flexibly Mounted Vertical Cylinder in. Breaking Wave Groups

S. Welch, C. Levi, E. Fontaine and M. P.

_Tulin

Mobil's Floating LNG Plant

G.0 Hoff, G.Z Gu, S. Bhattacharjee, K. YOst and M.M Naklie

184

3D BEM-FEM Hybrid Hydroelastic Analysisof Module Linked Large Floating Structures Subjected

_to

Regular Waves

Takuji Hamamoto, Akinori Suzuki, Nobuhiro Tsujiokaand Ken-ichi Fujita ₁₉₂

Impact of Connector Stiffnessonthe Response

_{of a Multi-Modulè.Mobile OffshoreBase}

H.R. Riggs, R. C. Eriekin and' T. R.J. Mills

200

xv

134

147

Numerical Simulation of Ship Interaction with Artificial Islands Around Bridge Piers

Mohamed Sayed and William D. Blight ₂₀₈

A Direct Method Versus a Mode-Expansion Method for Calculating Hydroelastic Response of

a VLFS in Waves

Masashi Kashiwagi ₂₁₅

The Analysis of Wave-lnduced Response of an Elastic Floating Plate in a Sea with a Breakwater

S. Nagaza. H. Yoshida, T. Fujira and H. ¡sshiki ₂₂₃

Wave Forces on a Circular Island Using Perturbation-DRBEM

S. S. Hsiao, W. K. Weng and Y. F. Chiu ₂₃₁

Classification of FPSO's for Extreme Environments

M.J. Magilire ₂₃₇

Fully Coupled Dynamic Analysis of Rigid Lines and Floater Behaviours in Deep Water

J.M Heurtier, F. Biolley, C. Berhault, P. Le Buhan and G. Morin 246

Risk Analysis Techniques Appliedto EloatingOil.Production in DeepwaterOffshore Environments

Andrea Carpignano, Walter Priotti and Raffaele Romagnoli ₂₅₃

Local and Global Hydrodynamic Loads on the FPSO Glas Dowr" for Fatigue Assessments

L. W. Pastoor, J.A. Pihkster and M. Krekel 261

Effect of Ramp Duration on Response of Spars to Irregular Waves

B. Mekha and J. M. Roesset ₂₇₀

Waves and Current Influence in the FPSO Dynamics

5H. Sphaier, A. C. Fernandes. L. G.S. Pontes and S.H. de Sá Correa ₂₇₈

Experimental and Numerical Investigatiòns on the Green Water Effects on FPSOs

ilerhault. P. Guérin. D. Martigny and R. Guéret ₂₈₄

Wavelet Analysisof the Transient Responseof Spar Platforms

Donald A. Jordan. David C. Weggel Richard W. Miksad and Jose M. Roesser ₂₉₁

A Theoretical Study on the Effect of Seaquakes on a Three-Dimensional Floating Body

Yasushi Higo .

298

Dynamic Behaviour of a S.A.S. Deep Draught Cylinder Buoy in Irregular Waves

Chrisrophe Maisondieu and Marc Le Boulluec ₃₀₃

Dynamic Analysis of Tower Buoy in Irregular Waves

¡vo Senjanovic and Jolco Parunov ₃₀₉

Dynamic Response Evaluations of Offshore Platform with Huge Deck Loads

Kenji Kawano, Katta Venkararamana and Tutomu Hashimoto ₃₁₇

OFFSHORESYSTEMS AND OPERATIONS

Development of a North Marmara Field Offshore Turkiye: A Case Study

A.A. Kapranoglu, Recep Atalay and R. Yoruk ₃₂₅

Heave Motion Effects on Kick and Lost Circulation Detection in Floating Drilling Rigs

Celso K. Morooka and Manoel T. Doria' ₃₃₂

Hoe Control of Slow Drift Oscillation of Moored Floating Platform with Thrusters

Tadahiro Hyakudonje, Masahiko Nakainura, Hiroyuki Kajiwara and Wataru Koterayama

₃₃₈

A Force Allocation Strategy for Dynamic Positioning

Peter Sinding and Svend Vogt Andersen

346

A Sea Floor Layout Design Using Virtual Reality

Carlos Luiz Nunes dos Santos, Gerson Gomes Cunha, Luis

_{Fernando Nunes Mello and Luiz Landau}

354

Vortex Heat Exchanger

B. Krasovjtskj and L. Tunkel

A Study on the Accuracy of Gun Deep Hole Drilling

_{for Marine Part Materials}

Sung-Bo Sim and Tae-Ok Jun

Non-Linear Analysis of Offshore Platforms - A Case Study of Two Platforms During Hurricane Andrew

Behrooz A. Nedushan and L.E. Chouinard

Foundation Aspects forthe Load-Out of 24,000-Tonne

_{JackUp Rig}

S. Dasgupta

j

375

FE Analysis of an Integrated Plate Connection Between

_{Jacket Structureand Skirt-Pile Sleeve}

Noorul Khairi Mohd Nor and Nils-Erik Wiberg

384

Determination of Structural Reserve Strength Ratio (RSR) of an Existing Offshore

Wan !vfahmood bin Wan Abdul Majid, Abdul _{bin Haji Hashim and Mohainad bin Embong}

392

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERP4G

Time Sequential Observation of Land Cover on Okinoerabu Island Using TM Data

Takayuki Kuraoka, Masato Kunitake, Fumiyoshi Kondo, Jun-ichi Shouji, Kenia Ueno and Yuko Taira ₄₀₀

Estimation of Thermal Diffusivity in Asphalt Concrete Using Glover's Method

Jun-ichi Uchida, Tadami Sakamoto, Fumiyoshi Kondo

and Takefumi Nakazono ₄₀₆

Relations Between Shear Wave Velocity and Related Engineering Properties

of

Reclaimed Soil

L.K. Chien, M.C. Lin and YN. Oh

Predicted and Measured Geotechnical Properties

_of

_{Gas-Charged Sediments}

H. G. Brandes

418

Parameter Estimation and Numerical Analysis

of

_{Self-Weight Consolidation ofSlurried Marine Clay}

Fumiyoshi Kondo, Md. Asgar Ali Sarkar, Takefurni Nakazono and Masato Kunitu.ke ₄₂₆

Numerical Studies on the Behaviour of Mariney

_{Walls UsingGHD}

Tej BS Pradhan and Dinesh Raj Shiwakoti

433

Delayed Consolidation Effect Dependent on Permeability of Sand Mat

Young-Su Chae, Byung-Sik Chun, Young-Nam Kim andSung-Jin Kwon

441

Unsolved Problems in the

_{Consolidation Testing}

MasayoshiShimizu

445

Stress-Strain Behaviour of a Cemented Marine Clay

S Narasimha Rao and A. P.

412

451

359

363

New Approach for Determining the Coefficient of Consolidation, Cv, for Normally Consolidated

Kaolinite Clay

M. Tuncan, Y. Güney, A. Tuncan and H. Koyuncu

Microstructure of Undisturbed and Reconsoildated AriakeClay

Katsuzada Onitsuka, Takehito Negani and 7.henshun Hong ₄₆₁

1.

Simulation of the Consolidation Process, of Phosphetic Waste Clay

Robert Y. P. Chin and G. Y. Sheu ₄₇₀

Vertical Drains for Layered Clay Strata

Yasuo Tanaka

478

Effect of Viscosity on the Process of Consolidation with Vertical Drains

Goro 1mai and Bipul Chándra Hawlader

484

Strength-Deformation Characteristics of EPS

Byung-Sik Chun; Soo-Deok Lee, Hae-Sjk Lim, Tae-bong Ahn and Kwang-Hyun Ha 491

Effect of Pore Pressure Dissipation on the Behai'iour of Anchors in Clay

J.C. Small, C.P. ThorneandL.D. Ta

Uplift Capacity of Horizontal Circular Anchors in;Soft Clay Overlain by Dense Sand

BM. Das, E. C. Shin and E.E. Cook

505

TheMechanics of an Anchoring Device Embedded ma Poroelastic Medium

A. T. Mahyari and A. P.S. Selvadurai ₅₁₀

The Behaviour of Drag Anchors in Layered Soils

M.P. O'Neill, MF. Randolph andAR. House

₅₁₅

Bearing Resistance of Inextensible Grid Reinforcements

Y Nabeshima and T. Maisai

521

Nonlinear Response Analysis of a Towed Seafloor Plow

Robert F. Zueck and Steve Karnoski

526

The Pullout Capacity of Suction Caisson Foundations for Tension Leg Platforms

Sher[El-Gharbawy and Roy Olson

53!

Laboratory Modeling of Suction Caisson Foundations

SherifEl-Gharbawy and Roy Olson

., 537

The Effect of Skirted Foundatiòn Shape on Response to Combined V-M-H Loadings

M.F. Bransby and MF Randolph

543

H-adaptive FE Analysis of Bearing Capacityof Skirted Foundations

Yuxia Huand-Mark F. Randolph

549

CyclicShear Failure and Strength of Undisturbed Marine Clays

M. Hyodo, Y. Yamamoto and T. Fujii

557

Effects of Over-Consolidation on Steady State Lineand Liquefaction Resistance of a Marine Sand

Yao-Chung Chen

456

Undrained Strength Anisotropy of Natural'Clay Deposits

Takaharu Shogaki and Hayato Moro

₄₆₆

Stress-Controlled Cyclic Interface Tests

K. Fakiiarian and E. Evgin

571

Application of Pile with Expanding Baseto Foundation of Caisson Structure

Yoshi -hi/co Maeno, Tomiya Takatani, Hirosuke Kodama, Shigeo Takahashi and Ken-ichiro Shiinosako ₅₇₈

Numerical Simulation of Lateral Loaded Pile Taking into Account the Shear Stress at the Sand

Interface Layers

Belkhir, D. Levacher, W. Hainadeh and S. Mezazigh

585

Mooring of Floating Structures by Expanded End Bearing Pile

Tomiya Takatani, Yoshi-hiko Maeno and Hirosuke Kodama ₅₉₀

Wave-Induced Pore Pressure in aCross-Anisotropic Seabed with Variable Soil Characteristics

Dong-Sheng Jeng and Yee-Shown Lin

598

Wave Propagating over Poro-Elastic Bed

Jaw-Fang Lee and Yuan-Jyh Lan

605

Aseismic Evaluation Against Rare Big Earthquakes for Shore Structures

Matsui, M. Akakuma, K. Hayashi, T. Ishikawa,

_{T. Nakano and T. ¡mono}

610

Development and Application of Non-Vibratory Sand Compaction Pile Method

¡fideo Tsuboi, Yuta/ca Ando; Kenji Harada, Jun

_{Ohbayashi and Tainotsu Maisui}

615

Centrifuge Research on the SlidingBehaviour of Spudcans in Layered Soils

H.G.B. Allersma and F.M. van Woensel

The Assessment of Stability of Partially Submerged

_Slopes

PA. Lane and D. V. Grffiths

628

UndergroundShield Docking for the Trans-Tokyo Bay

Highway T. Funa.saki, Y. ¡zwni, K. Miki and T. Nakamura

Distinct Element Analysisof Interfaces in Particulate Media

E. Evgin, Z. Liang and!. Komik

643

ADDITIONAL PAPERS

Distributed VR Offshore Engineering Application

Gerson Gomes Cunha, Carlos Luiz Nuties dos Santos, Luis Fernando Nuizes Mci/baud Nelson Francisco Favilla Ebecken

649

The Hibernia Gravity Base Structure

Fran çois Sédillot

654

Seabed Scour Around a Vertical Pile

S. Narashima Rao, V. Sundar and M. Rain Babu

xix

62!

635

Abstract

Two studiesfocussing at the hydrodynamic loading of a FPSO

tankerhave beencarried out. The first.study is ananalysisofthe.external wave pressureloading at thesideshell of the FPSO 'Glas Dowr' considering the accumulation of fatiguedamage. Marn attention is paid .tothe nonlinearity of this load ¡n the splash zone A frequency domaincalculation procedurchas been verified by atimedornain procedure.

The second study focusses on the comiination of the local external wave

pressure and vertical wave bending induced stresses. Because of the nonlinearity of the local load this is not a straight forward procedure. A

simpleformula,combiningthe separately calculated!localiand global fatigue damages, is presented:takingcorrelation into account.

Thisstudy is heavilyliaised with, but not part of, the Joint Industry Project 'FPSO Integrity'. Ailcalculationshave been carried outforthe measurement sections of the vessel.. seeappendix.

Keywords: side shell fatigue, nonlinear external pressûre. relative wave motion, hullgirder bending, loadcombination

Nomenclature

C SN-curve constant

D = fatiguedamage

= vertical position neutral axis frombase

g = gravity acceleration

= transferfunction relative wave motion

= transferfunction wavebendingrnornent I,,, moment of inertia cross sectionat neutral axis k = wave number

I, effective length longitudinal in SN curve slope parameter m, = n-th momentof power spectrum

M bending moment

N = number wave components N, number cycles

p pressure

rp _{endconnection type!reduction factor}

s = longitidinal spacing

S wavespectrum

S relative wave motion.spectrum

Pro ¿eedingsof the Eighth (1998) International Offshore and l'olar Engineering Conference Montréal, Canada, May 24-29, ¡998

Copyright © 1998by The International Societyof Offshore and Polar Eigineers ISBN 1-88O65334-6:(Set); ISBN l-880653-35.4(Vol. 1)

Local and Global Hydrodynamic Loads on the FPSO 'Glas Dowr'

for Fatigue Assessments

L. W. Pastoor and J. A. Pinkster

Dclii University of Technology

Del ft, The Netherlands

M. Krekel

Bluewater Engineering 8V

Hoofddorp, The Netherlands

261

T, = zero-uperossing period

= time duration in seastatei for headiiigj

w

= sectiorr modulus

xp = x-value arbitrary point at mwl

yp = y-value arbitrary pointat mwl

z = vertical coordinate measured frommwl

z0 heavedisplacement COG

r

= gamma function

E = spectral bandwidth parameter

E1 phase angleincident wave

= phase anglerelative wave motion

EM( = phase angle wavebendingmoment

C = wave elevation measured from mwl Ca = wave amplitudemeasured from mwl

o pitch angle

A _{= bandwidth correction factor} P = density of sewater PC = correlàtion coefficient a = stress

s

roll:angle 4' = wave heading (a) = frequency

1. Introduction

FPSOtankers are increasingly used for offshore oil production, because they are easy to install, remove and reuse. Even marginal oil fields in harsh environments can thus be exploited profitable. Thesesevereenvironmental conditions, like the North Sea, demand a highly reliable structural design. Oneof:the mainstructural subjects isthe accumulation of fatigue damage. Fatigue assessments are thus necessary and have been carried out for the

North Sea FPSOs of Bluewater. In order to improve the calcülation

proceduresa large full-scalemeasurement program hasbeen setup in close cooperaflon wth MÄRII'I Wageningen Other companies have joined_{as well} This research program iscalled 'FPSO integrity', a Joint Industry Project

(JIP). Motions, wave heights and periods, relative wave heights wave

pressures and stresses will be measured. The database of signals thus obtained will be used for validation of existing procedures and to develop

tools and integrate these tools in a generai methodology for fatigue

study has been carried out on two most important fatigueloads, the local external wave pressureloadingandtheg1obal vertical wave bending moment.

This project is thus heavily liaised with. the lIP. The fluctuating _wave

pressure at the side shell ofiankerscauses cyclichending.of the tongitudinals between their supporting frames, see figure I.

web frame bending moment at toe

pr

si2

h

12

A

local StresS global stress

loñgitudinal

262

for instance DaIzel! (1964). The longitudinals.far below the mean waterline. are permanently wetted and thusthe external wave pressUre loadingeanbe modelled linear. But the other longitudiñalsjust below and abovethe mwl are intermittent wetted. The pressure induced stresses are not linear with the wave amplitude Thus the calculation of one total stress transfer function for both local and global loads is not a straight forward procedure.as for the submerged .longitudinals. Time simulations have beenearried out to verifij existing combination formulas. In addition a frequency domain procedurehas been implemented taking phase differences andnonlinearity into account As a result of this second study asimple formula is presented combining the separately caleulatedlocaland globalfatigue damages.

2. Calculation procedures

Thebasis forealculating fluctuatingpressures at the.side shell areiherelative

wave motion transfer functions. The relative wave motion is the wave

elevation measured in a ship fixed reference frame and.is thus defined as the difference between the local wave motion (measured in an earth-fixed reference frame) and the local vessel's heave motion.

((t) - z(t)

y

- xO

_(I)

This local vessel's heavemotion is the result ofthe ship's heave, pitch and roll mottons. These transfer functions have been calculated by a zero-forward-speed three dimensional ship motion program of the sourcesink type. Thisprogram is called DELFRAC (Pinksler 1992)

The transfer functionsfor the relative wave motion have been calculated up towave frequencies of 2.5 md/s. since for these frequencies wavespectrastill contain energy. This requires twodifTerent models, a full ship model and a

"waterline" model, thus the number of panels is kept to a minimum. See figure 2.

Figure 2. 'Waterline' panel model

The fullpanel model calculations areaccuratc t'or wave frequencieslip lo 1.6 rad/s. This is based upon the assumption that the panel sizedivided by wave length should be at least 1:6. For higher wave frequencies.thc 'waterline modelihas been used. For this model it is assumed thatihe vessel will riot he excited by the small wavesand is thus kept fixed.

The transfer functions for the relative wave motion for frequencies aboveI I rad/s were not all very accurate. The amplitude of the transfer functionis

lendingto a constant value but isoscillating tostrong about this value This isattnbuted to the irregular frequency phenomenon Those transfer functions showing large oscillations have been manuallyadjusted which ¡s suitsblc for calcUlation purposes.

Two calculation procedures, using these transfer functions, have heeñ implemented, namely a frequency domain approach and a time domain program.

2.1 Frequency domain procedure

The frequency domain calculation program is mainly based on a method

presented by Cramer et al (1993) and MTD (1993). The calculation

procedure is descnbed for the short term wave climate, that s a constant

î

i i i i ¡ external wave pressure T T ¡ T I i i

Figure I Side shell longitudinal loading

The location ofintercst for this study is theconnection between. the brackets and the side shell longitudinals. The side shell panels are not necessarily permanently wetted. this depends on their position relative to the mean waterline and the actual wave height. This intermittency causes.the cyclic loading of panels around the mean waterline and above to consist partly of pulses instead of continuous smooth sinusoidalsignals. Some authors have presentedirnethods to deal with this nonlinearity. Cramer et al (1993)1 MTD orFnis-l-Iansen and Winterstein present direct calculation procedures. Chen and Shin (1997)presenta reduction factor forthe area below thcmwl which can be applied lo the pressure obtained from the hydrodynamic pressure calculatioiror to ihe significant wave height from the scatter diagram. The presently applied calculation procedure for the extemalwave pressure fatigue loading, applied in the fatigue asscssments.of l3lucwater's FPSOs. is a frequency domain procedure. Some questionable assumptions can he distinguished. First this procedure assumes a Rayleigh distribution of the relative waveamplitudes.aiid second the inlermittency is taken intoaccount in ainodilied way as vell asthc wave pressurepulses. A verification of this frequency domain procedure is thus necessary.

Two calculation procedures have been implemented. namely theprescntly applied frequency domain approach and a time domain program. The time signals are post-processed by the rainflow countingalgorithm.

First a test-calculation has been earned out and analysed. in depth on stochastic properties. Besides this test-calculation a number of calculations hasbeen earned out with thetwo calculation routines. Thisthas been doneto

support the first findings.ofthe test-calculation. Main conclUsion is that the frequency domain procedure retums reliable fatigue damage estimates, compared with the time domain program. lt was found that the transfer functionamplitude fortherelative wave motion can changequickly along the vessel's length thus a study has been made of this transfer function for the wholetank part.

The secondpart of this studyanalysedthe combined loading dueto external. wavepressure and vertical hull wave bending. Both loads induce fluctuating stressesat the end connections of longitudinals. The wave bending causes axial stresses whereas the wave pressure causes bending stresses in the longitudinal. See figure 1. The first order wave bending moment transfer functions can be calculated using a ship motion program incorporating the necessary weight distribution. The linear assumption isvalid for tankers see

significant wave height and zero-up-crossing period. Pressure model

The water pressure is formulated according to the linear_{wave theory.}

Defining thepressure range at a.positionas a fúñction ofthe regular wave amplitude four regions can be distinguished. The firstregion is not wetted and thus not loaded. The second region is dòflñed from thepositive wave

amplitude to the mean waterline. This region is intermittent_{wetted, the}

pressureismodeledhydrostatic. The third region is defined from themean waterlineto thenegative amplitude. Thispart is intermitteñtloaded aswell. Dynaniicpressure is taken into account. The làst region, region four, runs from thenegative wave amplitude doWnwardsand is_{permanently wetted.} The fullpressure range model for theregularwave case becomes thus,

pressure lange _{real pressure history}

disfributjô

Lp

p,

T

approximate pressure model

Figure 3 Pressure model frequency domain procedure Structural response

The side longitudinalsare simply modeled;as beams, sec figure I andDnV (1994). Theloadingof the plate-stiffener combinatioñ is thewater pressure multiplied by the longitudinal spacing. Assuming the beam to be flxed at both ends the responsebending moment induced stressrange is thus,

r s t2

LOs

P

3) 12W

The: parameters r and I, are determined according lo 'Dn.V (1994)_{and are} dependent onthe endiconnection detail lay-out.

Relative wave amplitudes

The wave environment is modeled by a wave spectrum. The response spectrum of the relative wave motioniscalcúlated by,

SRC(cù)

_{I1R()I2 Scc((ß)}

₍₄₎

Assuming stationary Gaussian incoming waves and _{a narrow banded} response the relative wave amplitudes are Rayleigh distributed. The

probability density function, pdf, is given as,

fiÇ)

e

m0 (5)

in which mo S defined asthe area under theresponse spectrum,

263

m0

_f

SRC(w)riw

Fatigue accumulation model

Following the standard SNapproach the fatiguedamage is definedas,

D

-C

The Miner-Palmgren model is applied assuming a constant damage per load cycle atagiven stresslevel The expected fatigue damage is thus defined_as;

N

E(DJ = -E[(Aor]

₍₈₎

Calculationof weighted stress

In the preceding the stress range has been formulated as a function of

pressure lange. Thus the expectation of the pressure range lo the powerof ni has to be calculated,

r

s 12

E[(&y"J

= 12W

E[(p(z)yJ

₍₉₎

The fourregions defined.previouslywill be treated First ihe expectation of the pressure at pointsabove themean waterline isdcrived. Theexpectation

is formulatedasfollows,

E[(Lp(z)

_{= f}

(Ap(z)y"

J(Ç) dÇ

_(It))

Apoint is onlyloaded when the wavcamplitüde(is larger than the heightol the point under consideration. Thus the integral starts fromz. ¡n let the

pressure pulseisnow modeled as if it was a sinusoid, with equal pressure range, see figure 3. Theexpectation becomes.

(pgYf (ca-zr AÇ)

/Ç

_(ill)

The second partis the submerged part. When calculating the_weighted

pressure for a point two situations must be distinguished namct rcgion thret. and four. Theexpectationcan thus be formulatedas.

-z

E((tp(z)Yj

= f

(2pgÇe'y"fi()

d(

(12)

j:

_(p.g(Çe-z)r

_{fiÇ) dÇ}

But this cannot be calculated because of the term 'k' which is equal to &/g. The integral is therefore transformed The _{pressure response spectrum is} calculated from therelative wavemotiontransfer fünction.

= _pge HRC(w)12 Scc(w)

_(t3)

m0

= ,(

S(c5)d

(14) txp(z) = See figure 3. o

pg(Ç - z)

pg(Çebe

_{- z)}

2pgÇe

ca <z <

o <z <

-ca <z < O

z < -Ç

(2) (6) Ç7)

- Pl

= e Op

m0p

The integral of thepressure range is then.formulated as,

E((p(z)YI =

f(2prJp)

dp.

f(P-Pgz)r J(p) dp

The veightedpressures can now becalculated for every longitudinalposition above and below the mean waterline.

Calculation of Up-crossingrate

Besides theweighted pressuresthe numberof cycleshas to be knoWn forthe fatigue damage calculation. Because of the speciahmodeling of thepressure

loading above the mean waterline the number of cycles is equal to the

number of cycles at the mean waterline. The number of cyclesper unit of

timeis N

T 27c\Jm0 (17)

Multiplying Nby thetotaUtime(in seconds);givesthe total number of cycles. Below themean waterline thenumber of cycles per unitof time iscalcúlated

by modifying the transfer function of the relative wave motion by the

longitudinal position relative to the mwl. The following equations explain this, HR((z.w) e

H(w)

₍₁₈₎

(z) = f Ie

HR((w)12

S(w) iw

₍₁₉₎

ni, (z)

= _' w2Ie

H(w)J2 S((w) clw

I 'n (z) 7 2it I N 2 (z)

2.2 Time domain procedure

[he prcssureformulation from the water surface down along the ship's hull is equal as applied in the previous paragraph. This prcssurethelow the mean

water line is now the result of the vector summation of all

regular compoñents.

The common representation of an irregular wave surface is ihe welUkoown wavespectrum.

¡ S()d

=

! ç2

(22)

o

From the wave spectrum an irregular wave can be constructed in the followingway,

((t)

Ç,cos(w11 E,) f2S(w,)/X() cos(,t+E3) ₍₂₃₎

This wave representation must be multiplied by the transfer function

amplitudes and corrected by thephase angles. The irregular wave_pressure (15)

In factthepressure transfer functionsforthe pòintsbeloW the waterline can

be calcùlated but a good approximation of the pressures is given by

(16) multiplication of the exponential decaying function. Thus the pressure formulation for submerged points becomes,

264

at the waterline becomes,

p(t) = pg

HRC(u),) bt2SY cos(wt±Ej±ERC(i))

Figure4. Midship section 'Glas Dowr'

The sea statewas definediby the Pierson-Moskowitz_{spectrum with a} zero-up-crossing period of6seconds andasignificant wave heightof 25m. The wavedirection was 180.degrees, head waves. TheSN-curve appliedin the analysis istheDnV 'Ib curve, seeappendix B. 'Fhetimesimulation_{was 12} hours and the time step applied wasO. li seconds. Shorter simulations_gave (24)

p(z,t) = -pgz + pg

e _HRC(wf)

_S(o)iù

(25)

COS( (i) .t*E. ± ERC( i))

Using this pressure formulation it is possible that an instantaneous pressure becomes, negative instead of zero. The program takes care of this, no 'suction' forceis allowed

The wave pressureforce (N/m)iis then calculated byintegrating the pressure contour over the wetted panel height at every time step. The stresses are calculated by applying thesamestructural response modeltas inthe previous chapter.

The created time signals are postprocessed by the rainflow counting

.algonthm. Rainflow countinghasobtaiiieditsname from an analogy with rain falling down aroof. This counting procedure is particular recommended for wideband loading.

3 Calculation results

The first calculation which has been performed was meant to give a first glance of what couldbe;expected. Basedion these results next investigations have been carriedout.

The first calculation, a short term fatiguedamage calculation wasdonc t'or just one location on the Glas Dowr the midship tully loaded sec figure 4

The wing tank is consideredempty,sinccthissttidy focùsscson the external hydrodynamic loads.