The Journal of the Institute of Metals and Metallurgical Abstracts, September 1947; The Journal of the Institute of Metals, Vol. 74, Part 1; Metallurgical Abstracts : general and non-ferrous, Vol. 15, Part 1 - Digital Library of the Silesian University of

?. <39/i.XX!V

Journal o f

INSTITUTE OF METALS

and

METALLURGICAL ABSTRACTS

In this Issue :

110 8 . T h e A p p lication o f E tch -F igu res on Pure A lu m in iu m (99 '99% ) to the Stud y o f Som e M icro grap h ie Problem s. P a u l Lacombe and

L o u is Beaujard 1

1 109. O n the E q u ilib riu m and K in etics o f O rd er-D iso rd e r T ran sform ations in A llo ys.

G . Borelius . . . ■ ■ 17

m o . T h e C onstitution o f A llo y s o f A lum inium w ith C o pp er and M anganese. {Miss') M . K . B. D a y and H . W . L . P hillips . 33

Copyright

S E P T E M B E R 1947

Entered at Stationers' Hall

I f y o u m issed it in L on don here’s y o u r chance to see the

Showing how photography is used in Document Copying, Stress Analysis, X-ray Inspection of Castings and Welds, Data Recording, Motion Study, Air Survey, Printing, Visual Aids to Teaching, etc.

The E xhibition w ill be on view as fo llow s:

G L A S G O W : McLellan Galleries, Sauchlehall S t r e e t ...OCT. I3th-I7th B IRM IN GH AM : Cham ber of Commerce, 95 N e w Street . . . . OCT. 27th-3lst B R IS T O L : City Museum, Q u e e n ’s R o a d ... N O V. I0th-I4th

Can A p p lie d Photography help y o u in y o u r business or profession?

Come an d see f o r yourself.

Please w rite for invitation c a rd to:—

IN D U S T R IA L S A L E S DEPT., K O D A K LTD., W E A L D S T O N E , H A R R O W , M ID D L E S E X .

3.000 Test Heats . . .

8 . 0 0 0

Creep Tests . . .

1 . 3 0 0 .0 0 0

hours of testing

These figures illustrate the scale of the research which gave designers the now famous Nim onic series o f alloys. Besides extensive m odern scientific equipment, it called for highly specialised knowledge and wide experience on the part o f the investigators.

T h e result?

British jet-propelled aircraft — in which the new alloys are used for turbine blades and for other vital purposes where high temperature properties are essential — have a well-recognised lead over all others.

W rite to us for further technical information.

The M o n d N icke l Com pany Lim ited

G R O S V E N O R H O U S E , P A R K L A N E , L O N D O N , W . l ___________________________________________________________________ 5/M/i

a ⁱⁱⁱ

MUL L ARD - B. T. L.

POTE NTI OME TRI C TI TRATI ON A P P A R A T U S

A n entirely new instrum ent for potentiom etric titrations, an outstanding feature o f which is the incorporation of an electron beam indicator as an indicating device in place of a needle galvanometer.

The co m p o n e n ts are :

T IT R A T IO N U N I T com prises a heavy cast iron stand fitted w ith two burettes, electrode holders, automatic stirring, hot plate, and " M a g ic E y e ’’ balance indicator.

P O T E N T IO M ET ER UN IT. A potentio­

meter operating from A.C. mains with a range from 0 to 1600 m v„ sensitive to 2 mv.

A lso provided w ith sensitivity switch, polarising current switch, and a cathode ray tube Indicator.

ELECTRODES. Five interchangeable electrodes, e.g., tw o platinum, and one each tungsten, calomel, and hydrogen, per­

mitting the use of various electrode com ­ binations.

★ The a p p a ra tu s m a y be use d for all types o f o x id a tio n -re d u ctio n a n d a c id -a lk a li titrations, an d in a lim ited m a n n e r for ce rta in p H d eterm in atio n s.

BAIRD & TATLOCK (London) LTD.

Scientific Instrument Makers

14-17 ST. CROSS STREET, LONDON, E.C.I

iv

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V i e w s h o w in g B e il in a s s e m b le d c h a r g e o n I

V i e w o f G e n e r a l A r r a n g e m e n t .

V iew show ing B ell being lo w e red by cran e on to

The revolutionary design eliminates Radiant Tubes and provides increased efficiency.

O IL F IR E D FURNACES

For Sheet Annealing

G I B B O N S B R O S . LT D ., D I B D A L E W O R K S , D U D L E Y . P h o n e : 3 1 4 1 For a ll types o f burners and sm all H eat-T reatm ent Furnaces w rite to our a sso cia ted company Therm ic Equipm ent & E n g in eerin g Co. L td., Preston

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BRAZING

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4. L a rg e an d a w k w a rd ly sh a p e d p ie ce s can readily b e brazed.

B E F O R E B R A Z I N G : Brazing steel collar into steel pressing.

A D V A N T A G E S o ve r torch or muffle m e thod s :

1. S p e e d of operation a n d gre atly red uced labour costs.

2. A ccu rate tem perature control.

3.

Excellent results are n ow b e in g obtaine d with this new m e ih od of brazing, and so m e

of ihe successful

applications include cycle frames, metal furniture a n d brass p um p parts.

A F T E R B R A Z IN G : B ra z in g W ir e : 60/40 Brass.

B ra z in g M e d iu m : 4 0 % Sodium Cyanid e Bath,

B r c z in g Tim e: 45 seconds at 9 5 0 3 C.

C lean , sca le -fre e finish requiring less w ork in finishing operations.

I M P E R I A L C H E M IC A L I N D U S T R I E S L T D . / 1 c T \

NOBEL HOUSE LONDON, S .W .l

conct X -h a y Cj^fscdUy

The fluorescent m ethod o f c r a c k detection, involving the im pregnation o f the ca stin g s with a fluorescent m aterial a nd their subsequent exam ination in ultra violet light, constitutes a useful supplem ent to X -r a y inspection. The a pplication o f this m ethod to a light alloy ca sting is show n above.

T h e ra d io lo g ic a l e x a m in a tio n o f c a stin g s, o rig in a lly d ev elo p ed to m e e t th e re q u ire m e n ts o f th e a ir c r a f t in d u s try fo r h ig h ly -s tre s s e d lig h t a llo y c o m p o n e n ts, h a s lo n g sin c e b e e n e s ta b ­ lish e d o n a ro u tin e b a sis. O u r o w n v e ry c o m p le tely eq u ip p ed ra d io lo g ic a l d e p a r tm e n t h a s b e en in o p e ra tio n fo r m o re t h a n te n y e a rs . . . O th e r in d u s trie s h a v e n o w c o m e to re c o g n ise th e v a lu e o f th is p e n e tra tin g s u p p le ­ m e n ta ry in s p e c tio n serv ice a n d , b y sp ecify in g

44 X -ra y q u a lity ” , h a v e b e en a b le w ith a d v a n ta g e to e x te n d th e ir u se o f n o n -f e r ro u s c a s tin g s a n d r e a p th e fu ll a d v a n ta g e o f l ig h t allo y s in th e ir d e sig n s . . . S u b s ta n tia l s a v in g s c a n a lso be m a d e by th e ra d io lo g ic a l e x a m in a tio n o f eastin g s c a llin g fo r a c o n sid e ra b le a m o u n t o f m a c h in in g : h id d e n f a u lts a re d isco v e ra b le b e f o r e th e c a s tin g re a c h e s th e m a c h in e shop— n o t o n th e la s t o p e ra tio n .

I SIT© N

&l C O M P A N Y L I M I T E D

D E P T F O R D & C H A R LT O N . L o n d o n Offices : O C EA N IC HOUSE, la C O CK SPU R ST R E E T , LONDON, S.W.1.

I F Y O U " A

B U Y

. • m B ras* o r G um »<*a l Aluniiioum- o

X ng°ts „ f al l classes S u t o a W a ^ e d S U e e .

Steel P lat**

T O

S c ra p Metal, incloiioS A l u m « l i u l t l

Scrap

K E E P HI ND IN M I N D

W herever yo u are— at home or overseas— H ind can supply m etal th at is alw ays up to specification— in the grade to meet your requirem ents. H ind A lum inium , B ra ss and Gunm etal Ingots, as well as Steel W ork o f all classes, are being exported to all parts o f the world. H ind M etal is fam ous for q u ality— H ind Service noted for speed. Consult H ind about yo u r problems and put them to the test. Hind are also buyers at high prices o f Alum inium Scrap in large or sm all quantities.

Hind

R E F IN E D IR O N , N O N - F E R R O U S , G U N M E T A L A N D A L U M I N I U M A L L O Y IN G O T S .

E. H IN D (SOUTH B A N K ) LTD., SOU TH B A N K -O N -T E ES, Y O R K S.

o u t o f e v e r y

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O ver 7 0% o f the total virgin alum inium ingot consumed in the U nited K ingdom during the war period, September 1939 1°

M a y 1945, was supplied from Canadian production by the ALUMINIUM LIMITED Group o f Companies.

This great production effort which helped to win the w ar, stands ready to-day to aid in the struggle fo r post-w ar reconstruction.

The la rge st d istrib u tors o f A lu m in ium a n d its A llo ys in the B ritish Em pire.

THE A D E L P H I, S T R A N D , LONDON, W .C .2

--- An A L U M IN IU M L IM IT E D C o m p a n y-- ----

IX

’ p / í / í f ' / ' l

n e v e r p u l l s

i t s p u n c h e s

The M inerva steel punch shown in the photograph has successfully punched holes in a steel bar § in. thick. Oil- hardening, shock resistant, easy-to-treat, this is the steel to use for punches, pneum atic chisels, and shear blades for hard and tough m aterials.

W r i t e f o r d e t a i l s a n d p r i c e s t o :

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IM PER IA L STEEL W O RK S:- SHEFFIELD.9

IDEAL MELTING CONDI TI ONS

f o r A l u m i n i u m a n d L i g h t A l l o y s

★ N o c o n ta m in a tin g gases.

* Crucible costs elim i­

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U n ifo r m a n a l y s i s t h r o u g h o u t t h e m elt.

T h e new B I R L E C - T A M A Low Frequency Induc­

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IN G O T S .

B I R L E C - T A M A electric furnaces are available in capacities from 40 to 2500 lb. per hour in bale- out and tilting types to suit all light metal casting

requirements.

W r it e for P u b lica tio n N o . 64

B I R L E C L I M I T E D Tyburn Road, Erdington, Birmingham, 24

XI

3

» © © f f i S

MCKECHNIE m e ta l te c h n iq u e

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W rite fo r B olto n Pu b lica tion N o . 120

THOMAS BOLTON & SONS LTD. Estab. 1783

H E A D O F F I C E : W I D N E S . L A N C S . T E L E P H O N E W I D N E S 2 0 2 2 L o n d o n : 168. R e g e n t S t re e t. W . l . T e le p h o n e R e g e n t 6 4 2 7 -8 -9 B o l t o n ’s C o p p e r

P r o d u c ts c o m p ly w it h all re le v a n t B r i ­ tis h S ta n d a rd s p e c i­

fic a tio n s an d m an y o t h e r H o m e . C o l o n ­ ial and F o re ig n G o v t , re q u ire m e n ts.

I t r e a l l y i s n ’t w o r t h w h ile m a k i n g y o u r o w n m i x t u r e s . T h e a b s o l u t e r e g u l a r i t y o f M c K e c h n i e i n g o t s — b r a s s , b r o n z e , p h o s p h o r b r o n z e , g u n - m e t a l , a n t i - f r i c t i o n — a n d t h e i r c o n s i s t e n t c h a r a c t e r ­ i s t i c s c u t o u t t h e u n c e r ­ t a i n t y a n d b r i n g d o w n t h e o v e r h e a d s .

x ii

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I I

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a new ran ge o f

ULTRA-LIGHT

a llo ys w ith

O u ts ta n d in g P h ysical, M ec h a n ica l a n d W o rk in g p r o p e r tie s — M a n u fa c tu re d b y

M a g n esiu m Elektron L im ite d

MAGNESIUM ZIRCONIUM ALLOYS

PENDING D .T .D . SPECIFICATION MINIMUM PROPERTIES SUGGESTED ARE ELEKTRON M ag n esiu m -

Z irco n iu m A lloy

0.1%

P.S.

T.S.I.

U.T.S.

T.S.I.

E % on 2 in.

T y p e ZZ S h e e t— — 11 17 8

T y p e ZZ E x tru sio n 17 23 8

T y p e Z5Z S a n d C astin g

(H .T.)... 9.5 16/18 6

We have long known that the addition of Zirconium to Magnesium alloys greatly reduces the grain-size, resulting in substantial improvement in mechanical properties including

"w o rk a b ility ." A s a result of re ­ search, Elektron Magnesium- Zirconium Alloys have now been p er­

fected and are available to industry.

From the test figures below, it will b e seen that the high proof stress of the new alloy, combined with its high ultimate strength and elongation may w ell revolutionize the ultra-light alloy casting field, while its relative ease of working coupled with v e ry high

mechanical properties greatly in­

crease the attraction to constructors of the wrought magnesium alloy.

Resistance to corrosion of these alloys is good. The application of Zirconium alloys to your purposes is well worth investigation. Write to the METALS DEPARTMENT, F. A. Hughes

& Company Limited, A b b ey House, London, N.W .l.

By c o u r te s y of th e D e H av illan d A irc ra ft C o ., L td. F ro n t c a s in g fo r a D e H av illan d je t p r o p u ls io n u n it (G o b lin I). C a s tin g b y

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x iii

E n q u irie s sho u ld be a d d re sse d to :

S P E E D R E S E A R C H

The high speed cine-camera is to the in­

dustrial researcher what the m icroscope is to the chemist.

By giving clear pictures and exposures up to I/20,000th part of a second the V inten H.S. 300 camera enables ex­

trem ely accurate observations to be made of fast m oving machinery.

In this way the cine-camera provides both a valuable analysis and a perm anent record of movem ent and time.

A s the leading British Manufacturers of 35mm cameras of all types we are always pleased to advise on their application to the special needs of the Industrial scientist.

W . V in te n L td ., North Circular Rd., Cricklewood, N.W.2 T elephone: Gladstone 6373

B r i f t o l F

The site of Bedminster Smelting Work^s from a print dated 1734.

TODAY

THEY

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B e d m i n s t e r S m e l t i n g W o r k s , B r i s t o l .

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A L L O Y

F O R F O R M IN G A N D B L A N K I N G D IE S

unanimously,

t o k e e p P a c e

,d u c t i o n

c h e d u l e

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t h i n hardness-esse

t h e r e b y c a v i n g ftxcellent’

machining

fluid^y

e v e n

te m p e r;

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“ A N A L O ID ” (regd) SY STEM of R A PID

A N A L Y S I S

N e w Developm ent : R A P ID M E T H O D S U S IN G

S P E K K E R A B S O R P T IO M E T E R for det. Si, Mn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Ti in

A L U M I N I U M A L L O Y S also Si, Mo, Mn, Cr, V, N i in

STEEL, IR O N

Sen d for B ooklet N o. 321 to

RIDSDALE & CO., LTD.

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BUREAU OF ANALYSED SAMPLES, Ltd.

S e n d for List o f

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A N A L Y S I S

also fo r pre p aring graphs for S P E K K E R

A B S O R P T IO M E T E R Photo-electric m ethods

234 Marton Rd., Middlesbrough

H IGH

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

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All Couples are thoroughly tested and guaranteed to agree within ± 1°C. with standard calibration curves at any temperature up to 1200°C.

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x v i

can be solved by the use of fo rg in gs bigger than anything obtainable as a d ro p stam ping, please ask fo r a copy of o u r Publication N o. 9, w hich we are su re you will find interesting.

J A M E S B O O T H ¿ C O M P A N Y L I M I T E D

A R G Y L E ST. W O R K S , B I R M I N G H A M , 7. Tel. E A S T 1221. G ram s. B O O T H , B I R M I N G H A M , 7.

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Q U I Z No. 2

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t o p r e v e n

U T '

p e r r o U - S ■

a n d ^

A n y ? r a

c t i °

d e a s •

“ Y es, I h a v e ,” re p lie d M r. F e rr o u s , w ith o u t a m o m e n t’s h e s ita tio n . “ T h e b e st m e th o d I k n o w in v o lv es th re e sim p le p ro c e sse s. F ir s t yo u c le a n th e a rtic le , th e n s p ra y a c o a tin g o f s u ita b le m e ta l, a n d fin ally , a n d if n e c e ssa ry , p a in t.

E v ery jo b o f c o u rs e c alls fo r its o w n tr e a tm e n t, b u t t h a t ’s th e g e n eral id e a . G r it b la s tin g is th e re c o g n ise d m e th o d f o r c le a n in g . M e ta llis a tio n L im ite d c a n give all th e a d v ic e o n c h o o sin g a n d sp ra y in g th e m e ta l c o a tin g , a n d as f o r th e p a in t, all y o u n e e d is a m a n w ith a b r u s h .”

“ Y o u m a k e it s o u n d e a s y ,” sa id th e Q u iz M aster.

“ It is e a s y ,” said M r. F e r r o u s , “ a n d e asie r still i f y o u w o rk w ith p e o p le w h o h a v e m a d e xi life’s w o rk o f fig h tin g c o r r o s io n .”

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Metal M ercha nts. Smelters, and Alloy M anufa cturers

©ILM©®W, E J

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ENTORES LIMITED

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T e le p h o n e : M A N s io n H ouse 7914 T e le g ra m s : E N T O R E S P H O N E L O N D O N C a b l e s : E N T O R E S L O N D O N

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including Related W o rks on Engineering Science B y N a t h a n G r i e r P a r k e , I I I . R esearch A ssociate in Physics, R esearch L a b o r­

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Please order a n y M cG raw -H ill books you require fro m your usual bookseller. I n case o f difficulty the publishers w ill be pleased to send you the nam e o f your nearest stockist.

H fftw a ra n iiie

M c G R A W - H IL L P U B L IS H IN G C O M P A N Y , A L D W Y C H H O U SE , LO N DO N , W.C. 2

b ^XIX

HYDRAULIC STRETCHING MACHINE

A N D M E T A L W I N D O W A S T R A G A L S IN A F E W S E C O N D S .

• 3,000 lbs. per square Inch w orkin g pres­

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• G rips and main cylinder controlled by same valve.

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• Self-contained m otor and silent worm drive.

• Length of bar and total ram pressure to suit requirements.

THE ECLIPSE TOOL CO. LINWOOD

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Fully approved by Admiralty and A.I.D.

specialised k n o w ­ ledge is offered to you in castings of PHOSPHOR BRONZE, GUNMETAL, A L U M I N I U M , M A N ­ G A N ESE -BR O N Z E, and in A L U M I N I U M , B R O N Z E which pos­

sesses a Tensile strength of 45 tons per sq. in.

A lso :

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Tubes, Centrlfugally Cast

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T.M.BIRKETT & S0N S ü.? Hanley, STAFFS.

• P H O N E : S T O K E - O N - T R E N T 2 I 8 4 - - 5 - 6 . 'G R A M S '- B IR K E T T . H A N L E Y .

XX

Man’s first victory over

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x x v i

THE JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF METALS

--- S E P T E M B E R 1947---

Contents

Institute N ew s and Announcem ents . . . . L ocal Sections N ew s . . . .

Other N ew s . . . .

Forthcom ing M eetings . . . .

Appointm ents Required and Vacant . . . .

1 1 08. T h e A pplication of E tch -F igures on Pure Alum inium (99-99%) to the Stud y of Som e M icrographie Problems.

B y Paul Lacom be and L ou is Beaujard . . . . 1 109. On the Equ ilibrium and K netics of O rder-D isorder

Transform ations in A lloys. B y G . Borelius

i n o . T h e Constitution o f Alloys o f A lum inium with Copper and M anganese. B y (M iss) M . K . B. D ay and H. W . L . Phillips

M etallurgical Abstracts . . . .

P A G E XX ix

X X X IX

xl

17

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Be rylliu m Sm elting Co., Ltd.

Birkett, T. M., & Sons, Ltd. . Birlec, Ltd. . . . . Bolton, Thos., & Sons, Ltd. . Booth, James, & Co., Ltd.

B ow en Instru m e n t Co., Ltd.

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British A lu m in iu m Co., Ltd., The B ritish Gas C ou n cil

British Insulated C a lle n d e r’s Cables, Lt:

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XVI I xxii

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Pa ge

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( In s id e f r o n t cover)

M c G raw -H ill Publishing Co., Ltd. . . . x ix

M cK echnie Bros., Ltd. . . . xii

Manganese B ronze & Brass Co., Ltd., The xxvi M ellow es & Co., Ltd. . . (O utside b a ck cover)

Metallisation, Ltd. . . . . . xviii

M in istry of Fuel . . . ( In s id e h a ck cover) M ond N ick e l Co., Ltd., The . . . . iii M ullard W ire le ss Service Co., Ltd., The . —

N o rt h e rn A lu m in iu m Co., Ltd. . . . —

Park & Paterson, Ltd. .

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XVI I I xvi

Sheffield Sm elting Co., Ltd., The . Siem ens-Schukert (G reat Britain), Ltd.

Spear & Jackson, Ltd. . Stone, J., & Co., Ltd. .

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x x v iii

THE INSTITUTE OF METALS

President :

C o l o n e l P. G . J. G U E T E R B O C K , C. B. , D . S . O . , M .C ., T . D . , D.L., J.P., M .A ., A.D, Secreta ry a n d Editor o f Publications :

L i e u t . - C o l o n e l S. C. G U I L L A N , T .D .

A ssista nt Editor : A ssista nt Secreta ry:

M a j o r W . G. A S K E W , M . C . M a j o r R. E. M O O R E A dm inistrative a n d Editorial Offices : Telephone : 4 G R O S V E N O R G A R D E N S , L O N D O N , S . W . I S L O A N E 6233

I N S T I T U T E N E W S A N D A N N O U N C E M E N T S

S Y M P O S IU M O N IN T E R N A L ST R E S S E S IN M E T A L S A N D A L L O Y S , L O N D O N , 15 A N D 16 O C T O B E R 1947

As previously announced, and as detailed in a circular which has been sent to all members, the Institute has organized a sym posium on “ Internal Stresses in M etals and Alloys ” to be held on 15 and 16 October 1947 in the H all o f the Institution o f M echanical Engineers, Storey’s G ate, W estminster, London, S .W .i. T h e meeting has been arranged in association with the Faraday Society, Institute of Physics, Institution of M echanical Engineers (and its Autom obile Division), Iron and Steel Institute, Physical Society, and Royal Aeronautical Society.

T h e object o f this symposium — for which the Institute’s M etal Physics Committee is responsible— is to bring together engineers, m etallurgists, and physicists to discuss problem s o f common interest.

T h e 36 papers contributed to the symposium are available, bound in a paper cover, as a special “ advance copy ” issue (price 5s. each) for the purpose o f stimulating discussion. L ater, the papers, together with a full report of the discussions, w ill be published as M onograph N o. 5, for wide distribution. Because of the present paper shortage, it is particularly requested that those who are unable to attend the symposium w ill await the publication o f the cloth-bound Monograph.

T h e meeting is open (free) to all who are interested in the subject, but attendance at the buffet luncheons and the conversazione arranged in connection with the symposium is lim ited to members of the Institute and of the associated societies.

Authors of papers included in this sym posium w ill not present their papers in person, but the discussion relative to each session w ill be opened by a Rapporteur, who will briefly review the papers allotted to his Section, and m ay also direct attention to points bearing on the subject of his Section that are included in other papers in the programm e. T h e Rapporteurs m ay also indicate those points on which they consider that discussion will be most profitable.

It will greatly assist the Chairm en o f the Sessions if those taking part in the discussions w ill confine their remarks to the specific subject under discussion.

x x ix

Programme W ed., 15 O ct., 1947.

10 a.m. to 12 noon. Introductory Address by Colonel P. G . J.

Gueterbock, C .B ., D .S .O ., M .C ., T .D ., D .L ., J.P ., M .A ., A .D .C ., President.

Section I.— The M easurem ent o f In terna l Stresses. C h air­

man : D r. C. Sykes, F .R .S . ; R app orteu r: M r. D . A . Oliver, M .S c.

12 .30 p.m . Buffet luncheon (price 6s.) at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

2 p.m . to s p.m. Section I I .— The Origin, Control, and R em oval o f In tern a l Stresses. Chairm an : Professor L . Aitchison, D .M et., B .S c. ; R a p p o rte u r: Professor H. O ’N eill, D .S c., M .M et.

8 p.m . Conversazione at 4 G rosvenor Gardens, London, S .W .i.

Thurs., 16 O ct., 1947.

10 a.m. to 12 noon. Section I I I .— E ffects A ssociated w ith Internal Stresses : (a) E ffects on a Microscopic and S u b - Microscopic Scale. C h a irm a n : D r. M aurice C o o k ; Rapporteur : D r. A . G . Quarrell.

1 p.m . Buffet luncheon (price 6s.) at the Institution o f M ech­

anical Engineers.

2.30 p.m . to 5 p.m . Section I I I .— Effects Associated w ith Internal Stresses : (b) Effects on a Macroscopic Scale. Chairm an : D r. H. J. Gough, C .B ., M .B .E ., F .R .S . ; R app orteu r:

D r. N . P. Allen, M .M et.

Papers

Section I .— The M easurem ent o f In tern a l Stresses.

“ M echanical M ethods for the M easurement of Internal Stresses ” , by H . Ford, W h .Sc., P h .D . (British Iron and Steel Research Association, London).

“ T h e Investigation of Internal Stresses by Physical M ethods Other than X -R a y M ethods ” , by R . K in g, B .S c . (M etallurgy Department, Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough).

“ M easurem ent o f Internal Stresses b y X -R a y s ” , by D . E . Thom as, M .A ., B .S c . (Principal Scientific Officer, Armament Research Departm ent, M inistry of Supply, Woolwich).

“ Som e Fundam ental Aspects of the Application o f X -R a y s to the Study o f Locked-U p Stresses in Polycrystalline M etals ” , by W . A. Wood, D .S c. (Senior Research Fellow, Baillieu Laboratory, U niversity of M elbourne, Australia).

“ T h e Principles of the Interpretation of X -R a y Photographs of Im perfect Crystals ” , by H. Lipson, D .S c ., M .A . (Head of the Physics Departm ent, College o f Technology, Manchester).

Section I I . — The O rigin, Control, a nd R em oval o f In tern a l Stresses.

(a) Origin.

“ Classification and Nom enclature of Internal Stresses ” , by E . Orowan, D r.-In g ., F .R .S . (Cavendish Laboratory, Cam bridge University).

x x x

“ L a sz lo ’s Papers on Tessellated Stresses : A Review ” , by F . R . N . N abarro, M .B .E ., M .A ., B .S c . (Royal Society W arren Research Fellow , H. H. W ills Physical Laboratory, U niversity o f Bristol).

“ T h e Relation o f Com position to Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Copper A lloys ” , by M aurice Cook, D .S c., P h .D . (Director, Im perial Chem ical Industries, L td ., M etals Division, Witton, Birm ingham ).

“ Internal Stresses in Steel Castings ” , by H. Elliss, B .M et., P h .D . (C h ief M etallurgist, K . and L . Steelfounders and Engineers, L td ., Letchw orth, Herts).

“ T h e Stresses in Large M asses of Steel Cooling from the Austenitic Region ” , b y J . E . R ussell, M .A . (Research Departm ent, English Steel Corporation, L td ., Sheffield).

“ Stress in Electrodeposited M etals ” , by A . W . Hothersall, M .S c .T e c h . (Armament Research Departm ent, Woolwich).

“ Residual Stresses Due to W elding,” by R . Week, Ing. (D epart­

m ent o f Engineering, Cam bridge U niversity).

“ Internal Stresses Produced by the Sliding o f M etals ” , b y F . B.

Bowden, S c .D ., P h .D ., and A . J . W . M oore, B .S c . (D epart­

ment o f Physical Chem istry, Cam bridge University).

“ Som e Internal Stresses in T u rbine Rotors ” , by M . C. Caplan, B .S c ., L . B. W . Jolley, M .A ., and J . Reeman, B .S c . (Research Laboratories, T h e General Electric Com pany, L td ., W embley).

“ Residual Stresses in Beam s A fter Bending ” , by G . Forrest, B .S c . (Senior Research Engineer, Alum inium Laboratories, Ltd ., Banbury).

“ Internal Stresses in Glassware ” , b y W . C. H ynd, M .S c . (Physicist, Developm ent Section, Chance Brothers, L td ., Sm ethwick, nr. Birmingham).

(b) C ontrol and Removal.

“ T h e R elief o f Internal Stresses in A lum inium Alloys by Cold W orking ” , by W . Betteridge, B .S c ., P h .D . (late o f the Bristol Aeroplane Com pany, L td ., Filton, B ris to l; now at T h e M ond N ickel Com pany, L td ., Birmingham).

“ Stress R e lie f Treatm ent o f Iron Castings ” . R eport o f Sub- Committee T .S . 17 o f the Technical Council o f the Institute of British Foundrym en.

“ Stresses Induced by the Shot-Peening of L e a f Springs ” , by J . C. W . H um frey, O .B .E ., M .S c ., M .E n g ., B .A . (Riley, H arbord, and Law , London ; form erly S .T .A .M ., M inistry o f Supply).

“ T h e Production o f Favourable Internal Stresses in H elical Compression Springs by Pre-Stressing ” , by D . G . Sopwith, B .S c.T e ch . (Senior Principal Scientific Officer, Engineering Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington).

“ Autofrettage ” , by A . G . W arren, M .S c . (Arm ament Research Departm ent, M inistry o f Supply, Woolwich).

Section I I I . — E ffects A ssociated w ith In tern a l Stresses.

(a) M icroscopic and Sub-M icroscopic Effects.

“ Effects Associated w ith Stresses on a M icroscopic Scale ” , by S ir Law rence Bragg, O .B .E ., S c.D ., F .R .S . (Cavendish Laboratory, Cam bridge University).

x x x i

“ Internal Stresses Arising from Transform ations in Metals and Alloys ” , b y Professor F . C. Thom pson, D .M et., M .S c . (Professor of M etallurgy, M anchester University).

“ A N ote on the Effect o f Internal Stresses on the Rates of T ra n s­

form ation in Iron -N ickel A lloys ” , b y C. C. Earley, B .S c . (M etallurgy Division, National Physical Laboratory, T e d - dington).

“ Diffusion and Precipitation in Alloys ” , by F . R . N . Nabarro, M .B .E ., M .A ., B .S c . (Royal Society W arren Research Fellow, H . H . W ills Physical Laboratory, T h e University, Bristol).

“ N ote on the Effect of Cold W ork on the Rate o f Precipitation in A lu m inium -7 % M agnesium and Alum inium -8 % M ag- n e s iu m -i% Zinc A llo y s ” , b y E . C. W. Perrym an, B .A . (Investigator, British N on-Ferrous M etals Research Associa­

tion, London).

“ Age-H ardening ” , by M arie L . V. G ayler, D .S c. (Consultant, British N on-Ferrous M etals Research Association, London ; form erly M etallurgy Division, National Physical Laboratory).

“ Internal Stresses and the Form ation o f H air-Lin e Cracks in Steel ” , by Professor J. H. Andrew , D .S c. (Professor of M etallurgy, U niversity of Sheffield), and H sun Lee, P h .D . (Senior Research Assistant, T h e U niversity, Sheffield).

“ T h e Experim ents o f Boas and Honeycom be on Internal Stresses Due to Anisotropic Therm al Expansion of Pure M etals and Alloys ” , b y F . P. Bowden, S c.D ., P h .D . (Departm ent of Physical Chem istry, Cam bridge University).

“ A Photoelastic Approach to Stress M odifications Caused by Inhomogeneities ” , by B. Sugarm an, M .S c ., D .I.C . (B .S .A . Group Research Centre, Sheffield).

(b) Macroscopic Effects.

“ Influence of Residual Stress on Chemical Behaviour ” , by U . R. Evans, S c.D ., M .A . (Reader in the Science o f M etallic Corrosion, Cam bridge University).

“ Chemical Manifestations o f Internal Stress ” , b y F . H . Keating (Im perial Chemical Industries, L td ., Billingham Division, Billingham , Co. Durham).

“ N ote on Stress-Corrosion Cracking o f Steels in the Presence o f Sulphur Compounds ” , by W. P. Rees, M .S c. (Senior Principal Scientific Officer, M etallurgy Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington).

“ Internal Stresses in Railway Materials ” , by Professor H. O’N eill, D .S c. M .M et. (Professor of M etallurgy, U niversity College, S w an se a ; form erly C h ief M etallurgist, L .M .S . Railw ay, Derby).

“ Delayed Cracking in Hardened A lloy Steel Plates,” b y E . H.

Bucknall, M .S c . (T he M ond Nickel Com pany, L td ., Birm ing­

ham), W . Nicholls, B .S c. (formerly Research M etallurgist, The M ond Nickel Com pany, L td ., Birmingham), and L . H. T o ft, B .S c . (T h e M ond Nickel Company, L td ., Birm ingham ).

“ T h e Stress System Causing H ard-Zone Cracking in Welded A lloy Steels ” , by J. A . Wheeler, P h .D . (Departm ent of M etallurgy, T h e U niversity, Birmingham).

x x x u

A N N U A L G E N E R A L M E E T IN G 1948

T h e dates arranged for the next Annual General M eeting, which w ill be held in London, are W ednesday, 17 and T hursday, 18 M arch 1948. I f it is found necessary to provide additional time for the discussion o f papers, the meeting w ill commence on Tuesday, 16 M arch.

M E M B E R S H IP A D D I T I O N S

T h e undermentioned 13 Ordinary M em bers and 7 Student M em bers were elected on 9 Septem ber 1947 :

A s M em bers

Al e x a n d e r, M artin, B .S c ., M etallurgist, M inistry o f Supply, D epartm ent o f A tom ic Energy, R isley, W arrington, L a n ­ cashire.

Ba r r, W illiam , A .R .T .C ., Executive D irector and C h ief M etal­

lurgist, Colvilles, L td ., M otherwell.

Be v e r, Professor M ichael B . , S c.D ., Assistant Professor, D epart­

m ent o f M etallurgy, M assachusetts Institute o f Technology, Cam bridge 39, M ass., U .S .A .

Ea s d a l e, Robert M uir, M etal M erchant and Refiner, 67 W ashington Street, Glasgow, C .3.

Ha n d s, Charles H enry, C h ief Chem ist, Hoover, L td ., Perivale, G reenford, M iddlesex.

La c o m b e, Paul Jean G ilbert, D r. es Sci., Laboratoire Central des Traitem ents Chim iques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, V itry-su r-Seine, France.

McLe a n, Jo h n Cam pbell, Superintendent-in-Charge, H.M.

A ssay Office, H.M. M int, Strand Road, Calcutta, India.

Mu r r a y, H erbert Spencer Stanley, M anaging Director, Electro­

platers, L td ., and associated companies, 3 1 Townsend Street, Glasgow, C.4.

Mu r r a y, Stanley A lexander Jam es, A nalytical C h e m ist; Director, Electroplaters, L td ., and associated companies, 3 1 Townsend Street, Glasgow , C.4.

Ro b e r t s, Sam uel Thom as, Chemical Engineer, International

Corrodeless, L td ., Lockfield Avenue, Enfield, M iddlesex.

Ru i m o n t e, Professor D r. Florentino Gom ez, Profesor de Quimica Aeronáutica, Departamento de M ateriales y T alleres, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeronáutica, N arvaez 59, M adrid, Spain.

Wh i t e l e y, H ubert Augustus, Technical Officer, National A ssocia­

tion of D rop Forgers and Stam pers, 245 G rove Lane, Hands- worth, Birm ingham .

Wi l l i a m s, U rias, C h ief Research Officer, Richard Thom as and Baldwins, L td ., L igh t Alloys Section, Briton F erry, Neath, Glamorganshire.

A s Student Mem bers

Be n n e t t, Bruce Boyd, Chem ist, M etropolitan G as Company, M elbourne, V ic., Australia.

Bu t l e r, Ronald, B .M et., Research M etallurgist, Research Labora­

tories, British A lum inium Com pany, L td ., Chalfont Park, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire.

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Ch r i s t i a n, Jo h n W yrill, B .A ., Research Assistant, Inorganic Chem istry Laboratory, Oxford.

Co l e s, Bryan, B .S c ., Research Assistant (M inistry o f Supply) at Oxford U niversity.

Sa l a m y, Stanley George, U niversity o f M elbourne, V ic., Australia.

St e i n b e r g, M orris A lbert, Graduate Student o f M etallurgy, M assachusetts Institute o f Technology, Cam bridge 39, M ass., U .S .A .

T h o m p s o n, D avid Laurance, 98 Acre Lane, Bramhall, Stockport, Cheshire.

P E R S O N A L N O T E S

Mr. K . V . Ai y e r, B .A ., is now in Canada. His address is c/o T h e Alum inium Com pany o f Canada, Shawinigan Falls, Que., Canada.

Mr. R . W . Be r r i m a n has left London and is now with the Australian Alum inium Com pany P ty., L td ., Granville, Sydney, N .S .W ., Australia.

Mr. W . C . Co p p i n s has been awarded the M .S c . degree of London University.

Dr. H. J . Go u g h, C .B ., M .B .E ., F .R .S ., has been honoured by receiving the award o f the United States M edal of Freedom with Silver Palm . T h e presentation was made in London on 2 1 August 1947. T h e citation, which was read at the ceremony, was : “ Doctor Herbert John Gough, United Kingdom , during the period o f active hostilities in W orld W ar I I , perform ed ex­

ceptionally meritorious service in the field o f scientific research and development. A n engineer-scientist and leading authority on strength of materials, as Director-General o f Scientific Research and Developm ent in the M in istry of Supply, he was responsible fo r m uch of the British programme for development of ground force weapons, actively co-operating in establishing and supporting throughout the war arrangements for the Anglo-Am erican exchange of important relevant information.”

Mr. G . H . Ha l e is now Assistant Foundry Manager, Frederick

N ew m an and Com pany, L td ., L ever Street, Wolverhampton.

Mr. G . Ho y l e, B .S c ., has left Leeds U niversity and has taken up an appointment with the British Iron and Steel Research Association.

Mr. D . M . Le w i s, B .S c ., has taken up an appointment with the British Iron and Steel Research Association, Physics Labora­

tories, Battersea Park Road, London, S .W .n ; he is in charge o f high-frequency heating work.

Mr. D . McLe a n, B . Sc., is now at the M etallurgy Division, N ational Physical Laboratory, Teddington.

Mr. G . J . Me t c a l f e, M .S c .T e c h ., has joined the staff of the Fulm er Research Institute, L td ., Stoke Poges, where he is in charge o f work on corrosion.

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