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Talent Management Based on Statistics. The Moneyball Perspective

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TALENT MANAGEMENT BASED ON

STATISTICS. THE MONEYBALL PERSPECTIVE

'DQLHO*DMGD  0LFKDä%DUWRV]HZLF] Abstract

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