METOJIHKA
r E o r P A c p m
i
f iB E P J I E H f lE P A .
D K P K B K A K H A I I O A ^ P K f l A K U l B I O
piło. cildo. (IB OpOHPtljli•uiio.
Tpcrie HcnpaBjieHHoe u AonoiraeHHoe H3flame, c i npujiomeHieMi. pyccKoft jiHTepaTypu y^eÓHofi reorpacJiiH.
C.-IIETEPByprT).
H3AaHie HapTorpat|niHecKaro 3aBeAeHia A. M/ibHHa,
yrofli. EKaTł*pnnroit>cKaro npocn. ii 1». Macrepcitofi, As 11 —43.
. \
*
f
METOilHKA
r E o r P A < j > i H
O
b e p j i e h a e p a
I 1
O K P E B E A E H A n O A ' i P E a A K U l E K )
Tperie zenpaBJieHHoe z .ąonojiHeHHoe asflame, cb npz-ioaseEieiii pyccKoft aHTepaTypti yueÓHofi reorpatfńz.
G.-nETEPByprt.
H3AaHte KapTorpajfwHecKaro 3aBeAeHia A. HibWHa, yrojn. EKaxepuHro(ł»CEaro npocu. h B. MacTepcKofi, ,a,. JVś 11 43.
3 K . « 9 'I
IlepBoe H3ji,aHie peaosieHAOBaHO yieHUM'b KOMHTeroMt MmcTepem Ha- poAHaro IIpocBiipeHia am ochobhhx'l ÓHÓJiioTeirb YraTeMcaBKi. OeiHHapit, yau'reai>CKHXi Hhcthtytobi, ayatcKHii, h x6hckhx,b rewasifi.
M eT o p sa OóepaeHppa npHHapeawTB kb Hncay Jiynnim, cohh- Hemft 9Toro p op. IIpaBH.iii,Hafl nocTaHOBKa BonpocoBB, BcecTopoHHee paacioTp-BHie Raatpro h3B hiixb h cepbesHoe, ciporo iiaymoc otho- meHie ki, hhmb RfejiaerB 9Ty Knury BecbMa BaaiHbiMB nocoóieMb naate h bb HBMeiu;oM neprorunecKoft MTepaTypi, Tam, SoraToft BCflKaro po,na coHuneHUiMn. ? hhcb ate He tomko npeatp, ho hbb HacToamee BpOMa no cynj.ecTByen, hh oporo Maao-MaMCKH noraaio h cepbeaHaro coHHHemfl no neTopirh reorpa<j>m. EpHCTBenHoe co- unHeme
r.
PaeBCKaro, H3pnHoe oT/pfcMHOio KHHHiKoio, paebo He 0XBaTbiBaeib Bcero n pepera, ocTaMHbia ate CTaTbH noBpeMeHHi>ixB jrapmfi h m KacaiOTCH OTni>MHbixB BonpocoBB, h h ace aBaaiorca KOMnejaniiiMH oTpwBOHHbixb CTaTeft toh ase ff&Meipoft MTeparypbi. He OHHTaeMB HyatHbiMB cKpbiBaTb, hto h coHHHeHie OóepaeHppa ho ecTb nocjrŁpee cjiobo bb btomb fliwrfe. EcTb MfccTa, rryrE Oóepjiea- ppB Biiana cti, bb yHKo - HiMeipift naTpioTunecKift r3ivih;u>h m bb CBOHXB BbIBOpXB 3aXOpTB CJIHIIIKOMB pPKO , HTOÓbl ÓbITb P.JTO.TirE, onpaBnaHHbiMB cymecTByiOHpMH phhbimh' ho TaimxB mIictb ne mhoto• bb óo i, uiiihctkE ace no.iioa;cni!i ero npaBMbHM h p -hhhh BipHbi. nepepBaa tckctb 6e3B bchkhxb coKpaupHifi, mbi Bbineps- Hyjiu TO.iibKO nepeaeHb H’feMeii,KHXB yHeÓHHKOBB reorpaifHH, óoMinero aacTbio CTapbixB, BbimefliHMB hbb ynoTpeÓJiema h na hxbpopnŁ.
9
tott> nepenenb, Gyaynn ipfcnHMMt
clHCTopanecKoił CTopoHH
p aff&Meiparo ynHTeaa, TepaerŁ Bcanoe 3Haneme p a pyccKaro. B
t.
KOHiit I-ii aacTH
mbinpMosKMH nepeaeHb 6ojrfce CTa conmeHift
pyccKofi yaeóHotł reorpa$aaecKott MTepaTypti. cnaópBt HfcuoToppa
conraema npaTKOio
oii/Ł
hkoio. Bt .
ototlnepeneHb ae
bouijih tojibkorfc coaBHPHin. KOToptia no CBoeti
pbhocthnoTepaan ananenie.
BbinycKaa
h m hIi mcto/u ie yOóepjepepa
T p rr w n rBH3pHieMt,
młiHcnpaBH.ra TencTt no nowrkpeMy HfciieipoMy in-wu-iiso, a OT/ito
pyccnofi yneóHoii reorpa^nnecKofi MTepaTypH nepeaiwiajii, coraacno
ea coBpeMeneoMy cocToamio.
^A C TL IIEPB A fl.
I. HcTopijnecKos oóosptnie reorpaijjMMecnoM jinrepaiypu u npetiOAa- Bania reorpacfsiH ao P i m e p a ...• ...
1. EoCMorpatjpBi XVI u X VII CTOJiiTia. — a) IleTpt AniaHB— 2.— 6) CeOacTMirŁ 'PpamM,—2.—b) CeSacTtam. MiOHCTept—4.—r) MepKaTopB. Beraifara, MepiaHB, HeHjrep-B — 5. — a) ranire.n. —7.— e) reorpaiJtinecKui co- 'oraema nepBofi nojiOBimŁi XVIII b.—9.
2. reorpa4>ia:, K a s i n p ejM en i nncooitHaro oSyTOEia.—a) MeaaHX- TOHT,, I^bhht.ih — 9 . - 6 ) TpopeRaopiJn; u UlTypsn, —10.—b) HeaHaepE —10. r) Amocb KoMeHCKiii ii .Iokkb — 11. — a) $pam tę—12.—e) IIlKoaa (JiujianTpo- micTOBt—14. — at) ItecTaioimii—15.
3. PyKOBORCTBa u yaeSHHKK reo rp acp ia.—a) KjriOBepTi—17.—6) H,ejuia- piycB — 18. — b) ProOiiepT, — 18. — r) EroimrarT, — 19.—a) PaTTepepB — 19.— e) ElyiBpe u ap-—20.
4. Pe3yjiBTaTi,i.—a) OcHOBHHa onurfSitii npenoaaBaHia reorpa^ia ao Pht- Tepa. — a) IIpeHeópeateEie ijHisimecKHMB oCr&euTOMB ii npeoó.iaaaaie nora- TiiiecKaro a.reMeBTa bb reorpac}tiii—21.—6) OTcyTCTsie yK.asaHift na npiiTHH- Hyio CB.A3B reorpa(l)HiecKHXB aiełieaTOBB—22.
II. Kapjib Pim ep-b. iBopeni. bobom r e o rp a tjjiM ... 1. npeHBOSBiOTHHKH PUTTepOECJCOH IHI-COJltl — a) PepO^OTB -- 24. — 6) CTpaóoHi—24.—b) IhojiOMeft- 25.— r) .leftaepT.—25.—a) TepaepB—26.— e) MioMepB n ap-—27.
2. EifeKi PHTTepa — a) IOhoctb PiiTTepa — 28. — 6) Ero nepBaa reo- rpa^naecKifl coaiieeHia — 23.—b) r.iaBHoe coaimeBie P im e p a —31.—r) Upyria coaHBenia P u n e p a —36. —a) A. $ . ryMÓoiBai—38.
III. noc.itAosaTejiM P H T T e p a ... .... ...
1. BajKHiżmia hbb MeTOflojtornHecKH^E Tpyaost h oTaTez, ocho-
BaHELixi Ha n p H H a in a ji PsTTepa: Poohb, BopinaHT., IIIayTB, Jtioaffe JlmtTeHniTepHB, IIpaHre, IIIyipB, Teme, ninpMaxepB, Ukoób, neme®, Pep- crepB, CTSccHepB, IIlnepepB, Knpxro(j)T>, BmiuiepT., Pyrę, PyMMeaB—42.
2. ~yt80hhkh h py KOBoacTBa, odHHMaiomie bck) ofijtacTs reorpacpiir. Pyresioim., Poohb, Dopinam., AioóeHB, HamaiiB, nroTOB, Ka6aeaB, Kamr&. IITaxTB, BiaHKT,, HoMirepazB, TyTe, PptOHB, ryjoiejiB—45.
II
3 Co^HHeHia n o ota4jie h b im i. o 6 a a o T a m re o rp a c p in . a) AcipOEO- 'MH'iecKaa reorpa<ł>ia:fl«cMpBer*,Iłem— 53— 6 )$H8HiecKa a re o rp a jń a : KparKi,. HeiueiŁ, Peit.™, M aaiyci, rp n aefiax i, UTwap^a, Kotte, reK K e.it,- o4. u) A cipo- HOMiraecKaa u 4>KHraecKaH reorpa^ia: K a m , roxniTeTTepT> it I Iokophhh 54 - r) 9THorpa4)ia: n e r a e « , Batim/t, - 5 5 . - a) reorpa^nnecK ie c5oPhhkk: Tpyóe, K ym eH i, I l D T m - 5 7 . - e ) M o H o rp a p c MeweJBCOHB-57.
IY BbiacHeHie cymHOCTti cpaBHMienbHaro aewaeBtAtHia . . . - •
1. TeorpatlmecKoe n M O s e n ie - 6 0 — 2. ropraoHTaiŁHoe paew eH eH ie-62. 3. reoaorniecK oe CTpoeme hohbh - 6 3 . - 4 . r o p t i - 6 4 . - 5 . Boaa - 6 5 ^ - 6. K r a n m — 67— 7. Miprf, pacTHTexBBHft-68— 8. M ipi, SHBOTHt.m-69.-9.
Yeao-BiitB—69.
Y. SHanenie cpaBHMTMbHaro BeiwneBtAtHia...
1. 3eMJreBrŁjrtnie jojikho 6bitb cpaBHHTeJH.Hoe-71.—2- 3>opMa»Haa noiB- aa k m pasBHTia bhchihxt, HHTeMeETyajttHBKi chjtb. - 73—3. M aTepiaaraaa noa:L3a no oTHOineHiro kb reorpaiJmnecKOMy SHaniio — 74. — 4. MaTepiaJsraati noJtBsa no oTEomeniro kt, shshh - 74— 5. CpaBHHTeiBHOe WH®nrf«ime bb cmbicjtI, peJiHriosHO-oópaBOBaTe.iBHaro cpescTBa—76.
VI. UpoBeAeHie cpaBHHTeJibHaro BeM/ieBtAtnia no nypcy uikojiu . .
1. Bb cpeantixT, yneÓHBiXB 3aBejteHiHXB—79— 2. Kanne, Hhthtb,
IIIupp-Maxep%—80. —3. Bi, rnMHasiircB, pea.it, tihxb yqH.tmn;axB, yraTeJibCKHXB ceiin- H a p im ra -8 2 — 4. Bb n a p o jn o t m a o i i - 8 4 — 5. <Tore.ii,, KepHepi, MeÓyct, CitjtOB-B, Otto, EopMaHHB, TITaxrr,. BeiŁTepB, n p a n re , AnraibTB, Fpyóe, HImhttb_85— 6.HaaiBja—91.—7. Upothbhhkh cpaBHHieJiBHaro 3eMieBt,AEHia.
$oiBrepi h HayjtycB—92.
VII. Bbióop-b reorpa^smecKaro Maiepiajia A^a utjiefi uiKOJibHaro npe-noAasaHia ... ....
1. Bb cpeaHHXT> yneÓHHXB saBejtenitreB — 95— 2. Bb napojnoii lUKO.tl;. 95.__3, O n p eA Ł Jten ie n a i e p i a i a b b m i o i K e n i n i t a a m a r o iib b re o rp a < |w ie c K i!X i>
oÓBeKTOBB. $ii3nnecKiit 9ieMeHTB — 96— 4. noinTitnecKiń aiesieim, —J38— o.
Tonorpa^mnecKin gjteiieHTB — 98— 6. IIcTOpunecKin aieMeHTB — 99.—7. Hpn- .
ntpBi pacno.ioseHia TonorpaiJtanecKaro n a ie p ia ia y niTeiffla, 9rjra, ITlaxTa,
JlaniB.M, Tyie, IIiOTna—101— 8. AcTpoHOMtiaecKaa reorpatjua—104.
VIII. PasiiMHHbie MeTOAW npenoAaBaHia reorpatjłin
1. A H aflH T irtecK iS M e«W B -1 0 7 -2 . C n H ie T H ie c K in MeTOiB—110—3.K o H - CTpyKTUBHBTH—114— 4. Acconmpytontjit MeTOUB—124.—5. rpynniipytom in Jie-
t o jb—127— 6. KoHneHTpHnecKH-cnHTeTHnecKin MeTOflB—127.
IX. jĄanbHtaujia ochobu amasktmkm m npaKTMHecKia yua3aHia A^?1
yHHTOJlS... .... ... 1. I I p e n o s a B a n i e c k o j i ł b o3m o3Kh o a o j h k h o ó ł i t b l a r J i a f l H H i r a . 1. J.'io6ycB h .naHaKapTH — 130. — 2. BKCK.ypcin—134. 3. K ap ram i, peiBecjm h ctrarypu—134.
2. H p H J t a r a ń k i, n p e n o f l a B a H i i o H e c s H y t o m k o a i c p o a M a T H H e o K yK s, h o h f l i a j i o r H H e c i c y i o ( p o p M y . 1. K a T e x B8a u i a —135—2. A itpoaM aTH K a __136.—3. l I i e n i e cT aT eS —137—4 A K p o a M a ra a a u ifl O TB faa y T e m n ia n p ii n o -BTopenin—137.
3. C o sflat eeS^ reorpa*H H eeK is npeflCTaBJieHiH n e n i e m h n y re -
HieeTBlHMH. B o a -iie s e e r o M aynas p o A H H y . 1. Y i e H i e —138— 2. Ily T e n ie
-58 71 79 95 107 130
CTBk—139.—3. H3yieEie p o s h h h—140.—4. IIo.ioaieHia UncTepBera oóbiwy- TeHill pOflHHH—141.
4. Beot reorpacjjjnneciciH MaiepiaJiB, BCTplsnaHnBŚiieE apa paaesiaT-pHBaHin oTfliJEŁHi>ixi. oipaHs, floisteHi 6łitb pacnonaraeMB bb oą-
mom% e tom. sse jiornneeKOMB nopaflK* u cb ®e oa*K xi no-BTopaioiii;Hxes ToaeKi. apiHis—142.
5. 3a6oTBca Taicace o no jeb 30Banin pa3yieHHHMi MaiepiajtoMi. — 1. PeneTHum—143.—2. nucŁMeniiHa paOoTH—144.—3. Km ini j i a 'iTeHia—145. 4. llTema BHiKiaecHHa—146.
Pycciias SHTeparypa ynedHOM reorpacfiiM...
A. MeTOffOJioniHecKia conHHenia — 149. B. PynoBOSCTBa reorpaijun. —
Bceoóiflaa reorpa(J)ia—153.—B. yneÓHHKn Bceofimeft reorpaijbin—154. Kypcn
o t e 4e c tb e ti i [ o fi rcorparjiin—168.—Cnen,ia.iLBHa pyKOBOscTBa. MaTesiaTHEecKaa
leorpa^ia—170.—TeorpaffinnecKia cóophhkh—172.
H a n E flH B ia n o e o ó is. MaieMaTiiiecKaa reorpaijua—173.—^naaiecK aa u nojiiTHaecKaa reorpa())ia. KaaccHHa nocoóia—173.—AMacBi—174.—CnpaBoa- Bue aMacK. CneaiaatHHe aT sacn ii aapTH. TsoóycH.—76. Ilocofiia s.m nep- aenia Kapra. 3THorpa(fnraecKin nocoóia, pncynKit, łiosejiH—189.
HACTb BTO PA Jl.
I . r feorpatjHmecKoe nojiomenie ...
1. r e o r p a c J j B m e c B i a a n i i p o i a . — a ) Y r o .iri> n a s e H i a c o iH e iH B ix B - ly s e ił— 5.— ó) C yM epK ii—6.—b) IIpoao.!i;KHTejiBHOCTB s n a —6— r ) B p e M e H a r o s a —7. 2. O e T p o B H o e n o j t o s K e H i e .— a ) O K e a H H ie c K ie o cT p o B a—8.—6) O cT poB a KOHTHneHTaJtBHHe — 9.—b) O cT poB a B o o ó m e —10.
3. reorpafjpHneeicoe no-roscenie jaHHaro npocTpaHCTBa no otho -m e H i i o k i s p y r E M i e i p a H a M i . — a ) y e s iiH e H H o e noaO H teH ie—12. 6) I I p ii-BHTie CTpaHOio 3THorpa(l>iiHecKiix'f> h KyjiBTypHBKB aa e M e m o B B o r a c o c i s -
h h x b 3e jie s B —15—b) S naM eB ie c i p a m i b-b s t ó p a c n p o c r p a H e H if l KysBTypBi 23.— r) BaatHOCTB r e o r p a ijm n e c K a r o n o n o a t e n i a b b o in o n ie H iii T oproB .111, sio p e - n j a B a n i a iim o p c k id c b c n o m e H ift—26.— s ) T eo rp ac jn iH e cK o e n o io a c e H ie n o o t h o- ineH ito k b n o sH T n ecK O M y 3H axie H iio c i p a m i —34.
II. ropM30HTasbHoe ctnew ie...
1. O r a o i n e n i e npocT paH C T B a—41. —2. O r a o in e H ie M e a tsy u p o T sateH ieM B n o m H p o 'r i h s o i r o r f -43. —3. O i n o m e n i e ó e p e ro B o ft .iim in k b c o s e p iK a H iro no - BepXH0CTH—46.
III. feosonnecKoe cTpoeHie ...
1. E r o B s i a a i e Ha ct>opny n o B e p x n o c T ii—49.—2. B i i a m e n a M H o ro n n c ie n -
h o c tBj p a c u p e s ^ J ie H ie u p o s B h c t o h h h k o b b—52. -3. B .iia H ie Ha p a c r m e s B -
h octb—53. -4. B .iiia itie n a 3k ii3hb n e a o B iK a —56.
ByjlKaHM3MB ... ... 1. CoócTBenHaa Tensora aeiura—66.—2. UosHarie u noHHatenie noiBH—
6 6 .-3 . 3eMaeTpacema—70.—4. ByiKaHimecitia ii3BepateHia—71.—5. TasoBHe hctohhheI'1, rpasHHe ByiKaHBi, ropanie k-oosh—72.
IY. BepTHKajibHoe ctneHie noBepxHOCTM. T o p u ... A . S H a n e H i e r o p t b i a ic o H O M m n p n p o f l B i . 1. U n a p*k b.— a ) T o p ił saiOTB H a n a s o pTkemb—74.—6) T o p s i s a i o r a H a n p a B .ie H ie TeneH iro p i K B —
75-OTfAH, 149 5 41 49 66 74
—b) r o p a cjyKarL B0,nopa3lni.iiaMn—76.—r) Popu onpejiaaiOTŁ CKopociB Te- Besia—77.— 3) PopBi onpeaiiaiOTB odmie bo^hbb p i i t i —77.
2. 3HaneHie rop-B s r a KjnniaTa. — a) Topti BJiiaiOTB Ha KOUHaecTBO a!HOC(j>epHHX’B oca^KOBB—77.—6) PopH bjuhiotb Ha leMnepaiypy crpaHH— 79.—b) Copiii HpoHBBOflflTi. MiiMaTiiiecKoe pa3Hoo6pa3ie
cipanb—80-3. 3H aneH ie rop-s asts M ipa pacTnTejiŁH aro n asiiBOTHaro.—a) PopH yBe.uiTOBaio'ra coóoro iipocrpaHciBo—82.—6) O n i doraiH pacniTejiBHocTBio—83. —b)Oh'Ł 3am,nm,aiOT'b p ac ie m a—83.— r) PopHaa (fuiopa H (JiayHa—83.—s) PasHO- odpasie ropHofi tJuopH h (JiayHH—84.—e) PopH paasiaaroiB pasjim m ua <|).iopH h ifiyaHH- 85.
E. S n a n e m e r o p t fljta hch3h h pofla nejiO B inecicaro. — 1. TJejio- EtK Ł Ha r o p a x B —87.—a) OcoSeHHOCin bb opraHHSHi ropHHXB jumejieH—
88. —d) ,HyxoBHaa jkhbhl- 8 8 .—b) O d H ia n ~ 9 1 .- r ) 3 a H a 'ria -9 2 — «) Bsamsi- b m oiHomema roppeBB—94.—e) CipeiLieHie kb CBodojji—95.
2. H apoflB i no Ty a no s p y r y i o eT opony r o p i . — aj 1’opH paa-
ftk-wiOTB HanioHaJiBHOCTH — 95.—6) PopH .spoSaTB iijeMeHa — 96.—b) 3Haae- aie npoxos;oBB h iiortepeaRLm. joihhb km CHomeaia HapososB—97.
3. B a ia m e ro p i. s a HCHTejren p a s s n a t —99.
V. Bo A a... ....
A. 3 aM ep3inaa B osa.—1. PaspHBafomaa c iu a aaiiepaaiomei bo#h—103. —2. IIpicHOBOHHHH .lesB—103.— 3. $npHOBHH se s’B—104.—4. P-nernepH—104. —a)0Hiiodpa3yi0TB0sepaHi|)iops;H—104.—dJBiiaHieneTiepoBBHasocTyHHOCTB BHCOKHXB ropB—105.—b) JleitHIIKH^aKBHCTOaHIIKHpliKB—106.—rJIIepeSBHJEe- nia cb noMomiH) jiesmiKOBB—106.— n) Bniflarom ee #iflCTBie .lesmiKOBB—108.
B. UpoTOHHaa BOfla—110.—1. E a B H anem e s i aicoHomn: npupoflB i— 110.—a) XHMnaecKia jilc T B ia npoToiHoft bosh—110.—d) MexaHHaecKia pas- pymaiomia siiiciB ia npoToaaoii bosh— 111.—b) MexaaHaecKoe, flBHacymee h co3Hiaiom.ee siftcTBie npOTOiHOH bosh—113.—r) SHaaeme npOTOBHoft bo,j h j m p ac ie m a h aaiBOTHHXB—115.
2. 3H aneH ie n p o i o s H o i boabi b i hchshh a e a o B iK a . — a) BjritfHie KiioieBOH bohh Ha BftopoBse — 117.— 6) 3HaaeHie p i n sjdi HeKysBTypmKB ropoaoBB—118.—b) SHaiem e p i n . flis 3eM.jesisia, ToproBJiii 11 iipoMBiiiuieH- hocth—118. —r) BaKHOCTB p i n *.ia pacnpocTpaHeHia UHEMiisapiE—119.—a) B aanocT t p i n . bb BoeHHom oiHomeHin—120.—e) PiKH, K a n 3THorpa<J)H>ie- caia rpaHimH—120.—a ) Iloasia hctothhkobb h p i a t —120.
B. CTOsnaa s o s a — 1. 03epa — 122. — 2. EHaieme łiopa bb aKOHOMin npsiposH—123.—3. BaamocTB Mopa s m ae.iOBiKa—126.—a) OieeaHB liocpefl-
hhkb bb cHouieHiaxT.---126. — 6) B .iiade MOpa Ha xapaKTepB npiiMopcKHXB Hapo^oBB—127.
VI. H m ia ri...
A. TenjioTa.—1. SHaaeHie TeuaoTH—130.—2. Baiimie TeiisoTBi Ha pacre-
nia, atHBOTHBKB ii aeioB iiia —131.
B. BiTepB.—1. Bo3syuiHHa TeaeHia—135.—2. KsHMamiorHiecKoe gnane -
flie BiTpa—136.—3. BiiaHie BiTpa Ha p ac ie m a, jkhbothhxbh aenoBiita—137.
B. ATMoeipepHBie ocaflB;H—139.—1. rI,oatSH iisMiHatOTB biijb HOBepxHO- cin crpaHH—139.—2. 3na>ieHie hxb s.m sfiKyin,Hx'B bosb—139.—3. 3HaaeHie hxb nas opraHHaecKofi ®h3hh—140.
I'. Cb'£t ł—1. Ero BiiaHie na p a c ie m a —141.— 2. Ha bshbothhkb—142.—
C1TAH.
VII.
PaCTMTejlbHblM Mipt ... • • ...4 4 4 1. 3Ha<ienie pacTeHift j i k TBepnoil aeMiii —144.—2. B.iiaale pacTiiTeatHaronipa na MMaraTCCKia ycaoBis - 145. - 3. BsauMHoe OTHOineaie pacTeiufi
jpyra. k%upyry—146—4. B3aHimoe oTHoraeHie pacTeHift iim bo th h s^ —146. 5, BajsHOCTB pactemu skhbhh
'ie.noBi.Ka—147-V III. Mip-b MHBOTHbtK ... .... 154
1. HsMiHCHie 3eMHoi H0BepxH0CTH hh3UIiimhjehbothhmh— 154.—2, B.iin- aie ;5toothhxt> Ha paciema—155.—3. Binarne hiiibothhxx> Apyn. aa jpyra—
156.—3. B.lianie ik,itbothbix,b Ha HenoBlma—157.
IX. ... 162
1. Binarne ero Ha reorpatjoiaecKoe iiono/Beiiie—162.—2. Ha ropn30HTaiŁ-
aoe pacgaeHeHie—163.—3. Ha reonormecKoe cipoeHie hohbh—163—4. Ha
sepTiiisaiEHoe pacaiic.ieine—163.—5 Ha BHjonsM^neHie pycaa pfeKB 164. 6- Ha KJniMaTB—160.—7. Ha Mip'Ł paeTHTe.m>HBift- 1 6 7 .-8 .—Ha Mips, ikhbot -Błift—168.
npenoflaBams
reorpacfnu ,n;o Parrepa.
1. Kocmorpa-SM XVI-ro i XVII-ro CToaiTia ').
B'ł Konut XV e B'b Ha«ia.ri; XVI nrhica, upoC>y;i,nJiea 'ipesBiMaHHHii hh-
Tepecb k i reorpa(|)iH kekt, bobcoe EopoirŁ, Tan. u bl TepMamE, ÓJiaroflapa
ei obnosi CTopoHH OTKpRiiio Hebojime KonepHHKa, coBepmeHHO Eiraue ocbIs-
TEBinaro acTpoHOMHEecKia OTHOnieiria uamei uaairoTii, a ct> ftpyrol—npeiMy-
BieCTBeHHO EO^T> B.liiTnii‘M'1) COBepiEHBBiarOCE B'I> 3Ty 9nOXy OTKpHTia HOBHXrb
Hea3B'tcTHHxrb .hotojIsbompjil. OcoóeHHO b i cpep/fc yqeHHxa. boshekjio MBoe
CTpeMJieHie HayiHO obmjp&tl 6ucTpo HapocTammiMB reorpa^HoecKKMa Marre-
pia.50MrL, npHBecTE it'i> nopa^oirb Maccy j'ftorpa(|)i]'iecKnx'i. OTKpHTit m iipn-
^utb Marrepiajiy OTOMy xapaKTep,B CECTemu, KOTopaa bt> to Bpeira o^Haito He
JJOTJia 6e3T) COMHliHia yftOBJieTBOpaTL Tpe6oBaHiHM'L, npe^BEBMeMHMT. CHCreMt
.ąMcTBHTeEBHO HayEHofi. HiMepKOMy Kapoty, KOTopnfl, kekl Hapo^t kohth-
HeHTaEŁHRH, Bri> reorpa$HqecKEXi> OTKpHTifi paaeKO omaai. ort eBpo-
neIcKEXT> iraipH aiManTEHOCKaro notfepesLa, ómo iipe/uraanaacHO co,3,Mctbo-
BaTb cosflamio reorpa<|)iH itaKT> HayKH e pa3BHTiio ea bl no3;i,irMiiiie Bfaca.
IlepBHMH npoE3Be^eHiflME repMaHCKoił reorparpiioecitoji iHTepaTypu 6u m
KOCMOipacfiiu. ^peBHMniie HiJMen,Kie reorpa<|)ti c.ihjkkom'1. pacnmpa.iE noaa- Tie reorpatJ)iH h ciiJioHBa.łii ct> oiiHcatriein. 3eMejn> coodiącuia ctojiłkhil eo-
ae3HHXT> CB'{i,a;lmiii B:oanTH'ieci;oii he3T. ecTecTBeHHoa ECTopis, eto MaTe-
pian>, coóeTBeHHo reorpa(|)iE oraocamitca, saHEMaat BTopocTeneHHoe arkTO.
IIoflOÓHaro po;i,a H3JioateHiio ohhbcŁ coraacHO ^aBa.m HaEMeHOBanie kocmo- *)
*) Friesland, Beitrag zur Geschichte der geogr. Literatur. Deutschland’s Progr. der Haint- schule zu Bremen. p. 1—16.
2
ipacfiiu.
Ora KOCMorpa^iH ohh otk&m jh noHaria reorpa^in, xoporpa$ia eTonorpa^ia, jpiBaa hmi bcAmi paBHoe BHaneHie. h.ih ho,h,hhhhh ipa noc-rii#-
Hia KOCMorpa(|)in khki ea nae™. Mh HjrfcesrB Tps EOCMorpat|)in XVI Bfea—
AniaHa, ®paHEa w M»HCTepa h o/uiy X V II— Tanneaa. KocaorpatfiH XVI
stea, iJpaHKT) a MioHCTep'i», nopi iai amesrB BceoÓiparo o siyineB.ieHi a BrB b4k-b
OTKpHTifl h nepBHTO ,n,a.iBHHX'b niaBaHift, nucaiH óesiHCKyccTBeimo, npocTO,
.T,oxo,'Vi. p,o HaHBHOCTH. Bhmhcmtb y hhxt> iiepeMtfflani ci hcthijoh. HsaosEe-
Hie crpa^aeTi HecopaBMtpHOCTLD aacTefl, CMOTpa no Tony: no.ii>3yeTca .m ac-
Topi HCToaHHKaMH m h cayxaMH. CHCTeMaTHBania h rpynnupoBEa neyAOB.-ie-
TBOpHTe.lBHH. IIpH TOMl KOCMOrpa(|)iH 9TH HB npnjr,aiOTl OCOÓeHHOft ipfeHH .IHB-
HOMy HaAiDAejriio. Gasii Mionc-repi bi npe^HCflOBia ki cboch „KocMOipa-
(piu“ roBopHTi: „SI ptniaiocB no.noiKHTe.iLHO yTBepwaTB, kto HaaHTanHbn?
h noHHMaBnpfi aeaoBto etynriieTO cEasaTB o EaEoi-JiHÓo nyseoft crpairA xots.
(5h Tani ohb HHuorfla m He (Ihto, noóojiBine miaro HeodpasoBamiaro h6B'Ł»ah,
KOTopBiH npoiHejii B6B 3Ty crpany h?/b Eonpa bt» kohciji, ho cymecTBeraaro
HHaero sasriJTHTB He Jion>“.
а) IlepBHH flajTB EOCMorpaiJtiH TBep^Ha ochobbi I Ie t pb A iiiah i (cofi-
CTBeHHO BHHeBHB,!. MH BeHHHBHH,l) WSh JleHCHHra
(1495
—1551
rr.); OHI<Jhto iipo(|iecfopoM’B MaTCMa.THEH Bi HHroaBjnTaATi h upeno^aBajii acrpoHO-
j«iH) Eapjiy
V.
Ero „Cosnaographia“ noHBHjiacB bi1524
r. bi laHflcryrt.9to iipoH3Be/i,eHie bi cBoe spejia no.iB30Ba,iocB óo-iBiniorb yBaateHiem h 5h.'io
nepese^eHO Ha hIjckojibeo hbheobi. AniaaB noHraaeTO uo^i KocMorpajJiiefi
MaTeMaTHHecEyio, no/i,i reorpajJjiefi;— <j)H3HiiecEyjo hiio;i,i xoporpa(f>ieii—npe-
HMyipecTBeHHO HOJHTHHecEy® reorpaijńio. Peorpaipa h xoporpa<fńa npa ohh-
caHiH otjpŁjibhbkb aacTefi CB^Ta y nero nepeMlimHBaioTCH. B i acrpoHosmae-
ceoh reorpa(|ńH ohi, ecTecrBeHHo, jjepsKHTca UTOJioMeenoft chctcmbi. Ehei
npoH3Be,a,eHie XVI-ro lifea. ero EOCMorpa(J)ia ne Moraa He 3aEJHoaaTB mhofo
Henoc.ii/i.OBaTe.JBHaro h cEasonnaro. B i oóospluiiH OT,a,’feaBHHXi irŁcTHOCTefi y
Hero rpyÓHH fieaiiopa.noKi; onncHBaa TepMaHiio, ohi coBepmeHHO onycnaeTi
ropH, nepenyTHBaeTi CTapna Ha’3BaHiH aeiwejiB ci hobhmhh nsoópiTaerB ho-
bhh HaHMeHOBaHia MicTHOCTef, Hanp. „Tappia*. ToBopa 061 Asia h A(|)pHirfe,
TOHEyeTi o .uoj[,axi ci necBHMH roaoBaMH, o n,HK.ionaxi. o aicoBHEaxi h
^pyrHxrB 'iy^oBiimHHEi aBaemaxi; carfe^ya b i 3thxi pa3CEa3axi H.thhiio,
ohi hh Maao ne coHffhBaeTca b i nxrB ciipaBep.THBOCTH. BaaBHHe npe^cTaBH-
Te.JH papcTiua jkhbothekib i A(()pHErh y nero ^paEOHH h BacMHCEH. AMepHEa
dyp;ro-6bi 6rt/i,Ha 3ieTa.MaMH ht. ji;. EocMorpa<|)ia AniaHa H3io®eHa 6wb onpe-
;[,rB.iejmaro aero^a, — npeji.CTaB.jaeMija hmi jaHHua ne^ocTaToniiH. codpaHH
Koe-itaEi h HB.iOKeHBt de3i joaajHOfi cbh3h. EHHra 9’ra hochti Ha cedi
enje M.ia;t,eHHecKaro cocToama reorpa^nnecEofi HayEH.
б) CebacTBarn, (Jp a h e i H3i J^aHoyBepTa
(1500— 1545)
«jb jii mh- cthei h npoTHBHHKi rociio;i,('TByioiii,eH pepKBH, bcjo 3CH3HB TepffisBniiH npec.it-nocTpoH.ii. KocMorpa<|>iło ka Haua.iaxB (farbę uihpokhxb. n ta . Aniani. Ero
„Kawa Mipa" noHBHiact bb 1534 rony no ji crfeflyBnpiMB aaraaBiOMB:
Weltbnch, Spiegel und Bildniss des gantzen Erdbodens, fon Sebastiano Franco Wordensi in 4 Biicher— neralicb in Asiara, Aphricam, Europam und Americam gestelt und abteilt,— aucli aller darin begrieffner Lander. Nation, Proyintze und Inseln Gelegenheit, Grosse, Weite, Gewachs, Eigen- schafft... nitt ans Beroso, Joganne de monte yilla, S. Brandons historia und dergleichen Fabeln, sonder aus angenominenen glaubwirdigen erfare- nen Weltschreibern mtihselig zu hauff tragen.
oaMCTBOBama hob. iinoniiB aBToposB. ©panitB bb npenaeioBiH
kb CBoefi KHurb odbigaeTB iipu oiracaHiH crpauB h HaponoBB roBopim, npaBny;
otb oeiiniema, YBuenenik u npiiCTpacTifi iiaMhpein, ohb ocTeperarLca. „no-
tomy a toii deoB roro ;i,obo.ti,hoi m ii npiiKpacB “.
Bb acTpoHOMHuecKia odBacnema ©pamra. B^aerca ne uacTo; oto npeioi-
maeTB ero cnocobHOCTH, tukbiukb ohb roBopuTB: „a Tyna He oar.M,a,HBaiB,
h He 9'roro cobcŁmb iipe^npnHa.iB rpy^B cboh, ho e/iynicTBenHO cb nianio
HaodpasHTB pacna^enie Mipa Ha nnoatecTBO Hapo^OBB hcoktb, oniaiiaTB oto
mo hb6hti> bb rojiOBy riyiiOMy Mipy, hto ohb (iponiiTB omyntio bo tbm4
sadayatsemfi h crpacTefi “ Y ©panna Tanace BcrpiuaioTca /ihkobhhhim Beip.
Hanp. BirpaMB iipMiuicHiiaeTB ohb pa3HHa citaiiOHHHa cbohctbu. He acHa y
Hero rpynnnpoBKa crpaHB: Asiro /i/Jmhtb ohb Ha doiiunyio n aiaiyio, tohho
Tamite n Aifjpimy. Maaaa A^paiia—otoJlinsk, douwnaa ate AtjjpiiKa— Era-
neTB h Bca CTpana, aeaaipaa icb sana^y otb Hero, no rndpairrapcKaro npo-
JiHBa. PonoeB. IipHTB u OjipMiia odoonaneHH itaKB oerpoBa bb A^puiti. Bb
ero onHcaHin oeMe.ii, llliieiijii ctohtb HenoepencTBeiiHO oa Ephmomb, MoTiaH-
nia onncaHa khkboctpobb Booib Bpimiriw. nepeneiu, repMancKHXB niesieHB
y ©parnia npencTaBiaeTB necrpyro cmIici, CTapHHH h hobhohbi HaiiMeHOBaniii
HaponoBB HroiOMeeBKiB h Hooniihiinnm,. Bb BHCBieii CTeneHH oadaBem,
otji,4.ib „o ropaxB n iieaxB TepManiH* — rpoMannaa Macca hmchbhhhcthh
KOHMOMepaTB ropHHXB bhcotb. Meai;i,y daMdepreKHMH ii uoibckhmhropami
lejKHTB óy/iTO (m ibcB „ Pepniinia hih IUBappBaiBnB “. Bb noofipaateniaiB
repMaHCKHXB HpaBOBB ©paHKB of)HapyjRHiB noiHory ucTopHieeitHiB cBini-
Hifl. r.iaBH, nocBaipeHHHa onncamio Hapo^OBB PepManiH, Burfecrb cbh'1uihhmt,
reorpaiJniuecKiO-HCTOpHuecKHMB MarepiaiOMB, ncneippenH rpoMa^HUMB koihto-
CTBOMB HpaBCTBeHHHXB HOpeHeffiM, KOTOpbia OHB nonTBepsnaeTB dadielCKEMB
TescTanH. Bb oaiaioueHie npnBe;i,eMB otohbb oób otomb rpyni ©pnaanna:
„EHnra Mipa“ ©paHKa, cpaBHHTeiBHO cb connHenieMB Aniaaa cocTaBiaeri,
BB OnHOMB OTHOHieHiH IIIiUT, Ha3ar([,B. THKB KilK/J, OHa H6 KaeaeTCfl MaTOMaTHKO-
acTpoHOMH>iecKnxB HoioateHifi oeMieBiniHia; ho oa to MaTepiaiB khhth He-
cpaBHeHHO odiiiupirlie h paoHOodpaoHie, oimcaHia iumitie m ocTaBiaioTB doiie
cniBHoe BnenaTitHie. ©paHKB npHHHMaeTBKaKB-dH .iHOiioe ynacrie bb iipep-
OTIIO-4
memu KOTOpofi ohb obHapyiKHBaeTB nojniMniyio TepnHEOCTt. Basiiuił inart
Biiepe^ ohb A'ii-iaeT'1, bb pacnpe^ijeHia nalepiana, xoth npeACTaBJiaeMM
hmbhohhteh paBAineHifl aeMe.iL eipe ohohl npoHBBOJitHH h noTOMy bbhhxb
nomiAaiOTCft nenocjtAOBaTeatHOCTH. To ano TaKate h ero (})H3HoecKaa reorpa-
(piji ein,e ohchb nano pasBHTa. Hapo/iawe thhh jraoópaaceHH y Hero pli3KH5in
Heprami: ohb of>OTOHTe.o>HO iiBiiaraeri, rocyAapcTBeHHHa h nepKOBHHH yupeac-
Aeria, a Taitae Hepe^aerj, iicToprf MecKii-i MaTcpianB bb (Jiopirh HeóontinraB
pa3CKa30B'I. H aHCKAOTOBB.
b) Cebactb hhb Miohctepb
(1489
—1552)
H3'i> BArejBreiMa,cnepBa (JipaHHHCKaHegB, a sartMB npoTecTaHTCKift JipocjwccopB bb Ba^ejili, hs-
Ahjib bb
1544
r. HiMepityio EOCMorpaiJńro, EOTopaa bb TeaeHie era jIitbbh-AepsKaia
24
H3Aama h (m a nepeBeAeHa na h4ceojibkohshkobb. Bb1550
r.BHiTiia bb BasejrŁ ero „cosmographia universalis“ bb 6 KiiirraxB (bbhosa-
hMhihxb H3AairiaxB 8). SarnaBie ero HiiMegEaro couHHeHia r-.rliAyiOiir.ee: kosmographei oder Beschreibung aller Lauder Herrschaften und furnem- sten Stetten des gantzen Erdbodeus sampt ihren Gelegenheiten, Eigen- schaften, Religion, Gebrauchen, Gescliichten und Haiitirungen u. s. w.
Bb nocBainenin lUBeACKOMy Koponio PycTany Basi MioncTepi. h/Łjimocbo-
ero cooHHOHia BHCTaBJiaerb crpesweHie AOEaaaTB, hto noBcioAy rocnoACTByerB
HOpHAOKB, yCTaHOBJieHHHH TB0pH,0M'B. Oar]> BHpaffiaeTB TaKffie yfiliTKar-Hie, HT0
H3AaJiB Tpypp, KaEoro ao nero bb theombbha4 hhkto na nkMepEOHB H3HK'Ł
He H3AaBajiB, „h6o apryMeiiTK hoh, roBoprrB ohb, oacm, obnrapHH. 11 xo-
tIjib 3a4cl obuKHOBeHHOiiy uimTejno bb csaTOMB oimcania AaiB noHarie o
bc4xb 3eMiaxB h CA^JiaTt p a Hero npnBJieEaTejiBHHMB Trenie o6b hhxb,
a yueHOMy HOKasaTt upKMkpB H3AaHia EOCMorpaiJńn, noenk roro eheb yae
(mo H3AaH0 theb MHoro HliMen,EHXB xpoHorpatJ)if. Cb 9to» pIjjiłio a 18 .d;ri>
TOMy Haaaij, pliiin/ica npHCTynHTt kb 9T0My ppfuiy h HanajiB bto couraeHie,
CJrhAya uo CTonawB BBicoEoyueHaro Myma CrpaboHa". Kb nepBOfi EHHrk
sauecEaa u MaTeMaTHuecEaa reorpaijńa) upujiomeHM pucyHEH, pfeaHHne Ha
AepeBk, ho nawo He Ha cbogmb MkcrŁ, hjuiaotheoS rreneiuf nepenojffleHHHe
BCflKaro poAa MeaouHHMH uacTHOCTHMH, hto ii3B-aa hhxb TepaeTca caMHH ch>-
3E6tb. Enpoiiy no ca oocpTaHiio MiOHCTepB ynoAobiaeTB He ApaicoHy, ehkb
AniaHB h (bpaiun,, a Eopoaenlł. Ohb iiaoitiiacTB omicanie CTpaHB cb rpamiu/o
h 3HaeTB hxb jyBiiic, oliMB ero npeAniecTBeHHHKH. HHorAa ohb OAHy CTpaHy
cpaBHHBacTB ho 0'iepTaHifo cb APyroio (BpHTamio cb Ohis,nJiieB). IlHTaeTca
MiOHCTepB AaiiaTi) h obBacHetiia mt3 Baiiifi crpaHB, ho uacTO AiaaeTB HaTiTEiai:
AnrJiia miatiBacTca England (Eug— y3Eii; land— crpaiia), noTomy hto oto
3 yroiOKB naraero nipa11. IKammH JlanjiaHAiH noTOMy naBLiBaiOTca JianaaHA-
paMH (Lappen), hto rjiynH (loippisch) h HHEorAa He o6hajiveubaiotb oerpo-
yMia. Bb KOHn,!! dtoh EHurn. coAepEaHjeft 1575 CTpanHgB in folio, 3aKA»-
naeTca boraTHH MarepiajiB H3B bc1;xb oluacreil 3HaHia: MiOHCTepB HamiOKaaB
HHTe-peei>, ho3,a,to HenpiaTHO sayepsiiBaiOTB H im ieia u aaaaB.iaiOTB ero ie- pflTB HHTB pa3CKa3a.
TaK'B, Jieat^y nponHMB, 4 0 crpairanB aaHHMaerB chhcokb pHD,apefi, koto-
pne cpaata.incB Ha nr]iMen;KHXB TypnnpaxB cb 9 B3 no 1 4 8 7 ro/i/B. lip a 060- aptaia HcaaH,!i,iH ohbhphboji,htb „Moaimsy Fochoji,hio“ Ha mbcackomb, aan-JiaH^CKOMB, <|)HHCKOMB, HC.iaH,H,CKOMB H HIOTJiaH^CKOMB H3HEaXB. IlpH HCTO- panecKOMB otmopi rocy,napcTBa, ohb Kanc/uwi pa3B B^aeTca bb Me.Hi.uaiiniia no^poÓHOCTH, ocoóemio bb reHeajioriaxB h HCTopiflXB n,apcTByK)Hi,HXB (fiaMHJiiii. Cocthbb napaaMeHTa h HMnepaTopcKaro eemeHCTBa, BasHMmia npasa u npfl- BHaeriH pa3HHXB cocaoBifi npHBO^aTca hmb cb yji.h mtejilhoio tohhoctbio. rionayaioTca, BHponeaiB, MicraMH BaJEHBia oiihioehhhctobhocth: FpeH.ian;i,isi ii Hc.iaH/ua asaaiOTca coe,pHeHHHsra: cb HopBerieio; TH.ioe «ope ohb chh- TaeTB MopeMB BHyTpenHHMB; pa3CKa3HBaeTca MHoro CKaaoHHaro oób Asiu h A$phk4 . Kto KacaeTca (JrasiwecEoi reorpa^in, to OHa bb npeHeópeateniH, KaKB h y ero npe/ynecTBOHHHEOBB. Ho MiOHC/repB HitóeTB hcboh ^ocTOHHCTBa. Ohb coejpHHH.TB bb CBoefi khhH; BecB MarepiaiB, KoropHii npeftCTaBJiaiOTB HamH TeHepeniHia pyEOBO^CTBa. Ohb no.ioatn.iB raiiiEe Hanaao eTaraeTHKt. SartaB, npoBO,a,a snepBHe onpe/i/hieHHyio rpynnHpoBEy Ooju.ikh^j, 3eMeaB- hhxb npocrpaHCTBB, ohb ynopajponnaB rpoMajfiyfo aaccy npejiy/raB-ifimisaroca Marepia-ia hji,oh3b4cthoh cTeneHH h3.io m.ib ero paBHOjrfepHO.
Bb 3acayry eay 3,oa®eHB óhtb nocTaBaeHB TaKste skhboh, yBaeKaTeatHHt tohb pa3CEa3a, thkb hto yne^HHKB ^ arn aia, óe3B BeaEaro coMirluria, 3Hanii - Te.ii.HO BHiirpbiBaeTB mmc i i ho cbohmh nacraiiH pimi/raMii H3B (SoraTaro co^ep- ataHieMB, soCipo/iyHiHO 6o.iTaioiii,aro Mioiicrepa,
r) Bb HpoMesnyTOEB BpeMeHii aeat^y noaBaemeMB KOCMorpa^in M»HCTepa
h ranne.ia, reorpaijna bohhotomb [io;iiBiiiiy.ia(*h Bnepe/i/i., nacTBio (karoflapa
yjiyumeuHbiMo KapraMB, nacTtio BC.rli^CTBie noaBaema onucaniu tojoodosb
mu monoipa<f)iii. Kapra 6bi.m H3,a,aBaeMH ein;e bb XTI-mbb4k4 nocMorpa-
(|iaMH AniaHOMB u MioHCTepoiB. ^aae enie bb Hexo.ii/Ii XV-ro cTO-rfma
( 1 4 9 2 )ypoKeHen,B Hiopenfiepra Mapthhb Betahhb H3roTOBH.iB raoóycB,
KOTOpHH ,1,0 CHXB IIOpB C0XpaHH6TCK BB SlKlpellOeprii. KaKB HepBHf, XOTH,
(Se3B coMirJiHia. ya.ieKO He cosepHieiraHi, ohhtb Harjia/i,Haro nsoópaatema seu-
Haro mapa. KapTa AniaHa (1 5 2 0 ) npnjiOffieHa eb H3,3,aHiio HoMnoma Mojibi
Bo/!,iaHCEaro. Ha Hefi, iieayyy nponMB, iinepBHe BCTpinaeTca na;ilianie „Aae-
pHKa “. 9th 'iacTL cBfrra H30ÓpaataeTca bb bhji/Ł y3Karo ocTpoBa, KOTopra
THHeTCH no HanpaBjieHiio eb A^pHKi. KapTa A(j)piiEH ropas/po 6o:u.nie ho,;i,-
XOrl,HTB KB 3/McTBHTe.IBHOCTH, H'lłMB KapTa A3iH. llepe;T,Haa HhHh 3HaHH-
T6.1ŁH0 ynefiLmeifa h eji,Ba noateTB 6i.itk npH3miHa noiyocrpoiiOMi.. a MaiaKEa
HapncoBaHa KaKB KopoTKiił irpnri,aTOEB eb ^pyroiy, doatmoMy no.iyocTpOBy,
THHym,ejiycH Ha ioro-3aiiaviB. Mei;vi,y hhmh napacoBaHB doJiiHiioS MopcEOH
3B.IHBB CO MHOmeCTBOMB OCTpOBOBB BB :iaiia/l,HOH HaCTH. liOCTOHHlie, Heno-
6
Ęcmchb hCyMapra, a EopHeo orosBrayrb saaie kb ciBepo-BOcroKy. Ha
Kapri Eaponw cmbho HesameHa CKaapunaBia. T i se camia H8BipH0CTH
OTHOCHT8JIBHO SaflHeft Hh^W H CKaHftHHaBiH BCTpinaiOTCH Ha BCilB EapTaXB
Toro BpesieHii.
M[OHCTepB npesnocraiB cBoel reorpaiftiit aTracB. OrHOciiTerLHO upe«-
HHSt KaprorpaiJioBB arxacB btotb, bb oóm;eMB, npescraBiaerB mart BiiepesB.
Ero Kapra aeio ir coBepmeiiHie AniaHOBOf, xotii oifb h coesHuaeTB 1'peii-
jiansiio u HcjaHsiio cb HopBerieio, rorsa Kast yase AniaHB H3o6paasa®b
Mc.iaupiio ocrpoBOMB. OwpTanie MaTepinia AnepiiKU y MracTepa dmące kb
hcthiiś; TpeyrojiBHHKB nepe^Het Husin bhsbhhytb BnepejB, a sasraa
Mfipiii 3amiMaeTB no ornoineHiio kb Hemy dorie BipHoe noroiKenie, niME
y Aniami. Kapra EepoiiM bb roro-3anasHHXB n »khhxb ea nacTasB Kip
nie, HOJKein bb aaeTaxB ciBepHHXB. Eiroe iope HapaeoBaHO BHyrpeHHMB
h coe^HHaeTca cb $hhckhmb 3a.rHF.0MB. Oneiu. HeyAOBreTBopiirerLHO miodpa-
aenie ropB 11 piiiB, ocoóerao piitB ciBepo-BOCToraofi n ropB epeiiriet Tep-
Marin.
Fepapćo KpeMepi
>, iipoiiBaHHBiiMepitamopom
(1512 —1594), hbbPynenBMOHsa, bo$raHspin, pa3B HaBcer^a bnor Hi hbm4hmb Kaprorpapa *).
Eorhiuaa Kapra seimaro mapa ;i,ra MopaKOBB, Ha itoropofi BiiepiiBie asraerca
MepKaTopcKaa lipoeKiya, dura H3roroBreHa bb 1569 rosy. „Hpoeraia Mep-
Karopa ocHOBHBaeTca na nsei pa3BepHyraro piirnHspa. Sesira npescraBraeTca
3S,1icbyace He inapoMB, a iprHHspoMB, cb ocbk> paBHOio 110 jyirai ochBpa-
lneiiia 3eM.wi h cb piaMeTpoMB paBHHMB siauerpy sesirH. PaBBepHyBinu:
UwrHHSpB, mh norynaeMB npaMoyrorBHHfi aeTHpexyrori.HHKB (kotophh mh
hsoracHH npescraBHTB bb yMeHBinenHOMB Macmradi), cb bhcotok paBHOB
S-iHHi. MepasiaHH odpaayicn. bb HeiiB bb paBHHXB pa3cromiHXB ;i,pyr'i.
otb spyra BepTHKaaŁHHa, a uaparrern — ropH30HTari>HHa npainna napar-
rejiBHHa ramn, nepecinenieMB KoropHXB orpisiiBatorca EBaspara. Ha mapi,
HanpoTHBB, mh bhsm b, hto paBCToania spyrB otb spyra aepHsiaHOBB,
aornair aiiBaropa no arii paBHHa pa3croaHiaMB naparren>HHXB EpyroBB, yMeHB-
nra»Tca no Mipi npiidriiaceHia kb norrocasn., r a i ora OKOHnarermo upa-
HOppirea kb Hyrro. Hto6h BHpa3MTB 3T0TB 3aK0HB bbupoeicpin na MOCKOCTH,
MepicaropB ysepsa-maerB paBHHa paBcroama jra rnepusiaHOBB. ho 3aro eo-
orBircTBeHHHMB oópanoMB ysninaerB pascroaniH naparrertHUZB KpyroBB u
raKHMB odpasoMB saerB bb CBoeMB imoopaiKeiiiii crporo-ciiMMerpiineeKoe pac-
rarienit! npocTpancrBa, yBiMiniirBaiomeecr otb OKBaropa kb norBcaMB... Bo
BcixB 3aKnonenHHXB Messy SByra naparreraim nerHpexyrorBHHKaxB co-
orHomeHiji ocTaiorca BipHHMii, horori.RO MacinraÓB iiBMinaerca cb uavK,!.HM'!,
hobhmb uaparrerBHHMB spyroMB. Horosesie Ka»saro saraaro nyHKra sea-
hoh noBepxnocrn OTHoenrerŁHo icassaro spyraro n0 crpanaMB ropiieonra
eiporo BipHO mojeho ou,iHHTt tojłko Ha Kapri MepitaTopoBOH upoeKniti, ram
!,a-KT> Bci HanpaBjieHia CTpaffb ropn30HTa na aro! KapTi MSodpajEeira npaMUMH
oiHiflMH. MepuaTopoBOH iipocEJiiii ,pa Mopai;a He (Sh m oh bobmojehh
aa OTUCitanie ero Eypca, hm Toraoe BOTHaeme HpOH/ipHiiaro nyru, eeia no
EpafiHefi Mipi He ópara bo BHHnaaie acrpoHOMHHeeKaro onpe^taeHia Miera.
MepKaTopoBa upooKpifl HeofkoAHMa .pa Bcixi TepjanuecKHXi, seMHOMarHerH- qecKHX'i,. (|).iopo-H <|»ayKO-reorpa<|muecKHXi Kapri, Hsoópaffiema MopcKKi
reneml h Boodipe Bcixi <|)H3HuecKHXi Kapri; mobomi, sra iipoeKniri CAiaa-
jtaei, ocHOBaHieMi reorpaijniuecKOH JiyApocTH!i x). Chhi MepKaropa H3Atajn b i
1595 r. KaprH CBoero orpa hoai hmchom* „
Amjiaca
“, rym BnepBHO yno-rpeóaeHHOMi a-m odosHaneHia cóopiniKa Kapri. B i 3iioxy MepKaropa b i Pep-
MitHin
6
m o MHOJKecTBO jihb,i. 3aHHMaBniHXCH uepueHieMi Kapri, h HiMepKiaKapTH Toro BpeMCHH 6h.m caMHfl roHHbia; ocodeHHOio BipHocmo oT.iimjiaci,
b i hhxi aacTL rHAporpa(J)HiecKaji. Ci Hamua. XVII-ro iiiita ncnyccTBO
Kaprorpaijmt uepenuo hsi Pepinami! b i HasepiaHAK. mtoibkoci iioiiRjte-
aieMi Kocjiorpatjjin ranneia, MiAOBareaiHO b i nexoAi cro.ririji. rpaBHpo-
Banie itapn, fkaroftapa PomaHy, chobb pacipiao b i Popalaniu.
Ha-pjiAy ci H3odpa®eHiaMH erpaHi Ha Kapraxi, ftaa paaBHM reorpa-
<|)H<ieeEOH jmreparypH Marian 3HaneHie
umumpapiu
(oiiHcama nyTemeerBit)h
monoipatfiiu,
r. e. omicania ropoAGBi bo Bityci MiOHCTepa. Tonorpa(|)iHipaBepa
M. Mapiana
hsi Ba3eaa (1593 — 1651) A° chxi nopi He ho-repium CBoero SHaienia. JI,aHi9ai> nacro u,HTHpyeri hxi b i cbocmi odnrap-
homi pyKOBOACTBi reorpa(J)iH. Mapiani m AOcraBH.ii pucyiiEH h saa toho-
rpapH h HTHHepapieBiMapTHHa Epfiaepa (1588— 1661) H3i IIIrelepMapKa.
A) KocMorpafJtti XVII-ro isimi iiMi.ni b i CBoeMi pacnopaaieHiH doraml
jiarepia.il, hoohh Bce boaie u doaie HepeiioiHOM cboii comh uciiia iieny jE-
hhmi daaacTOMi, crapaaHCb AaTI* Kam moseho óoabuie .noóoriHTHaro h 3a-
HHMaTe.iBHaro, raiti hto ora uacn, HaKOHOu,!, H0AaB.M.ia h 3ac.i0Ha.ra codoio
aacTi cotfcTBeHHO reorpaijiMecKyio. IfeaoateHie HaraHyro h HanHHi,eHH0. Bo
raaBt 9thxi K0CM0rpa<J»0Bi ctohti 9 bep r apai B ephepi P ahhei i hsi
Mapóypra (1647— 1694), H3AaBHiifi b i YabMi b i 1687 r. csoe comiHeiiie,
HMiioipee ricHyio cBa3i ci khhpoio MioHcrepa: Mundus mirabilis tripar-
titus oder wunderbare W elt in einer curtzen kosmographie furgestellt, also dass der erste Theil handelt von dem Himmel, bewegliclien und unbeweg- liehen Sternen samt ibrem Lauff und Gestalt, Korneton. Jabreseinthei- lung, Lufft. meteoris Meer und dessen Beschaffenheit, See, Inseln, Ebb und Flutt, Strudeln.... der andere Theil yon den Menschen und Thieren
der Erde, aller hand Dignitaten, Potentaten, Beligionen, Estaats-Masimen,
Macht, Intraden.... der dritte Theil yon den Uniyer sita ten, Seehafen, Fes- tungen, Residenzien.... und was sonsten betrachtlich in der Weltyorkomt .
8
TpypB cbob Tanne.ii> HauraaeTB e.iipyioiii.HMH MOBaMH: „Bo.ieio Beeuo-
ryiąaro TBOppa neda n 3cm.ih, Bejmnaro YcTpoHTeM cero HenocTHffiHMO-uyp-
Haro MipoBaro MexaHH3Ma, HanpaBHBinaro 3p'Biiie neaoBiKa bb bhcb, HTodu
jnopu, BoapHBaacB bb ero HedecHoe oduTaauipe n yjucieHHLie HenocTUJKUJioio
BpacoTon łiipa, deaitOHeHHO ii/I;hm.th Beannaro Co3p.aTe.ia n coseppam ero ny-
peca, cero Ero Boaeio HanuHaeMB n mh Hann. ckpomhhu TpypB. Bceuorymiii
Eotb pa HncnoiuieTB HamB cboio mmoctbh pa pacTB na mb wfjy n pasyKB
oeohbmtboto KpaTKoe nanepTaHie, He3Hannxe.iBHyio nacTB hbb oimcaHia Bce-
.leHHon, Ero CBaroMy HMemi bo aaBy n HasiB Ha no.iB3y. HiiTaa Tania
cnpoMHBia naMipenia, a cb papocriio npncTynaio kb 3T0ny BasMOMy xpypy u
npepocxaMaio nepy Moeuy cBodopHoe pBua&eHie“. YiBMCKiH u3paTe.11> peKOMen-
pyeTB Knury bcŁmbtoptobhmb jitopaMB Tepianiu, „ tbkb KaitB bb neu“ , ro-
BopuTB ohb. „paeica onucame bcIxb TixB ropopoBB, KOTopae odHKHOBenHO
iiociiniaiOTca rocnopaMU Kynpałiu cb neMaioio pia hhxb onacHOCTBio “.
IlepBaa toctb, codcTBenno KOCMorpa<|)ia, npepcTaB.iae.TB necrpy® cmbcb
HaylIHHXB BHBOPOBB CO CKa30UHHMH, HOpa3taiOHI,HMH CBOeK) HaHBHOCTBK), pa3" CKaaaMH. TaKB, nanp., aBTopB roBopuTB o KpoBaBBKB, 3MrfeuHHXB u sramu- HHXB p0®paXB; BB CiaBUHCKOMB U HisiepKOMB a3HKaXB BHPHTB KOpeHHBie
H3HKH Eiipuiiii u npoTHBonoaaraeTB umb nypnBiu a3HKB .laTuncidu. Oporpaipi a
usrfceTB pia Tanneaa BnoiHt BTopocTeneHnoe 3Hanenie. Bxopaa nacTB, „no- aHTHKO-ucTopnnecKaa “, TpaKTyeTB o npaBUTeaaxB u odHrraTe.iaxB. „Xoxa npe-
KpacHBiu Mip'i> “ . no ratniio Tanneaa, „naceiem. BOodni,e crmhmh deadoKHM-
rauMH upoaonoKaoHHHKaMu. KOTopHXB bb Hapie;rain,ee BpeMa Bce.Moryipifi Botb
odpaTHTB BB CBOK) nacTBy“ , HO t4mB He MeHie OHB HaX0pHTB, UTO HeodxopuMO
cptaaTB noppodHHf odsopB nenocTuatmio - puBHaro ycTpoucTBa Bce.ienHoił,
npeatpe h4mb HacTaiB Bce do.i4e u doaie upiidiuKawmiaca KonepB Bceuy
;khbyipcMy. Of)3opB 3totb y Tanne.ia bb BHcmeii creneHU sada.BeHB; HauiffiaeTca
ohbcb puMCKaro naiTH, a saKaHUHBaeTca a<|)pHKaHCKHMH npuHpaMH u Hapopajiu.
Choeouhbiu tohb pa3CKa3a tocto npepHBaeTca Kypi>e3HHMH OTCTyMeniaMH,
nanp.. o HecnacTHHXB a»doBHHKaxB bb Bnomu. OcodennBia Hecoodpa3HOCTH
OKasKBaioTca t&mb, rpt pian 3axopuTB o a3HKaxB. „Otto HainB" TanneiB
npuBopuTB Ha 48 a3HKaxB, npn btomb okoio MaparacKapcKaro neposopa y
Hero noiriupeHB rpaydunpeHCKiu. Tpcrta nacTi>, „o Kpacorfe pa3HHXB khbot-
hhxb u o 3aMr{itJaTe.iŁHHXB p1>pK0CTnxB “, noxopHTB cKopie Ha KyncTKauepy.
hono CBoeiiy t{)opMa.Ty He npepcTaBiaeTca ypodHoio pia poporu, xoxa no nett
xopomo MOffieTB npHroTOBnTbca itynepB, OTEpaBiaioipinca bb iiyTemecTBie,
Ta.KB KaiiB bb Het Bci poporu JiepeMucieiiBi bmotł po KuTBa, cb ynasa-
nieMB C.ałIHXB pemeBHXB U .TyHII[HXB TOCTHHHHPB, IUHHKOBB, H OHHCaHH MOlieTH pa3JlHHHHXB CTpaHB. 3a OHHCaHieMB ;<KHBOTHHXB, HaHHHaiO]H,HXCa CB doaŁmaro u pa3yMHaro c.iOHa. caipyeTB onucanie ropopoBB, raBaneii, yspśn-
.iCHiu u pasBa.iHHB, nycTHHB u ck;i.jiuctmxb yipeiiu, KO.iopn,eBB, BoponapoBB
ijecKaa ocofiennocTi) Tpy,a,a Tanneaa 3aM»HaeTea bbHefloCTaTKł nopapKa, bb HcypanHOMB paciio.io$CH:i!i h p a r a p e t e m Maiepiaaa.
O Eispoui;, óe3B BCHKOił bh^hmoh hphhhhh, prhnB h^ctt, b b koc
-Morpa<|)iH, Torji.a Kain, o(>b 0CTaiBHBiXB naciom. CBisra rojtopirrca b b OTfttó
noaHTHKO-EcropHBecKOMB, rpli noBTopaeTca MHoroe h H3B ripemp.e yate cKasaH-
Haro o Eiiporr};; paBHHMB oópasoMB h b b TpeTtefi naCTH noBTopa»Tea MHoria
MieTa h3b BTopoH, TOJBEO b b HHof CBa3H. <Du3HnecKaa reorpa<|)ifl imaraeica
OTpHilKaSIK BO BC'hXB TpeXB HaCTflXB. II,luna CTpaHHD,H 9T0H KHHrH,
COCTaB-aeHHoi 6e3B BCflKaro mana, MoryTB HaBecTii na mbicjib, etomh hmIjsmb ftiao
He tocbecTecTB8HH0K) HCTopiei, He tocbKHHroS nypecB; ho aokho npn-
3HaTŁ, eto KponoT.iHBoe npMeataHie stotoyceppuaro eoónpaTexa bomhotomb OCuerHMO TpyjI,B JI03JHiłiniHXB aBTOpOBB.
e) reorpafJiMHecBia conimeHia nepBof iio.iobhhhX Y I I I - r o niwa cTHBflTB npoay 3,’McTBHTejBHOCTH Ha MicTO iipeatHniB 6aeeHB. HsioaiCHie Boo6iH,e cxa- HOBHTCfl HCHie, CHCTeMaTHHHie, Tpe3Bte, BB OCHOBaHiH CBOeMB npHro^Hie pjia iHKO.iBnai’0 usynema, hobm4ctI? cbhobhmh paHHHMH o Bem nirat, noBepx- hocth, o nucą!) pomobb i! oÓHTaTe.ieH Hcne3aeTB KOHKpeTHaa Haraaji.HOCTB, niacTHHHOCTB H30^paateHia h CBtsecTB pa3CKa3a. lip a 9tomb ({wsh necKaa reo- rpa$ia no-npeameitiy ocTaeica bb npeHeópeatemH. P a siH n a iB ate b4^b3Ha- jieHHTHfi reorpa(|)H<iecKiH aeKCHKOHB X V I I I - r o Bfota reorpa<f>i© ÓHÓaelcKy©, CBHm.eHHyio, no.iHTitnecKyro, (lacHoaoBHy©, He ynoMHHaa o reorpatjnu <j)H3H- 'tecKoił!
2
. Teorpaoia, KaKB npe^MeTB iiiKOJibHaro o6yneHia *).a) Pa30ÓpaHHHa to.tbko-hto oóbeMHCTHa KOCMorpaijnii He 6h„th yne()HK-
KaMH. Hajo 3aMrPrnTB, otonepBOHanaibHO BOBce h He iispaBa.iocB pyKOBOji,CTBB
p.ia usyneHia reorpaifńn, thkbo kb seM.ieBiji/finie Bomio bb KpyrB yneÓHHXB
npe^łieTOBB yme ropaspo no3®e. Xothbb anoxy pe^opMapin bb hikojbhomb
,3/h.i'h npon3omexB KpyToft hobojotb, t4bb He Meirie npeno^aBame coóctbohho
reorpatfiiit He dn.io TOTnacB se BBepeHO bb yneÓHBie liaaHBi bhobb oeHOBaa-
hhxb hiko.tb. CaMH peiJwpMaTopH (HiOTepB, Me.iaHXTOHB) ocodeHHoe aiianenie
bb Kypci mito-M npH^aBa.iH BaEOHy Eoad© h ^.peBHHMB H3HKaMB. 9tośh.io
coBepincHHO cor.iacHO cb syxoMB toto BpeMeHH.
0HTepecB KB p e ra rin B036yKseHB <1i>ijb bb anoxy pe(|)op>Maii,iti CH.iBHie hIsmb Korfla-MÓo h noTOMy rocno^CTBOBaaB Haji,B 3HaHieMB cb4tcehmb; H3yHe- Hie ace E.iaccHKOBB tojIbko-hto nepeatHio B03pom,penie h pa3BHBa.iocB co cb!>- s e » ciuoKi. Yme bb 9noxy pe(|topMapiH CHana.ua pobito, hotomb Bce piniHTejiB- H'Ie 3aflB.IH.10CB O Heo6xOJI,HMOCTH npiICOBOEyUHTB kbsthmb pByMB Hpep,MCTaMB S iło HCTopin MeTojHKM reorpa^iH B'b nocrt^H ee BpeMa unea.ra: M. Geistbeck bi. Gesch. ethodik, Kehr’a (Tom 1877), t. 1, c. 123—153, h H. Merz, bi, Schmid’s PSdagog. Handbnche (Tom 1876), wp. 517— 539.
10
of»yiieHia u ochobh pea.ił,fiaro analna. Xom c»mh pe^opnaiopu lioiiHMajiH bcd
bhkhoctb Lipe/f,MCTOB'ij peaJiLHHXi> hxoth MeaaHiTOffB ra,ajn. reorpaijiin m^cto
bt> yqe(>HOMi. naaHi ero „ schola prńrata 8. a Ębhhmh npHBHaBaai SHawnie
3xoro npepyieTa bt> i;ypci>,— ThMT> ae MCHlie BOo6iu,e bt> yHe6HHXT> MaHaxT> pe(ftopMapioHHaro Hepio.ua Ha peaiBHHfl Hayiur oópam,ajioct Ma.io liiiiiHaiua, H3T
hhtł 6h.ih BKJOoaaeiiH b i Kypci, toibko ecrecTBOBnaHie u iicropia. o reo-
rpa<f)in ®e Harpii He ynoMHHaeTCH.
6) CaMH KopH$en u p o Te er an tce o ii iie^arornEH nepBuxrf> jj.ecaTHitoifl nocat
pefopMapiH, Tpou,eH:i,o[H})’!, bt> Tojit^epri a IIlTypjn, in, CTpacóyprt,
HruopiipoisajiH H])eiio,:i,aBaeio reorpatjjin. r.iaBHOM pi-iBio Tornanmefi mthh-
ckoh ne,a,arorHKfl oh aa BO-uepBEKT. tret. HasHBaearaa eloq ueiitia—yaeHi>e xo-
ponio roBopHTB no-aaTHHH huhcrtb no oópaapy ĘHpepoHa, hbo-btophxt» pie-
tas — odyieme pejiHrio3Hoe. Ct. aa^HOCTBio iisynaaH TorAa HpeBHHXT. K.aae-
ÓMEOBT). OCTaBMH 6e3T> BHHMaHk BC6 HapO/JHOe H OTO TOCTBeHHOC. i Ipa ISJUt, HTO
upeno^aBame 9thxb aaTiiHHCTOBrB pacnpocTpaHaaoa h Ha TaKi-HasiiBaeMy®
sapientia, t. e. peaaBHHe upejpieTH; ho npii 9tomt> o^imko easia Dpnpoji,a
arHopnpoBajiacB 11 Bet namaa peajiBHaro SHaHia noHepnajiHCŁ m;i’b ji;peBHHXT»
K.iaecHKOBi). IIpt'iio;i,aBtiuic Hciopin orpaHHHHBaaocB TapiiTOirB. ecTecTBoana-
Hie n ira ie ra ci ero Historia naturalis, 3aKJiBHa»in,ei bb KHHraiT, 2 — 5-fi
ruEKe KOCMorpa<j)iB h 3eM.ieoniicaHie, reorpa<J>ia ®e ocHOBajiacr. Ha pyKOBOji,-
ctb4 IloMiionia Me.jm (40 r. no P. X.) „De situ orbis8 r). 9tott> pea.iH3MT.
6hjit>, ho mtTKOMy 3aMrhHaHi io Payaepa, ne 6o.rfee itaKB „cJioisecnuH pea-
.IH3MT>8, B'B EOTOpOMJb, jaffie H Hpit HBYHeHUI Hpe/[,MeTOB'B pea.!IBHHXT>, BCe OCHOBHBa.IOCB Ha MOBaXT> J!,peBHHX7> KJiaeCHKOBT).
b) Bonie Bcixi) o6pain,ajn> BHiwaHi a Ha peajiBHoe onanie, tro tom'b 'iue.iii
hHa reorpai()iio, nocniji.HiH H3T> BejiiiKaro ne,n,arorHHecKaro TpiyMBHpara XYI
iriiKa, M h x ah .i B H ea hj\er u, ci. 6o.tbihhmt> ycufeoirB iio;!,Bii:J>amH3jicji ct> 15 5 O
no 1595 r. B’[> MOHacTHpcEOH uikojiI bt> Oht> ropa3.no cBo6o,pte
Tpopeii/ioplia h IHrypMa othocmchet> peaJiBHHMT, iipe^MeraMB iiii;oju,Haro
Kypca, ]i'B OCObOHHOCTH 3Ee K'B rCOL’pa(jjill. JI.o6aB.THH 1"B CEaBHHHOMy JjpeBHHMH HOBue (JtaETH Hapoji,HOH 3EH3HH, ocHOBaHHHe Ha no3j!,HrMffleMT>, 6o.ibe Oolimp-
homt> onorrL Ho h y HeaHji,epa bt> ero CompendiurnSb, 3a HejipcraTKOME
i'o;j-HHXrb JIHTe])aTVpHMXB HCTOHHHEOBT), eCTB MHOTO CTpaHHarO 3). P ffb OHt y Jl.pCli- HHXT) K.TaCCHKOirB HaXO.HH.IT) HpOol-IH, THMT) CHHTajtB CBOeiO o6H3aHHOCTLK) I10H0HHHTB HX'B CBOHMH .IHHHBIlIII Ha6.TI0Jl,eHiaMH. 3aBHCt)BniHMII BHO.THrl> OT'B e.jyHairaocTeii ero m s h h. O-rroro ero Kypcrr> npepBiBaeTCH nacTO crmeimk CTpaH-*) O npenoaaBamH re o rp a ^ in bł rHWHasiH IU/rypiia He MoaieTi. 6h t ł h p i 'm , tuki. kekł ero eo’iHHeuie „E scatien d u s Mela“ ne aacayjKHBaerh HHKaKoro BHHMania, xots fia oho TaMt a a s y a a -
hocł; ho, cy.ua no pocnHcaHiio ypoKOBt h oKsaMeHOBi, HaAO iipesnoJioKHTB, htohoho ne u sy ia io e i.. TaKace h jieiKAy aKaseMHHecEHHH jieKaiaMH o re o rp a ^ ia He vno* *HHaeTCH, (Ranm er. Oescli. d. Pada?.
1. 267). ' . .
*) HeaHAepi nanHca.in. flBa Kypca re o rp a ^ ia : oahhł oneHb cjKaTUH, bt. 39ct. „Orbis te r ra e divi- sion“ h apyroii bojiiinifi „Orbis te r ra e p a rtiu m succinta explicatio“ . 9tott. noc.ibjHift h npejCTaa- .in e T i MHoro CTpanHaro.
MHMH 0'1’CTy 1I.10H illMM. HanOO.TiC oSCTOfffeitLHO pHCIipOCTpaHHCTCH OHO, O IIP-pe^neS Asm, rpepin h H'faiin, noTOMy hto sj-Łcb oht, Mors noat30BaTi.cn, aKŁ HCTOHHHKaMH, ftpeBHHMH HHCaTe.lBMH. Ho ftaJieKO HeCOOTBliTCTBC H i!O 110rl ' poCtHOMy H30(5pa®eniio :ithxt> crpant pa3cnaTpHBaeTT> HeapppT, Haup. ropowa pepMaiua. rII/I;.io B't tomb, oto s^ict eMy npnxori,HTca oimpaTtea hckjhohh- tb.ibho Ha- cboh .ihhhbih Ha<k»,a,eHia. M im , He HMiioipia HHKaKoro SHaneHia hjih rt BHaoeHieMT. hhhtokhhmt,, pascMaTpnBaiOTca aojpoÓHO, ecan tojibko ohh iirpa.iH BażKuyio poat Brt ey^Bfii HeaHjiepa, ocotfenno bt, ero ne^arorMoe - cKofi nłflTeatHOCTii, u bt, to ace BpeMa mIicthocth, 3aMiHaTe.Ti.Hiw Brt 4>h3h- necKOMT. ł h bt. Ho.iHTiioecKOMT. oTHOiueHiH, HrHopnpyiOTca, JIIlÓO y,a,0CT0HBa- lOTca casmx't hhhtojehhxt> 3ajrfłT0KT>. IIooToiiy HOftpoÓHO oirncuBaioTCji roit,a,- deprt. HnttJie.iitjiT., BiiTTCHCepn.. HopflrayseHb, Cara-HT, h BpecnaBit, TaK't itaiti. Tytt, Hean^epy npejcTaMaeTOt cjiyoaii pacxBaiMBaTt iiiko.th TpopeH- Hopi|ia. jinaTt coodmeHia o xo,i,i coóCTBCHHaro o6pa30Baiiia bt, rojr,Bi iohocth, roBopHTt o cbohxt> ne,a,arorHHeeKHXT> crpeuieHiasT, h ycnixaxT>. PoBopa o PoaB^epri. HeaH^epT, hoto.tlko cooóipaeTt BecBMa mhoto npo TpopeHjop^a. ho ynoMiinae-TT, raKace o CBoel uepBofi h nocaś^Heft fley^araofi iiohhtk4 is^HTt Bepxort; roBopa o Cara-HŚ, paacKasHBaert ohohl odcToateatHO, itaKT, oh'b ryjia b'b nepBHfi pa3T, Bepny.Tca nocni M-jrfmwro oTeyrcTBia hb63a4 ÓHirb upn- HHMaesrt ct, TopiKecTBOMT,, itaKT, Bes^t ycrpaiiBajui bt, oecTi, ero ónecTflinie Klipa H HHCTpyMOHTaJIbHO-BOKajIBHHe Beoepa, Ha KOTOpHXT< BHHO .TH.IOCB p i - eoh h KOToptie TaHyjiHCB mor^a 3a houhohb. Bt, ;i,pyrHXT> c.iyoaaxri>, bm4 cto Toro, htoóh cootfiąaTB reorpa^Hiecitia cBi^fema o tohhjih jpyroii mPcthocth. oht, HpiiBOAHTT, f)iorpa({)HHecitia naiwna o ponHBnmxca TaMT, yhohuat, (Ce- bhibh h HiopeHCiopn,). O Pa-Mfiypri eitasaHO tohbko. hto bt, Herni, jkiltb6o-
roc.TOBT, Biihhyct,. Ho noBony Iłoiiouiu 'Hea,i[rT,c]),r> roBopuTT, o saMioaTeat- hhxt, padoTax’B TaMonmefl eBpefcKOfi TiiHorpaiftiii. Hop,a;ray3T> iiiuioMimaeTT, eny ochoto Me^HKa, ero modiiMaro yneifflita Ta.my ca, h noroMy Heaipi,ep'i> roBopHTt o ero 6oHTaHHecitHXT> paÓ0TaxT> ho ero cmepTH, iipoHcmennieH Benin- c-TBie na^enia hbt, aitHuaata; hphbohhtt, He toibkohhcbmo TAJiiycA, aaTHB- CEie h rpenecitie cthxh Ha ero CMepTB, ho, nontByacB 9thm’b caynaesiT,, nepe- HHCnaeTT, II BCiXT> 3HaM8HHTBIXT) M6HHE0BT., I0pHCT0B’B, ÓOrOMOBOBT, 11 HerT,a- roroBb, KOTopue iio.TyHH.iH oópaaoBariie Bb ero MOHacrapcKofl initoni bt> Hat- i|ie.TB^;Ł; npn otomt, o^Haito saniHaert, hto6h.it, y Hero 0/ihh'b ohghb 3.toh yneiiHET,, a ;i,pyroii H3b ero yneHHKOBT, 6bi.it, .naate ltasHeHT,1).
r) IIpe.-uioijBicTHHKii HOBiMiuaro pea.iH3Ma Bbkoht, BEPyiAMCKiH h Mohtshł TpeGoBa.iH, htoóbi iimoaa oTKpHBaia yneHHEy itHHry npapo^H, h noroMy HpeHMyin,ecTB6HH0 HacTa-HBa.w Ha Heo6xo,a,HM06TH o6pa30Jiaiiiji peant- Haro. Ho hxt, iipepnoHienia He hm'Lth 6.m2iaHiiiHxrL nocjrlwiTBiił, iiOTOiiy hto He coiipoBo;iŁrT,a.inc-B npaitTHHecEHMH oHHTaMH caiHX’B aBTopoBb. J],a3Ee nacToa- 3
3) CpaiiH. craTŁM „Neander“ Baur’a, E'b Sclunid’s Encyklopedie des gesamiuten Erziehungs- und Dnterrichtswesens, 5 m., h Kanmer, Oesch. der Pedagogik, 1, 226 n 227.
12
mifi Óopeipb 3a pea.imsMB, BoxB®rAHrB Pathxih, B e m ii HOBaTopB, koto-
poMy cys^eHO 6mo OTnacra ocyiąecTBHTi. Ha /1/Ł.i'h Hposno.io.semn BoKoua h
Mohtohh, —HHTaica npaB^a, npoTHBOstócTBya ryMammy, sarn Ha^jeataiąee
irhcTO HByneHiio posHaro a3HKa, ho coBepnieHHO OTOSBara.TB na Ba^Hiii n.iaHB
peaABHHe npo■t.moth. Amocb Komehckih, nanpoTHBB Toro, npmma.iB reo-
rpaf|)ito no.iHonpaBHHM'B n He;saBHCHMBiMrB npe^MeTOMB npenosaBama. Bbj xio6-
hohb u.iairli (Bcholae pansophicae delineatio), cocTaBnenHOMB m b sna
hiko.ih bb IlaTaiit, bb BeHrpiH, ohbotbojhtbo^hhb aacB bb HesB.no Ha 'mi
nie raseTB, cb pt.iBio odynenia BoeniiTaHHHEOBB coBpełieHHot acTopia a reo-
rpa(|)in r). CniBHfee saupmaeTB ohb npenosaBame reorpaiftin bb CBoea „Di-
(lactica magna". Bb crmomb paHHeMB sBtctbB coBiryeTB ohb npucTynaTB
kb Hisynemio aeTpoHOMia h reorpaijńa. PefieHOKB so.«eHB y3HaTB, hto Ha3M-
BaeTca HeóoMB, coiHipeMB, lyHoio, SBtssaMa, a Tanse 11to, htoohh ejnesHeBHO
B0CX0SHTB H 3aX0SBTB. PaBHBIMB o6pa30®B OHB SOMeHB nOHHMETB, [ITO
T3-itoe ropa, joanHa, naniHa, pBaa, sepeBna, mBctouko, ropoftB ht. ę., CMOTpa
uo TOMy, Kania saHHbia upescTaBaaeTB mBcthoctł, Ha KOTopofi ohb HtwiseTB
H pacTeTB* 2). Bb uapoduou umoAn, nporpaiuMa reorpa<f>ia pacniupaeTca: tytb
cooóipaioTca CBtsttiia o mapoodpiuiHOCTH 36mjih, o nećecHOMB cboji,B, o reie-
HiaxB bb OKeafli;, o passmi hhhxb n3MBHeniaxB óeperoBoit .rama Mopea h p to ,,
o qacTAXB cbBth, o oaBH'BfinraxB rocysapcTBaxB Ebpohh, bb ocodeHHoeTH aie
o ropos,axB, ropaxB h p'hitaxB oTeaecTBa3). HaKoneiyB, a Mmuncma uikomi
SO-iatna cbohxb BOcnaTaHHHKOBB staaTB, bo 1-xb, „acTpoHOiaMii", HacTOiŁEO
ho Kpaimea itpis, htoÓh ohh 6h.ih CBissyipi™ bb ochobhhxb no.io2ieHiaxB
3toh HayEH a bb BH'iacJieHiaxB, ciosa 0TH0cam,axca, a bo 2-xb treemu
reorpaijiaMH, Koropne naBcersa coxpałiioa Ck bb naMHTH aapTW aeMaa, mo-
peii, ocTpoBOBB, p’Łeb, rocysapcTBB a upon.4). I okeb raKse BHpaacaJiB
seaame, htoÓh s^™ yaajiHCB reorpatpa. Ohb nomra-iB, kto asyneme misa
3eMM, iio-iosiema a rpaHapB, eheb w r e a astra, TaEB a otsIwibhbiab erpaHB,
06H0BHBaeTca HCKJooaaTejiBHo Ha ynpaatHeHin r.msa a naMHTH, a noTomy cb
ySOBOJiBCTisieMB ClyserB sayae.HO stTBMH a ysepsHTCH bb hxb aaMHra. Peóe-
hoeb so.weHB xopomeHBKO ycBOHTB npescTaB.reme o bc4xbtircthxb raoóyca,
t. e. ohb soJisenB saiioMHHTB noHosenie aacTen MarepaKa a aopa cb hxb
pa3MHHHMH Ha3BaHiHMH H H0Spa3StJieHiaMH. 3ariMB CHtsyeTB 03IiaK0MHTB
ero cb cisTKOK) r.Todyca a cb ynorpedieHieMB KapTB, paBHO krkb hcbHedec-
HHMB MOÓyCOMB, CB lipOMB MRHeTB H CHCT6M0K) KonepHUKCl 5).
s) KoMeHCKia a JIokkb rpedoisana npenosaBaHia reorp;u{rin. ho to.ibko
uiKO.ia nidrnucmoez, tohbi KOTopofi cauraiOTCH bb acropia nesaroraitH
nep-*) Raumer. Gesch. cl. Pad. 2, 84.
2) A. Komenius Grosse Unterrichtslelire. Ausgabe v. Boger u. Zoubek, 239. 31 TaM’t-JKe, 247.
4) T ast Hte, 252, 253 CTp.
BHHH npe^CTaBHTCMMH peaJIH3«a, BB0JIH Bi HfKOJIY r60rpa$il0, EaKi OeoÓBIH npepieri Kypca.
B i HtnepKofi fflEO.it ABrym TepMana 5>p a hk e reorpatfuH, npaBpa, ne paHO em,e irbcTa co<5ctb6Hho Bi yne^HOMi Kypc/h. ho OHi He aie.iajii impim,
ee BOBce kckjhoechuok) H3i nporpasiMH, TaEi EaKi óhjtb Toro mh^hib, eto 3HaTt ocnoBama acTponoMiiT h reorpatjjin 11006x0/1,0510 He tojibko bojiobIskj, roTOBBin,cMycj[ Ei Kaptepi yaeHofi, hoh bobkom y, eto BtejiaeTi caHTaTBca o6pa30BaHHbIMi H npHHOCHTB HOJIBSy o6lH,eCTBy. IIOOTOMy OHi TpeóOBaJIi, HTO^H ^THMi bh4 nxi EJiaccHHXi naHHTiit, „EaEi-ÓH nrpaa “ , cootfnjaMct rJiaBHifi- mła CBiptaia H3i o ra li npepsieTOBi, paón ohh HayaHMCB, EaKi H3i npa- popti H03HaBaTL Bora, alsMi OTmaeTca op.ua CTpaHa OTi ppyrofi, no KaKOsy nyTH Kypa HapaeKHTi 'txaTL, KaEi H3Mt>paTB hp/Lihti, noie, KaEi H0PB39- BaTBca KaaeH,n,apeMi ht. p. ’ ). B i 011060/1,10,10 qacH pi™ pojdkhh npocnia- TpHBaTt woppcic gcogToficuc, t. e. reorpaijinaeciiiii KapTH, h cnpaniHBaTB ppyri ppyra o tomb, „EaKi mojkho /j/Iuihtb BecB siipi, na Kasia sesuiH h ro- cypapcTBa /i/kmiTca Kain;i,aa oap/h-iBiiaii aacTB ceisTa, Kasie Bi hhx'b saiwtaa- tcjibhIimmie ropopa, rp i ohh aea:aTi“ ht. p .2). HanpoTHBi toto, Bi nepa- roriyid; Bi Taaae 6f>uio BBepeHO Hacroainee iipenopaBanie reorpa<J)iH. Taarb pa3CMaTpHBaPHCB ud) HioitcTHua Torpa cTpaHH, iipiiEesH, JlapocTHHa h Tep- Maiiia npoxopMHCB oco6eiiHO uoppooiio, „hto6i,ibcŁ npepaimue popimi; h pe- aariH jiiophmotm xoponio 3Haii CBoe 0’reqecTB0 h ÓHÓaeHCKyio HCTopiio “ . lipa Kampoft c/rpairi; ysyaajiHCi, ea rpaminu h piKH, raaBHMniHMi o6pa:soMi nop- paisploienia ea Ha npoBHHgiH h sajrisaaTejiBHMmia m^cthocth Bi HHXi. Hcto- pHiecKia, HoaHTHaecKia, pepKOBHHa h <j)H3HqecKia yciioiiia paHHOH c/rpanBi CHHTaaHCB piaOMi BTOpOCTeneHHHMi, H C006ffl,eHiH) OÓi HHXi upn oóospMH caMBixi 60.11,11111 x i rocypapcTBi nocBain,aaca opHHi ypOEi, a MeHBiHHXi— emo Ćoate KopoTKoe itpena. ,YbchhkhmmIih BipyKaxi yioÓHhiii axaaci IiHionepa, cocToam,iH H3i 18 KapTi, h ero reorpatpHaecKie Bonpoea; hohh 9th nocaip- Hie, hh ppyrie compeudia geographica yiemuai He pommh 6mah hphhochtb c i co6ok) Ha ypoKi; noJii>30iiaTi,ca hmh poBBOiaiocr, tojibko paa HpnroToispe- Hift h peneTHnifi, Tain, EaKi masę nxi BHHMame Cij.to 6u OTBJiesaeMo OTi TOTO, ETO OHH C06CTBCHHO pOJtffiHH ÓHffl yCBOHBaii. 1’opopa KaEOH-PHÓO npo- BHHpiH yiHTC.o, He pojiateHi om.tl nepe.HHcaaTB Bi nopapEt 3HaaeHia, ho HCKJKHHTeaBHO Bi iropHpłit, „noaoKeHia“ (situ) no OTHomeHiio Hxi ppyri Ki ppyry, „TaKi KaEi iipit irrojn, Bcero aerae mojeho naiiTH yKaiumaeMoe, ccih T0.PBK0 yaeHHKH OTŁicKaan nepByio m4cthoctb “ . /(aiiHija yaHTeaerB HMeHa MtCTHOCTOH y EOHHKH pOHSHH 6MH TOTEHCi UtO OTIJCKl-lliaTB Ha CBOHXi KapTaxi; 3aTrbMi yniTeai, iioiiTopiun, HXi Bi TOMi ®e iiopapKl ci podaBjie- HieMi HXi aaTHHCKHXi Ha3BaHifi H OCo6aXi p0CT0npH5I'flHaTe.llBH0CTCH, npi qCMi yeohheh OTM'liqajiH ojiaBuMuiee; HaKOHegi, OHi HOBTOpaai Bce eni,e pa3i , * *)
ł) A. G. Franke. Schriften nb. Erzieh. u. Dnterr. Ausgabe t. K. Richter, 235.
14
ezaroinando. U pn MayiemH K aajaro oitpyra TepM am k b sthmł jaHHHMB npacoBOKyn.iajiHCB e B ijiH ia o npaBUTejrb (Directore), a Taose renea-ioria Ba3RHMjHHXB H,apCTByJ01B,HXB JOMOBB.
yairTe.iB reorpa^in jpMieHB dunm iioctohhho homhhtb upaBinio— non
multa sed multum. Epojrt Toro eiy BHyniajiocL dHTB ocMOTpHTe.iLHHa-b,
He ocTaHaBMBaTBca cjmiheomb joaro na nepBBKB CTpaHaxT>, mrodH iiotomb
He obitebb Heoóxo^HMOCTH npoxojHTB nocjrfsjHia, Bajta nepesB neHB KOJtojy.
a j m 9Toro peKOMeHjoBajtocB eiwy cb caMoro ate minami uypca eocTamwi-b
cetffe Mamb ii Tarn pacnpejtaiB Marrepia.iB. <ito6h nocaijHiS mIichiib yned-
Haro nepioja oc/raBaaca j m odipeit peneTHuia *). Ta.EiotB odpasoMB oprami-
30BaH0 óhjto npenojaBame reorpa^in tri, yneoHHXB 3aBejeHiaxB ®paHKa.
MOBHO CUHT3TB, HTO CB HCXO.Ha XVII H HauaJta XVIII BŚKa 3eM.teB'ft,?[;I’,Hir
Bce domie h dojrfse bxohh.hobb upyrB yueÓHHXB npejMeTOBB, xoth nepBO-
aanaiBHO, kukb mhstobhjhmb, Hanp. bb nejaroriyni bb Pannę, oho nony*
1H0 JOCTyilB TO.IBEO BB IJHftHUH lUKOJlU.
e) 3acjryra BBejema CHCTemaTHuecKaro Eypca reorpaijtut bb nporpaMMy
ropojcKHXB jąamjĘb npHHajaeatHTB npeHMyipecTBeHHO iitkojtIs <fmaumponu- cmoez, KOTopbte ja .o , uaKB mmicm), noneraoe Micro bb HapojHon mko-tI; BciMB peajtBHHMB upeHMeraMB. T^ojleho OHHaito saiiTHTB, uto TeopeTinr-
CKia B033piHia (JmjtaHTponncTOBB na MCTOHHEy reorpatfńn, Boodipe roBopr:.
HejocTaTOUBBi. Bb odbeMncTOMB o6o3piHia Karne ejBa nu ecTB otoHiróyjB
do.iBiue toto. uto yate naHO dbuto bb coHHHemaxB JIoitKa hPycco.
Pycco, npejmecTBeHHHKi (|)HJtaHTponHctobb. bb 3-ei cBoero
b9m jm“ BBtpaataeTB ateaairie, uto6bi ero BOCHHTaHHHEB bb Bospacri otb 12
jo 15 jrfsTB HsyuMB HanaTKii acTpoHOMin u reorpatfiin. Ohb coBiiyeTB o6pa-
thtb ero BHHMaHie na toukh Boexoja h saEara cojtHpa 0uotomb aacTaBHTb
canoro joSth, iiyTejtB paacyjKjema, jo OTBira Ha Bonpocm, ebehmbodpasom,
conHpe BOSBpamaeTCa cb aanaja oiuttb Ha boctoeb? OTBfrry homojuctb Ha-
d.uojenie hejb bhjhmbimbjBraemeMB no Hedy cojtHpa cb boctoebHa aanajB.
3aTiMB nycTB ohb aaMtmm, toukh Bocsoja h saHara bb pasHua BpeMena
roją, ho Bce sto de3B noMouyi apannaptioft ctfiepH. Epyrn KOTopoft cnyiaioTB
pedemia. Hayueme reorpa^iH jomho hcxojhtb otb joMa hotb nicra jee-
TejtBCTBa. YneHEEB jojtseHB cocrafijum. Kapra OKpecTHOCTei, jjm Toro hto6bi
HOHHTB, EEKB COCTaB.MIOTCH EapTBI BOodipe H ETO OHp HBOCipajKaiOTB. 9th
mhc.ib bb Hanie Bpeia cb dom, mu mb 3HameMB jia a CHOBa dHJta yEa3ana On-
JOBHMB II IHaXT0MB2).
To, eto Ea3ejOBB roBopitTB o npenojaBaHin reorpa({ńn bb 3 -mb tomIi
CBOet EHttrn „9jteMeHTapHoe odynenie", He sacnyaciiBaeTB BnimaHia h ho
npejCTaBMCTB rauero HOBaro. KypcB reorpa^in ohb j t a r b na jaa OTjijia.
HaunnaiB, no ero Mnirnio, cjiijyeTB cb onepita KOMHara. annrnnf,a, ropoja
*) Ibid. 266 u c. 518 u m.
h 3HaK0MHXT, sticTHOCTei, a yarfiMB otb KapTU cipaHH nepeso^HTi. k i icap-
xaMi> 'lac/ref cntTa (cp. Pycco). Ho sartirB bb yKa3amaxB Baae^OBa
Haxo-jjHTCa MHOTO CTpaHHHXB lipHMliKaniił TIO.MTIPieCEOB h pefflrio3HHXi, koto-
paa Pay«epB Ha3HBaers hpotmbhhhh h m B3poc,iMXB h HenoHaTHHira ajui
fliTeii. Ho t'Łm'1) ho Meebe npaKTmecKaa .pIiaTe.iŁEOCTL (fiK.iiUTTponHCTORB
bb ^4.1’Ł TipciiojaiiaHia pea.iBHtixB npe,a,MeTOBB, cit^oBaTejiBHo u bb npeno-
jtaBaHin reorpatfłiii, 6tiaa noBH^HMOMy aobo.imo 3HaHHTejiBHa; bb ocoben-
hocth 3ac.TyjEHBaeT'B óo.iwiiaro BHHMama to odcTOflTe.TBCTBO, htoohh, no npa-
M&py Pycco, cii^OBa.iH cnmeTHnecKOMy MeTOjy n, nammaa cb H3yneHi«
po^HBH1), są.10 no aajiy iiepexoji,Hjni kb 6o;n>Hm»B reorpaifiiinecKHMB ejm-
nnpaMT).
CBHSHBaHio na'ia.ia reorpa^nnecKaro obyneHia et ipŁctojpb JKHTeaBCTBa
BB OCOÓeHHOCTH pBKOMBHjyeTCB (flOaHTpOirHCTOMB niwmiwm, BB MGTOpiBt
KOTOparo (Pane 1 7 8 8 r.), na pa^y cb npe^aoKemeMB onncHBaTB cTpara h
ropowa bb (fiopsii isyTemecTBia, BCTpbnaeTca MHoro CTpaHHaro2). Ecjih $h- jiaHTponncTH, roBopHTB Z » w e 3), He roBopa o hxb nacTO cmIjhihomb MeTOjij; ■ a BHHOBaTH bb tomb, KTO He TO.iBEO He 3a6oTH.mcL oób OHinneiiiif HaynHaro maTepiaaa, a HanpoTHBB crapamcB ero hosihhhtb TpeóoBaHiiiMB npaKTnnecKon 3CH3HH, TO BC6 *6 He.TB3H He IipH3HaTL II TOTO, HTO OHH, KRKB B00f)IIie, TBEB a bb npeno,n,aBaniii reorpa^in bb nacTHOCTH, cTpeMMHCB kb yacHeniio Hommit a kb npHMiHeHi® ycBoeHHaro, a Taicie He Maao npoTHBO^McTBOBara npocTOiiy ynpaaHe.Hiro naiiaTH.
YiiOMaHeMB 3^4cb o HrfjKOTOpwxB cTaTBaxB no MCToyaidi reorpaijńn, H3- ,a,aHHHXB bb ;>[i oxy ifm .W HTpo ii u ctóbb P a ah ,i, o i» $ o a b ii I ' aciiaph (Ansbach 1 7 8 4 ). Bb coBHiieHin cBOestB, Tiepmiił, bb uporabohohojkhocti, ff lw n m y. npe^ocTeperacTB npoTHBB npeno^aBaHia reorpaiftin MejE^y nrpoio h ^iaoMB. pasaanaeTB bb caMOMB npeno.ua Banin ,p 4 CTyneHn: ftorMaranecKy® (Teope- THnecKyro) n npaKranecKy® ii HacTamaeTB Ha BBe^eHin bb npenoftaBamr reorpaiftin cpaBHimnBHaro 3.ieM6HTa4). racnapu, bb CBOeMB „MeTO.pme- ckomb npeno^aBaHin reorpafjfńn" (BeiiMapB 1 7 9 1 ) npes^e Bcero j4jihtbsto npeiioyaBiuiie Ha OTji.i.n.HEie Kypcu, hsb KOTopuxB EaiEyuf /[.o.iateHB npeji,- CTaBMTB saKOHueiiHoe pbioe, OTannuoe otb ^pyraro keeb ho KomnecTBeH- HOMy, treb n no EanecTBeHHOMy BBibopy MaTepiaaa. ConiiHenie sto hm4jbi mhoto n:i;iaiiiii n mhoto niiTaiocB; hooho, Ha pa,ny cb fffeoTopHMH npaitTH- necEHMH yKasaHiuMH, co^epjEHTB Tanse n^en u npejaoateHia jobojibho npii- ny.pH B B ia5).
ie) HECTAaoppn Taitaie biibib reorpa(|jiK» bbhhc.io npeffeTOBB o6m,aro
oopaaoEiaifia. BnponeMB, He CMOTpa Ha sto, bb ero yne6HuxB 3aBe^,eHiaxB
*) Cmotph Hanp. Salzmanu. Noch Etwas iiber die Erziehung. Ausgabe von K. Richter, 89. a) Liidde, Geschichte der Methodologie der Erdkunde, 11 — 13.
3) Ludde, TaMi ate, 13. 4) Tajrt ate, CTp. 13 — 17. 5) Tam ate, CTp. 20 —25.
16
OHa Beiaci. CBoeof>pa3HO h OTnacTH 6e3piJbHO. TaKB Hanp. flecTaaoimii 3a- eraBJ!fl.ix cbohxb yneHiiKOBB hhcbtb bb aii<j>aBHTHOirB nopa^Ki pnAH caobb, o6o3HanaK)in,nxB Ha3Bama reorpa$nqecKHXB MicTHOCTefi, h3a x t a ohh AOSJRHH (5hjh TBepAO aay^HBaTŁ hxb HaH3ycTB. 9'ra a.i$aBHTHaa HOMeHKJiaTypa acencTBOBajia BnocjrfcACTBiH oópaTimca bb Hayauyw. HocayinaeMB, hto canB IlecTajioppH roBopirn, oob btomb. „He snaio, HyaeHB ah npHiipB a m pa3B- acHenia 9TOro npieiaa: no mh'1> 9to ns-iniune; hobb BHAy hobmhh a ;r,li-iaio
9T0. HycTB Hanp. oaho H3B noApasA^Jiemfi óyAeTB TepMania; npeaiAe »cero peoeiiOKB 3aytiHBaexB A^-ieme I epManin Ha 10 OKpyroBB; B a rta , npoHHTH- Ba»Tca ropoAa Pepitami!, cnepBa npocTO bb aaiJiaBHTHOMB nopaAKi, ho yffic aapairle EamABiił hbb 9thxb ropoAOBB oóosHaiaeTca urn})}) o to toto OKpyra. bb kotopomb ohb HaxoAHTca. KaKB CKopo af1th Haynam aerKO asTaiM, Ha3Baraa 9thxb ropoAOBB, hxb snaKOMTB cb OTHOiuemeMB 9thxb ĄHtjtpB kb HOApasAtaeHiaMB rmBHBtxB pyópHKB, hbb hŁckoibko aacoBB pedeHOKB 6y- AeTB yace bb cocToamn OHpeAtaaTB BeeB paArB ropoAOBB 1’epManiii no hoa- pasAiaeuiaMB raaBHHXB pydpmtB. Emh uepeAB hhmb pacKpoioTB Hanp. cjtŁ- Aynoinyw Taómiiy kmchb, npn kotophxb iiocTaB.ieHu uirjipH:
Axchb 2.
AÓeHÓeprB 4.
AKKeHB 10 H t. A-,
to ohh óyAyTB iipoB iriaiHH hmh tbkb : Axbhb aeiEHTB bb BecTtjtajiBCKOMB OKpyrh, AóeHÓeprB —- bo <I>panKOHCKOMB, Akkceb — bb HHJKHe-CaKCOHCEOitB h t. A- 9 thmb nyTeMB y>ienni;y oaeBHAHO AaeTca bosmokhoctb upii nepBOMB xe B3raaA4 Ha u,H<J>py h.ih snaitB, onpeAtaiouuH npHHaAaeauiocTB oObgk- tobb CToa6n,a kb hxb raaBHHMB pyópHitaiiB, onpeAiMTB ty HCKyccTBeHHO- OTBaeneHHyio rpynny, kb KOTopoI npHnaAae®HTB KaKAoe ciobo btoto paAa. a BM'lłCT'1) CB r t a , KaKB yse CKasaHO, h bosmojehoctb o6paTHTB a.a(}i;iBfrruyK) HOMeHMaTypy bb Hayrayio ’)■
PayaepB coBepmeHHO ciipaBeAMBO cwraerB Aa®e HeHyjGHBon, onponep- raTB 9totb MeiOAi,, TaiiB KaKB tj’tb b3hth nepBBia HonaBiniHca rjiyxia mt- CTemtH, bb poAi AóepTaHa, Ajih ht. A-, hh^b 31-ro npHBeAeHHaro Ha3Ba- hui, camoe óóJiBiiiee, 5 3aayMBaioTB ynoiiHuama bbyneÓHOH reorpac|)in. Ho, He CMOTpa Ha btotb npeBpaTHHH mbtoab, imto.ia HecTaionpa 3aHHitaeTB no nę tu o c mIctobb HCTopiH MeTOAHKH yneÓHoI reorpa(})iH.
Bo mhothxb yne6HHXB 3ai:e;[,cHii(XB, ineAHisixB no nyTH, HpoAoaceHHOiiy HecTaJioifflH, npenoAaBanie 3eMJieBliA’ŁHia pacnpocTpaHaiocB Bce (Joate h (>o- aie, h Ti jec noc.ilAORaTe.iH HecTaaonnH HOAroTOBiMii KaKB HCTiiHHoe hohh- jiaHie cymyiocTH reorpatJńH, xaKB h pa3BHBaK)Hi,iił mctoab ea HaynciLia; ohh ®e, nojEajiyfi, h co3AaaH hxb, h6o y mhothxb yaeHHKOBB HecTaaonmH oÓHapy - SKoaiOTca yaie eaaaTKH PHTTepoBHXB HAefi, Aa u caM,t PflTTepB, ffimuuiH AOBojibho A,oaroe BpeMa y HecTaaonpn bb HsepAta, mosectb 6utbbb hsbIict
