ROCZNIKI GLEBOZNAWCZE (SOIL SCIENCE ANNUAL) T. XLIX NR 1/2, W ARSZAW A 1998: 4 5 -5 2
HALINA DĄBKOW SKA-NASKRĘT, JACEK DŁUGOSZ, MIROSŁAW KOBIERSKI
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAY MINERALS
IN BLACK EARTHS FROM KUJAWY REGION
Department o f Soil Science, University o f Technology and Agriculture, B ydgoszcz
INTRODUCTION
Kujawy region is the area o f good quality, high productive soils, formed from boulder loam o f ground moraine. The dominated soil types in this region is typic black earth and black earth with cam bic horizon. The investigation on genesis and physico-chem ical properties o f Kujawy black earths were carried on by C ieśla [1961, 1968] and his coworkers [Cieśla, Dąbkowska-Naskręt 1983; C ieśla, K o- ciałkow ski 1973]. They concerned basic physical and chem ical properties, as w ell as detailed study on heavy metal contents and chem ical com position o f clay fraction. Preliminary investigation on m ineralogical com position o f black earths were carried out, too.
The aim o f the work was to characterize the m ineralogical com position o f clay fraction from the m ost com m only occurred soils in this region: typical black earth and black earth with cam bic horizon, with the reference to soil transformation processes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Soil sam ples were collected from each horizon o f black earths on Kujawy region. For the detailed mineralogical study, two soil pedons were selected: P ło w ce - where typical black earth occurs and W ybranowo - black earth with cam bic horizon. T hese soils are formed from Quaternary glacial till o f ground moraine.
The soil sam ples were air dried and sieved to rem ove coarse fragments (> 1 mm ).
Clay fraction (> 2 |L im ) was separated follow in g procedures described by C ieśla
diffraction analysis. The oriented specim ens were prepared on glass slides and analyzed using CuK radiation and a H ZG-4 X-ray diffractometer. The M g satura ted specim ens were glycol solvated and reanalyzed by X RD .
Sem iquatitative estim ates were made using guidelines outlined in Brindley [1980].
The type o f interstratification and expandability o f illite-sm ectite minerals were determined according to Środoń [1984].
S om e chem ical and physical properties were determined according to co m m only used methods: pH in H 20 and IN KC1 potentiom etrically and the content o f clay fraction according to B oycous and Cassagrande’s method.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The pH in H 20 increased with depth from 7.90 to 8.37 in P łow ce pedon and from 7.7 2 to 7.85 in W ybranowo pedon. Organic carbon ranged from 0 .6 2 to 1.8 6 %
and from 0.31 to 1.33%, respectively. The texture is loam y, with the clay content betw een 17 and 27% (Table 1).
M ineralogical analysis o f the clay fraction indicated illite to be the dominant mineral (Table 2). Significant amounts o f m ixed-layer minerals (illite - sm ectite, chlorite-sm ectite) and chlorite was also detected. The main accessory minerals are sm ectite and kaolinite. The X-ray diffraction data obtained for analyzed sam ples are given in Figures 1-5.
Illite is rather uniformly distributed within soil pedons, how ever in the surface horizons a slightly higher amounts o f this mineral was detected. The enrichment in illite minerals o f top horizon may be caused by illitization process which occur due to the high content o f potassium , added with potassium fertilizer.
T A B L E 1. P h y sica l and ch em ica l properties o f an alyzed so ils H orizon D epth [cm] H 20 pH KC1 C-org CaC O i T ^ I C ontent o f < 2 |im fraction [%] P ło w c e A p 1 0 -1 5 7 .9 0 7 .3 8 1.86 0.8 17 A1 2 4 - 3 6 7 .9 9 7.41 1.54 1.0 16 A /C 4 1 - 5 6 8.13 7.5 5 0 .6 2 2.7 16 C ca 6 0 - 7 0 8.35 7 .8 4 - 9.8 16 C cag 9 0 - 1 0 0 8 .3 7 7 .8 6 - 12.4 23 C cag 1 4 0 -1 5 4 8.37 7 .8 5 - 12.1 15 W yb ran ow o A p 5 - 2 0 7 .7 2 7 .2 5 1.33 1.1 16 B lb r 3 2 - 4 0 8 .13 7 .3 4 0 .7 2 5 .0 18 B 2br 4 5 - 6 5 8.17 7 .5 5 0.31 12.8 26 C ca 6 6 - 8 0 8.31 7 .8 5 - 12.8 27 C ca g 8 0 - 9 0 8.21 7.51 - 14.3 26 C cag 1 3 0 -1 4 5 8 .1 9 7 .6 2 - 13.9 19
Clay minerals in black earths from Kujawy region
__________
47T A B L E 2. T he relative abundance o f clay m inerals in clay fraction o f b lack earths from K u jaw y region
H orizon D epth [cm ]
Illite S m ectite C hlorite M ix ed -la y er m in era ls1 K aolin ite P ło w c e A p 1 0 -1 5 + + + + + + + + tr A l 2 4 - 3 6 + + + tr2 + + + + tr A /C 4 1 - 5 6 + + + + + + + tr C ca 6 0 - 7 0 + + + + + + + tr C cag 9 0 - 1 0 0 + + + + + + + tr C cag 1 4 0 -1 5 4 + + + + + + + tr W yb ran ow o A p 5 - 2 0 + + + tr + + + + tr B lb r 3 2 —40 + + + + + + + tr B 2br 4 5 - 6 5 + + + tr + + + + tr C ca 6 6 - 8 0 + + + + + + + tr C cag 8 0 - 9 0 + + + + + + + tr C cag 1 3 0 -1 4 5 + + + + + + + tr
1 M ixed layer minerals: illite/smectite, illite/chlorite, chlorite/smectite; tr. - trace
1.с13умдд1 .e x 5 2 ,с10пдд1 .pk$ 3 .с9мдд! ,e x $ 4 .с8м дд! .e x 5
5 . 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 5 .0 0 2 0 .0 0 2 5 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 5 .0 0 4 0 .0 0 4 5 .0 0 20
FIGURE 1. X-ray diffractograms o f M g+2 saturated, ethylene glycol solvated sam ples from all horizons o f P łow ce pedon
T A B L E 3. X -ray diffraction data o f m ix ed -la y er illite-sm ec tite m inerals in in v estig a ted sa m p les
H orizon D epth
[cm ]
S 1 [%]
T y p e 2 S e lec ted reflec tio n s3 [nm] P ło w c e A p 1 0 -1 5 55 R 0 .5 4 5 ; 0 .2 7 8 ; 0 .2 0 7 A1 2 4 - 3 6 - -A /C 4 1 - 5 6 28 IS 0 .5 2 6 ; 0 .2 5 7 4 1 - 5 6 33 IS 0 .5 3 4 ; 0 .2 0 4 ; 0.191 C ca 6 0 - 7 0 25 IS 0 .5 2 4 ; 0 .2 6 1 ; 0 .2 0 3 6 0 - 7 0 35 IS 0 .9 2 1 ; 0 .5 3 6 C ca g 9 0 - 1 0 0 4 7 R 0 .9 0 5 ; 0 .5 4 3 ; 0 .2 7 2 ; 0 .2 0 5 C ca g 1 4 0 -1 5 4 58 R 0 .5 4 9 ; 0 .2 7 6 W yb ran ow o A p 5 - 2 0 55 R 0 .5 4 5 ; 0 .2 7 9 ; 0 .2 0 6 B lb r 3 2 ^ 0 23 IS 0 .5 2 3 ; 0 .2 6 9 ; 0 .2 0 2 3 2 - 4 0 55 R 0 .5 4 5 ; 0 .2 7 0 B 2br 4 5 - 6 5 15 ISII 0 .5 1 3 ; 0 .2 5 7 ; 0.201 4 5 - 6 5 28 IS 0 .5 2 5 ; 0 .2 6 2 ; 0 .2 0 2 4 5 - 6 5 47 R 0 .5 4 2 ; 0 .2 7 9 ; 0 .2 0 6 C ca 6 6 - 8 0 18 ISII 0 .5 1 5 ; 0 .2 6 0 ; 0.201 6 6 - 8 0 2 4 IS 0 .5 2 4 ; 0 .2 6 2 ; 0 .2 0 3 6 6 - 8 0 30 IS 0 .9 3 7 ; 0 .2 6 4 ; 0 .2 0 4 C cag 8 0 - 9 0 32 IS 0 .5 3 3 ; 0 .2 6 6 ; 0 .2 0 3 C cag 1 3 0 -1 4 5 6 0 R 0 .8 9 7 ; 0 .5 4 7 ; 0 .2 7 6
'content o f sm ectite layers (%),
“type o f interstratification: R - random, ISI - regular (2 0 -5 0 % sm ectite layers), ISII - partially regular (1 5 -2 5 % sm ectite layers),
R eflections from glycolated preparations
A nalyzed soils contain significant amounts o f m ixed-layer minerals, among them illite-sm ectite type structures dominate. The formation o f m ixed-layer m i nerals from m icas has been explained by Jackson et al. [1948] as being due to the rem oval o f potassium from silicate layers. It has been shown that the formation o f sw ellin g minerals from n onsw elling minerals passes through a m ixed-layer stage [Droste, Tharin, 1958]. In analyzed soils m ica has partially weathered to illite-sm ectite. Illite-sm ectite minerals differed quite markedly in the content o f sm ectite layers and the type o f ordering. The content o f sm ectite layers in m ixed-layer illite-sm ectite type silicates is shown in Table 3.
Clay fraction separated from the surface soil and a parent material contain randomly ordered illite-sm ectite. The surface sam ples gave an asymmetrical reflection at 1 6 ,2 3 -1 6 ,2 4 2 0 and a peak at 3 2 ,0 7 -3 2 ,1 0 2 0, characteristic for illite-sm ectite minerals. T hese reflections were detected in diffractograms A1 horizon o f typical brown earth from P łow ce (Fig. 1 )
The highest content o f sm ectite layers in silite-sm ectite structures were present in the deeper soil parent material (Ccag) up to 60% - Table 3, Figure 2 . Thus, in
Clay minerals in black earths from Kujawy region
__________
49l . с42ид?г1 . exS 2 .c40Mçrçrl .ex$ 3 . сЗЭид^г! . ex$ 4 .c3 8 n g g l . ex$
F IG U R E 2. X -ray diffractogram s o f M g +2 saturated, eth y len e g ly c o l solvated sa m p les from all so il h orizon s o f W yb ran ow o pedon
(H IïŒ ZC ÏÔ LI A .Uicl3*tggl . pkS
FIGURE 3. Characterization o f X-ray reflections o f M g+2 saturated, ethylene glycol solvated sam ple from Ccag horizon (1 4 0 -1 5 4 cm) o f P łow ce pedon
4 . w c 4 1 n g q l .sh$
F IG U R E 4. X -ray diffraclogram o f M g +2 saturated, eth ylen e g ly co l solvated sam p le from Ccag horizon ( 6 6 - 8 0 cm ) o f W yb ran ow o pedon
FIGURE 5. X-ray diffractogram o f M g+~ saturated, ethylene glycol solvated sample from Ccag horizon (8 0 -9 0 cm) o f Wybranowo pedon
Clay minerals in black earths from Kujawy region 51
advanced, compared to other horizon o f this pedon. The interstratification o f illite-sm ectites in Ccag horizon is random.
The main effect o f weathering on the clay fraction o f the brown earths o f temperate regions is partial removal o f interlayered potassium from m icas to form interstratified mica-m ontm orillonite [Catt 1986]. Appearance o f the 1.4 nm reflec tions indicates that the m ica has partially weathered to illite-sm ectite.
The interstratification o f illite-sm ectite minerals in Bbr horizon, A/С horizon and a top o f parent material is regular (IS or ISII) - Figure 4.
The frequent broadening o f X-ray diffraction peaks in near-surface horizons o f investigated soils also suggests a decrease in the particle size o f som e clay com ponents or increased structural disorder within clay particles.
On the base o f results, there were no differences observed in clay m ineralogy o f typical black earths and black earths with cam bic horizon. The only difference noticed in clay m ineralogy is a slightly higher content o f illite in cam bic horizon, com pared to other soil horizons in W ybranowo pedon.
CONCLUSIONS
1. On the base o f X-ray diffraction analysis o f clay fraction separated from black earths, it was stated the dominant mineral is illite. Significant amounts o f m ixed-layer minerals (illite-sm ectite, chlorite-sm ectite) and chlorite was d etec ted. The main accessory minerals are sm ectite and kaolinite.
2. T he clay fraction from analyzed soils contains a mixture o f illite-sm ectite minerals. The contents o f sm ectite layers in these minerals differs from 15 to 60%.
3. There was no differences observed in mineralogical com position o f clay fraction from typical black earth and black earth with cam bic horizon.
REFERENCES
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C IE Ś L A W . 1965: A daptation o f Jack son ’s m ethod o f so il sam p les preparation for the ch em ica l a n alysis and other soil in vestigation s, (in P olish ). R ocz. G le b o zn .S u p p \. 15, 2 9 5 - 2 9 8 .
C IE Ś L A W . !968: G en esis and properties o f arable so ils form ed from boulder loam on K ujaw y U pland, (in P olish ). R ocz. WSR Poznań: 18.
C IE Ś L A W ., K O C IO Ł K O W S K I Z. 1973: D istribution o f m icroelem en ts in so il p rofiles, form ed from boulder loam in W ielk o p o lsk a , (in P olish ) Rocz- G leb o zn . 24, 2: 2 6 1 - 2 7 1.
C IE Ś L A W ., D Ą B K O W S K A -N A S K R Ę T H. 1983: C h em ical co m p o sitio n o f clay fraction from so ils form ed from boulder loam o f ground m oraine from W ielk o p o lsk a L ow land , (in P olish ).
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L A IR D D .A ., B A R A K P, N A T E R E .A , D O W D Y R.H . 1991: C h em istry o f sm ectitic and illitic p h ases in interstratified soil sm ectite. S o il Sei. Soc. Am. J. 55: 1 4 9 9 -1 5 0 4 .
S A W H N E Y В. L. 1977: Interstratification in layer silicates. (In:) D ix o n (E d ).M in erals in so il environ m en t. 4 0 5 - 4 2 5 . S o il Sei. Soc. Am. M a d is o n , WI.
Ś R O D O Ń J. 1981: X -ray id en tification o f random ly interstratified illite/sm ectite in m ixtures w ith d iscrete illite. C la y M iner. 16: 2 9 7 - 3 0 4 .
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H. Dąbkowska-Naskręt, J. Długosz, M. Kobierski
CHARAKTERYSTYKA MINERAŁÓW ILASTYCH
W CZARNYCH ZIEMACH KUJAWSKICH
Katedra Gleboznawstwa, Akademia Techniczno-Rolnicza w Bydgoszczy
STRESZCZENIE
R egion Kujaw obejm uje sw oim zasięgiem obszar zasobnych i żyznych czar nych ziem , charakteryzujących się w ysoką produkcyjnością rolniczą.
W ieloletn ie badania nad genezą i w łaściw ościam i fizykochem icznym i czar nych ziem kujawskich prowadzone były przez C ieślę i in. [Cieśla 1961, C ieśla
1968; Cieśla, K ociołkow ski 1973; Cieśla, Dąbkowska-Naskręt 1983].
C elem niniejszej pracy jest charakterystyka składu m ineralogicznego frakcji ilastej dw óch podtypów czarnych ziem: w łaściw ej i zbrunatniałej. Analiza składu m ineralogicznego metodą rentgenograficzną wykazała, że dom inującym m inera łem w e frakcji ilastej jest illit. Stwierdzono też znaczące ilości m inerałów m ie- szan op akietow ych oraz chlorytu. Spośród m inerałów m ieszanop ak ietow ych dom inow ały struktury typu illit-sm ektyt. Minerały te charakteryzowały się zróż nicow aną zawartością pakietów sm ektytowych.
N ie stwierdzono różnic m iędzy składem m ineralogicznym frakcji ilastej czar nej ziem i w łaściw ej i czarnej ziem i zbrunatniałej.
Prof. d r h a b . H .D ą b k ó w sk a -N a s k rę t
D e p a r tm e n t o f S o il S cien ce, U n iv e rsity o f T ec h n o lo g y a n d A g ric u ltu re B e rn a rd yń sk a 6/8, 8 5 -0 2 9 B ydgosz.cz, P o la n d
