Industrial and Engineering Chemistry : industrial edition, Vol. 36, No. 9

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(1)d ü s t r i a l. e d it io n. SEPTEMBER, 19 4 4. ■:. :.

(2) m. m. E w. M. T m. * For Y o u r Im p o rta n. p o r t e r. ——. E m. m. m. m. m. G. m. m. m. r n. H e a t T ra n s fe r O p e ra tio n s. Thoroughly experienced in the problem s of heat transfer in the ^chem ical industry, D evine Engineers are prepared to design units specifically engineered for any particular heatexchanging operation. Built in an up-to-date plant b y expert workmen with every modern facility at their disposal, Devine Heat Exchangers achieve an unusually high degree of effiCiency and mechanical simplicity. Low initial investment and minimum maintenance costs are characteristic of Devine Equipment. If you have a heat transfer problem, Devine En gineers will help you solve it.. i v isio n. I __________ W iiM i.

(3) Portion of new. 100-octane. aviation. gasoline. refinery of The Standard O i l C om pa ny ( O h io ) , located. on site of the original plant built b y. J. D. Rockefeller 7 5 years ago in Cleveland.. EDITO R: W A L T E R. J. M U R P H Y. Associate Editor: F. J . V A N A N T W E R P E N Assistant to Editor: N . A . P A R K I N S O N M anuscript Editor: H E L E N K . N E W T O N. IS S U E D S E P T E M B E R 11, 1944 * V O L. 36, NO. 9 • C O N S E C U T IV E NO. 17 E D I T O R I A L S ....................................................................... 777. Dehydration of Commercial G ases b y S o lid A d so rb e n ts ........................... .............................. R. G . C appell, E. G . Hammerschmidt, and W . W . Deschner. 779. Sulfuryl C hloride in O rg a n ic C h e m is t r y .................................... H erbe rt C . B ro w n. 785. M ake-up Editor: B E R T H A R E Y N O L D S. V ulcanization of G R - I. F. P. Baldw in, L. B. Turner, and R. L. Z a p p. 791. M anuscript Assistant: S T E L L A A N D E R S O N. M e cha n ical Properties of Films from A m y lo s e , A m y lo p e c tin , and W h o le Starch Triacetates..................................... ... Roy L. W h istle r and G . E. H ilb e rt. 796. Soyb e an Protein P r o d u c t io n ................ P. A . Belter, A . C . Beckel, and A , K. Smith. 799. Production of 2,3-Butylene G ly c o l from W o o d H yd ro ly za te s . . . .. 803. A d v is o r y B o a rd. W. L. Ba d g e r. H. R. M. urdock. David Perlman. V a p o r-L iq u id Equilibria of C lose-B oilin g Binary H yd ro c a rb o n M ixtures . . . . . . A. R. Richards and E. H argreaves So a p -B o ilin g Equilibria for Sodiu m Stearate. The N e w Phase, Kettle W a x . . . . James W . M c B a in , Kenneth G ardner, and Robert D. V o i d. 805. H. E. Ba r n a r d. A . S. Ric h a r d s o n. W, H. D o w. W . A . SCHMIDT. G a st o n D u Bo is. R. N. S h r e v e. C. F. Kettering. L. V . S teck. Solvent Dehydration b y Salting O u t ..............H . P. M e issn e r and Charles A . Stokes. W. S. La n d is. C. M . A . S tine. Preparation and Purification of H y d ro u s O x id e Sols b y Ion Exchangers . . . . . . J ohn W . Ryznar. 821. O. E. M a y. E. C. S u l l i v a n. R h eological Properties of A sp h a lt ................................................................. R. N . Traxler, H . E. Schw eyer, and J. W . Romberg. 823. C. S. M iner. E. R. W. eidlein. 808. Saccharification of W heat b y Fungal A m y la se s for A lc o h o l P r o d u c t io n ................. M artin Roberts, Stephen Laufer, Earl D. Stewart, and Leonard T. Saletan. 811. Reactivity of S o lid F u e l s .................................................................A . A . O r n in g. 813. Thermodynamics of G aseou s Paraffin Carotene Content of A lfalfa Calcium M e t a p h o s p h a t e. 816. Kenneth S. Pitzer 8 2 9. . . . Ralph E. Silker, W .. G . Schrenk, and H . H . King 831. G . L. Frear, E. F. Deese, and J. W . Lefforge. Rate of S e d im e n t a t io n ............................... ........................H a ro ld H . Steinour. 835 840. Printing Inks from C ollo id a l Dispersions of So y b e a n P r o t e i n ............................... A lfre d F. Schmutzler and Donald F. Othm er. 84 7. Tartrates from G rape W a s t e s .............................................................................. J. R. Matchett, R. R. Legault, C . C . Nimmo, and G . K. N otte r. 851. Copyright 1 9 4 4 by Am erican Chem ical Society. Correlating V a p o r C om positions and Related Properties of S o l u t i o n s ..................... Donald F. O thm er and Roger G ilm ont. 858. 3 1 ,4 0 0 cop ies o f this issue printed. Specific Heats at L o w Temperatures of Titanium and Titanium Carbide . . K. K. Kelley. 865. The American Chemical Socie ty assumes no re sponsibility for the statements and o p in io n s ad vanced by contributors to its publications.. A u g u s t's H e a d l i n e s .............................................................................................8 6 7 I. & E. C. Reports, 5.. i-'-ijP.ublished by the Am erican Chem ical Socie ty at Easton, Pa. Editorial O ffice: 1155 16th Street, N . W ., W a shington 6,.D. C./ telephone, R epublic 5301/ cable, Jiechem (W ashington). Business O ffice: Am erican Chem ical Society, 1 1 5 5 16th Street,/N. -W ., W ashing, i 6 , D. C . A d v e rtisin g Office: 3 3 2 W e st 4 2 n d Street, N e w Y o rk 18, N . V.j telephone, Bryant 9 -4 4 3 0 . M L y S i as second-class matter at the Post O ffic e at Easton, Pa., under the A c t of <ywrch 3 ,1 3 7 9 , as 2 4 times a year — Industrial Edition monthly o n the 1st, Analytical edition monthly on the 15th. A cce ptan ce for mailing at special rate o f postage p ro vided for In Section 1 1 0 3 , A c t o f O c t o b e r 3, 1 9 1 7 , authorized J u ly 1 3 , 191 8 . of Jjem,ttan5cs anc* orders for subscriptions and for single copies, notices o f changes or address and n e w professional connections, and claims for missing numbers should be D C r u ^ merican Chem ical Society, 1 1 5 5 16th Street, N . w ., W a sh in gto n 6, • Changes of address for the Industrial Edition must be received on or before the. A s W e See It, 51.. L ast-M in ute Flashes . . (A d v t. Sect.). 124. 18th of the preceding month and for the A nalytical Edition not later than the 30th of the preceding month. Claim s for missing numbers w ill not be a llo w e d (1 ) if re ceived more than 6 0 days from date of issue (o w in g to the hazards o f wartime delivery, no claims can be h on ore d from subscribers outside o f N o rth Am erica), ( 2 ) if loss w a s due to failure of notice o f change o f address to be received before the dates specified in the p reced ing sentence, o r ( 3 ) if the reason for claim is “ missing from files". A n n u a l subscription — Industrial Edition and A nalytical Edition sold o n ly as a unit, members $ 3 .0 0 , nonmembers $ 4 .0 0 . Postage to countries not in the PanAm erican U n io n $2.25/ C an ad ian postage $ 0 .7 5 . S in g le cop ies — current issues, Industrial Edition $ 0 .7 5 , A nalytical Edition $ 0 .5 0 ; back numbers, Industrial Edition $0.80 , A nalytical Edition prices o n request; special rates to members. The Am erican Chem ical Society also publishes C hem ical a n d E n gine ering News, C hem ical Abstracts, and Jo u rn a l o f the A m e rica n C h e m ica l Society. Rates on request..

(4) Vol. 36, No 9. ou tried. for RAW MATERIAL VARIATIONS? O U can d o better than sim ply blame raw material variations o n the war. Many p r o c essors are actually o v e r co m in g them — m ain taining the quality o f their finished products, getting lo n g e r filter cycles and faster filtering— sim ply through the use o f a different filter aid in their present equipm ent.. Y. John s-M anville m akes nine grades o f Celite Filter Aids,^ each d esign ed fo r a specific filtra tion con d ition . O n e o f these m igh t w e ll be the answ er to your wartim e p ro d u ctio n p rob lem s. T o h elp you find out, J -M offers the services o f its Filtration Engineers, w h o can recom m en d fig h t fiber aid fo r you r op era tin g c o n ditions. T h ese recom m en d ation s are based on years o f experien ce w ith raw materials o f all. JOHNS-MANVILLE. ty p e s. . . and ch eck ed by tests and experim ents in the w o r ld ’s largest filtration laboratory. T h e re ’ s n o o b lig a tio n fo r this service. For m o re in form ation and fo r sam ples and p rices o f J -M Filter A id s, w rite to J o h n s - M a n v ille , 22 East 4 0 th S tre e t, N e w Y o r k 16, N ew Y ork .. I f f l - F ILTER -CEL HYFLO C EL IT E N O . 5 0 5 C E L IT E S T A N D A R D S U P E R -C E L C E L IT E C E L IT E N O . 5 1 2 C EL IT E C EL IT E N O . 5 4 5. S U P E R -C E L N O . 501 N O . 503 N O . 535. Celite is available for prompt shipment. FILTER AIDS. give m aximum flow rates with required clarity on every filtration service.

(5) Gostunesice a n d 9 n d u it> u i Economic Problem No. 2. I. & E. C. editors have written voluminously on the problem of cartels, describ ing them as our se.cond major economic problem (the first is the national debt). We have commented on cartels in the Reports of January, February, April, and June of this year, pointing out that mere castigation of cartels by the Department of Justice does not serve as a solution to the problem. First and foremost is a simple fact—namely, there are problems in international trade which can be solved only by agreements between oompanies, in much the same way that international difficulties between governments are solved by agreements. A second fact to be remembered is that other countries not only approve of cartels but freely foster their development. The two nations that we are now fighting specialize in this type of thinking, but cartels are not ipso facto signs of fascism, for several demo cratic nations adhere to a similar economic philosophy. Projection of our thoughts into postwar serves to em phasize the problem. Suppose the German cartel in dyestuffs and an American concern are trying to sell materials in the South American market. The German cartel, blessed by its government, 11111 have no difficulty in forc ing the American concern out of business, if the American is unable by government edict to partake in agreements about markets, prices, and patent rights. Economic conditions in the conquered countries will be such that all their energies will be devoted to developing world markets; if judicious horse trading is not to be allowed, we may as well step out of foreign trade immediately. But let us realize that this question is of greater importance than the mere establishment of a certain amount of foreign trade. The lifeblood of the United States in peace and war is dependent, to some degree, upon access to certain raw materials controlled by foreign countries. The State Department recognizes these facts; the United States has entered into an agreement on petro leum and soon will begin talks on rubber. We applaud the action of Cordell Hull in recognizing the practical implica tions of this problem and in doing something constructive about such major items in world trade. More remains on the horizon, however. We will not have finished when we sign treaties covering oil and rubber.. Problems ever will be recurring in both markets, and there are other materials that must be considered in the same way. When the Dutch regain control of quinine, we must correlate our activities in antimalarials. There will be a battle between silk and synthetics, and even air com merce will require constant negotiation between countries. Either these agreements will be approved, or we will not enjoy the benefits of foreign trade. We are at the crossroads, and a clear-cut workable plan must be promulgated in Washington and agreed to, at least in .major principle, by the government departments and agencies concerned. There appears to be little op position to the idea that appropriate government spokes men participate in and even initiate necessary interna tional agreements. But industry should not be viewed as a suspicious character and relegated to a bench in the anteroom while negotiations are in progress. Is it hope less to assume that industry and government officials can cooperate constructively? We believe they . can, and much good can evolve from such planning if suspicion is ruled out and certain irreconcilable individuals are no longer permitted cartc-blanche veto power. Chemical Profits. Time was when popular belief held to the proposition that war was a profitable adventure for industry. And because chemicals necessarily played an important role in modern warfare, the chemical industry, it was alleged, was more than slightly interested in the periodic misery of mankind. Cold statistics are available to show that the chemical industry for even the most selfish of reasons (profits) desires peace, not war. This premise is supported not only by results obtained in the period following World War I but is confirmed by the latest report of the Securities and Exchange Commission reporting on net profits of forty-one chemical companies in 1942 and for the six pre ceding years. Net profit in 1942 was reported at 8.7%, as contrasted with 1936, a depression year, when chemical manufacturers showed a profit of 21.9%. If abnormal war-swollen profits were ever an incentive leading nations to adjudicate their differences by the sword, that incentive has disappeared in the face of taxes which make war an unprofitable venture for victor, vanquished, and “ munition makers” . (Continued, on page 8). / In in tcfip ^ ietcd iu e m o n th ly d iy e d t fjO i ch em ii/ d , ch e m ica l e n fin e e id , a n d e x e c n tio e d in th e ch e m ica l p w d n cin tj. a n d ch e m ica l con d u -m in y incLudhued 5.

(6) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 36, No. 9. 12 th o u san d miles. r o n i c h e a t i n g c o n c e n t r a t e s h. f . * p o w e r. .I three times the electronic pow er it takes to send short wave radio messages around the w orld concentrated into a 24-inch stack o f ven eers! In this actual application, a large T herm ex high frequen cy unit bonds the veneers w ith heatsetting adhesives into p lyw ood panels in very few minutes. T od a y many industries are using T herm ex h. f. to heat non con du ctin g materials in seconds or minutes instead o f hours. Its speed, u n iform ity and con trolla bility m ay be an answer to your processing problem s, you r gateway to new products, new markets, new econom ies. As the p ion eer in high frequency dielectric heating, this com pa n y offers unequalled application. engineering experience in many fields . . . cou p led with the THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL * HIGH FREQUENCY DIELECTRIC HEATING EQUIPMENT. advantages o f invaluable research and highly developed equipment. Call on us fo r p rom pt, practical help. W rite T h e Girdler C orporation,. T h erm ex. D ivision,. Louisville. 1,. Kentucky.. >.

(7) September, 1944. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. 7. HARDE. v. O u r BOTTLENEC/f. NEED MORE P R O D U C T IO N !. Can You Improve Your Drying Process? Or— can w e help y o u im prove it? L in k -B e lt’s D ryer Engineers are w ell inform ed about drying processes. T h e y have found better w ays to dry m a n y food and chem ical products. T h e y ’v e solved every one of the problem s those fellow s at the top o f this page are shouting about, and a lot more.. It Might Pay You to Investigate W h y not write L in k -B elt today? T e ll us w hat y ou are drying, and. Here’s W hy the Roto-Louvre Dries So Fast, So Safely A IR EXHAU ST. WET M A TERIA L FROM -\B IN r [. how, and w hat your requirements are. W e can tell you a good deal about m ost drying processes, and we can tell you ju st w hat w e can do for you. W e can run samples of your product in our drying process. laboratory,. in. full-size. equipm ent. I f w e can’t help you, © M ATERIAU MATERIAL! DRY MATERIAL DISC H AR G E. w e’ll tell you so, frankly, and save your tim e. T h e R o to-L o u vre D r y er is one of four different types o f d r y e r s' and coolers m ade by. A Large heat passages send a large volum e o f h ot gases through a thin layer o f wet material.. B As inside shell tapers, heat passages grow smaller, pass ing less heat through a thicker layer o f m aterial.. LINK-BELT C O M P A N Y Chicago 9, Indianapolis 6, Philadelphia 40, Atlanta, D allas 1, M inneapolis 5, San Francisco 24, T oron to 8. Offices in principal cities. 95 33. C N ear discharge end, sm all est am ount o f heat enters; m aterial lies in thickest lay er. N o danger o f burning or overheating.. L in k -B elt.. Send for Catalogs..

(8) W at» to C H E C K. I. & E. C. R e p o rts on the Chem ical W orld Today. W E LD E D S E A M S. G o + tu fte s ic e. , ñ 71 , Jn & u A P u f,. in Stainless Steel . The following table eloquently illustrates the futility of war even as a profit motive:. PRO C ESSIN G E Q U IP M E N T. re a r. L.. A. Before inducting” a new processing vessel into war w ork examine its joints and w elded seams. For the life o f your equipment depends on the soundness o f the welds. Im proper w elding can often be recognized with the naked eye. The diagrams below may guide engi neers in detecting proper and im proper welds. The most practical way to eliminate the danger of im proper w elding is to select a fabricator having specialized experience in w ork in g wich stainless steel. For years, S. Blickman, Inc., has devoted its large facilities mainly to the fabrication o f stainless steel equipm ent in gauges up to Yg" thick. Our k n ow h ow assures you o f processing equipm ent with welded seams that stand up under wartime production.. PO O R. Im p ro p e r i P io le s a r e n o ! e v e n o lh e r. M l ¿ S . «W K .T O. T h ese diagram« appear as part o f the Blickm an brochure " W h a t to L o o k fo r W h e n y o u S p e c i f y S ta in le s s S t e e l f o r Y o u r P r o c e s s in g E q u ip m e n t ” W r i t e f o r the broch u re o n y o u r com pan y stationery.. ^. °. ' li. 1930 1937 1938 193!) 1940 1941 1942. Sales (in T h ou sa n d s)1 $. Op era tine Profit, %. N et P rofit6, %. 904,279 1,004,584 849,080 1.030,440 1,204,217 1,771,470 2,068,333. " Registrant com panies num ber 32 in 1930, 1939, 38 in 1940, 38 in 1941, and 41 in 1942. A fter incom e taxes in relation to sales.. 1937, 37 in 1938. 37 in. Mineral Plethora. Late in June a representative of the Way Production Board sounded a warning to the meeting of the American Society for Testing Materials that this country's mineral reserves are in danger of depletion. His view was not of the immediate future, but he pointed to the huge maws of modern industry which were consuming an ever-growing quantity of metal even in peacetime. A different problem, however, is wrinkling the brows of miners, smelters, and metal importers. A survey in The Wall Street Journal of Uncle Sam's mineral stock pile shows 13,636,290,551 pounds on hand, comprising upward of fifty items. This includes 5.6 billion pounds of bauxite, 2.1 billion of manganese ore, 2.1 billion of chrome ore, and 1 billion of zinc concentrates and ore. It also includes stocks of beryllium, iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium. Salvage after the last war resulted in a serious glut on the lead market. Its use in this war is not so diverse; it goes principally into slugs for small-arms ammunition. The copper industry, however, will probably be faced with a tremendous scrap return, and the combined stock pile in all hands is currently about 1287 million pounds. A lead scrap return amounting to billions of pounds would not be surprising. The same is true of aluminum, where scrap is already beginning to affect the market. The mercury stock pile is 5.8 million pounds, compared to a national consumption in 1940 of 2.1 million. Already the market has suffered a break, although the present price is still far beyond the normal peacetime figure. This picture will be further complicated when the mercury mines of Italy, supplying about 40% of the world’s total, get back into production. Half of them are now in recaptured territory; although no report has been made on their condi tion, it is expected that they will begin to operate as quickly as possible. The last time mercury made news was when Italy dropped out of the domestic market, and sent the price from 76 to 215 dollars a flask. .Returning to the speech of the WPB representative, his chief point was a plea to strengthen our mineral reserves against increased peacetime consumption with an emergency margin. He urged a program in which the Government would exert a beneficial control over industry. In the light of these figures, however, miners, smelters, and importers would probably like to peek into the future now and then, to see what is needed and when. (Continued on page 10). ,.

(9) September, 1944. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. 9. Experience. tailored to Y O U R gas processing need! On any gas processing problem, however difficult it may seem, we urge you to take advantage of Girdler's long and successful engineering and technical experi ence and unexcelled laboratory facilities.. If you are. concerned with the manufacture or purification of gas eous mixtures or liquid hydrocarbons, take advantage of this experience and consult Girdler without delay.. The G I R D L E R 9.

(10) I. & E. C. R e p o rts on the C hem ical W o rld T oday Progress Report No. 6. Bradley Dewey, probably by now the ex-Rubber Director, issued Progress Report No. 6 on July 25. With it he sent a memorandum to J. F. Byrnes, Director of the Office of War Mobilization, recom mending abolition of the special powers granted to the Rubber Director. Dewey’s request for the termination was based on the fact that the rubber'supply had been brought to its required level. Our congratulations to Colonel Dewey for the devotion he showed to the task and for his success in completing the program. From the report we cull the following interesting facts: During the second quarter of 1944, 209,004 long tons of syn thetic rubber were made (at the approximate rate of 836,000 tons per year). I he Celanese Corporation is building a butadiene plant, at Bishop, Texas, using the aldol process which will employ petro leum gases as raw material. Less than six thousand workers stand between the present shortage of tires and an ability to meet all essential requirements. The Government has lost $25,952,639 on the scrap rubber deals, and stands to lose $2,000,000 more. Several states have removed the wartime ban on automobile speeds. The important goal for present research in rubber is a new that (1) evolves less heat, (2) will not lose strength at elevated temperatures, and (3)' will have greater resilience for a soft-riding tire. Crude supply in 1944 is expected to be 118,000 tons. Foreign Economic Administration has terminated the de velopment of cryptostegia in Haiti. Contracts for tire construction of neoprene plants in Russia have been granted because neoprene does not ship well in the unvulcanized state.. The Reed V a lv e o p e n s or c lo se s w ith a q u a rte r-tu rn o f the v a lv e stem a n d e x c lu s iv e fe a tu re s a s s u r e e a se o f o p e ra tio n , p o sitiv e tig h t sh u t-o ff, a n d tro u b le -fre e o p e ra tio n . W A R C O N T R A C T S H A V E BEEN T A K IN G A M A J O R P O R T IO N O F REED V A L V E P R O D U C T IO N , BUT DU E TO G REATLY E X P A N D E D FAC ILITIES W E A R E N O W IN A P O S IT IO N TO. G IV E. PROMPT. D E L IV E R Y O N. M O ST. IT E M S .. For fu rth e r In f o r m a t io n w rite the c o m p a n y o r the f o llo w i n g d is trib u to rs : REPUBLIC SU PPLY CO. FR IC K & L IN D S A Y CO. L O S A N G E L E S, CALIF. PITTSBURGH, PA. SO U T H ERN SUPPLY CO. W IC H IT A , K A N S A S. TA YLO R SUPPLY CO. DETROIT, M IC H .. CULBERT PIPE & FITTING CO. JERSEY CITY, N. J.. PEDEN IR O N & STEEL CO. H O U ST O N , TEXA S. UHLUE er b it l o m p n n v H O U S T O N. 1,. T E X A S __________. Oil, Sand, and the Starry-Eyed. Oil is the modern lubricant to international agreements. We hope that the recent accord between the United States and Great Britain on the division of the world’ s petroleum resources does not prove too slippery an understanding, and that agreers will not soon find themselves skidding on their international ears. W e view this as more than a pos sibility. In essence, the agreement is based merely on the fact that the United States and Great Britain need oil; the Atlantic Charter recommends that all nations have access to raw materials; therefore, oil-producing nations ought to make available to these two countries, and the rest of the world, their oil resources. Q.E.D. But suppose other nations do not wish to share their oil resources and do not feel bound by the Atlantic Char ter then what? Another depressing vista opens up in the oil picture. The United States which, for the second time in history, has floated her allies to victory on a sea of oil will not be in a position to do so again, should the need arise. W e are more than likely to become an oil-import ing nation, and importation of oil is risky business in time of war. The new oil agreement calls- for proposals to other governments on establishing {Continued on page 14).

(11) September, 1944. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. i '.I-' AA--'. Check . . . recheck . . . check again! left to chance.. JNothing. From raw materials to finished. Bevels, inside and outside diameters, interior surfaces^iwall thickness, finish, all must meet. product, every step o f the way, each Tube-Turn. Tube. welding fitting is subjected to many routine in. wonder thatT ube-T urn welding fittings help to. spections that are designed to insure accurate di. make piping systems lower in upkeep costs, and. mensions and conformity to American standards.. more efficient. W rite for Catalog 111 — now!. / / you don’t have one, write today lo r the new booklet Allowable W orking Pressures.”. Turns'. standards. accuracy.. Small. Selected Tube Turns Distributors in every principal city are ready to serve you from complete stocks. T U B E T U R N S (In c .) Louisville, Kentucky. Branch Offices: New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Dayton, Washington, D. C., Houston, San Francisco, Seattle, Los Angeles.. TUBE-TURN TRADE M ARK. T i/ e ld in q. of. u n c6.

(12) Vol. 36, No. 9. coF. /2ioao%j«'\ UQ SF.6R. /.¿AS. D e v e lo p m e n t s. m a d e by S w e n s o n. e n g in e e r s h a v e im p r o v e d. m a n y p r o d u c t s . . . m a d e p o s s i b l e th e e c o n o m i c a l r e c o v e r y o f c h e m ic a ls . . . s o lv e d w a s te d is p o s a l p r o b l e m s . . . s im p lifie d p la n t o p e r a t io n s a n d p r o c e s s e s . T y p i c a l o f th e b en efits r e a liz e d t h r o u g h th e u se o f S w e n s o n P r o c e s s E n g in e e r in g S e r v ic e is th e e fficie n t s y s te m d e v e lo p e d f o r r e c o v e r i n g d r ie d d is t i ll e r ’ s s o lu b le s f r o m. s p e n t m a sh. or. d is t ille r y s lo p . tcvcL. /n run r,. HORMAUV iOH TO HAVE STORA. AVttiaeLE tvuj OPArouf W K AOWN FOR CIS. REPAIR.. D o u b t le s s , y o u h a v e p r o b l e m s in y o u r o p e r a t io n s w h i c h ca n b e s o lv e d w ith th e h e lp o f S w e n s o n e n g in e e r s . W h y n o t p r o fit b y th e ir yea rs o f e x p e r ie n c e , a n d r e s e a r c h ? T h e y w i l l b e g la d t o h e lp y o u p la n p r o c e s s i m p r o v e m e n t s . W r it e , o u t l in in g y o u r p a r tic u la r p r o b l e m s .. LEGBNO. SWEN5DN ATORS. •. FILTERS. • CRYSTA. DOUTHITT GRAY-JENSEN SPRAY DRYERS. A nalysis o f R equirem ents"-.

(13) September, 1944. (9.30* "SoiW. Swenson - E n g in e e re d System for R e c o v e r y of D r i e d D i s t i l l e r ’s S o l u b l es T h e fine stillage from distillery slop contains in solu tion and suspension materials that are rich in p rotein , m in erals, fats, riboflavin, and other factors o f the V itam in B C om plex. T hese ma terials are a valuable feed fo r poultry and anim als... especially im portant dur in g the wartim e shortage o f feedstuffs. T o recov er the solids in convenient dried form , Sw enson engineers d esign ed a continuous system for redu cin g the fine stillage to syrup by multiplee ffe c t e v a p o r a t io n , and th en sp ra y drying it to a solid . H igh ly efficient evaporation is accom plish ed by the ju d iciou s com bin ation. SWENSON. o f S w enson L o n g -T u b e V ertical and F orced Circulation Evaporators. T h e Douthitt Gray-Jensen p rocess o f s p ra y -d ry in g d is tille r ’s s o lu b le s has been recently introd u ced by Swenson. It reduces the syrup to solid s con sist in g o f un iform size particles. T h e dry in g is d on e instantaneously under tem perature co n d itio n s w h ich eliminate sco rch in g and assure m axim um reten tion o f vitamin values . . . necessary to secure top market prices. S w e n s o n e n g in e e rs have a ls o d e signed and installed continuous mash c o o k in g and mash c o o lin g systems . . . p ro v id in g increased efficiency.. EVAPORATOR. COMPANY. D ivision o f W h iting C orporation 15671 Lathrop Avenue. SWENSON. D esign and Layout. PRO VIDES. Harvey, Illinois. THIS. M anufacture o f Equipment. FIVE-WAY. Test O p eration. SERVICE... P e rio d ic C heck-ups. SWENSON EVAPORATOR CO H A R V E Y , IL L ., U . S . A . Title- F l O W. SHEET. MA7ÆM4L BÂIAHCE Capacity.

(14) I. & E. C. R e p o rts on the Chem ical W o rld Today an international petroleum council; here is the crux of one portion of the problem. Now or never will coopera tion between nations be tested, anti the brave new world is going to receive an oily baptism of diplomatic sophistry. Upon such plans - and conferences hangs the fate of the idea of international cooperation in this country, free giver in times that try men’s souls, but not always accorded re ciprocal treatment when the times and souls are forgotten. Perhaps in event of failure we will become hardhearted and enforce the principles for which we have risked much. We shall have the power to do so if we wish. But there is another solution to all these problems which we advocate as being more certain than the dreams of the starry-eyed. Let us turn loose research teams on the problem of developing fuels from other plentiful re sources, as well as motors to utilize the fuels, that will be as powerful as corresponding gasoline and oil motors. These motors need not be economical, for their avowed use will be only the uneconomical purpose of war. We wager that if the country developed within three years after World War II a jet propulsion motor, for example, utiliz ing powdered coal, sawdust, or, mixtures of chemicals, world cooperation in matters concerning petroleum would become automatic. Let us become practical interna tional realists about the best way to prevent the sand of necessity from wrecking the intricate peace machinery of the starry-eyed. We often suspect that the dawn of civilization will begin only when every nation can produce all its needs with what it has. When power is obtained from the untapped sources of the atom, when food and fibers are synthesized from air; sunshine, and water, and man fears not for his material wants, peace shall be. Let us insist that the peace conference put a research team to work on it. They might do so if we (the scientists) explain to them (the diplomats) that only when such prob lems are solved will their treaties (seem to) accomplish what they propose.. No . 618. Special heavy-duty w eld ed steel b o d y unit with "H *“ metal vane. Heavy-duty hand w h eel c o n tr o l for op era tion at 150 psi.. __ mlined resistance» S » ' “? » hS e pS. rse turns to. furtherm ore,. ‘Sposition, the' saCCOmplished n â i® by“. 15 t o 900 pari.C o n tro l and shut-off o f volu m e and p res s u r e f o r a ir, g a s . s te a m , l i q u id s a n d s em i-solid s.. “ *. ^ closed body. Liquefied Gas, Forward March! Although the war has diverted a great deal of butane into aviation gasoline and synthetic rubber, the forward march of liquefied pe troleum gases continues. Latest official figures register a gain in sales of 19% during the past year. The necessary diversion of butane for war purposes becomes most evident by contrast. Sales jumped 40% in 1940 and 47.7% in 1941. As a result of the demands of rubber and gasoline for butane, propane carried the lion’s share of the commercial burden. While the war has curtailed the industrial side of the picture, it has also contributed in certain channels. For instance, shipyards have been using propane to supplant acetylene for metal-cutting operations. It is also used as a substitute for fuel oil in preheating of plates. Manpower, that universal plaint these days, has forced curtailment in all operations—production, service, and sales. With the diversion of butane, this would indicate that the lowered volume represents but a temporary halt, and that the march will proceed on the double-quick when normal condi tions are restored. {Continued on page 16). N o. 617. E lectric m o to r c o n tr o l fo r ex trem ely s lo w a ctin g valve. H and w h eel fo r manual op era tion o n ftear red uction drive. E xtended lever fo r op era tion o f sister valve in parallel line. VALVE. DIVISION. R-S PRODUCTS CORPORATION G erm antow n Ave. & B erkley St.. •. Philadelphia 4 4, Pa.. BUTTERFLY VALVES 14.

(15) September, 1944. G. E. A. R. S. .. .. .. INDUSTRY AND MEN Since 1888...The M en of the D. O. James O rga n i zation have been a component part of the great expansion of American industry...Since Pearl Harbor...D. O. James Gears and Gear Reducers have been important components of the guns, ships and aircraft of our armed forces...The experience derived from our pre-w ar and w ar time activities w ill be an important asset to American industry when Victory comes . . . That the post-war Gear and Gear Reducer re quirements of American industry w ill be capably handled by our organization is proven by the testim ony of the continued perform ance of D. O. Jam es G ears a n d G e a r Reducers of every type for every in d u strial a p p licatio n . T O D A Y ... D. O. James Gears and M en are ready to serve American industry.. Established. 56 Y E A R S M A K E R S. 1888. OF EVERY TYPE OF G E A R A N D G E A R REDU CER. D .O . J A M E S M A N U F A C T U R IN G CO., 1140 W EST M O N R O E STREET, C H IC A G O 7, ILL.

(16) Wh y this leading Manufacturer of Abrasives. ^. I. & E. C. R e p o rts on the Chem ical W o rld Today. DESPATCH ¿ W ¿ » fi. TddanA. 'W. g a,. a n d. P o -itu A G S i. Magnesium Cutback. Magnesium is the second metal to be cut back under the War Production Board program. This removal of allocations is not being accepted so quietly as was that on aluminum a few months ago. The reason is obvious. Aluminum was established solidly in hundreds of commercial uses long before the war, whereas magne sium was just securing a competitive foothold when the Government demanded multiplication of the industry's entire production; in fact, it has jumped from 18,000,000 to 600,000,000 pounds since 1941. A series of cutbacks already issued has halved magnesium production, and there is talk in the metal trade that W PB will want no more than 22,000,000 pounds a month this fall. Willard H. Dow, president of Dow Chemical Company which nurtured the industry in prewar days, has com plained to Donald M . Nelson, chairman of WPB, not of the cutbacks but of the manner in which they are being handled. He points out that Order M -2-b is being represented as removing the material from government control. Ho claims the order only modifies the control and, in support of this contention, points out that mag nesium ingots are still under allocation: As matters now stand, the industry is entirely capable . . . of supplying all possible needs of the Government, either for domes tic use or export, and the stock pile is of such proportions as to give ample insurance against any kind of shortage . . . The uses of magnesium in war have been impressive. The metal has proved itself. But as yet there has not been the opportunity to promote the peacetime use of the metal . . . If the industry now had the opportunity, it could go ahead developing markets for peacetime consumption and, in so doing, would be developing opportunities for the employment of our boys, as and when they return to civilian life.. I N T H E B U S Y L A B O R A T O R I E S o f one o f A m erica’s lead. ing makers o f abrasives, Despatch ovens are used daily for hundreds o f processes. They dry samples, con trol product quality and are extensively used in research. All these operations require very close con trol o f heat throughout a w ide range, uniform airflow and adequate processin g speed to keep abreast o f each laboratory’s schedule.. The tremendous upswing in production was occasioned chiefly by the erection of government plants, two of which are operated by Dow Chemical Company. One of these has been ordered out of production. Just what will happen to the magnesium industry in the course of the next few months may be the first clue as to what disposi tion will be made of government-owned plants when re conversion begins in earnest.. By providin g this, Despatch ovens meet this manufacturer’s exacting demands for dependable laboratory equipment.. W R IT E for B ulletin 105 describing Des la b o r a t o r y. o vens. adaptability. to yo u r plant.. ;d air hrough noothly every f s p a ce, t spots.. p a tc h. U. S. Nubun. One of the most forward-looking an nouncements of.recent months was U. S. Rubber Com pany's introduction of Nubun, a synthetic rubber latex insulation for power, lighting, and communication cable. The development, according to C. W. Higbee, manager of the wire and cable department, is expected to be of little use in the war effort. It is strictly a postwar pos sibility as matters now stand. U. S. Rubber researchers have long sought an insulating material which could be applied to wire by the latex process. Buna S seemed to be the best possibility, but it was found necessary to modify and improve on the basic Buna S polymer through changes in its composition, through changes in the process of polymerization, and through other fundamental modi fications.. F u lly illustrated. Gives complete spec ifications. . . . F R E E ! ^. SEE Y O U R LOCAL DEALER. y/ide flexibility-. 16.

(17) September, 1944. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. in eye protection N E W A O FUL-VUE ACETATE G O G G L E This new acetate goggle— the result o f tw o years’ research in A O 's Development Department— ofFers real com fort in eye protection. It has a stronger, more massive front than ordinary acetate models. A deep groove in the lens rim forms a lens seat with substantial backing to resist severe impact. And the bridge has a slight amount o f face form to give added side protection. Nose pads are also made o f heavy stock and have well-rounded edges and an ample flare to withstand extraordinary jolts and blows. Besides greater strength, this new goggle, is designed for all-day com fort, too. The. light-w eight acetate rests lightly o n 'th e face, w hile com fort cable temples hold the goggle snugly in position, prevent it from sliding forward on the nose. And the ex cellent fitting qualities o f this goggle make it ideal for workers w h o need Super Armorplate lenses ground to their own prescriptions. A O Ful-Vue Acetate G oggle N o. F-8247 comes in 47 mm. eyesize in Pink Crystal with either white or Calobar 6-curve Super Armorplate impact-resisting lenses. It is available in three bridge sizes, 22, 24,. and 26. Your nearest A O Representative can supply you. Call him today. And if you need acetate goggles for flash welders and those w orking around welding, ask him about the other new Ful-Vue Acetate G oggle that comes equipped with side shields and Calobar lenses.. American IP Optical COMPANY. S O U T H B R ID G E , M A SS A C H U S E T T S. M anufacturers fo r m ore than 1X1 Y ears o f p ro d u cts to A id and P rotect V isio n . Branches in ail p rincipal industrial centers.

(18) INDUSTRIAL. 18. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 36, No. 9. MARBLEHEAD H i g h -Calc ium. CHEMICAL LIME It’s a to u gh jo b d eh airin g hides, but an im portant one to the great leather industry. and surrounding fat ce lls must b e rem oved before tanning.. The hair. M a r b le h e a d acts pro m p tly to enlarge the pores and p lu m p up the hides, d isso lv in g the album en and fat, and th o ro u g h ly lo o se n in g the hair. The skins are then e a sily dehaired b y scraping. For this service, M a r b le h e a d offers the b ig advan tage o f rem aining lo n g in suspen sion and sla k in g q u ic k ly to a fine, sm ooth putty. It is o n ly o n e of the m any exacting jo b s on which M a r b le h e a d C h em ical L im e proves its outstan din g efficiency.. * FO UR F O R M S *. MARBLEHEAD LIME GO.. PO W DERED Q UICK L IM E. | y | |. t| jg p. PEBBLE LIME. HYDRATED L IM E. L U M P L IM E. 160 N. LaSalle St. Chicago, III..

(19) U.S.I. CHEMICAL NEWS AD VERTISEM EN T —This entire page, is a paid advertisement.. September. -fa. Prepared Monthly .by:H SAM ^hiaiihem iediy iHf. A Monthly Series for Chemists anti Executives of the Solvents and Chemical Consuming Industries. "A. 1941. New Foam Insulation U.S.I. Expands Line Saves Space Weight of Modified Alkyd Specification Resins A new, phenol-resin foam plastic insulating. ,. Postwar Cosmetics Seen as Big Users of U.S.I. Chemicals indalone and BK-5 as w ell as standbys lik e ethanol expected to find m any new applications Just about the first postwar idea in every cosmetic manufacturer’s mind is to get back to prewar raw materials. Substitutes for ethyl alcohol and other cosmetic ingredients have rendered indispensibie service in extending the available supplies of these war-scarce chemicals. But the inherent advantages of ethyl alcohol, for example, will make the re turn of unlimited supplies a significant event to the industry. In addition, of course, many manufacturers have new products ready, wait ing for ethyl alcohol and other chemicals to produce them. New P roducts C oining Among the more interesting new products now in prospect, are modifications of the sun tan lotions and insect repellents which made such rapid strides just before the war. Pre cisely what these products are, manufacturers naturally do not reveal. In the field of insect repellents, however, it is certain that wide use will be made of the knowledge gained in developing insectifuges for our armed forces. The government’s new all-purpose repellent, in which IJ.S.I.’s Indalone is a vital ingredi(.Continued on next page). New Solvent Blend Gives Better Primer Adhesion According to a leading process engineer, a mixture of hydrocarbon solvents, such as tolu ene and xylene, with alcohol in the ratio of two parts to one is most efficient in cleaning surfaces prior to the application of the zinc chromate primer coat. This mixture flashes off the surface quickly and leaves no residue, while the alcohol content is great enough to remove any moisture. He also states that this mixture has an added application in cleaning the primer coat before the final finishing coat is applied. While it will not remove the primer without abnormal rubbing, it softens it sufficiently to imnrnvp tin* orlbAn’Ar.. »V.«.. *. material, which weighs only two pounds per cubic foot, is lighter and lower in heat con ductivity than rock wool, glass fibre or cork. Its present war uses are secret, but it promises to have many peace time applications because of its self-raising and self-curing properties. The new foam plastic should find special favor with designers of modern prefabricated houses, refrigerators, automobiles and other products, where low-weight, high-efficiency heat insulation is desired. The director of the laboratory which devel oped the new insulation explained, “ It just grows all by itself. It will foam to 30 times its own size, that is, a quart can of the mixture will expand sufficiently to fill a 7 to 8 gallon receptacle in about 10 minutes. What little heat is required is generated by the mixture itself.” The new product, which resembles molasses in appearance, will begin to foam and expand within a maximum of five minutes after the mixing stops. It cures itself without applica tion of heat or any further attention.. Longer-lived Catalysts For Nitrile Production In producing nitriles from primary alcohols and ammonia, copper catalysts rapidly lose their effectiveness. Yields range from 80 down to 40 per cent. Two newly patented processes are claimed to increase yield by boosting the activity and stability of the catalyst. The new processes involve the use, as catalyst, of either reduced silver, reduced copper or, better, a mixture of the two de posited on a partially dehydrated amorphous oxide of aluminum, zirconium, thorium, or other rare earth metal. The latter serves as a dehydrating agent. While the new catalysts lose effectiveness, they do so much less rapidly than copper alone. Further, they may be reactivated read ily by passing air over the catalyst at the tem perature of reaction. This is followed by treatment with hydrogen to restore the oxides to the metallic form. Among- the alcohols readily converted to nitriles by this process are n-butanol and ethanol.. N ew S&W W ar Resins W ell Suited fo r Governm ent A gency Coatings Supplementing its announcement of Aroplaz 1375 in the August issue of C h e m ic a l N ew s , U.S.I. now announces eight addition al Aroplaz resins in which phthalic anhydride content has been adjusted to meet current War Production Board restrictions. The com parative specifications of all nine resins are shown in the box below. All of these resin vehicles have been de signed to help manufacturers to formulate government agency specification finishes at minimum raw-material cost, and with no sacrifice in quality. Army specification 3-183 requires S&W Aroplaz 1365 blended with S&W Fused Congo No. 5, while Quartermaster Corps specifica tion CQD-200A requires S&W Aroplaz 1205-H. Specification CQD-65B is met with S&W Aroplaz 1130 blended with either urea or melamine. 3 1 .5 % P hthalic Content Resins S&W Aroplaz Resins 1323L, 1323D and/or 1333 will be found eminently satisfactory for producing coatings to meet Army specifica tions 3-177, 3-178, 3-181 and 3-187, Engineer Corps specification T-1760, and Federal speci fication TT-E-485. 2 4 % Phthalic Content Resins A maximum phthalic anhydride content of 24 per cent has been set up for Bureau of Ships specification 52R13 and Maritime Com mission specification 52MC21—both for alkydresin solutions. These government specifica tions are met by S&W Aroplaz 1240 and 1244 respectively. 1 6 % Phthalic Content Resin Use of Aroplaz 1375 in the Army and Navy replacement specifications where alkyd res ins not exceeding 16 per cent phthalic anhy dride content are permitted, was discussed in detail in the August issue of C h e m ic a l N ew s.. R E S I N S PECI F I C A T I O N S saw. AROPLAZ 1130 1205H 1240 1244 1 3 2 3 Lt. 1 3 2 3 Dk. 1333 136 5 1375. Solution 60% 50% 70% 70% 50% 50% 50% 60% 50%. in in in in in in in in in. X ylo l H SN MS MS MS MS MS Xylol MS. Vise. G. H. Z 3 -Z 5 Z 4 -Z 5 Z -Z l Y -Z l Z -Z 2 Z 3 -Z 4. U-W Z-Z2 S-V. Value of Solids 4 -6 6 -1 2 6 -1 0 6 -1 0 5 -1 0 5 -1 0 5 -1 0 18-2 5 12-1 8. Color Lbs./Gal. Anhydride (GH 19331 at 20°C. Content 5-8 7 -1 0 6-8 7 -1 2 5 -1 0 16 -1 8 5 -1 0 6-9 16-1 8. 8.5 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.65 7.7 0 7.65 8.5 7.65. 38 3 0 -3 1 .5 2 3 -2 4 2 3 -2 4 3 0 -3 1 .5 3 0 -3 1 .5 3 0 -3 1 .5 38.5 1 5 -1 6. Oil Content 40.5 37 64 65 54.5 54 54.5 45.5 56.

(20) .ADVERTISEMENT—This entire page is a paid advertisement.. U.S.I. CHEMICAL NEWS. September. Ups Color Fastness of Printed Textiles Claimed to be resistant to dry cleaning solvents and other detergents, a new pig mented lacquer-in-water emulsion printing paste has been patented for use in the print ing of textiles. The new product employs a lacquer-inwater emulsion containing a pigmented base. The base includes a urea-formaljjeliyde resin in a solvent consisting of xylol and butanol, resins, and pine oil. Before use, paste is dis persed in a neutral base made from water, resins, and methyl cellulose.. Stabilizes Halogenated Compounds with Acetone According to a recent patent, halogenated ketones, such as iodoacetone and hromoacetone, can he stabilized with a water-iniscible solvent so that the halogen is retained until the compound comes in contact with water. Among the solvents mentioned for this use are acetone and ethyl acetate. It is claimed that this stabilization increases the utility of these halogen compounds as germicides, fungicides, etc. One use suggested for them is the treatment of ships hulls to prevent fouling. -----------------. Unlike natural rubber, the synthetic prod uct has a decided tendency to adhere to paper and to flow. As it is shipped from manufactur ing to process plants in paperboard boxes, or multi-wall paper bags, this tendency to stick to paper greatly complicates its packaging and handling. A film of citrus pectate pulp in an aqueous dispersion containing some sodium phosphate applied to the paper container, is reported to solve this problem. The film adheres lightly to paper, strongly to synthetic rubber. When package is emptied, the film pulls cleanly from the paper, and carries through with the rubber as a minute, and entirely innocuous constituent.. C. I. 6 A ST. 4 ÎN D. ST... Among the other U.S.I. products destined to find widening use in postwar cosmetics are uretlian (as a patented fixative for hair dyes), amyl acetate (for perfuming and flavoring lipstick), ethyl acetate, amyl acetate and ethyl phthalate (as perfume ingredients), nitrocellulose solutions (for nail enamels), ethyl, butyl, and amyl acetates and dibutyl phthalate as plasticizers in lacquer and as nail polish removers.. Alkyd Resin Used in Wound Coverings Rayon, impregnated with an alkyd resin, has been accepted by the British Pharmaceu tical Codex as a substitute for oiled silk to be used in covering wet dressings to inhibit drying.. C. YORK. alco h o ls. A m y l A lc o h b l B u io n o l (N o rm a l Butyl A lc o h o ll . Fusel O i l — Refined. Ethanot (Ethyl Alcohol) S p e c ia lly D e n a tu re d — a ll r e g u la r an d o n h y d ro u s form ulas C o m p le te ly D e n a tu re d — a ll re g u la r a n d a n h y d ro u s form ulas Pure— 190 p roof, C.P. 9 6 % , A b so lu te "S u p e r P yro A n ti-fre eze "S o lo x P ro p rie to ry Solvent. • A N SO L S A n so l M A n s o l PR. Four n e w a d h e siv e s a re o ffe re d b y their m an u facturers for the fo llo w in g a p p lica tio n s: (No. 847) for b a c k a n d la c e o f con ta in er la b e ls ; a d h e siv e is cla im e d to d ry im m ed ia tely to c le a r film that re sists w a te r, w e a th e r, o il, b rin e: (N o. 848) for se a l in g w a te rp ro o f b o x b o a rd con ta in ers; a d h esiv e com es as a d ry , sta b le p o w d e r : (N o. 849) for la m in a tin g structural w o o d p arts; this resin a d h e siv e is cla im e d to cu re in o n e h ou r at 180° F a n d to h a v e a w o rk in g life o f four hours at 70° F: (No. 850) fo r b o n d in g alum in um to alum in um , iron to iron, or eith er m etal to non -m etals; con sisting o f resin b a s e a n d cu rin g a g e n t, a d h e s iv e acts at» 300° F. U S I A n e w syn th etic in se cticid e is o ffe re d for re p la c in g sca rce natural products in the con trol of a p h id s, le a fh o p p e rs, a n d other pests. In killing certain su ck in g insects, the p rod u ct is cla im e d to e q u a l nicotin e, roten on e, a n d p yreih rum . (No. 851) U S I C ontinuous d e h y d ra tio n o f co m p re s se d a ir or g a s is s a id to b e fe a sib le w ith a n e w d e v ic e com p ris in g tw o ce ra m ic tubes, o n e w a ter-rep ellen t, the other w a te r-p e rm e a b le but im p erviou s to air. De s ig n e d to p rotect a ir tools, g a s g en era tors, etc., the d e v ic e is inserted in the lin e. The s e c o n d tube acts a s a w ick co n tin u o u sly d ra w in g out w a ter w ithout a llo w in g g a s to e s c a p e . (No. 852). W ider Usage o f Ethanol. n d u s t r i a l NEW. Further information on these items may be obtained by writing to U.S.I.. There are many reasons why the perfume and cosmetic industry has, since the earliest days, been a heavy user of ethanol. Perhaps first is its wide-range solvent power. However, its astringent action on the skin, its antiseptic power, and its rapid evaporation rate which leaves a pleasant, cool sensation are factors of equal importance. Still another prominent advantage of etha nol is its pleasant, neutral odor, which entails no camouflaging. Medicated lotions, shaving lotions, hair lo tions and the rest of the strongly alcoholic products may safely be expected to he on the market in ever increasing variety just as soon as conditions permit. The same applies to the mildly alcoholic lotions — skin fresheners, cleaners, deodorants, hair wavers, bleaches and the rest—and to ethanol-containing sham poos, liquid shaving soaps, dentrifices. Yes, even bubble-bath preparations!. U S J A n e w neu tralizer perfu m e is cla im e d not o n ly to h a v e the hid in g p o w e r to c o v e r the h e a v y odors o f toxic a gen ts, but in a d d ition to im part a light refresh in g fra g ra n ce . (N o. 853) U S I A n e w hot-form ing p la stic co m e s in la m in a ted sheets w h ic h ca n b e bent, form ed o r d ra w n , upon h ea tin g to 275° F, a cco r d in g to a recen t a n n ou ncem ent. Products so form ed a re s a id to h a v e high tensile, flexu ra l, a n d co m p re s siv e strengths. (No. 854) U S I M ild e w p roofin g , o f cotton, jute, sisa l, lin en an d hem p , is s a id to b e e ffe cte d w ith a n e w p roduct. The p rod u ct co m e s a s a solu tion w h ic h is com p a tib le w ith sta n d a rd w a te r rep ellen ts. (N o. 855). mm /. A C E T IC ESTERS A m y l A ce tate Butyl A ce tate Ethyl A ce tate. O X A L IC ESTERS D ib u tyl O x d la ie D iethyl O x a la t e. P H T H A L IC ESTERS D iam y l Phthalate D ib utyl Phthalate D iethyl Phthalate. O TH ER ESTERS •Diotol D iethyl C a rb o n a t e Ethyl C h o lo ro fo rm a te Ethyl fo rm ate. U S I H igh er a d h e sio n o f pain ts, la cq u e rs, a n d en a m el to su rfa ces o f co p p e r, b ra ss, or b ron ze is s a id to b e o b ta in e d w h e n the su rfa ce is first treated with a n e w p rod u ct w h ic h p ro d u ce s a sta b le, ad h eren t cu p r ic o x id e co a tin g . (No. 856) U S I A n e w stearate, cla im e d to p rev en t w a te r a b s o rb tion b y e d ib le h y d r o s c o p ic p o w d e rs , is a ls o o f fered fo r u se in e d ib le o il em u lsion s, shortenings, etc. O ther uses in clu d e em u lsifica tion o f w a x e s, o ils, a n d p o lis h e s , a n d a s a pour-point dep ressa n t for lu b rica tin g o ils. D isp ersible in hot w ater, p rod u ct is s o lu b le in a lco h o ls a n d hot h y d ro ca r bons. (No. 857) U S I A m o la sse s re p la ce m e n t for u s e a s a b in d e r in fou n d ry w o rk , b riquetting, th ick en in g a gen ts an d sim ilar a p p lica tio n s, is rep orted to b e a v a ila b le in q u antity, w ith ou t a llo c a tio n lim itations. (N o. 858). h e m i c a l s. SO U I m 60. T E C H N IC A L D E V E L O P M E N T S. (.Continued from preceding page). ent, provides one excellent example. In the field of sun-tan lotions it is equally certain that wide use will be made of BK-5, U.S.I.’s light-screening compound. Bright prospects, too, are envisioned for combination suntan-insect repellent products utilizing Indalone’s dual properties as a light screening agent and insect repellent.. Other U.S.I. Products. Citrus Pectate Pulp Solves A Synthetic Rubber Problem. II. Postwar Cosmetics. 1944. £. branches. IN T ER M E D IA T ES A c e to a c e ta n ilid e ‘ A c e to a c e t-o rth o -a n isid id e A c e to a c e t-o rth o -c h fo ra n ilid e A ce to a ce t-o rth o -to lu id id e A c e t o a c e t - p a r a c h lo r a n ilid e Ethyl A ce to a ce to te Ethyl B en zoyla ce ta teEthyl Sod iu m O x a la c e ta te. ETHERS Ethyl Elher Ethyl Elher A b so lu te — A .C .S.. FEED C O N C E N T R A T E S ’C u r b a y B -G • C u rb a y S o e c ia i L iq uid •V a c a fo n e 40. in. all. ,. I. n c. p r in c ip a l. c it ie s. ACETONE C h e m ic a lly Pure. R ESIN S S & W Ester G u m s— a ll types S & W C o n g o G u m s— raw , fused & esterified S & W 'A r o p la z — a lk y d s a n d a llie d m a te ria ls S & W ‘A ro fe n e — p ure ^ h e n o lic s S & W / A r o c h e m — m odified types S & W N a tu ra l.R e s in s — a ll sta n d a rd grad e s. O THER PRO DU C TS C o llo d io n s Ethylene G ly c o l N itro c e llu lo s e S o lu tio n s. Ethylene "In d a lo n e U re th an.

(21) wmmMmmmmtt. .... f. '-. The record o f ,Jenkins Valve performance, under the toughest conditions o f wartime plane operations, is beginaia8 to come in from busy plants like the Merganthaier U norypę', Company, world’s largest maker of typesetting machinery. ■; v -. 4. ;V -. -. £. ■. p. . Tins cbmpaQy,has had a;.major part in-the production .of -Fire, „Control Instruments. Since Pearl Harbor their t ' e<?UIpbient has been subjected.to the equal of .7 years of normal stress and wear. N o, other test could so "clearly den »onstr'ate the built-in endurance of .every: Jenkins y Valve - a direct result o f better materials, better work! manship, and better design, ■■1V. _ r-,. s V a lv e s cost le a st in the lon g run I. « » c ite s. .. ..... ’■Iv-'PfphT;’-. Countless war records like this repeat the many peace time records of Jenkins V alves-, and. add up to convinc-i ing proof o f their "lowest cost In the long run” . Jenkins Bros,., 80 W hhe Strcety N ew Y ork IS;* Bridgeport.. • Adanta; BostonPhiladelphia: Chicago. M ontreal; London, . '.. Jenkins Bros.. J E N K I N S VALVES : -,. S I N C E 1864 For every Indiisirsdl, Engineering* '-'Marine'and Com« , r„ Steel'had. / tiresuite*. ... ’.

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(23) September, 1944. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. 23. —a :: :'. INDUSTRIAL. your extinguishers in shape ... FREE BOOK tells how! W. hen. fire breaks out, there’s no time to repair or recharge. extinguishers — they must be ready to hit the blaze fast! So the logical time to keep the equipment in fighting form is before the emergency. . . by systematic inspections at fixed intervals. A method for setting up an extinguisher maintenance system in your organization is outlined in a booklet pre pared by Walter Kidde & Company. It covers all types o f equipment, tells exactly what to check on each type, how often to examine and recharge. It shows how extinguishers should be placed and marked, how records should be kept. This book "Inspection and Maintenance o f First Aid Fire Extinguishers” , will be sent you upon request. Write for your copy.. WALTER. KIDDE. &. COMPANY,. INC.,. 14 0. CEDAR. STREET,. NEW. YORK. 6*,.. N..

(24) 24. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 36, No. 9. RTAMMei« ,«. 5d5»*Êgèsi. ■. «i( nlrpa.. *•tkir-rw ‘^riùTt (.hull, n.' f'ir luiMliiu f>>Uf. ■ialrwajr (‘wkv iv. •t*HK t^W'ÆxA m,whari vrKit u“ i. t-M*,. i£r»Vvv. Ä S .uiM«ir Â i*. M ;. ^Jj»n (,. iltouaVu\*M ■►u*1«lui • »dt ion; u .. -••<rn,,.M... .. Ross’ standard lines of heat exchangers, heat ers, coolers and condensers are tailor-made. That sounds like a contradiction, but it isn’ t. It simply means that each unit is carefully engineered to cover your own operating requirements, and then specially assembled from standard, mass-produced parts. In this way, problems of continuous perform ance, maximum heat transfer rate, accessi bility for maintenance, piping arrangement, etc., can all be individually overcome to your own best advantage.. FULL DETAILS Larger Coolers. Sm aller Coolers. O il Heaters. Bulletin 5322. Bulletin 4 922. Bulletin 3 6 2 4 -A. REQUEST C O P IE S T O D A Y !. ROSS HEATER & MFG. CO., INC. Division o f A m erica n R a d i a t o r &. GENERAL. OFFICES. AND. S t a n d a r d < $ a m ta itg. PLANT:. c o r p o r a t io n. 1423. WEST. AVENUE,. BUFFALO. 13,. N EW. YORK.

(25) Struthers Wells. RADIAL PROPELLER AGITATOR The Struthefsh W ells Radial Propeller Agitator introduces a new principle of agitation—rby combining the high speed V, and peripheral velocity of the conventional A propeller agitator with the vertical mount/. Phis is an excellent example of Struthers Wells 50 year old engineering ingenuity — in pioneering, designing and budding industrial, equipment— /o r e very industry — to provide economy of operation,' sim plicity of design dnd lasting dependability. Write for informative Bulletin No, 52-W .. C o r p o r a t io n PROCESS. EQUIPMENT. DIVISION.

(26) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY'. Vol. 36, No. 9. Panel board for one of the 3 cracking units, show ing som e of the 283 Foxboro Recording, Controlling and Indicating Instruments.. AT LA K E CHARLES. a n d f in d 2 8 3 m ore re a so n s w h y th e in d u s tr y counts on F o x b o ro S Aviation luel and butadiene processes in this plant depend on Foxboro Flow Meters, as w ell as Foxboro Temperature and Pressure Instruments.. It's not surprising that the Cities S ervice Lake C harles R efinery is ca lle d "the w orld 's m ost m odern petroleum p lan t." It's the first n e w w holly-integrated aviation a n d butadien e plant ever built. E very step of its co m p le x d u a l p ro ce ssin g is con trolled b y the m ost a d v a n ce d instrumentation. A n d right through the plant, these control system s are dom inantly F oxboro! C h o ice of m ore than 200 F oxboro C ontrol Instru m ents for these critical operations w a s entirely log ica l. Throughout the w artim e ga so lin e and buta d ien e industry, F oxboro C ontrol b a s e d on the fam ous HYPER-RESET S tabilog C ontroller h as set standards for op era tin g stability and a c c u r a c y n ever eq u a lled b efore. A s a result, these vital plants h a v e been eq u ip p e d with m ore than 6,000 S ta bilog Controllers a lo n e !. Two of the M odel 30 Stabilog Controllers that form the basis for the super-accurate integrated control systems at Lake Charles.. Full d iscu ssion o f the unique HYPER-RESET Stabi lo g C ontroller is a v a ila b le on request. The F ox b oro C om p an y, 40 N epon set A ven u e, F o x b o ro , M ass. Branches in prin cip al cities.. PROCESS CONTROL REG. U. S. PAT. OFF..

(27) ANY. R E S P O N S IB L E E N G IN EER. M A Y H A V E A C O P Y O F THIS BULLETIN. JU ST A S K. F O R IT.. ving. A n d Y O U w ill be o f the same opinion. JL jL. after reviewing this new Bulletin. processing plants w ill want to refer to Bulletin N o . 1 9 5 8 frequently when new. N o . 1 9 5 8 . . . Into its sixty pages is packed. m eth od s. the m ost advanced thought on drying tech. considered.. or. new. eq uipm ent is. b e in g. niques, scores o f photographs, diagrams and specifications o f the latest equipment for the many and varied drying require ments . . . Engineers in chemical and food. BLAW-KNOX DIVISION O. OF. B L A W -K N O X. COMPANY.

(28) b o s t o n. f.

(29) M E l A i f CLOSER CONTROL FOR r t E w V I ELECTRIC FURNACES Electric furnaces o f m any types are now— today— heating their charges to much m ore constant tempera tures than they did ju st a year or tw o ago, thanks to a new M icrom ax Controller.. NOW OPERATING ON FURNACES FO R:. This latest member o f 't h e M icrom ax fam ily auto matically holds electric-furnace temperature firmly and steadily in line, in spite o f changes in furnace load, soak temperature, outside temperature or any other upsetting factor— large or small. Developm ent o f a Controller to do this jo b for elec trically-heated _ equipment was a long, difficult task. But the resulting instrument is extremely simple and foolproof, and has won its spurs in m any a plant during the past 18 months. W e have withheld public announce ment o f it until strenuous duty over long periods o f time has showed its merit.. Carburizing Tempering Nitridlng High-Speed Steel On Lead Pots On Salt Pots On Muffle Furnaces On Lab Furnaces On Home-Made Furnaces. Easy To Start T h e operator quickly and easily "sets” the Controller for the particular furnace. From there on, M icrom ax carries on automatically. T h e equipm ent comes as a single panel, with M icrom ax Controller and its acces sory control unit interconnected and ready for connec tion to primary element, power supply and furnace. The primary element m ay be either therm ocouple, Rayotube or Therm ohm , depending on the require ments o f the process. Catalog N -00A (2) "M icrom a x E lectric Control, Duration-Adjusting T y p e ,” answers m ost questions about this new autom atic Controller. If, however, you want individualized inform ation, outline the control situation and an L& N engineer will be glad to help.. TECHNICAL FACTS . D uration-A djusting T y p e M icrom ax Electric Control gives (1) Fully-proportioned time action as distinguished from the m ore familiar fully-proportioned positioning action; (2) A utom atic droop correction; (3) Overshoot control. D A I -M E C gives the same close, steady control o f electric furnaces that a valve-positioning M E C gives to fuel fired furnaces. B ut it doesn’ t throttle the electric power in order to balance its input against the heat de mand. Instead, using an on -off contacting system , the Controller regulates the durations o f time during which power is on and off. H ence its nam e, D uration-A djusting Type M E C .. & N O R T H R U P C O M P A N Y , 4920 S T E N T O N AVE., P H I LA. 44, PA.. For E very A m erica n. Jrl Ad N-00A(5). H E A T -T R E A T IN G F U R N A C E S.

(30) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. mm. A rriv in g re a d y for In sta lla tion In a C la ss I, G rou p D, l o c a t i o n , h e r e 's a r a c k asse m b ly of G -E o il-im mersed 4 4 0 -v o lt co m bin a tion starters. Suitable for m otors up to TOO hp, these starters operate with all con tacts at least six Inches u nde r oil.. Eleven G -E com bi n a t io n a lr-b re a k starters for C la ss I, G r o u p D, h a z a r d s controlling G -E e x p lo sio n -p ro o f pum p m otors in a g a s-c y cllng a n d repressuring plant.. CHEMISTRY.

(31) September, 1944. Explosion-proof motors and suitable control eliminate the need for special isolation to meet chemical plant haz ards— both explosion and corrosion. U I L D I N G separate vaults or housings to isolate. B. electric equipment from explosive and corrosive. atmospheres is costly. It wastes engineering and installa tion time. It complicates maintenance. So do cumber. some remote-driven arrangements. G -E. builds motors and control that are specially. designed to be “ put on the s p o t " in Class I, Group D , locations— without any extra. safeguards.. T h ey. carry. their ow n protection. T h ey are “ at h o m e” indoors or out in the open. Y o u locate them solely on the basis of convenience, and econom y o f space and machinery. NAME. YOUR. HAZARD. Throe e xp lo sio n -p ro o f squirrel-cage motors driving raw m aterial pum p s in a plastics plant. G -E w ou nd-ro tor an d so lid - and h o llo w -sh a ft vertical m otors are a lso av a ila b le in e xp lo sio n -p ro o f construction.. W hether i t ’ s high-octane gasoline, solvents, mag nesium dust, acid fumes, or outdoor service, there’ s a way to meet your conditions w ith a com bination o f G -E '. To G e n e ra l Electric C o m p a n y , Section B 6 6 2 -1 2 ,. motors and control. For General Electric builds the. S ch e n e c ta d y 5, N . Y.. most complete line o f m otors and control devices for use in Class I as w ell as Class II locations. And— assistance in selecting the m otors and control which best combine security and econom y on your jobs. Jan«. M o to rs a n d Control for H a z a rd o u s Locations/ ' (GEA-4J31) Nam e...__. is right w ith in reach o f your telephone, specializing in chemical plant applications to have you call on them for help via the near you.. I ’d h'ice fo h a v e a c o p y o f yo u r h e lp fu l n e w 2 4 - p a g e bulletin,. C om pany.. A d d re ss.

(32) 32. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 36. No 9. engineers and technical men are of invpluable benefit on problems of design, construction and operation of lead lined apparatus. These men can do much to effect savings of important sums of money on your lead burning work. They will gladly assist in the preparation of tightly drawn specifications, which will insure good quality lead work. Permanently located lead burning shops at Cambridge, Mass., Buffalo, N. Y., Garwood, N. J., Baltimore, Md., St. Louis, Mo., and Houston, Texas, simplify contact. Remember that consultation implies np obligation on your part*. THE ANDREWS LEAD CONSTRUCTION CORP. tEAD. BURNING. CONTRACTORS. « §p | M | l. 1 2 0 B R O A D W A Y , N E W Y O R K 5, N . Y,.

(33) September, 1944. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. PROPERTIES. ••. -. .. m. m. Powerful, low -boilin g chlorinated solvent The stability, so lve n t p o w e r a n d relative n o n -fla m m a b ility o f M e th y lene C h loride are properties w h ic h h a v e m a d e th is ve rsatile product. B oiling range (760m m , H g ) . . .39.3-40.1 °C. V isco sity, liquid, (760m m , Hg) — 2 0 ° C .............................. ......... 0.6 7 6 2 0 ° C ........................................ 0.441 V a p o r Density, 4 0 ° C .......... 0.2 0 6 Ib./cu. ft. P o u n d s per ga llo n , 2 0 ° C ....................1 1.08 Critical T em perature........................ 2 1 6°C. Critical P re ssu re . . . ; .................... 7 0 8 psl. Flam m obility— Underw riters’ Laboratory R a tin g ............ .Non-flam m able Freezing P o in t ............................ — 96.7°C. Dielectric Constant, V a po r, 60-140 °C . .1.17 Heat Conductivity, Liquid, 68°F.......0.0 9 9 BTU/sq. ft. (sq. ft.) (°F/ft.) Surface Tension, A g a in s t A ir ...................... 26 .5 2 dynes/cm . (18°C.) C o lo r .....................................water-white O d o r ......................... pleasant Solubility, (20°C.), in w ate r.............. .. .2.000 gm ./lO O gm. water i n 0.162 gm ./lO O gm. brom ine i n ..................1.96 gm ./lO O gm. paraffin (m.p.50.5°C.) (15°C.) i n ................. 1.0 gm ./lO O gm . a lc o h o lin ................. infinite ether i n .................... infinite chloroform in ............infinite. ad ap tab le to m a n y lines o f w o rk , a n d h a v e stim ulated d e ve lo pm e n t of m a n y n e w processes a n d techniques. M e thyle ne C h loride is extrem ely stable, even in the v a p o r ph ase, a n d can be e co n o m ica lly recovered from extracted residues b y sim ple, lo w -te m p e rature distillation. It m ix e s w e ll w ith other c o m m o n o rga n ic solve nts, but o n ly sligh tly w ith w ater; hence it can be e m p lo y e d in m a n y preparation s w h ere the u se o f m ixed so lve n ts is d esirable. The chlorine a to m s can be replaced by a va rie ty o f rad icals, m a k in g p o ssib le n u m e rou s syn th eses.. s o l v e n t for— nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate and other cellulose esters; polyvinyl acetate and other resins; photographic film; waxes, fats, oils, greases, rubber, bitum en, p itch , al kaloids, and m any other organic com pounds. e x t r a c t a n t for— animal fats; leather scraps; w ool; caffeine; vegetable and mineral oils; cocoa butter; perfumes and flavors; dyes, lactic, acetic, p ro pionic and stearic acids; and such materials as hops, rice bran, rolled oats, grape seeds.. R e f r i g e r a n t for— heat transfer equip ment; refrigeration and air condi tioning systems. d e g r e a s i n g a g e n t for— use with vari ous metals, including aluminum foil where rapid drying is essential.. for— the preparation o f various com pounds,. fu rth er esté rifica tio n o f cellu lose esters. R eacts with ethylene mercaptans, alkali organom etallic com pounds, diphenyl, and m any others. g e n e r a l for— rem oving paint from wood, m etal and w ool waste; ■de inking newsprint; raising the flash point o f lacquers; adhesives; dewaxing petroleum oils; solvent for quick drying lacquers and varnishes; recovery o f phenol from water; in p h a rm a c e u tic a ls; d is in te g ra tin g. fibrous materials such as paper; and as a biological preservative, parasiti cide, fire-extinguisher m edium with c a r b o n te t r a c h lo r id e , ce m e n t in g medium for C ellophane and other products; m anufacture o f artificial leathers, patent leather finishes, m o tion picture film, etc.. Consult us now on how Du Pont Methylene Chloride can assist you in your work. A t present, its use is re stricted to war production, with a few exceptions. Limited amounts, how ever, are available for research work. For further details just write: E . I . du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.), Electrochemicals Dept., Wilmington 98, Delaware. EVERY B O N D. B R IN G S V IC T O R Y N E A R E R —. B U Y ANO TH ER TO D A Y!. DU P O N T ELECTROCHEMICALS. BDPDNj. PRO CESS A G E N T a n d R EA G E N T. U.S. PAT. O f f. BETTER. THINGS. FOR. BETTER. L I V I N G . . . THR O U G H. CHEM ISTRY.

(34) 34. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 36, No. 9. lJhoto courtesy Lanteen Medical Laboratories, Inc.. t t h e Lanteen Medical Laboratories, Inc. in Chicago, the final step in the processing of one of their products is to pass it through the Sperry Filter Press shown above. Con taining six, 200 mesh stainless steel screens, and equipped with electric pumps, this press is a vital part in maintaining the purity and uniformity of their product. Another example o f Sperry Filter Presses in use ■where results count. Sperry not only manufacturers filter presses for use in such laboratories, but designs and manufacturers presses of all sizes, for every industry and for every use. Sperry Filtration Engineers analyze each problem separately, make specific recommendations, then design and manufacture the equipment to do the job . . . and do it right. Nearly a half-. A. century o f experience in filtration engineering stands back o f every job. Whatever your filtration problem or needs, call on Sperry. If you wish, send a sample o f your material for testing. A complete laboratory analysis will be made, and unbiased recommendations submitted without obligation. Sperry also furnishes filtration media o f all types, for every purpose.. F R E E . . . V a lu a b le d ata and charts on industrial filtration in this booklet. W rite Sperry fo r your copy.. D. It. SPERRY & COMPANY BATAVIA, ILLINOIS Filtration Engineers for Over 4 6 Years. EASTERN SA L E S REPRESENTATIVE Henry E. Jacoby, M.E. 205 E. -42nd St., N e w York 17 Phone ,• M U rra y H ill 4-3581. W ESTER N S A L E S REPRESENTATIVE B. M . Pilhashy Merchants Exchange Bldg. San Francisco 4, Calif. Phone: Do 0375.