Uczestnictwo współwłaścicieli nieruchomości lokalowej wpodejmowaniu uchwał dotyczących zarządu nieruchomością wspólną

A N N A L E S

81,9(56,7$7,60$5,$(&85,(6.à2'2:6.$

/8%/,1±32/21,$

92//; 6(&7,2* 

I

3UDZQD NRQVWUXNFMD RGUĊEQHM ZáDVQRĞFL ORNDOL ]RVWDáD RSDUWD QD MXU\G\F]- Q\P SRZLą]DQLX GZyFK SUDZ ZáDVQRĞFL QLHUXFKRPRĞFL ORNDORZHM RUD] XG]LD- áX ZH ZVSyáZáDVQRĞFL QLHUXFKRPRĞFL ZVSyOQHM DUW  XVW  XVWDZ\ ] GQLD 

F]HUZFDURNXRZáDVQRĞFLORNDOL^23U]\MĊWHSU]H]XVWDZRGDZFĊUR]ZLą]DQLH

SRZRGXMHĪHSUREOHPDW\NDSUDZQDORNDOXMDNRSU]HGPLRWXRGUĊEQHMZáDVQRĞFL

REHMPXMHWDNĪH]DJDGQLHQLH]DU]ąG]DQLDQLHUXFKRPRĞFLąZVSyOQąNWyUHQRUPXMą

SU]HSLV\UR]G]LDáXXVWDZ\RZáDVQRĞFLORNDOLDUW±XZO:VND]DQHSU]H- SLV\SU]HZLGXMąXF]HVWQLFWZRZáDĞFLFLHOLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZ\FKZVSUDZR- ZDQLX]DU]ąGXQLHUXFKRPRĞFLąZVSyOQą^QLHUHJXOXMąMHGQDN]DVDGWHJRXF]HVW- QLFWZDZZ\SDGNXJG\ORNDOMHVWSU]HGPLRWHPZVSyáZáDVQRĞFL=WHMSU]\F]\- Q\]DELHJyZLQWHUSUHWDF\MQ\FKZ\PDJDEXG]ąFDZąWSOLZRĞFLWHRUHW\F]QHLPD- MąFDLVWRWQH]QDF]HQLHSUDNW\F]QHNZHVWLDF]\SU]\SRGHMPRZDQLXXFKZDáGR-

$UW\NXáVWDQRZL]PLHQLRQąZHUVMĊNRPXQLNDWXQDXNRZHJRZ\JáRV]RQHJRQDNRQIHUHQFMLÄ-H- U]\,JQDWRZLF]±SURIHVRULVĊG]LD±´NWyUDRGE\áDVLĊOLVWRSDGDURNXZ/XEOLQLH

']8]URNXQUSR]WHNVWMHGQ]SyĨQ]PGDOHMXZO

23RU(*QLHZHNPrawo rzeczoweZ\G:DUV]DZDV±-3LVXOLĔVNL>Z@

System prawa prywatnegoWPrawo rzeczoweSRGUHG(*QLHZNDZ\G:DUV]DZD

V56WU]HOF]\N>Z@56WU]HOF]\N$7XUOHM:áDVQRĞüORNDOL.RPHQWDU]Z\G:DUV]D- ZDV±

=DJDGQLHQLH]DU]ąGXQLHUXFKRPRĞFLąZVSyOQąV\QWHW\F]QLHSU]HGVWDZLDPZGDOV]HMF]ĊĞFL

QLQLHMV]HJRRSUDFRZDQLD]RESNW,,

8F]HVWQLFWZRZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHM

ZSRGHMPRZDQLXXFKZDáGRW\F]ąF\FK

]DU]ąGXQLHUXFKRPRĞFLąZVSyOQą

0$*'$/(1$'(1(.$

3DUWLFLSDWLRQRI&RRZQHUVRI6HSDUDWHG3UHPLVHVLQ3DVVLQJ5HVROXWLRQV

RQWKH0DQDJHPHQWRID&RPPRQ3URSHUW\

8 0DJGDOHQD'HQHND

W\F]ąF\FK]DU]ąGXQLHUXFKRPRĞFLąZVSyOQąZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOHQLHUXFKRPRĞFLOR- NDORZHMG\VSRQXMąMHGQ\PZVSyOQ\PJáRVHPF]\WHĪJáRVSU]\VáXJXMHNDĪGHPX

]QLFKLQG\ZLGXDOQLH

II

=JRGQLH]RERZLą]XMąFąZSUDZLHSROVNLP]DVDGąVXSHUILFLHVVRORFHGLWZ\- UDĪRQą Z SU]HSLVDFK DUW  L  NF ZV]\VWNR WR FR ]RVWDáR WUZDOH ] JUXQ- WHP]ZLą]DQHZVSRVyEQDWXUDOQ\OXEV]WXF]Q\MHVWF]ĊĞFLąVNáDGRZąWHJRJUXQ- WXLG]LHOLMHJRORVSUDZQ\^-HGQ\P]Z\MąWNyZRGSRZRáDQHM]DVDG\MHVWLQVW\WX- FMDRGUĊEQHMZáDVQRĞFLORNDOLXQRUPRZDQDZSU]HSLVDFKXVWDZ\RZáDVQRĞFLOR- NDOL,QVW\WXFMDRNWyUHMPRZDXPRĪOLZLDXVWDQRZLHQLHRGUĊEQHMZáDVQRĞFLVD- PRG]LHOQHJRORNDOXPLHV]NDOQHJROXEORNDOXRLQQ\PSU]H]QDF]HQLXDUWXVW

XZO/RNDONWyU\SRGZ]JOĊGHPIL]\F]Q\PMHVWF]ĊĞFLąEXG\QNXWUZDOH]ZLą- ]DQHJR]JUXQWHPRGFKZLOLMHJRSUDZQHJRZ\RGUĊEQLHQLDZ\VWĊSXMHZREURFLH

F\ZLOQRSUDZQ\PMDNRQLHUXFKRPRĞüDUW†NF^

: UD]LH SUDZQHJR Z\RGUĊEQLHQLD ORNDOX RSUyF] QLHUXFKRPRĞFL ORNDORZHM

SRZVWDMHUyZQLHĪQLHUXFKRPRĞüZVSyOQDNWyUąVWDQRZLJUXQWRUD]F]ĊĞFLEXG\Q- NXLLQQHXU]ąG]HQLDQLHVáXĪąFHZ\áąF]QLHGRXĪ\WNXZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOLDUWXVW

XZO1LHUXFKRPRĞüZVSyOQDMHVWSU]HGPLRWHPSU]\PXVRZHMZVSyáZáDVQRĞFL

XáDPNRZHMZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOL⁶.DĪGHPXZáDĞFLFLHORZLORNDOXSU]\VáXJXMHZ\UD- ĪRQ\XáDPNLHPXG]LDáZHZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHMEĊGąF\SUD- ZHP]ZLą]DQ\P]RGUĊEQąZáDVQRĞFLąORNDOX=QLHVLHQLHZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLRNWy-

=RE+&LRFK+:LWF]DN=DVDGDVXSHUILFLHVVRORFHGLWZSUDZLHSROVNLPÄ5HMHQW´

QUVLQ7'\ERZVNL&]ĊĞFLVNáDGRZHU]HF]\Ä1RZH3UDZR´QUVLQ

(*QLHZHNPrawo rzeczoweV-,JQDWRZLF].6WHIDQLXNPrawo rzeczoweZ\G:DUV]DZD

VLQ0.XU\áRZLF]=DVDGDVXSHUILFLHVVRORFHGLWZUR]ZRMXKLVWRU\F]Q\P>Z@Obrót QLHUXFKRPRĞFLDPLZSUDNW\FHQRWDULDOQHM.UDNyZVLQ=MXG\NDWXU\]RERU]6ąGX1DM- Z\ĪV]HJR]PDMDURNX,,,&.1/(;QU

 =RE ( *QLHZHN Prawo rzeczowe V  ,GHP 1LHUXFKRPRĞü ZVSyOQD ZHGáXJ XVWDZ\

RZáDVQRĞFLORNDOLÄ.ZDUWDOQLN3UDZD3U\ZDWQHJR´QUV-,JQDWRZLF].RPHQWDU]GR

XVWDZ\RZáDVQRĞFLORNDOL:DUV]DZDVLQ-,JQDWRZLF].6WHIDQLXNPrawo rzeczowe

V01D]DU:áDVQRĞüORNDOL3RGVWDZRZH]DJDGQLHQLDF\ZLOQRSUDZQH/XEOLQVLQ

-3LVXOLĔVNL>Z@System prawa prywatnegoWV$'ROLZD3UDZRPLHV]NDQLRZH.RPHQ- tarzZ\G:DUV]DZDV±56WU]HOF]\N>Z@56WU]HOF]\N$7XUOHM:áDVQRĞüORNDOL«

V

6=RE('UR]G=DU]ąGQLHUXFKRPRĞFLąZVSyOQąZHGáXJXVWDZ\RZáDVQRĞFLORNDOLÄ5HMHQW´

QUV(*QLHZHNPrawo rzeczoweV,GHP1LHUXFKRPRĞüZVSyOQD«V

-,JQDWRZLF].RPHQWDU]«V-,JQDWRZLF].6WHIDQLXNPrawo rzeczoweV-3LVXOLĔ- VNL>Z@System prawa prywatnegoV01D]DU:áDVQRĞüORNDOL«VLQ$'ROLZD

3UDZRPLHV]NDQLRZH«V±56WU]HOF]\N>Z@56WU]HOF]\N$7XUOHM:áDVQRĞüORNDOL«

V±1DWHPDWZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLSU]\PXVRZHM]RE06\FKRZLF]2WDN]ZDQHMZVSyáZáDVQR- ĞFLSU]\PXVRZHMÄ3DĔVWZRL3UDZR´QUVLQ

8F]HVWQLFWZRZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHM

UHMPRZDMHVWQLHGRSXV]F]DOQHGRSyNLWUZDRGUĊEQDZáDVQRĞüORNDOLDUWXVW

XZO⁷

:áDĞFLFLHOH ORNDOL EĊGąF\ MHGQRF]HĞQLH ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHODPL QLHUXFKRPR- ĞFLZVSyOQHMXF]HVWQLF]ąZVSUDZRZDQLX]DU]ąGXWąQLHUXFKRPRĞFLą:SU]HSL- VDFKXVWDZ\RZáDVQRĞFLORNDOLSRMĊFLH]DU]ąGXQLHUXFKRPRĞFLąZVSyOQąQLH]R- VWDáR]GHILQLRZDQH:SLĞPLHQQLFWZLHLMXG\NDWXU]HZVND]DQHSRMĊFLHUR]XPLDQH

MHVWSRGREQLHMDNSRMĊFLH]DU]ąGXU]HF]ąZVSyOQąQDJUXQFLHSU]HSLVyZNRGHN- VXF\ZLOQHJRRZVSyáZáDVQRĞFL3U]\MPXMHVLĊ]DWHPĪH]DU]ąGQLHUXFKRPRĞFLą

ZVSyOQąSROHJDQDSRGHMPRZDQLXZV]HONLFKGHF\]MLLGRNRQ\ZDQLXZV]HONLHJR

URG]DMX F]\QQRĞFL IDNW\F]Q\FK SUDZQ\FK L SURFHVRZ\FK GRW\F]ąF\FK SU]HG- PLRWXZVSyOQHJRSUDZDNRQLHF]Q\FK]DUyZQRZWRNXQRUPDOQHMHNVSORDWDFMLMDN

LZV\WXDFMDFKQLHW\SRZ\FK⁸6SRVyE]DU]ąGXQLHUXFKRPRĞFLąZVSyOQąPRĪHE\ü

RNUHĞORQ\SU]H]VDP\FKZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOLZXPRZLHDUWXVWXZO:Z\- SDGNXJG\XPRZDQLH]RVWDáD]DZDUWDRERZLą]XMą]DVDG\]DU]ąGXSU]HZLG]LD- QHZXVWDZLHDUWXVWXZONWyUHVąRGPLHQQHGODW]ZPDá\FKLGXĪ\FK

ZVSyOQRWPLHV]NDQLRZ\FK

:W]ZPDá\FKZVSyOQRWDFKPLHV]NDQLRZ\FKF]\OLWDNLFKZNWyU\FKOLF]ED

ORNDOLZ\RGUĊEQLRQ\FKLQLHZ\RGUĊEQLRQ\FKQLHMHVWZLĊNV]DQLĪVLHGHPGR]D- U]ąGXQLHUXFKRPRĞFLąZVSyOQąRGSRZLHGQLRVWRVXMHVLĊSU]HSLV\NRGHNVXF\ZLO-

73U]HSLVDUWXVW]GXZOVWDQRZLĪHQLHPRĪQDĪąGDü]QLHVLHQLDZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLQLH- UXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHMGRSyNLWUZDRGUĊEQDZáDVQRĞüORNDOL-Ċ]\NRZDZ\NáDGQLDSRZRáDQHJRSU]H- SLVXPRJáDE\]DWHPSURZDG]LüGRZQLRVNX]JRGQLH]NWyU\PQLHGRSXV]F]DOQHMHVWMHG\QLHVąGR- ZH]QLHVLHQLHZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHM:QDXFHSUDZDF\ZLOQHJRWUDIQLHMHGQDN

SRGQLHVLRQRĪHWDNDLQWHUSUHWDFMDQLHE\áDE\X]DVDGQLRQD1LHUXFKRPRĞüZVSyOQDVáXĪ\]DSHZQLH- QLXSUDZLGáRZHJRNRU]\VWDQLD]Z\RGUĊEQLRQ\FKORNDOL=WHMSU]\F]\Q\Z\NOXF]RQHMHVW]QLHVLH- QLHZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHM]DUyZQRQDSRGVWDZLHRU]HF]HQLDVąGXMDNLQDSRG- VWDZLHXPRZ\]DZDUWHMSU]H]ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOL=RE('UR]G=DU]ąGQLHUXFKRPRĞFLą«V

-3LVXOLĔVNL>Z@System prawa prywatnegoV$'ROLZD3UDZRPLHV]NDQLRZH«V±

8=RE-3LVXOLĔVNL>Z@System prawa prywatnegoV$'ROLZD3UDZRPLHV]NDQLRZH«

VLQ$7XUOHM>Z@56WU]HOF]\N$7XUOHM:áDVQRĞüORNDOL«VLQ01D]DU:áD- VQRĞüORNDOL«VLQ:NZHVWLLSRMĊFLD]DU]ąGXU]HF]ąZVSyOQąQDWOHSU]HSLVyZNRGHNVXF\ZLO- QHJRRZVSyáZáDVQRĞFL]REZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL-,JQDWRZLF]>Z@.RGHNVF\ZLOQ\.RPHQWDU]SRG

UHG-,JQDWRZLF]D-3LHWU]\NRZVNLHJRW:DUV]DZDV-,JQDWRZLF].6WHIDQLXN

Prawo rzeczoweV±(*QLHZHN>Z@System prawa prywatnegoWPrawo rzeczowe

SRGUHG7'\ERZVNLHJRZ\G:DUV]DZDV,GHPPrawo rzeczoweV=.1R- ZDNRZVNL>Z@6\VWHPSUDZDF\ZLOQHJRW3UDZRZáDVQRĞFLLLQQHSUDZDU]HF]RZHSRGUHG

- ,JQDWRZLF]D:URFáDZ  V $ .DUQLFND.DZF]\ĔVND - .DZF]\ĔVNL =DU]ąG ZVSyO- QąU]HF]ąQDJUXQFLHSU]HSLVyZNRGHNVXF\ZLOQHJRÄ3UDZR6SyáHN´QUV08OLDV]

&]\QQRĞFL SU]HNUDF]DMąFH ]DNUHV ]Z\NáHJR ]DU]ąGX F] , Ä0RQLWRU 3UDZQLF]\´  QU 

V±=MXG\NDWXU\]RERU]6ąGX1DMZ\ĪV]HJR]NZLHWQLDURNX,,,&=3

Ä2U]HF]QLFWZR6ąGX1DMZ\ĪV]HJR,]ED&\ZLOQD´QU±SR]]PDUFDURNX

,,,&=3Ä2U]HF]QLFWZR6ąGX1DMZ\ĪV]HJR,]ED&\ZLOQD´QU±SR]]SDĨ- G]LHUQLND  URNX ,, &.1  Ä2U]HF]QLFWZR 6ąGX 1DMZ\ĪV]HJR ,]ED &\ZLOQD´ 

QUSR]

 0DJGDOHQD'HQHND

QHJRLNRGHNVXSRVWĊSRZDQLDF\ZLOQHJRRZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLDUWXZO2]QD- F]DWRĪH]DU]ąGMHVWZ\NRQ\ZDQ\SU]H]ZV]\VWNLFKZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOL]NWyU\FK

NDĪG\PRĪHXF]HVWQLF]\üZSRGHMPRZDQLXGHF\]MLGRW\F]ąF\FKF]\QQRĞFL]DU]ą- GXRUD]PRĪHWDNLFKF]\QQRĞFLGRNRQ\ZDü:HZVND]DQ\PV\VWHPLHRNUHĞOD- Q\PPLDQHP]DU]ąGXEH]SRĞUHGQLHJR^LVWRWQH]QDF]HQLHPDSRG]LDáF]\QQRĞFL

]DU]ąGXQDF]\QQRĞFL]Z\NáHJR]DU]ąGXRUD]F]\QQRĞFLSU]HNUDF]DMąFH]Z\Ná\

]DU]ąGNWyUHSRGGDQH]RVWDá\LQQHPXUHĪLPRZLSUDZQHPX'RF]\QQRĞFL]Z\- NáHJR]DU]ąGXSRWU]HEQDMHVW]JRGDZLĊNV]RĞFLZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLREOLF]RQDZH- GáXJZLHONRĞFLLFKXG]LDáyZZQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHMDUWLNFZ]Z

] DUW  XZO F]\QQRĞFL SU]HNUDF]DMąFH ]Z\Ná\ ]DU]ąG Z\PDJDMą ]DĞ ]JRG\

ZV]\VWNLFKZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLDUWNFZ]Z]DUWXZO^

=NROHLZW]ZGXĪ\FKZVSyOQRWDFKPLHV]NDQLRZ\FKW]QREHMPXMąF\FKZLĊ- FHMQLĪVLHGHPORNDOLZ\RGUĊEQLRQ\FKLQLHZ\RGUĊEQLRQ\FK]DU]ąGQLHUXFKRPR- ĞFLąZVSyOQąVSUDZXMHMHGQRRVRERZ\OXENLONXRVRERZ\]DU]ąGZVSyOQRW\PLHV]- NDQLRZHMZ\EUDQ\SU]H]ZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOLZGURG]HXFKZDá\DUWLQXZO^

:áDĞFLFLHOHORNDOLVDPRG]LHOQLHQLHGRNRQXMąF]\QQRĞFL]DU]ąGXQLHUXFKRPRĞFLą

ZVSyOQąSRGHMPXMąQDWRPLDVWXFKZDá\ZVSUDZDFK]W\P]DU]ąGHP]ZLą]DQ\FK

DUWXVWDUWXVWDUWXVWDUWDXZO8FKZDá\RNWyU\FK

PRZD]DSDGDMąZLĊNV]RĞFLąJáRVyZOLF]RQąZHGáXJZLHONRĞFLXG]LDáyZSU]\VáX- JXMąF\FKZáDĞFLFLHORPORNDOLZHZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHMDUW

XVWLQSULQFLSLRXZO:Z\SDGNDFKZVND]DQ\FKZSU]HSLVDFKDUWXVW

LQILQHXZOLDUWXVWDXZOPRĪQDMHGQDNZSURZDG]LüJáRVRZDQLH]JRGQLH

]UHJXáąĪHQDNDĪGHJRZáDĞFLFLHODORNDOXSU]\SDGDMHGHQJáRV^

 =RE - ,JQDWRZLF] .RPHQWDU]« V  L Q - ,JQDWRZLF] . 6WHIDQLXN Prawo rzeczo- weV(*QLHZHNPrawo rzeczoweVLQ-3LVXOLĔVNL>Z@System prawa prywatnego

V01D]DU:áDVQRĞüORNDOLVLQ5']LF]HN:áDVQRĞüORNDOL.RPHQWDU]:]RU\SR- ]ZyZLZQLRVNyZVąGRZ\FKZ\G:DUV]DZDVLQ

=REZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL-,JQDWRZLF].RPHQWDU]«V±-,JQDWRZLF].6WHIDQLXN

Prawo rzeczoweV-3LVXOLĔVNL>Z@System prawa prywatnegoV01D]DU:áDVQRĞü

ORNDOLV±$'ROLZD3UDZRPLHV]NDQLRZH«V5']LF]HNRSFLWV$7XUOHM

>Z@56WU]HOF]\N$7XUOHM:áDVQRĞüORNDOL«V

:NZHVWLLSRG]LDáXF]\QQRĞFL]DU]ąGXQDF]\QQRĞFL]Z\NáHJR]DU]ąGXLF]\QQRĞFLSU]HNUD- F]DMąFH]DNUHV]Z\NáHJR]DU]ąGXQDJUXQFLHSU]HSLVyZNRGHNVXF\ZLOQHJRRZVSyáZáDVQRĞFL]RE

ZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL-,JQDWRZLF]>Z@.RGHNVF\ZLOQ\«VLQ-,JQDWRZLF].6WHIDQLXNPra- wo rzeczoweV±(*QLHZHN>Z@System prawa prywatnegoWV±=.1R- ZDNRZVNL>Z@6\VWHPSUDZDF\ZLOQHJRV±$.DUQLFND.DZF]\ĔVND-.DZF]\ĔVNL

:VSyáZáDVQRĞüMDNRV]F]HJyOQDIRUPDZáDVQRĞFL3UREOHPDW\NDLZ]RU\SLVPZ\G:DUV]DZD

VLQ08OLDV]&]\QQRĞFLSU]HNUDF]DMąFH]DNUHV]Z\NáHJR]DU]ąGX«VLQ

1DWHPDW]DU]ąGXZVSyOQRW\PLHV]NDQLRZHM]REZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL-3LVXOLĔVNL>Z@Sys- tem prawa prywatnegoVLQ$7XUOHM>Z@56WU]HOF]\N$7XUOHM:áDVQRĞüORNDOL«V

LQ-.R]LĔVND6WDWXVSUDZQ\]DU]ąGXZVSyOQRW\PLHV]NDQLRZHM±]DJDGQLHQLDZ\EUDQHÄ5HMHQW´

QUVLQ

:NZHVWLLJáRVRZDQLDZHGáXJ]DVDG\ÄMHGHQZáDĞFLFLHO±MHGHQJáRV´]REZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL

-3LVXOLĔVNL>Z@System prawa prywatnegoVLQ$'ROLZD3UDZRPLHV]NDQLRZH«VLQ



8F]HVWQLFWZRZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHM

-DNZVSRPQLDQRSU]HSLV\XVWDZ\RZáDVQRĞFLORNDOLQLHUR]VWU]\JDMąNZH- VWLLF]\SU]\SRGHMPRZDQLXXFKZDáZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOLZW]ZGXĪ\FKZVSyOQRWDFK

PLHV]NDQLRZ\FKNDĪG\]HZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHMPRĪHJáR- VRZDüLQG\ZLGXDOQLHD]DWHPQLH]DOHĪQLHRGWHJRMDNLHVWDQRZLVNRZWHMVDPHM

VSUDZLH]DMPXMąLQQLZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOHORNDOXF]\WHĪPRĪHZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOHQLH- UXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHMG\VSRQXMąMHGQ\PZVSyOQ\PJáRVHP]RESNW,1DOHĪ\

SU]\W\P]DXZDĪ\üĪHSRGREQ\SUREOHPZ\VWĊSXMHZW]ZPDá\FKZVSyOQRWDFK

PLHV]NDQLRZ\FK1LHMHVWPLDQRZLFLHMDVQHF]\]JRGĊQDGRNRQDQLHF]\QQRĞFL

]Z\NáHJR]DU]ąGXOXEF]\QQRĞFLSU]HNUDF]DMąFHM]Z\Ná\]DU]ąGQLHUXFKRPRĞFLą

ZVSyOQąDUWLNFZ]Z]DUWXZOZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOHQLHUXFKRPR- ĞFLORNDORZHMSRZLQQLZ\UD]LüRGUĊEQLHF]\PXV]ąVLĊMHGQDNSRUR]XPLHüLQD- VWĊSQLHSRGMĊWąZVSyOQLHGHF\]MĊ]DNRPXQLNRZDüSR]RVWDá\PZáDĞFLFLHORPZ\- RGUĊEQLRQ\FKORNDOL

'DOV]H XVWDOHQLD ]RVWDQą SRĞZLĊFRQH XF]HVWQLFWZX ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOL QLHUX- FKRPRĞFLORNDORZHMZSRGHMPRZDQLXXFKZDáGRW\F]ąF\FK]DU]ąGXQLHUXFKRPR- ĞFLąZVSyOQąZW]ZGXĪ\FKZVSyOQRWDFKPLHV]NDQLRZ\FK]W\P]DVWU]HĪHQLHP

ĪHPRĪQDMHRGSRZLHGQLRRGQLHĞüGRZ\UDĪHQLDSU]H]ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLQLHUXFKR- PRĞFLORNDORZHM]JRG\QDF]\QQRĞFL]Z\NáHJR]DU]ąGXLF]\QQRĞFLSU]HNUDF]DMą- FH]Z\Ná\]DU]ąGZW]ZPDá\FKZVSyOQRWDFKPLHV]NDQLRZ\FK

5R]VWU]\JQLĊFLHSU]HGVWDZLRQHJRSRZ\ĪHM]DJDGQLHQLDZ\PDJDMDNVLĊZ\- GDMHXZ]JOĊGQLHQLDXQRUPRZDĔXVWDZ\RZáDVQRĞFLORNDOLRGQRV]ąF\FKVLĊGR

]ZLą]NXPLĊG]\SUDZHPRGUĊEQHMZáDVQRĞFLORNDOXDXG]LDáHPZHZVSyáZáDVQR- ĞFLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHMDWDNĪHXQRUPRZDĔNRGHNVXF\ZLOQHJRRZVSyáZáD- VQRĞFL

III

=JRGQLH]SRZRá\ZDQ\PMXĪSU]HSLVHPDUWXVWXZOXG]LDáZQLHUX- FKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHMMHVWSUDZHP]ZLą]DQ\P]ZáDVQRĞFLąORNDOX3UDZR]ZLą]D- QHWRWDNLHNWyUHPRĪHSU]\VáXJLZDüMHG\QLHSRGPLRWRZLLQQHJRSUDZDRNUHĞOD- QHJRMDNRSUDZRJáyZQH^.RQVHNZHQFMąWDNXNV]WDáWRZDQHMZLĊ]LPLĊG]\SUD-

$ 7XUOHM >Z@ 5 6WU]HOF]\N$ 7XUOHM :áDVQRĞü ORNDOL« V  L Q 0 =LĊED Ustawowy za- U]ąGQLHUXFKRPRĞFLąZVSyOQąZGXĪ\FKZVSyOQRWDFKPLHV]NDQLRZ\FK2FHQDLVWQLHMąF\FKUR]ZLą- ]DĔQDWOHSU]\MĊWHMSU]H]SROVNLHJRXVWDZRGDZFĊNRQFHSFMLRFKURQ\ZáDĞFLFLHOLPQLHMV]RĞFLRZ\FK

6XJHVWLHGHOHJHIHUHQGDÄ5HMHQW´QUVLQ=MXG\NDWXU\]RERU]6ąGX1DMZ\ĪV]H- JR]NZLHWQLDURNX,,&6.Ä2U]HF]QLFWZR6ąGX1DMZ\ĪV]HJR,]ED&\ZLOQD´

QUSR]

=RE6*U]\ERZVNL>Z@System SUDZDF\ZLOQHJRW&]ĊĞüRJyOQDSRGUHG6*U]\- ERZVNLHJR:URFáDZV03\]LDN6]DIQLFND>Z@System prawa prywatnegoWPra- ZRF\ZLOQH±F]ĊĞüRJyOQD SRGUHG06DIMDQD:DUV]DZDV=5DGZDĔVNL$2OHM- QLF]DN3UDZRF\ZLOQH±F]ĊĞüRJyOQDZ\G:DUV]DZDV$:ROWHU-,JQDWRZLF]

.6WHIDQLXN3UDZRF\ZLOQH=DU\VF]ĊĞFLRJyOQHMZ\G]P:DUV]DZDV

 0DJGDOHQD'HQHND

ZDPLMHVWWRĪHSUDZR]ZLą]DQHPRĪHE\üSU]HGPLRWHPREURWXW\ONRáąF]QLH]SUD- ZHPJáyZQ\PG]LHOL]DWHPMHJRORVSUDZQ\^=DOHĪQRĞüLVWQLHMąFDPLĊG]\SUD- ZHPJáyZQ\PDSUDZHP]ZLą]DQ\PVZyMQRUPDW\ZQ\Z\UD]]QDMGXMHZV]F]H- JyOQRĞFLZSU]HSLVLHDUWNFZHGáXJNWyUHJR]DF]ĊĞFLVNáDGRZHQLHUXFKRPR- ĞFLXZDĪDVLĊWDNĪHSUDZD]ZLą]DQH]MHMZáDVQRĞFLą=SU]HSLVXWHJRZ\QLNDĪH

]ZLą]DQLHMDNLHJRĞSUDZDSRGPLRWRZHJR]SUDZHPZáDVQRĞFLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLSR- ZRGXMHLĪZ]DNUHVLHZVND]DQ\PZSU]HSLVLHDUW†NFSUDZDWHVąWUDNWRZD- QHMDNRMHGQDQLHUR]HUZDOQDFDáRĞü2]QDF]DWRĪHSUDZR]ZLą]DQHPLPRLĪQLH

XOHJDDEVRUSFMLSU]H]SUDZRJáyZQHLQLHWUDFLVZRMHJRE\WXSUDZQHJRVWDQRZLHOH- PHQWVNáDGRZ\ZVSRPQLDQHMZ\ĪHMFDáRĞFLGRNWyUHMVWRVXMHVLĊQRUPĊZ\UDĪRQą

ZSU]HSLVLHDUW†NF1RUPDWD]DND]XMH]DĞGRNRQ\ZDQLDRVREQ\FKF]\QQRĞFL

UR]SRU]ąG]DMąF\FKNWyU\FKSU]HGPLRWHPE\á\E\SRV]F]HJyOQHSUDZDSRGPLRWRZH

MXU\G\F]QLH]ZLą]DQH]LQQ\PLSUDZDPLSRGPLRWRZ\PL^1DOHĪ\MHGQDN]DXZD- Ī\üĪHZLĊĨLVWQLHMąFDPLĊG]\SUDZHPJáyZQ\PDSUDZHP]ZLą]DQ\PQLHSU]H- MDZLDVLĊZW\PLĪSUDZRJáyZQHQLHPRĪHLVWQLHüEH]SUDZD]QLP]ZLą]DQHJR^

1D WOH XQRUPRZDQLD ]DZDUWHJR Z SU]HSLVLH DUW  XVW  ]G  XZO WUDI- QLHSRGQRVLVLĊZSLĞPLHQQLFWZLHĪH]ZLą]HNPLĊG]\SUDZHPZáDVQRĞFLORND- OXDXG]LDáHPZQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHMMHVWQLHW\SRZ\3UDZDRNWyU\FKPRZD

QLHPRJąERZLHPLVWQLHüVDPRG]LHOQLH^3U]\MĊWDSU]H]XVWDZRGDZFĊZ]DMHPQD

]DOHĪQRĞüREXSUDZZ\QLND]IXQNFMLZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHM

3ROHJDRQDQD]DSHZQLHQLXZáDĞFLFLHORPZ\RGUĊEQLRQ\FKORNDOLXSUDZQLHQLDGR

NRU]\VWDQLD]JUXQWXLEXG\QNXEH]NWyUHJRZ\NRQ\ZDQLHDWU\EXWyZSUDZDZáD- VQRĞFLORNDOXWMXSUDZQLHQLDGRSRVLDGDQLDQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHMLNRU]\VWD- QLD]QLHMDUWNFQLHE\áRE\PRĪOLZH^

=RE6*U]\ERZVNL>Z@6\VWHPSUDZDF\ZLOQHJRWV03\]LDN6]DIQLFND>Z@

System prawa prywatnegoV=5DGZDĔVNL$2OHMQLF]DN3UDZRF\ZLOQH«V$:ROWHU

-,JQDWRZLF].6WHIDQLXN3UDZRF\ZLOQH«V

=RE=5DGZDĔVNL)XQNFMDVSRáHF]QDWUHĞüLFKDUDNWHUSUDZQ\RGUĊEQHMZáDVQRĞFLORNDOL

Ä6WXGLD&\ZLOLVW\F]QH´W;,V±

=RE,ELGHPV

=RE01D]DU:áDVQRĞüORNDOLVLQ7DNWHĪQDWOHQLHRERZLą]XMąF\FKMXĪSU]HSLVyZ

NRGHNVX F\ZLOQHJR R ZáDVQRĞFL ORNDOL SLVDá = 5DGZDĔVNL )XQNFMD VSRáHF]QD WUHĞü L FKDUDNWHU

SUDZQ\RGUĊEQHMZáDVQRĞFLORNDOLVLQ

=RE-3LVXOLĔVNL>Z@System prawa prywatnegoV$'ROLZD3UDZRPLHV]NDQLR- ZH« V  ,GHP 2 IXQNFMDFK QLHUXFKRPRĞFL ZVSyOQHM L ZVSyOQRW\ PLHV]NDQLRZHM QD JUXQFLH

XVWDZ\RZáDVQRĞFLORNDOL>Z@=]DJDGQLHĔSUDZDUROQHJRF\ZLOQHJRLVDPRU]ąGXWHU\WRULDOQH- JR.VLĊJDMXELOHXV]RZD3URIHVRUD6WDQLVáDZD3UXWLVDSRGUHG-%LHOXND>HWDO@%LDá\VWRN

V56WU]HOF]\N>Z@56WU]HOF]\N$7XUOHM:áDVQRĞüORNDOL«V2NRQFHSFMDFKMXU\- G\F]QHJRSRZLą]DQLDZáDVQRĞFLZ\RGUĊEQLRQHJRORNDOX]SUDZHPGRSR]RVWDá\FKF]ĊĞFLEXG\QNX

RUD]JUXQWXSRGW\PEXG\QNLHP]RE=5DGZDĔVNL)XQNFMDVSRáHF]QDWUHĞüLFKDUDNWHUSUDZQ\

RGUĊEQHMZáDVQRĞFLORNDOLVLQ(*QLHZHN:áDVQRĞüRVRELVWDORNDOLPLHV]NDOQ\FKZSUDZLH

SROVNLP:URFáDZVLQ-3LVXOLĔVNL>Z@System prawa prywatnegoV56WU]HO- F]\N>Z@56WU]HOF]\N$7XUOHM:áDVQRĞüORNDOL«VLQ



8F]HVWQLFWZRZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHM

6]F]HJyOQ\FKDUDNWHUZLĊ]LPLĊG]\Z\PLHQLRQ\PLSUDZDPLQLH]PLHQLDMDN

VLĊZ\GDMHMHM]DVDGQLF]HMNRQVWUXNFMLZNWyUHMSUDZHPJáyZQ\PMHVWZáDVQRĞü

ORNDOXDSUDZHP]ZLą]DQ\P±XG]LDáZQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHM²⁰7DNLZQLRVHN

LQWHUSUHWDF\MQ\X]DVDGQLDQLHW\ONREU]PLHQLHSU]HSLVXDUWXVWXZODOHWDN- ĪHIXQNFMDRGUĊEQHMZáDVQRĞFLORNDOL-DNMXĪZF]HĞQLHMZVND]DQRLQVW\WXFMDWD

SR]ZDODQDSUDZQHZ\RGUĊEQLHQLHORNDOXZ\UDĪDMąFHVLĊZW\PĪHORNDONWyU\

SRGZ]JOĊGHPIL]\F]Q\PVWDQRZLF]ĊĞüEXG\QNXZREURFLHSUDZQ\PZ\VWĊSX- MHMDNRQLHUXFKRPRĞü]RESNW,,']LĊNLWHPXORNDOPRĪHE\üRGUĊEQ\PSU]HG- PLRWHP SUDZ U]HF]RZ\FK SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP SUDZD ZáDVQRĞFL^ 1D SRGVWDZLH

XQRUPRZDĔXVWDZ\RZáDVQRĞFLORNDOLPRĪQDVWZLHUG]LüĪHSUDZQHZ\RGUĊEQLH- QLHORNDOLQDVWĊSXMHZáDĞQLHZFHOXQDE\FLDSUDZDZáDVQRĞFL²²3RZVWDQLHQLHUX- FKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHMREMĊWHMZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLąZF]ĊĞFLDFKXáDPNRZ\FKZáDĞFLFLH- OLORNDOLMHVWZWyUQHZREHFSRZVWDQLDRGUĊEQHMZáDVQRĞFLORNDOLLSRG\NWRZDQH

NRQLHF]QRĞFLąXPRĪOLZLHQLDZáDĞFLFLHORPORNDOLZ\NRQ\ZDQLDSUDZDZáDVQRĞFL

QLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHM^

IV

3UDZQLHZ\RGUĊEQLRQ\ORNDOPRĪHE\üSU]HGPLRWHPZVSyáZáDVQRĞFL:Z\- SDGNXRNWyU\PPRZDVWRVXMHVLĊSU]HSLV\NRGHNVXF\ZLOQHJRRZVSyáZáDVQR- ĞFL^=QRUP\Z\UDĪRQHMZSU]HSLVLHDUWNFZ\QLNDĪHZVSyáZáDVQRĞüFKD-

20 =RE ( *QLHZHN 1LHUXFKRPRĞü ZVSyOQD ZHGáXJ XVWDZ\« V  0 1D]DU :áDVQRĞü

ORNDOL V $ 'ROLZD 3UDZR PLHV]NDQLRZH« V   ,GHP 2 IXQNFMDFK QLHUXFKRPRĞFL

ZVSyOQHM«VLQ0:DWUDNLHZLF]1LHUXFKRPRĞüZVSyOQDZHGáXJXVWDZ\RZáDVQRĞFLORND- OLÄ.ZDUWDOQLN3UDZD3U\ZDWQHJR´QUV±1DOHĪ\]DXZDĪ\üĪHZSLĞPLHQQLFWZLH

VIRUPXáRZDQRWDNĪHSRJOąGRGPLHQQ\ZHGáXJNWyUHJR]XG]LDáHPZQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHMMHVW

]ZLą]DQDZáDVQRĞüORNDOX=RE-6NąSVNL:áDVQRĞüORNDOLZĞZLHWOHXVWDZ\]F]HUZFDU

Ä.ZDUWDOQLN3UDZD3U\ZDWQHJR´QUV3U]HGVWDZLRQRUyZQLHĪVWDQRZLVNR]JRGQLH

]NWyU\PNZHVWLD]ZLą]NXSUDZDZáDVQRĞFLORNDOXLXG]LDáXZQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHMPRĪHE\ü

G\VNXV\MQD8QRUPRZDQLDXVWDZ\RZáDVQRĞFLORNDOLQLHSU]HVąG]DMąĪHSUDZRZáDVQRĞFLORNDOX

MHVWSUDZHPJáyZQ\PPLPRLĪUHSUH]HQWXMHZREURFLHZLĊNV]ąZDUWRĞü-HĞOLERZLHP]QLV]F]H- QLXXOHJQLHEXG\QHNXG]LDáZQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHMEĊG]LHLVWQLDáEH]SUDZDZáDVQRĞFLORNDOX

=NROHLZáDVQRĞüORNDOXQLHPRĪHSRZVWDüLLVWQLHüEH]XG]LDáXZHZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLJUXQWXLEXG\Q- NX=RE-3LVXOLĔVNL>Z@System prawa prywatnegoVLQ6SRWNDüPRĪQDWHĪ]DSDWU\ZDQLH

ZP\ĞONWyUHJRZáDVQRĞüZ\RGUĊEQLRQHJRORNDOXRUD]XG]LDáZQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHMWZRU]ąMHG- QRSUDZRSRGPLRWRZH=RE=5DGZDĔVNL)XQNFMDVSRáHF]QDWUHĞüLFKDUDNWHUSUDZQ\RGUĊEQHM

ZáDVQRĞFLORNDOLVLQ2VWDWQLD]Z\PLHQLRQ\FKNRQFHSFMLSRGGDQD]RVWDáDMHGQDNNU\W\FH=RE

-3LVXOLĔVNL>Z@System prawa prywatnegoVLQ

=REZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL=5DGZDĔVNL)XQNFMDVSRáHF]QDWUHĞüLFKDUDNWHUSUDZQ\RGUĊEQHM

ZáDVQRĞFLORNDOLVLQ-3LVXOLĔVNL>Z@System prawa prywatnegoV

227DNWUDIQLHVWZLHUG]D0:DWUDNLHZLF]1LHUXFKRPRĞü«V

2GPLHQQLH-6NąSVNL:áDVQRĞüORNDOLZĞZLHWOHXVWDZ\]F]HUZFDUV

=RE-,JQDWRZLF].RPHQWDU]«V01D]DU:áDVQRĞüORNDOLV$'ROLZDPra- ZRPLHV]NDQLRZH«V56WU]HOF]\N>Z@56WU]HOF]\N$7XUOHM:áDVQRĞüORNDOL«V

 0DJGDOHQD'HQHND

UDNWHU\]XMą WU]\ FHFK\ MHGQRĞü SU]HGPLRWX ZLHORĞü SRGPLRWyZ L QLHSRG]LHO- QRĞü ZVSyOQHJR SUDZD 3LHUZV]D ] Z\PLHQLRQ\FK FHFK R]QDF]D ĪH SU]HGPLR- WHPZVSyOQHJRSUDZDMHVWMHGQDU]HF]ZUR]XPLHQLXSU]HSLVXDUWNF:LHORĞü

SRGPLRWyZSROHJDQDW\PĪHZVSyOQHSUDZRSU]\VáXJXMHMHGQRF]HĞQLHZLHOXFR

QDMPQLHMGZyPRGUĊEQ\PSRGPLRWRP=NROHLQLHSRG]LHOQRĞüZVSyOQHJRSUDZD

SU]HMDZLDVLĊZW\PĪHPLPRZLHORĞFLSRGPLRWyZSUDZRZáDVQRĞFLQLHSRGOHJD

SRG]LDáRZLZHGáXJMDNLFKNROZLHNNU\WHULyZZV]F]HJyOQRĞFLĪDGQHPX]HZVSyá- ZáDĞFLFLHOLQLHSU]\VáXJXMąQD]DVDG]LHZ\áąF]QRĞFLRNUHĞORQHDWU\EXW\SUDZDZáD- VQRĞFLĩDGHQ]QLFKQLHPDUyZQLHĪVNXWHF]QHJRZREHFLQQ\FKZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOL

LZREHFRVyEWU]HFLFKSUDZDGRIL]\F]QLHZ\G]LHORQHMF]ĊĞFLU]HF]\JG\Ī]DUyZQR

FDáDU]HF]MDNLNDĪGDMHMF]ĊĞüVNáDGRZDQDOHĪ\GRZV]\VWNLFKZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOL^ :VND]DQD SRZ\ĪHM W\SRZD NRQVWUXNFMD ZVSyáZáDVQRĞFL XOHJD VNRPSOLNR- ZDQLX Z V\WXDFML JG\ SU]HGPLRWHP ZVSyáZáDVQRĞFL MHVW QLHUXFKRPRĞü ORNDOR- ZD=XZDJLQDSU]HGVWDZLRQąZHZF]HĞQLHMV]\FKUR]ZDĪDQLDFKMXU\G\F]QąZLĊĨ

PLĊG]\ SUDZHP ZáDVQRĞFL ORNDOX D XG]LDáHP Z QLHUXFKRPRĞFL ZVSyOQHM ]RE

SNW,,,ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOHQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHMVąWDNĪHZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHODPL

QLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHM8G]LDáZQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHMNWyU\XZDĪDVLĊ]D

F]ĊĞüVNáDGRZąQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHMDUWNFQLHLVWQLHMHMHGQDNZRGH- UZDQLXRGZ\RGUĊEQLRQHJRORNDOX²⁶3U]\VáXJXMH]DWHPZV]\VWNLPZVSyáZáDĞFL- FLHORP QLHUXFKRPRĞFL ORNDORZHM GODWHJR ĪH Vą SRGPLRWDPL ZVSyOQHJR QLHSR- G]LHOQHJRSUDZDRGUĊEQHMZáDVQRĞFLORNDOX²⁷:REHFWHJRXZ]JOĊGQLDMąFXQRU- PRZDQLH]DZDUWHZSU]HSLVLHDUWNFQDOHĪ\SU]\MąüĪHZDQDOL]RZDQ\P

SU]\SDGNXQLHSRG]LHOQRĞüRGQRVLVLĊ]DUyZQRGRSUDZDZáDVQRĞFLQLHUXFKRPRĞFL

ORNDORZHMMDNL]ZLą]DQHJR]QLPXG]LDáXZQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHM²⁸

V

:VSyáZáDVQRĞüQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHMMHVWDOERZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLąZF]Ċ- ĞFLDFKXáDPNRZ\FKDOERZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLąáąF]QąDUW†NF^-HĪHOLQLH-

=REZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL(*QLHZHN>Z@System prawa prywatnegoWVLQ,GHPPra- ZRU]HF]RZH«VLQ-,JQDWRZLF]>Z@.RGHNVF\ZLOQ\«VLQ-,JQDWRZLF].6WHID- QLXNPrawo rzeczoweVLQ=.1RZDNRZVNL>Z@6\VWHPSUDZDF\ZLOQHJRVLQ

263RURU]6ąGX1DMZ\ĪV]HJR]OLVWRSDGDURNX,,&6./H[QU

27=RE01D]DU:áDVQRĞüORNDOLV3RUWDNĪH56WU]HOF]\N>Z@56WU]HOF]\N$7XU- OHM:áDVQRĞüORNDOL«V$'ROLZD2IXQNFMDFKQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHM«V

28:QLRVHNLQWHUSUHWDF\MQ\]ELHĪQ\]SU]\MĊW\PZQLQLHMV]\PRSUDFRZDQLXVIRUPXáRZDá6ąG

1DMZ\ĪV]\ZXFKZDOH]JUXGQLDURNX,,,&=3RU]HF]HQLHGRVWĊSQHMHVWQDVWURQLH

LQWHUQHWRZHM6ąGX1DMZ\ĪV]HJR

1DWHPDWUyĪQLFPLĊG]\ZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLąZF]ĊĞFLDFKXáDPNRZ\FKDZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLąáąF]- Qą]REZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL(*QLHZHN>Z@System prawa prywatnegoVLQ,GHP3UDZR«

VLQ-,JQDWRZLF]>Z@.RGHNV«VLQ-,JQDWRZLF].6WHIDQLXN3UDZR«VLQ

=.1RZDNRZVNL>Z@6\VWHPSUDZDF\ZLOQHJRWVLQ$:ąVLHZLF]3RZVWDQLHLVWRWD



8F]HVWQLFWZRZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHM

UXFKRPRĞü ORNDORZD MHVW SU]HGPLRWHP ZVSyáZáDVQRĞFL Z F]ĊĞFLDFK XáDPNR- Z\FKNDĪGHPX]HZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLSU]\VáXJXMHR]QDF]RQ\XáDPNLHPXG]LDáZH

ZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLWHMQLHUXFKRPRĞFL^:WDNLPZ\SDGNXPRĪOLZHMHVWÄUDFKXQNR- ZH´XVWDOHQLHZLHONRĞFLXG]LDáyZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOXZQLH- UXFKRPRĞFL ZVSyOQHM SU]H] SRPQRĪHQLH XáDPND Z\UDĪDMąFHJR XG]LDá GDQHJR

ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOD Z QLHUXFKRPRĞFL ORNDORZHM ] XáDPNLHP Z\]QDF]DMąF\P Z\- VRNRĞüXG]LDáXZQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHM]ZLą]DQHJR]QLHSRG]LHOQ\PSUDZHP

ZáDVQRĞFLORNDOX0RJáRE\VLĊZLĊFZ\GDZDüĪHZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOHQLHUXFKRPR- ĞFLORNDORZHMVDPRG]LHOQLHXF]HVWQLF]ąZSRGHMPRZDQLXXFKZDáZáDĞFLFLHOLOR- NDOLRSRZLDGDMąFVLĊ]DOXESU]HFLZXFKZDOHQLH]DOHĪQLHRGWHJRZMDNLVSRVyE

JáRVXMą LQQL ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOH ORNDOX :DJĊ JáRVX NDĪGHJR ]H ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOL

QLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHMZ\]QDF]DáDE\]DĞREOLF]RQDZRSLVDQ\SRZ\ĪHMVSRVyE

ZLHONRĞüMHJRXG]LDáXZQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHM

:QLRVHNLQWHUSUHWDF\MQ\RNWyU\PPRZDPRĪQDMHGQDNX]QDü]DQLH]DVDG- Q\.RQVWUXNFMĊZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLZF]ĊĞFLDFKXáDPNRZ\FKQDOHĪ\ERZLHPXMPR- ZDü]GZyFKUyĪQ\FKSHUVSHNW\Z3LHUZV]DWRSHUVSHNW\ZDRVyEWU]HFLFKZREHF

NWyU\FK ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOH Z\NRQXMą XSUDZQLHQLD REMĊWH WUHĞFLą LFK QLHSRG]LHO- QHJRSUDZDFRGR]DVDG\ZVSyOQLHQSXSUDZQLHQLHGRUR]SRU]ąG]DQLDZVSyO- QąU]HF]ąDUWNF^'UXJD]QLFKWRSHUVSHNW\ZDVDP\FKZVSyáZáDĞFLFLH- OLSRáąF]RQ\FKZLHORPDHOHPHQWDUQ\PLVWRVXQNDPLSUDZQ\PL^ZUDPDFKNWy- U\FKZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHORPSU]\VáXJXMąXSUDZQLHQLDVNXWHF]QHLZ\NRQ\ZDQHW\O- NRPLĊG]\QLPLQSXSUDZQLHQLHGRZVSyáSRVLDGDQLDU]HF]\ZVSyOQHMLNRU]\VWD- QLD]QLHMZ]DNUHVLHMDNLGDMHVLĊSRJRG]Lü]HZVSyáSRVLDGDQLHPLNRU]\VWDQLHP

]U]HF]\SU]H]SR]RVWDá\FKZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLDUWNF^

2GQRV]ąFSRZ\ĪV]HXVWDOHQLDGRV\WXDFMLJG\ZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLąZF]ĊĞFLDFK

XáDPNRZ\FKREMĊWDMHVWQLHUXFKRPRĞüORNDORZDPRĪQDVWZLHUG]LüĪHZ\QLND- MąFH]QLHSRG]LHOQHJRL]ZLą]DQHJR]RGUĊEQąZáDVQRĞFLąORNDOXXG]LDáXZQLH- UXFKRPRĞFL ZVSyOQHM XSUDZQLHQLH GR XF]HVWQLF]HQLD Z SRGHMPRZDQLX XFKZDá

ZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOLZW]ZGXĪ\FKZVSyOQRWDFKPLHV]NDQLRZ\FKQLHVWDQRZLHOH-

L]QLHVLHQLHZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLXáDPNRZHM3R]QDĔVLQ,GHP)RUP\ZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLLLFK

LVWRWDÄ1RZH3UDZR´QU±VLQ-:DVLONRZVNLZarys prawa rzeczowego:DU- V]DZDVLQ

=REZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL(*QLHZHN>Z@System prawa prywatnegoVLQ,GHPPrawo rzeczoweV-,JQDWRZLF]>Z@.RGHNVF\ZLOQ\«V-,JQDWRZLF].6WHIDQLXNPrawo rzeczoweV=.1RZDNRZVNL>Z@6\VWHPSUDZDF\ZLOQHJRV

-HG\QLH]PRF\V]F]HJyOQHJRXQRUPRZDQLD]DZDUWHJRZSU]HSLVLHDUWNFNDĪG\]H

ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLMHVWXSUDZQLRQ\GRVDPRG]LHOQHJRGRNRQ\ZDQLDZREHFRVyEWU]HFLFKW]ZF]\Q- QRĞFL]DFKRZDZF]\FK

3RU30DFKQLNRZVNL>Z@System prawa prywatnegoWV

3RUUR]ZDĪDQLD(*QLHZNDQDWHPDW]HZQĊWU]QHJRXMĊFLDZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLRUD]ZHZQĊWU]- Q\FKVWRVXQNyZPLĊG]\ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHODPLZUDPDFKNWyU\FKQDVWĊSXMHGRVWRVRZDQLHZ\NRQ\- ZDQLDSR]\W\ZQ\FKXSUDZQLHĔREMĊW\FKWUHĞFLąQLHSRG]LHOQLHSU]\VáXJXMąFHJRZLHOXSRGPLRWRP

SUDZDZáDVQRĞFL=RE(*QLHZHN>Z@System prawa prywatnegoVLQ

 0DJGDOHQD'HQHND

PHQWXREMĊWHJRWUHĞFLąVWRVXQNXÄZHZQĊWU]QHJR´ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOL8SUDZQLHQLH

RNWyU\PPRZDMHVWERZLHP]DZV]HZ\NRQ\ZDQHZREHFRVyEWU]HFLFKQLHEĊGą- F\FKSRGPLRWDPLZVSyOQHJRXG]LDáXZQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHM2]QDF]DWRĪH

ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOHQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHMSU]\SRGHMPRZDQLXXFKZDáGRW\F]ą- F\FK]DU]ąGXQLHUXFKRPRĞFLąZVSyOQąG\VSRQXMąMHGQ\PJáRVHPNWyUHJRZDJĊ

RNUHĞODZ\VRNRĞüLFKQLHSRG]LHOQHJRXG]LDáXZQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHM^ 1DOHĪ\ ]DXZDĪ\ü ĪH ZQLRVHN LQWHUSUHWDF\MQ\ ]ELHĪQ\ ] SU]HGVWDZLRQ\P

SRZ\ĪHM SUH]HQWRZDQ\ MHVW Z MXG\NDWXU]H^ 2GPLHQQ\ QDWRPLDVW SRJOąG ZH- GáXJ NWyUHJR NDĪG\ ]H ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOL QLHUXFKRPRĞFL ORNDORZHM LQG\ZLGXDO- QLHXF]HVWQLF]\ZSRGHMPRZDQLXXFKZDáZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOLVIRUPXáRZDQ\]RVWDá

ZSLĞPLHQQLFWZLH^3RGQLHVLRQRLĪSU]HPDZLD]DQLPEUDNVWRVXQNXRVRELVWH- JRáąF]ąFHJRZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLNWyU\Z\PDJDáE\RGQLFKZVSyáG]LDáDQLD^2]D- VDGQRĞFLZVND]DQHJRZQLRVNXĞZLDGF]\üPDUyZQLHĪRNROLF]QRĞüĪHZVSyáZáD- ĞFLFLHO QLHUXFKRPRĞFL ORNDORZHM MHVW ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOHP QLHUXFKRPRĞFL ZVSyO- QHM=WHJRW\WXáXSRZLQQ\PXSU]\VáXJLZDüWDNLHVDPHXSUDZQLHQLDMDNLHPDMą

LQQLF]áRQNRZLHZVSyOQRW\PLHV]NDQLRZHMZW\PXSUDZQLHQLHGRXF]HVWQLF]H- QLDZSRGHMPRZDQLXXFKZDáZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOL3RQDGWRRJUDQLF]HQLHWUHĞFLSUD- ZDZáDVQRĞFLOXERJUDQLF]HQLHZZ\NRQ\ZDQLXXSUDZQLHĔREMĊW\FKWUHĞFLąWHJR

SUDZDPXVLPLHüSRGVWDZĊSUDZQąZXQRUPRZDQLDFKXVWDZ\RZáDVQRĞFLORND- OLLNRGHNVXF\ZLOQHJRQLH]QDMGXMH]DĞX]DVDGQLHQLDWH]DĪHZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOHOR- NDOLG\VSRQXMąMHGQ\PZVSyOQ\PJáRVHP^

=ZUyFRQRWDNĪHXZDJĊQDSUDNW\F]QH]DOHW\UR]ZLą]DQLDRNWyU\PPRZD

:UD]LHQLHRVLąJQLĊFLDSU]H]ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOXSRUR]XPLHQLDFRGRVSRVREX

JáRVRZDQLDPXVLHOLE\RQLZ\VWąSLüGRVąGXRUR]VWU]\JQLĊFLHZWU\ELHSU]HSLVyZ

NRGHNVXF\ZLOQHJRR]DU]ąG]LHU]HF]ąZVSyOQą:V]F]ĊFLHL]DNRĔF]HQLHSRVWĊ- SRZDQLDVąGRZHJRZRNUHVLHRG]DZLDGRPLHQLDR]HEUDQLXZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOLGR

3RU01D]DU:áDVQRĞüORNDOLV3RGREQ\SRJOąGMDNVLĊZ\GDMHSUH]HQWXMH5']L- F]HNNWyU\SRGQRVLĪHVSHF\ILNDZáDVQRĞFLORNDOXEĊGąFHJRSUDZHPLQWHJUDOQLHLQLHUR]HUZDOQLH

]ZLą]DQ\P]XG]LDáHPZQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHMVNáDQLDGRZQLRVNXĪHZV]HONLHF]\QQRĞFLSU]H- NUDF]DMąFH ]DNUHV ]Z\NáHJR ]DU]ąGX QLHUXFKRPRĞFLą ZVSyOQą Z\PDJDMą MHGQROLWHJR VWDQRZLVND

ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLGDQHJRORNDOXOXEORNDOL=RE5']LF]HNRSFLWVLQ

=RERU]6ąGX1DMZ\ĪV]HJR]OLSFDURNX,,,&=3Ä2U]HF]QLFWZR6ąGX1DM- Z\ĪV]HJR,]ED&\ZLOQD´QUSR]RU]6ąGX$SHODF\MQHJRZ:DUV]DZLH]PDUFD

URNX9,$&D/H[QU=REWDNĪHGRVWĊSQąQDVWURQLHLQWHUQHWRZHM6ąGX1DMZ\Ī- V]HJRXFKZDáĊ6ąGX1DMZ\ĪV]HJR]JUXGQLDURNX,,,&=3

3RUD]SLHUZV]\SRJOąGRNWyU\PPRZDSU]HGVWDZLá-,JQDWRZLF]=RE-,JQDWRZLF].R- PHQWDU]«VLQ3RJOąGWHQ]RVWDá]DDNFHSWRZDQ\EH]]DVWU]HĪHĔSU]H]$*ROĊL-6XFKHFNLHJR

=RE$*ROD-6XFKHFNL1DMHPLZáDVQRĞüORNDOL3U]HSLV\LNRPHQWDU]Z\GUR]V]HU]:DUV]D- ZDV3RGREQHVWDQRZLVNR]RVWDáRSU]HGVWDZLRQHWDNĪHZQDMQRZV]HMOLWHUDWXU]HSU]HG- PLRWX =RE - 3LVXOLĔVNL >Z@ System prawa prywatnego V  % -DQLV]HZVND 8F]HVWQLFWZR

ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOLZJáRVRZDQLXQDGXFKZDáDPLÄ0RQLWRU3UDZQLF]\´QUVLQ

=RE-,JQDWRZLF].RPHQWDU]«V$*ROD-6XFKHFNLRSFLWV

=RE%-DQLV]HZVNDRSFLWVLQ



8F]HVWQLFWZRZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHM

QDGHMĞFLDWHUPLQXWHJR]HEUDQLDMHVWSUDNW\F]QLHQLHZ\NRQDOQH:NRQVHNZHQFML

ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOHQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHMQLHPRJOLE\XF]HVWQLF]\üZJáRVRZD- QLX^DMHG\QąGURJąXVXQLĊFLD]REURWXSUDZQHJRSRGMĊWHMEH]LFKXG]LDáXXFKZD- á\MHVWMHM]DVNDUĪHQLHZWU\ELHSU]HZLG]LDQ\PZSU]HSLVLHDUWXZO^-HGQR- F]HĞQLHSRGNUHĞORQRĪHSU]HGVWDZLRQ\VSRVyEJáRVRZDQLDSU]H]ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOL

QLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHMQLHZFKRG]LZUDFKXEĊZyZF]DVJG\XFKZDá\ZáDĞFL- FLHOLORNDOLSRGHMPRZDQHVąZP\ĞOUHJXá\ÄMHGHQZáDĞFLFLHO±MHGHQJáRV´:WD- NLHMV\WXDFMLZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHORPORNDOXSU]\VáXJXMHáąF]QLHMHGHQJáRVPXV]ą]D- WHPX]JRGQLüVZRMHVWDQRZLVNRZVSUDZLHNWyUHMGRW\F]\JáRVRZDQLH^

-DNVLĊZ\GDMHDUJXPHQW\SRZRá\ZDQHSU]H]]ZROHQQLNyZSRZ\ĪV]HMNRQ- FHSFMLPRĪQDNZHVWLRQRZDü3RSLHUZV]HEUDNSRZLą]DQLDVWRVXQNXZVSyáZáD- VQRĞFLXáDPNRZHMQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHM]LQQ\PVWRVXQNLHPSUDZQ\PRFKD- UDNWHU]HRVRELVW\PQLHMHVWUyZQR]QDF]Q\]EUDNLHPNRQLHF]QRĞFLZVSyáG]LDáDQLD SU]H] ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOL ORNDOX : UDPDFK MHGQHJR ] HOHPHQWDUQ\FK VWRVXQNyZ

SUDZQ\FK NWyUH áąF]ą ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOL Z\VWĊSXMH RERZLą]HN ZVSyáG]LDáDQLD

Z]DU]ąG]LHU]HF]ąZVSyOQąDZLĊFSU]\SRGHMPRZDQLXGHF\]MLLGRNRQ\ZDQLX

ZV]HONLFKF]\QQRĞFLGRW\F]ąF\FKU]HF]\ZVSyOQHMDUWNF:SU]\SDGNX

ZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHMRERZLą]NLHPRNWyU\PPRZDREMĊWH

MHVWUyZQLHĪX]JRGQLHQLHSU]H]ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOXVSRVREXZ\NRQDQLDZR- EHFRVyEWU]HFLFKZ\QLNDMąFHJR]XG]LDáXZQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHMXSUDZQLHQLD

GRJáRVRZDQLDQDGXFKZDáDPLZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOL

3RGUXJLHVDPIDNWSU]\VáXJLZDQLDZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHORZLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDOR- ZHMVWDWXVXZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHODQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHMQLHSU]HVąG]DNZHVWLLLQG\- ZLGXDOQHJRDOERZVSyOQHJRJáRVRZDQLDQDGXFKZDáDPLZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOL=JRGQLH

]SRF]\QLRQ\PLZQLQLHMV]\PSXQNFLHXVWDOHQLDPLGHF\GXMąFH]QDF]HQLHZW\P]D- NUHVLHPDSUDZQDNRQVWUXNFMDZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLZF]ĊĞFLDFKXáDPNRZ\FK'\VSR- QRZDQLDSU]H]ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHMMHGQ\PZVSyOQ\PJáR- VHPQLHQDOHĪ\SRVWU]HJDüMDNRSR]EDZLRQHJRSRGVWDZQRUPDW\ZQ\FKRJUDQLF]H- QLDXSUDZQLHĔSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLOHF]MDNRNRQVHNZHQFMĊSU]\MĊW\FK

SU]H]XVWDZRGDZFĊUR]ZLą]DĔRGQRV]ąF\FKVLĊGRZ\NRQ\ZDQLDZVSyOQHJRSUDZD

3RWU]HFLHLVWRWQąZDGą]DSURSRQRZDQHJRZSLĞPLHQQLFWZLHSRJOąGX]JRG- QLH]NWyU\PNDĪG\ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHMPRĪHVDPRG]LHOQLH

JáRVRZDüQDGXFKZDáDPLZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOLMHVWEUDNMHJRXQLZHUVDOQHJRFKDUDN- WHUX5R]ZLą]DQLHRNWyU\PPRZDQLHHOLPLQXMHSUREOHPyZ]ZLą]DQ\FK]EUD-

=RE-3LVXOLĔVNL>Z@System prawa prywatnegoV%-DQLV]HZVNDRSFLWV

=RE%-DQLV]HZVNDRSFLWV:NZHVWLL]DVNDUĪDQLDXFKZDáZáDĞFLFLHOLORND- OL]REZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL-3LVXOLĔVNL>Z@System prawa prywatnegoVLQ33HáF]\ĔVNLZa- VNDUĪDQLHXFKZDáZVSyOQRW\PLHV]NDQLRZHMQDJUXQFLHXVWDZ\RZáDVQRĞFLORNDOLÄ5HMHQW´

QUVLQZUD]]SRZRáDQąWDPOLWHUDWXUąLRU]HF]QLFWZHP

=RE-3LVXOLĔVNL>Z@System prawa prywatnegoV=ZUDFDQDWRXZDJĊWDNĪH5']L- F]HNRSFLWV

 0DJGDOHQD'HQHND

NLHP SRUR]XPLHQLD PLĊG]\ ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHODPL QLHUXFKRPRĞFL ORNDORZHM QLH

PRĪQDJRERZLHPZ\NRU]\VWDüZV\WXDFMLSRGHMPRZDQLDXFKZDáZHGáXJ]DVDG\

ĪHQDNDĪGHJRZáDĞFLFLHODORNDOXSU]\SDGDMHGHQJáRVDUWXVWLDXZO

3RQDGWRJáRVRZDQLHSU]H]ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHMQDGQLHNWy- U\PLXFKZDáDPLMHGQ\PZVSyOQ\PJáRVHPQDGSR]RVWDá\PL]DĞRGG]LHOQLHSUR- ZDG]LüPRĪHGRFKDRVXRUJDQL]DF\MQHJRLZMHJRQDVWĊSVWZLHGREáĊGQHJRXVWDOH- QLDOLF]E\JáRVyZRGGDQ\FK]DLSU]HFLZNRQNUHWQ\PXFKZDáRP

$UJXPHQWHPZVND]XMąF\PQDEUDNXQLZHUVDOQRĞFLRPDZLDQHMNRQFHSFMLMHVW

WDNĪHQLHGRSXV]F]DOQRĞüMHM]DVWRVRZDQLDZEDUG]RF]ĊVWRZ\VWĊSXMąFHMZSUDNW\FH

V\WXDFMLJG\QLHUXFKRPRĞüORNDORZDZFKRG]LZVNáDGPDMąWNXZVSyOQHJRPDáĪRQ- NyZSR]RVWDMąF\FKZXVWURMXZVSyOQRĞFLXVWDZRZHMOXEXPRZQHMDWDNĪHZyZ- F]DVJG\ORNDOVWDQRZLVNáDGQLNPDMąWNXZVSyOQHJRZVSyOQLNyZVSyáNLF\ZLOQHM

:\PLHQLRQHPDV\PDMąWNRZHREMĊWHVąZVSyOQRĞFLąáąF]QąDUWNURDUW

NURDUWNURDUWNFNWyUąFHFKXMHEUDNR]QDF]HQLDZLHONRĞFLXG]LDáyZ

SU]\VáXJXMąF\FKSRGPLRWRPZVSyáXSUDZQLRQ\P^:W\FKZ\SDGNDFKQLHPDQD- ZHWPRĪOLZRĞFLÄUDFKXQNRZHJR´RNUHĞOHQLDZ\VRNRĞFLXG]LDáyZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FK

ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOXZQLHUXFKRPRĞFLZVSyOQHMFRR]QDF]DĪHSU]\SRGHMPR- ZDQLXXFKZDáZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOLG\VSRQXMąRQLMHGQ\PZVSyOQ\PJáRVHP^

8Z]JOĊGQLDMąF SRZ\ĪV]H XVWDOHQLH QDOHĪ\ ]DXZDĪ\ü ĪH DNFHSWDFMD VWDQR- ZLVND ]JRGQLH ] NWyU\P NDĪG\ ZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHO QLHUXFKRPRĞFL ORNDORZHM LQG\- ZLGXDOQLH XF]HVWQLF]\ Z SRGHMPRZDQLX XFKZDá ZáDĞFLFLHOL ORNDOL PRJáDE\ SUR- ZDG]Lü GR ]DNáyFHQLD IXQNFMRQRZDQLD ZVSyOQRW\ PLHV]NDQLRZHM .DĪGRUD]RZR

SU]HGSRGMĊFLHPXFKZDá\NRQLHF]QHE\áRE\VSUDZG]HQLHMDNąZVSyáZáDVQRĞFLą±

XáDPNRZąF]\áąF]Qą±REMĊWHVąQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHSRQLHZDĪW\ONRZWHQVSR- VyEPRĪQDRNUHĞOLüNWyU\PNRQNUHWQLHZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHORPORNDOLSU]\VáXJXMHRVRE- Q\JáRVDNWyU]\PXV]ąJáRVRZDüZVSyOQLH:SU]\SDGNXW]ZGXĪ\FKZVSyOQRW

PLHV]NDQLRZ\FKQLHMHGQRNURWQLHWZRU]RQ\FKSU]H]ZáDĞFLFLHOLQDZHWNLONXG]LHVLĊ- FLXORNDOLZLą]DáRE\VLĊWR]H]QDF]ąF\PLWUXGQRĞFLDPLZRUJDQL]DFMLJáRVRZDQLD

1DOHĪ\]DXZDĪ\üĪHQDWOHSU]HSLVyZNRGHNVXURG]LQQHJRLRSLHNXĔF]HJRRZVSyOQRĞFLPD- MąWNRZHMPDáĪHĔVNLHMG\VNXV\MQDMHVWNZHVWLDF]\ZVSyOQRĞüáąF]QDPDMąWNXZVSyOQHJRPDáĪRQ- NyZMHVWZVSyOQRĞFLąEH]XG]LDáRZąF]\WHĪWDNĪHZW\PZ\SDGNXZ\VWĊSXMąXG]LDá\NWyU\FKZLHO- NRĞüQLHMHVWR]QDF]RQD-DNVLĊZ\GDMHEDUG]LHMX]DVDGQLRQDMHVWWH]DRLVWQLHQLXXG]LDáyZRQLH- R]QDF]RQHMZ\VRNRĞFL1DWHQWHPDW]REZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL(*QLHZHN3UREOHPXG]LDáXZHZVSyá- ZáDVQRĞFLZVSyOQRĞFLáąF]QHM>Z@2ĨUyGáDFKLHOHPHQWDFKVWRVXQNyZF\ZLOQRSUDZQ\FK.VLĊJD

SDPLąWNRZDNXF]FLSURI$OIUHGD.OHLQDSRGUHG(*QLHZND.UDNyZVLQ,GHP>Z@

System prawa prywatnegoWVLQ01D]DU>Z@6ystem prawa prywatnegoWPrawo URG]LQQHLRSLHNXĔF]HSRGUHG76P\F]\ĔVNLHJR:DUV]DZDVLQ.*RáĊELRZVNLZa- U]ąGPDMąWNLHPZVSyOQ\PPDáĪRQNyZ:DUV]DZDVLQ=NROHLQDJUXQFLHSU]HSLVyZNR- GHNVXF\ZLOQHJRRVSyáFHF\ZLOQHMGRPLQXMHSRJOąGZHGáXJNWyUHJRZVSyOQLNRPVSyáNLF\ZLOQHM

SU]\VáXJXMąQLHR]QDF]RQHFRGRZLHONRĞFLXG]LDá\ZLFKZVSyOQ\PPDMąWNX=RE(*QLHZHNPro- EOHPXG]LDáX«VLQ:QLRVNLIRUPXáRZDQHZOLWHUDWXU]HGRW\F]ąFHMVSyáNLF\ZLOQHMSU]HGVWD- ZLDWDNĪH$+HUEHW6SyáNDF\ZLOQD.RQVWUXNFMDSUDZQD:DUV]DZDVLQ

=RE-,JQDWRZLF].RPHQWDU]«V



8F]HVWQLFWZRZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHOLQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDORZHM

3RF]ZDUWHSRGQRV]RQHZOLWHUDWXU]HSU]HGPLRWXQHJDW\ZQHNRQVHNZHQFMH

SUDNW\F]QHSRJOąGXRSU]\VáXJLZDQLXZVSyáZáDĞFLFLHORPQLHUXFKRPRĞFLORNDOR- ZHMMHGQHJRZVSyOQHJRJáRVXĞZLDGF]ąRW\PĪHSU]HZLG]LDQHSU]H]XVWDZRGDZ- FĊPHFKDQL]P\NWyUHPDMą]DSHZQLüPRĪOLZRĞüXVWDOHQLDVSRVREXJáRVRZDQLD

WDNĪHZV\WXDFMDFKNRQIOLNWRZ\FKQLHVSHáQLDMąVZRMHMIXQNFML0RJą]DWHPVWD- QRZLüSRGVWDZĊZQLRVNXGHOHJHIHUHQGDDQLHGHOHJHODWD'RVWU]HJDMąFMHGQDN

ZDJĊW\FKDUJXPHQWyZMDNVLĊZ\GDMHZDUWRE\áRE\]DVWDQRZLüVLĊQDGZSURZD- G]HQLHPGRXVWDZ\RZáDVQRĞFLORNDOLXQRUPRZDQLDZ]RURZDQHJRQDSU]HSLVLH

DUW5R]SRU]ąG]HQLD3UH]\GHQWD5]HF]\SRVSROLWHM]GQLDSDĨG]LHUQLND

URNXRZáDVQRĞFLORNDOL^NWyU\SU]HZLG\ZDáĪHMHĪHOLZáDVQRĞüORNDOXSU]\VáX- JXMHNLONXRVRERPVąRQLRERZLą]DQLZ\EUDüRVREĊ]GROQąGRG]LDáDĔSUDZQ\FK

NWyUDEĊG]LHLFKUHSUH]HQWRZDáDQD]HEUDQLXZáDĞFLFLHOLORNDOLLZREHF]DU]ąGX

6800$5<

2ZQHUVRIVHSDUDWHGSUHPLVHVEHLQJDWWKHVDPHWLPHFRRZQHUVRIDFRPPRQSURSHUW\SDU- WLFLSDWHLQWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIDFRPPRQSURSHUW\LQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHSULQFLSOHVVHWE\WKHSURYL- VLRQVRI&KDSWHURIWKH$FWRI-XQHRQWKHRZQHUVKLSRISUHPLVHV7KHDIRUHPHQWLRQHG

SURYLVLRQVGRQRWUHJXODWHWKHUXOHVRIVXFKSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHHYHQWRIFRRZQHUVKLSRIVHSDUDWHG

SUHPLVHV,QWKLVUHVSHFWLQWHUSUHWLYHGRXEWVDULVHZKHWKHULQSDVVLQJUHVROXWLRQVRQWKHPDQDJHPHQW

RIDFRPPRQSURSHUW\WKHFRRZQHUVRIVHSDUDWHGSUHPLVHVKDYHRQHFRPPRQYRWHRUZKHWKHU

WKH\PD\YRWHLQGLYLGXDOO\7KHSUHVHQWDUWLFOHDWWHPSWVWRGHWHUPLQHWKHDERYHTXHVWLRQE\UHIHU- ULQJWRWKHUHJXODWLRQVXQGHUWKHDFWRQWKHRZQHUVKLSRISUHPLVHVFRQFHUQLQJWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ

WKHVHSDUDWHRZQHUVKLSRISUHPLVHVDQGWKHVKDUHGFRRZQHUVKLSDQGWKH&LYLO&RGHUHJXODWLRQVRQ

FRRZQHUVKLS$VDUHVXOWRIWKHILQGLQJVDQLQWHUSUHWLYHFRQFOXVLRQLVGUDZQLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK

ZKLFKFRRZQHUVRIVHSDUDWHGSUHPLVHVZKRSDUWLFLSDWHLQSDVVLQJUHVROXWLRQVRQWKHPDQDJHPHQW

RIDFRPPRQSURSHUW\KDYHRQHFRPPRQYRWHFDUU\LQJZHLJKWHTXDOWRWKHLULQGLYLVLEOHVKDUHLQWKH

FRRZQHUVKLSRIDFRPPRQSURSHUW\7KHGLVFXVVLRQRIIHUVDVHULHVRIDUJXPHQWVIRUWKHYDOLGLW\RI

WKHSUHVHQWWKHVLVDQGSUHVHQWVYLHZVRQWKHSUREOHPGLVFXVVHGDVH[SUHVVHGLQWKHVFLHQFHRIFLYLO

ODZDQGMXGLFLDOGHFLVLRQV

']81USR]]SyĨQ]P