• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

View of In memoriam: Radosław Solarz

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "View of In memoriam: Radosław Solarz"

Copied!
8
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

Political Preferences

Preferencje polityczne

6/2013

Redakcja naukowa:

Robert Alberski

Waldemar Wojtasik

Katowice 2013

(2)

,Q0HPRULDP5DGRVáDZ6RODU] SURIGUKDE$QGU]HM$QWRV]HZVNL 5DGRVáDZ6RODU] 8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFODZ3RODQG 5LWXDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ"3ROLVKRSLQLRQVRQSROLWLFVDQGSROLWLFDOSDUWLHV 8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFODZ3RODQG 6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWKWKHDFWLYLWLHVRIUHHYHVPD\RUVDQGSUHVLGHQWVRIFLWLHV DQGHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHOHYHORIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHLQWHUHVWVE\ORFDO JRYHUQPHQWV $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND -RKQ3DXO,,&DWKROLF8QLYHUVLW\RI/XEOLQ3RODQG 7KH$WWLWXGHRIWKH(OHFWRUDWHWR6WDWXWRU\6ROXWLRQV*LYLQJ(TXDO 2SSRUWXQLW\WR0HQDQG:RPHQLQ)LOOLQJWKH3RVLWLRQVRQ(OHFWRUDO/LVWV àXNDV]7RPF]DN 6]F]HFLQ8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 9RWHUVLQWKHIDFHRIHOHFWLRQPHFKDQLVPDQGVFRSHRIOHDGHUVDXWKRULW\ LQ3ROLVKSROLWLFDOSDUWLHV :RMFLHFK3HV]\ĔVNL 1LFRODXV&RSHUQLFXV8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 3UHVLGHQWLDOLVDWLRQRIHOHFWRUDOEHKDYLRULQQRQHOHFWLRQ\HDU .DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND 8QLYHUVLW\RI:DUPLDDQG0D]XU\LQ2OV]W\Q 3RODQG (FRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIGHFODUDWLRQRIYRWHUV :DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLD3RODQG (FRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGWKHHQGRIWUDQVLWLRQPRGHO 5(9,(:6     Rada Naukowa:

SURI GU KDE 5RPDQ %lFNHU 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] *RGOHZVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE ,ZRQD -DNXERZVND%UDQLFND 8QLZHUV\WHW:DUV]DZVNL 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE 6ODYRPLU 0DJiO 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDE-R]HI0DW~ã 8QLZHUV\WHW ĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDE/LERU3DYHUD :\ĪV]D6]NRáD+DQGORZD 3UDJD&]HFK\ SURIGUKDE'DQD3HWUDQRYi 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH 6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDE2OJD3URNRSHQNR 6XPVNL8QLZHUV\WHW1DURGRZ\8NUDLQD SURIGUKDE 7HUHVD6DVLĔVND.ODV 8QLZHUV\WHW-DJLHOORĔVNLZ.UDNRZLH3ROVND SURIGUKDE-HU]\6LHOVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVND GU0DUFMDQQD$XJXVW\Q 8QLZHUV\WHWZ+XOO$QJOLD .ROHJLXPUHGDNF\MQH GU$JQLHV]ND7XUVND.DZD UHGDNWRUQDF]HOQD GUKDE5REHUW$OEHUVNL UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\L]DFKRZDQLDZ\ERUF]H SURI80.GUKDE'DQXWD3OHFND UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\LGHQW\¿NDFMHSROLW\F]QH GUKDEàXNDV]7RPF]DN UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\SDUWLHSROLW\F]QH GU=ELJQLHZ:LGHUD UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\PDUNHWLQJSROLW\F]Q\ GU:DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\SDUW\MQH PJU3U]HP\VáDZ*U]RQND UHGDNWRUVWDW\VW\F]Q\ PJU-DURVáDZ:LFKXUD VHNUHWDU] Recenzenci: SURIGUKDEďXGPLODýiE\RYi 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURI GUKDE1RUEHUW9UDEHF 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDE .U]\V]WRI *DMGND 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .DWRZLFDFK 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] *RGOHZVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLX3ROVND SURIGUKDE-DFHN:RMQLFNL 8QLZHUV\WHW :DUV]DZVNL 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE 0LFKDá 6WU]HOHFNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLX3ROVND GUKDE'DULXV]6NU]\SLĔNL 8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND 3URMHNWRNáDGNL -DURVáDZ:LFKXUD Korekta: 7HUHVD7RNDUF]\Nà\V]F]DU] :HUVMDSLHUZRWQDF]DVRSLVPDSDSLHURZD ‹&HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR Katowice 2013

3DWURQDW QDG SURMHNWHP VSUDZXMą 3ROVNLH 7RZDU]\VWZR 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK RUD] 7RZDU]\VWZR ,QLFMDW\Z1DXNRZ\FK :\GDZFąF]DVRSLVPDMHVW,QVW\WXW1DXN3ROLW\F]Q\FKL']LHQQLNDUVWZD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR RUD]&HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR ,6%1 ,661; 'UXN 5(0$5ZZZUHPDUVRVQRZLHFSOHPDLOZ\GDZQLFWZR#UHPDUVRVQRZLHFSO

(3)

5

CONTENTS

Introduction ... 9 ,Q0HPRULDP5DGRVáDZ6RODU] SURIGUKDE$QGU]HM$QWRV]HZVNL ... 11 5DGRVáDZ6RODU] 8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFODZ3RODQG 5LWXDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ"3ROLVKRSLQLRQVRQSROLWLFVDQGSROLWLFDOSDUWLHV ... 13

Robert Alberski 8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFODZ3RODQG

6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWKWKHDFWLYLWLHVRIUHHYHVPD\RUVDQGSUHVLGHQWVRIFLWLHV DQGHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHOHYHORIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHLQWHUHVWVE\ORFDO JRYHUQPHQWV ... 33 $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND -RKQ3DXO,,&DWKROLF8QLYHUVLW\RI/XEOLQ3RODQG 7KH$WWLWXGHRIWKH(OHFWRUDWHWR6WDWXWRU\6ROXWLRQV*LYLQJ(TXDO 2SSRUWXQLW\WR0HQDQG:RPHQLQ)LOOLQJWKH3RVLWLRQVRQ(OHFWRUDO/LVWV .. 47 àXNDV]7RPF]DN 6]F]HFLQ8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 9RWHUVLQWKHIDFHRIHOHFWLRQPHFKDQLVPDQGVFRSHRIOHDGHUVDXWKRULW\ LQ3ROLVKSROLWLFDOSDUWLHV ... 61 :RMFLHFK3HV]\ĔVNL 1LFRODXV&RSHUQLFXV8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 3UHVLGHQWLDOLVDWLRQRIHOHFWRUDOEHKDYLRULQQRQHOHFWLRQ\HDU ... 75 .DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND 8QLYHUVLW\RI:DUPLDDQG0D]XU\LQ2OV]W\Q 3RODQG (FRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIGHFODUDWLRQRIYRWHUV ... 91 :DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLD3RODQG (FRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGWKHHQGRIWUDQVLWLRQPRGHO ... 101 5(9,(:6

Darren G. Lilleker, Nigel A. Jackson   Political Campaigning,

Elections and the Internet. Comparing the US, UK, France and Germany

SURI GU KDE 5RPDQ %lFNHU 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] *RGOHZVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE ,ZRQD -DNXERZVND%UDQLFND 8QLZHUV\WHW:DUV]DZVNL 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE 6ODYRPLU 0DJiO 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDE-R]HI0DW~ã 8QLZHUV\WHW ĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDE/LERU3DYHUD :\ĪV]D6]NRáD+DQGORZD 3UDJD&]HFK\ SURIGUKDE'DQD3HWUDQRYi 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH 6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDE2OJD3URNRSHQNR 6XPVNL8QLZHUV\WHW1DURGRZ\8NUDLQD SURIGUKDE 7HUHVD6DVLĔVND.ODV 8QLZHUV\WHW-DJLHOORĔVNLZ.UDNRZLH3ROVND SURIGUKDE-HU]\6LHOVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVND GU0DUFMDQQD$XJXVW\Q 8QLZHUV\WHWZ+XOO$QJOLD .ROHJLXPUHGDNF\MQH GU$JQLHV]ND7XUVND.DZD UHGDNWRUQDF]HOQD GUKDE5REHUW$OEHUVNL UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\L]DFKRZDQLDZ\ERUF]H SURI80.GUKDE'DQXWD3OHFND UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\LGHQW\¿NDFMHSROLW\F]QH GUKDEàXNDV]7RPF]DN UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\SDUWLHSROLW\F]QH GU=ELJQLHZ:LGHUD UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\PDUNHWLQJSROLW\F]Q\ GU:DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\SDUW\MQH PJU3U]HP\VáDZ*U]RQND UHGDNWRUVWDW\VW\F]Q\ PJU-DURVáDZ:LFKXUD VHNUHWDU] SURIGUKDEďXGPLODýiE\RYi 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURI GUKDE1RUEHUW9UDEHF 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDE .U]\V]WRI *DMGND 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .DWRZLFDFK 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] *RGOHZVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLX3ROVND SURIGUKDE-DFHN:RMQLFNL 8QLZHUV\WHW :DUV]DZVNL 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE 0LFKDá 6WU]HOHFNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLX3ROVND GUKDE'DULXV]6NU]\SLĔNL 8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND 3URMHNWRNáDGNL -DURVáDZ:LFKXUD 7HUHVD7RNDUF]\Nà\V]F]DU] :HUVMDSLHUZRWQDF]DVRSLVPDSDSLHURZD ‹&HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR 3DWURQDW QDG SURMHNWHP VSUDZXMą 3ROVNLH 7RZDU]\VWZR 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK RUD] 7RZDU]\VWZR ,QLFMDW\Z1DXNRZ\FK :\GDZFąF]DVRSLVPDMHVW,QVW\WXW1DXN3ROLW\F]Q\FKL']LHQQLNDUVWZD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR RUD]&HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR ,6%1 ,661; 'UXN 5(0$5ZZZUHPDUVRVQRZLHFSOHPDLOZ\GDZQLFWZR#UHPDUVRVQRZLHFSO

(4)

/RQGRQ±1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH V

5HYLHZHU.DWDU]\QD6WHOPDFK ... 119

0DáJRU]DWD)XV]DUD UHG Kobiety, wybory, polityka ,QVW\WXW6SUDZ

3XEOLF]Q\FK:DUV]DZD V

5HYLHZHU-RDQQD3RGJyUVND5\NDáD ... 

Krzysztof Kowalczyk: Partie i ugrupowania parlamentarne wobec

.RĞFLRáDNDWROLFNLHJRZ3ROVFHZODWDFK :\GDZQLFWZR=DSRO 6]F]HFLQ V 5HYLHZHU=X]DQQD2VPyOVND ... 135 5HSRUWRIWKH6HFRQG&RQJUHVVRIWKH'HSDUWPHQWVRI3ROLWLFDO6\VWHPV .DWDU]\QD.RELHOVND ... 139 6XPPDULHV ... 145 Annex ... 151 :VWĊS :VSRPQLHQLHGUD5DGRVáDZD6RODU]D SURIGUKDE$QGU]HM$QWRV]HZVNL 5DGRVáDZ6RODU] 8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND 5\WXDOQDSDUW\F\SDFMD"2SLQLH3RODNyZRSROLW\FHLSDUWLDFKSROLW\F]Q\FK 8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND =DGRZROHQLH]G]LDáDOQRĞFLZyMWyZEXUPLVWU]yZLSUH]\GHQWyZPLDVW RUD]RFHQDSR]LRPXUHSUH]HQWDFMLLQWHUHVyZSU]H]ZáDG]HVDPRU]ąGRZH $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND .DWROLFNL8QLZHUV\WHW/XEHOVNL3ROVND 6WRVXQHNHOHNWRUDWXGRUR]ZLą]DĔXVWDZRZ\FKZ\UyZQXMąF\FKV]DQVH NRELHWLPĊĪF]\]QZREVDG]DQLXOLVWZ\ERUF]\FK àXNDV]7RPF]DN 8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVND :\ERUF\ZREHFVSRVREXZ\ERUXL]DNUHVXZáDG]\OLGHUyZ SROVNLFKSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FK :RMFLHFK3HV]\ĔVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLND3ROVND 3UH]\GHQFMDOL]DFMD]DFKRZDĔHOHNWRUDWXZURNXÄQLHZ\ERUF]\P´ .DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND 8QLZHUV\WHW:DUPLĔVNR0D]XUVNL3ROVND *áRVRZDQLHHNRQRPLF]QHZ3ROVFH]SHUVSHNW\Z\GHNODUDFMLZ\ERUFyZ :DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNL3ROVND *áRVRZDQLHHNRQRPLF]QHZ3ROVFHNRQLHFPRGHOXWUDQ]\F\MQHJR" 5(&(1=-(     /RQGRQ ± 1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH V 5HFHQ]HQW.DWDU]\QD6WHOPDFK

63,675(ģ&,

(5)

7

/RQGRQ±1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH V 5HYLHZHU.DWDU]\QD6WHOPDFK 0DáJRU]DWD)XV]DUD UHG   ,QVW\WXW6SUDZ 3XEOLF]Q\FK:DUV]DZD V 5HYLHZHU-RDQQD3RGJyUVND5\NDáD  .RĞFLRáDNDWROLFNLHJRZ3ROVFHZODWDFK :\GDZQLFWZR=DSRO 6]F]HFLQ V 5HYLHZHU=X]DQQD2VPyOVND 5HSRUWRIWKH6HFRQG&RQJUHVVRIWKH'HSDUWPHQWVRI3ROLWLFDO6\VWHPV .DWDU]\QD.RELHOVND 6XPPDULHV :VWĊS ... 9 :VSRPQLHQLHGUD5DGRVáDZD6RODU]D SURIGUKDE$QGU]HM$QWRV]HZVNL .. 11 5DGRVáDZ6RODU] 8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND 5\WXDOQDSDUW\F\SDFMD"2SLQLH3RODNyZRSROLW\FHLSDUWLDFKSROLW\F]Q\FK .. 13

Robert Alberski 8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND

=DGRZROHQLH]G]LDáDOQRĞFLZyMWyZEXUPLVWU]yZLSUH]\GHQWyZPLDVW RUD]RFHQDSR]LRPXUHSUH]HQWDFMLLQWHUHVyZSU]H]ZáDG]HVDPRU]ąGRZH ... 33 $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND .DWROLFNL8QLZHUV\WHW/XEHOVNL3ROVND 6WRVXQHNHOHNWRUDWXGRUR]ZLą]DĔXVWDZRZ\FKZ\UyZQXMąF\FKV]DQVH NRELHWLPĊĪF]\]QZREVDG]DQLXOLVWZ\ERUF]\FK ... 47 àXNDV]7RPF]DN 8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVND :\ERUF\ZREHFVSRVREXZ\ERUXL]DNUHVXZáDG]\OLGHUyZ SROVNLFKSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FK ... 61 :RMFLHFK3HV]\ĔVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLND3ROVND 3UH]\GHQFMDOL]DFMD]DFKRZDĔHOHNWRUDWXZURNXÄQLHZ\ERUF]\P´ ... 75 .DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND 8QLZHUV\WHW:DUPLĔVNR0D]XUVNL3ROVND *áRVRZDQLHHNRQRPLF]QHZ3ROVFH]SHUVSHNW\Z\GHNODUDFMLZ\ERUFyZ ... 91 :DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNL3ROVND *áRVRZDQLHHNRQRPLF]QHZ3ROVFHNRQLHFPRGHOXWUDQ]\F\MQHJR" ... 101 5(&(1=-(

Darren G. Lilleker, Nigel A. Jackson  Political Campaigning, Elections

and the Internet. Comparing the US, UK, France and Germany /RQGRQ ±

1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH V

5HFHQ]HQW.DWDU]\QD6WHOPDFK ... 119

63,675(ģ&,

(6)

2GGDMHP\GRUąNF]\WHOQLNyZV]yVW\WRPF]DVRSLVPDÄ3ROLWLFDO3UHIHUHFHV´ Z NWyU\P XGDáR VLĊ QDP VLĊ ]JURPDG]Lü EDGDQLD SRĞZLĊFRQH NZHVWLRP SROVNLHJRV\VWHPXSROLW\F]QHJRLSDUW\MQHJR-HVWWRMHGHQ]WU]HFKZLRGąF\FK WHPDWyZ EDGDĔ SU]HSURZDG]RQ\FK SRG NRQLHF  D NWyU\FK SR]RVWDáH UH]XOWDW\ ]DPLHV]F]RQH ]RVWDQą Z SR]RVWDá\FK WRPDFK 0\ĞOą SU]HZRGQLą QLQLHMV]HJR QXPHUX Vą UyĪQH REOLF]D UHSUH]HQWDFML L RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFL SROLW\F]QHM RUD] VSRáHF]QH SRVWDZ\ ZREHF UyĪQ\FK IRUP LFK SU]HMDZLDQLD VLĊ3UH]HQWRZDQ\WRPVNáDGDVLĊ]VLHGPLXWHNVWyZRUD]WU]HFKUHFHQ]MLRUD] ]DZLHUDVSUDZR]GDQLH],,=MD]GX.DWHGUL=DNáDGyZ6\VWHPyZ3ROLW\F]Q\FK NWyU\RGE\áVLĊZPDMXURNXZ7U]HEQLF\-DNFRURNXSUH]HQWRZDQH QDáDPDFKF]DVRSLVPDDUW\NXá\HPSLU\F]QHSRGHMPXMąZVZ\PSU]HGPLRFLH SUREOHPDW\NĊ SRVWDZ SROLW\F]Q\FK L ]DFKRZDĔ V]F]HJyOQLH F]\QQLNyZ GHWHUPLQXMąF\FK LGHQW\¿NDFMH SROLW\F]QH :V]\VWNLH WHNVW\ VWDQRZLą HPSLU\F]Qą DQDOL]Ċ SU]HGPLRWRZą GRW\NDMą VZ\P ]DNUHVHP REV]DUyZ SROLWRORJLF]QHJR SV\FKRORJLF]QHJR VRFMRORJLF]QHJR LGHRORJLF]QHJR NRPXQLNDF\MQHJR$UW\NXá\RSDUWHVąQDSURMHNFLHEDGDZF]\P]UHDOL]RZDQ\P SU]H]DXWRUyZQDRJyOQRSROVNLHMUHSUH]HQWDW\ZQHMSUyELHGRURVá\FK3RODNyZ PDMąF\FK F]\QQH SUDZR Z\ERUF]H 1   ] Z\NRU]\VWDQLHP VSHFMDOQLH VNRQVWUXRZDQHJR NZHVWLRQDULXV]D &DáRĞü RSUDFRZDQLD RGQRV]ąFD VLĊ GR DQDOL]\SRV]F]HJyOQ\FKMHJRF]ĊĞFLVWDQRZLGLDJQR]Ċ]DFKRZDĔSROLW\F]Q\FK SROVNLHJRVSRáHF]HĔVWZDZURNXDOHMHGQRF]HĞQLHZQLRVNLSá\QąFH]DQDOL] SR]ZDODMąSRVWDZLüZDĪQHLQVSLUXMąFHS\WDQLDEDGDZF]HNWyUHPRELOL]XMąGR GDOV]\FKSRV]XNLZDĔ

3LHUZV]\ ] SUH]HQWRZDQ\FK WHNVWyZ DXWRUVWZD 5DGRVáDZD 6RODU]D SRGHMPXMH SUREOHPDW\NĊ U\WXDOL]DFML SURFHGXU GHPRNUDW\F]Q\FK Z 3ROVFH SRGMąáVLĊZVZRLPDUW\NXOHDQDOL]\XZDUXQNRZDĔVSRáHF]QHM RFHQ\ ZyMWyZ EXUPLVWU]yZ L SUH]\GHQWyZ RUD] SR]LRPX UHSUH]HQWDFML LQWH UHVyZSU]H]ZáDG]HVDPRU]ąGRZH:NROHMQ\PWHNĞFLH$JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN

7XUHFND]EDGDáDRFHQĊZSURZDG]HQLDUR]ZLą]DĔNZRWRZ\FKZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FK

:67Č3

0DáJRU]DWD)XV]DUD UHG Kobiety, wybory, polityka ,QVW\WXW6SUDZ

3XEOLF]Q\FK:DUV]DZD V

5HFHQ]HQW-RDQQD3RGJyUVND5\NDáD ... 

Krzysztof Kowalczyk: Partie i ugrupowania parlamentarne wobec

.RĞFLRáDNDWROLFNLHJRZ3ROVFHZODWDFK :\GDZQLFWZR=DSRO 6]F]HFLQ V 5HFHQ]HQW=X]DQQD2VPyOVND ... 135 6SUDZR]GDQLH],,=MD]GX.DWHGUL=DNáDGyZ6\VWHPyZ3ROLW\F]Q\FK .DWDU]\QD.RELHOVND ... 139 6XPPDULHV ... 145 Aneks ... 151

(7)

11

1LJG\QLHSU]\SXV]F]DáHPĪHSU]\MG]LHPLSLVDüZVSRPQLHQLHR5DGNX ,WRQLHW\ONRGODWHJRĪHE\áRGHPQLHRZLHOHPáRGV]\-HJRSRJRGDGXFKD ZLHONLH SRF]XFLH KXPRUX UR]EXGRZDQH SODQ\ ]DZRGRZH EOLVND SHUVSHN W\ZDDZDQVXQDXNRZHJRQLHSR]ZDODMąPLVLĊSRJRG]Lü]HVPXWQ\PIDNWHP ĪHQLHPD*RMXĪZĞUyGQDV%H]-HJR]G\VWDQVRZDQHJRSRGHMĞFLDGRU]HF]\ZL VWRĞFLLURQLF]QHJRXĞPLHFKXFHOQ\FKVSRVWU]HĪHĔLNRPHQWDU]\DOHWDNĪHEH] -HJRRNXODUyZIDQWD]\MQLH]DáRĪRQ\FKQDF]RáRUR]ZLDQ\FKZáRVyZF]\RU\JL QDOQHJRVWRVXQNXGRPĊVNLHMPRG\ĪDGQHVSRWNDQLH=DNáDGXQLHEĊG]LHMXĪ W\P VDP\P MDNLH RGE\ZDá\ VLĊ ] -HJR XG]LDáHP :SURZDG]Dá ERZLHP GR QLFKWRFRMHVWQLH]Z\NOHFHQQHDU]DG]LHMGRFHQLDQHSRáąF]HQLHU]HWHOQHM VWDOHX]XSHáQLDQHMZLHG]\]QDGHU]GURZ\PUR]VąGNLHP

3R]QDáHP5DGNDMDNRVWXGHQWDEDGDMąFHJRĞURGRZLVNRZURFáDZVNLFK KLSLVyZ:QLHGDOHNLHMSU]\V]áRĞFLPLDáVWDüVLĊPRLPPáRGV]\PXQLZHUV\ WHFNLP NROHJą -XĪ ZyZF]DV PLDá Z\JOąG KLSLVD RUD] PHQWDOQRĞü ']LHFND .ZLDWX L QLJG\ QLH XWUDFLá DQL MHGQHJR DQL GUXJLHJR %\ZDáR WR ]UHV]Wą ĨUyGáHP ]DEDZQ\FK QLHSRUR]XPLHĔ 'R OHJHQG ,QVW\WXWX SU]HV]áD KLVWRULD JG\]MDZLáVLĊQDHJ]DPLQZFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\PGODVLHELH]OHNNDQLHGEDá\P

:63201,(1,('5$5$'26â$:$62/$5=$

VHJPHQWDFKHOHNWRUDWX$QDOL]ĊVSHF\¿NLSU]\ZyG]WZDSDUW\MQHJRRUD]LQVW\ WXFMRQDOQHJRFKDUDNWHUXZ\ERUXOLGHUyZSROVNLFKSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FKSU]HSUR ZDG]LáZVZRLPWHNĞFLHàXNDV]7RPF]DN.ROHMQ\DUW\NXáSRGQRVLSUREOH PDW\NĊSUH]\GHQFMDOL]DFML]DFKRZDĔZ\ERUF]\FKHOHNWRUDWXNWyU\VWDQRZLGOD :RMFLHFKD3HV]\ĔVNLHJRMHGHQ]JáyZQ\FKNLHUXQNyZ]PLDQZĞUyGSROVNLFK Z\ERUFyZ.DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVNDSRĞZLHFLáDVZyMWHNVWSUyELH RFHQ\ ZSá\ZX JáRVRZDQLD HNRQRPLF]QHJR Z SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK JUXSDFK Z\ERUFyZ $UW\NXá :DOGHPDUD :RMWDVLND GRW\F]\ Z\F]HUS\ZDQLD VLĊ SRWHQFMDáXPRGHOXWUDQ]\F\MQHJRJáRVRZDQLDHNRQRPLF]QHJRZZ\MDĞQLDQLX ]DFKRZDĔZ\ERUF]\FKZ3ROVFH

'UXJą F]ĊĞü SUH]HQWRZDQHJR QXPHUX Z\SHáQLDMą WU]\ UHFHQ]MH SUDF NWyUH X]XSHáQLDMą JáyZQ\ QXUW EDGDĔ ]DZDUW\FK ZH ZF]HĞQLHMV]\FK DUW\ NXáDFK .DWDU]\QD 6WHOPDFK ]UHFHQ]RZDáD NVLąĪNĊ 'DUUHQD * /LOOHNHUD 1LJHOD $ -DFNVRQD

 /RQGRQ±1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH  .VLąĪNDSRGUHGDNFMą0DáJRU]DW\)XV]DU\  ,QVW\WXW 6SUDZ3XEOLF]Q\FK:DUV]DZD VWDáDVLĊSU]HGPLRWHPUHÀHNVML

3RGJyUVNLHM5\NDá\ : WU]HFLHM UHFHQ]ML =X]DQQD 2VPyOVND SU]HGVWDZLáD

VZRMąUHÀHNVMĊQDWHPDWSUDF\.U]\V]WRID.RZDOF]\ND

SDUODPHQWDUQH ZREHF .RĞFLRáD NDWROLFNLHJR Z 3ROVFH Z ODWDFK 

:\GDZQLFWZR=DSRO6]F]HFLQ 

&LHQLHPQDSUH]HQWRZDQHMSXEOLNDFMLSRáRĪ\áDVLĊZLDGRPRĞüRQDJáHM ĞPLHUFL QDV]HJR SU]\MDFLHOD L ZVSyáSUDFRZQLND GUD 5DGRVáDZD 6RODU]D ] 8QLZHUV\WHWX :URFáDZVNLHJR 'RWDUáD RQD GR QDV SRGF]DV SUDF UHGDN F\MQ\FKQDGSUH]HQWRZDQ\PWRPHPQLHGáXJRSRW\PMDN5DGRVáDZ6RODU] ]áRĪ\áGRQLHJRVZyMWHNVW:W\FKVPXWQ\FKRNROLF]QRĞFLDFKSRSURVLOLĞP\ SURIGUKDE$QGU]HMD$QWRV]HZVNLHJRRQDSLVDQLHZVSRPQLHQLDR=PDUá\P NWyUHRWZLHUDQLQLHMV]\WRP5HGDNFMDF]DVRSLVPDÄ3ROLWLFDO3UHIHUHQFHV´VNáDGD KRáG L SUDJQLH SRĞZLĊFLü SUH]HQWRZDQą SXEOLNDFMĊ SDPLĊFL GUD 5DGRVáDZD 6RODU]D

(8)

Ä3ROLWLFDO3UHIHUHQFHV´1R '2,P¿JVKDUH VWURMXDHJ]DPLQDWRUZ]LąZV]\*R]DK\GUDXOLNDXFLHV]\áVLĊĪHZUHV]FLHNWRĞ

SU]\V]HGáQDSUDZLü]HSVXWHNDORU\IHU\7RSUDZGDZ\JOąGSRWUD¿P\OLüLWDN ZáDĞQLHE\áRZSU]\SDGNX5DGND$OHSRG-HJRKLSLVRZVNąSRZáRNąNU\áVLĊ QLH]PLHQQLH Ī\Z\ XP\Vá NWyUHPX WRZDU]\V]\áD GRFLHNOLZRĞü L SR]QDZF]D SDVMDĪ\F]OLZRĞüGODOXG]LLQLHFKĊüGODQRQVHQVyZRWDF]DMąFHMQDVU]HF]\ ZLVWRĞFLNWyUHV]\ENRZ\áDS\ZDáLEH]OLWRĞQLHNU\W\NRZDá1LH]QRVLáELXUR NUDW\F]QHMJáXSRW\NWyUąSLĊWQRZDáSU]\NDĪGHMPRĪOLZHMRND]ML1LHE\áRGOD 1LHJR ĞZLĊWRĞFL DQL QLHSRGZDĪDOQ\FK ]ZáDV]F]D IRUPDOQ\FK DXWRU\WHWyZ %\á ZURJLHP NRQZHQFMRQDOQRĞFL L VFKHPDW\]PX 3HZQLH GODWHJR XZLHOELDOL *RVWXGHQFL1D-HJRV]DFXQHNWU]HEDE\áRVRELH]DVáXĪ\üLQLHZV]\VWNLPVLĊ WRXGDZDáRFKRüWDNZLHOXVLĊRWRVWDUDáR

2U\JLQDOQRĞü 5DGND Z\QLNDáD WDNĪH ] -HJR ]DLQWHUHVRZDĔ QDXNR Z\FK NWyUH ]DZV]H Z\FKRG]Lá\ SR]D SUR¿O EDGDZF]\ =DNáDGX ĝPLHUWHOQLH QXG]Lá\*RUR]ZDĪDQLDRQRUPDW\ZQ\FKDVSHNWDFKLQVW\WXFMLLV\VWHPyZSROL W\F]Q\FK PLPR ĪH ] =DNáDGHP 6\VWHPyZ 3ROLW\F]Q\FK ]ZLą]Dá VZH ]DZR GRZHORV\1LHFKFLDáLQLHXPLDáVSRJOąGDüQDU]HF]\ZLVWRĞüSROLW\F]QąSRSU]H] SU\]PDWUHJXáNWyUHPDMąMąSRU]ąGNRZDü'RVWU]HJDá]DWRIDNWĪHF]ĊVWRWHJR QLHF]\QLą7RGODF]HJRWDNVLĊG]LHMHE\áRGOD1LHJRSUDZG]LZ\PZ\]ZD QLHP 2GSRZLHG]L V]XNDá SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP Z NXOWXURZ\FK XZDUXQNRZD QLDFKSROLW\NLNRQFHQWUXMąFVLĊQDW\PF]\PNLHUXMąVLĊOXG]LHXF]HVWQLF]ąF\ ZNRQÀLNFLHSROLW\F]Q\P,QVSLUDFMąGOD-HJREDGDĔE\áDQLHW\ONROLWHUDWXUD QDXNRZDLEDGDQLDWHUHQRZHDOHWDNĪHZVSyáF]HVQDSUR]DPX]\NDL¿OPNWyUH ĞOHG]Lá QDGHU XZDĪQLH L R NWyU\FK PyJá WRF]\ü ZLHORJRG]LQQH G\VSXW\ %\á 5DGHNWDNQDSUDZGĊDQWURSRORJLHPSROLW\NLNWyUHPXSU]\V]áRG]LDáDüZJURQLH LQVW\WXFMRQDOLVWyZ8ZDĪDOLĞP\WR]DQLH]Z\NOHGODQDVFHQQHLZLHOHRG1LHJR VLĊQDXF]\OLĞP\7DNLHJRVSRVREXP\ĞOHQLDLWDNLHJRSDWU]HQLDQDĞZLDWEĊG]LH QDPEDUG]REUDNRZDáR

=DZV]\VWNLHUD]HPVSĊG]RQHFKZLOH]DQLHNRQZHQFMRQDOQHG\VNXVMH ]D FHOQH XZDJL ]D GREURü L Ī\F]OLZRĞü ]D QLHZ]UXV]RQą SRJRGĊ GXFKD í G]LĊNXMHP\&L5DGNX      $QGU]HM$QWRV]HZVNL

5DGRVãDZ6RODU]

8QLZHUV\WHW:URFãDZVNL3ROVND

5<78$/1$3$57<&<3$&-$"

23,1,(32/$.Ð:232/,7<&(,3$57,$&+

32/,7<&=1<&+

3ROHV FRPSDUDWLYHO\ ORZ SROLWLFDO DFWLYLW\ FRQWLQXHG IURP WKH ¿UVW FRPSHWLWLYHSDUOLDPHQWDU\HOHFWLRQLQOHDGVWRWDNHDUHÀHFWLRQRIWKH YRWHUVSHUFHSWLRQRISROLWLFVDQGSROLWLFDOSDUWLHV7KHDUWLFOHIRFXVRQWKHSHUFHS WLRQRISROLWLFDOSDUWLHVLQ3RODQGDQGWKH3ROHV¶DWWLWXGHWRSROLWLFV5HVHDUFK KDVVKRZQWKDWWKHSROLWLFDOVSKHUHRIGHPRFUDWLF3RODQGVHSDUDWHVIURPWKH VRFLDOOLIH7KHDFWLYLWLHVRISROLWLFDOSDUWLHVSROLWLFDOFRQÀLFWVDQGWKHLUVROX WLRQVDUHDSKHQRPHQDWKDWWKHPDMRULW\RI3ROHVGRQRWFDUHDERXW3ROLVK SROLWLFDOLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGGHPRFUDWLFSURFHGXUHVDFWLQDVSHFL¿FVRFLDOYRLG 3ROHVSROLWLFDOEHKDYLRU HVSHFLDOO\WKHYRWHUVRQH LQWKHSHULRGRIGHPRFUDWLF V\VWHPLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\KLJKOHYHORIULWXDOLVP7KLVPHWKRGRIDGDSWDWLRQ RIWKHFLWL]HQVRI3RODQGWRWKHGHPRFUDWLFSROLWLFDOV\VWHPOHDGVWRORZOHYHO RIWUXVWLQSROLWLFDOLQVWLWXWLRQV SROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQSROLWLFDOSDUWLHVSROLWLFDOFRQÀLFWVSROLWLFDOULWXDOLVP WUXVWLQSROLWLFDOLQVWLWXWLRQV 8WU]\PXMąFDVLĊRGSLHUZV]\FKU\ZDOL]DF\MQ\FKZ\ERUyZSDUODPHQWDUQ\FK Z  URNX UHODW\ZQLH QLVND DNW\ZQRĞü SROLW\F]QD 3RODNyZ ĞUHGQLD IUHNZHQFMD Z\ERUF]D ] VLHGPLX HOHNFML SDUODPHQWDUQ\FK Z\QRVL   VNáDQLDGRSRGMĊFLDUR]ZDĪDĔQDWHPDWVSRVREXSRVWU]HJDQLDSU]H]Z\ERUFyZ SROLW\NL L SDUWLL SROLW\F]Q\FK )RUPXáRZDQH Z W\FK REV]DUDFK VSRáHF]QH RSLQLHPRJąZVND]\ZDüQDLVWRWQHHOHPHQW\Z\MDĞQLDMąFHSU]\F]\Q\QLHFKĊFL SROVNLHJR VSRáHF]HĔVWZD GR SROLW\F]QHM DNW\ZQRĞFL =DNáDGDP\ ĪH X]QDQLH SU]H] RE\ZDWHOL G]LDáDMąF\FK QD IRUXP SDUODPHQWX SDUWLL SROLW\F]Q\FK

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

Metoda Romberga jest rozszerzeniem metody trapezów i daje lepsze przybliżenie całki poprzez zasadniczą redukcję błędu (true

In the  course of the  work on anthroponymy in  the  Polish translations of the New Testament 8 it turned out that possessive adjectives formed from proper names were

Prawo Kanoniczne : kwartalnik prawno-historyczny 24/1-2,

Z tego, że p rezb iter zastępuje biskupa w spraw ow aniu E ucharystii wolno wnioskować, że ikiedy celebruje E uchary stię prezbiter, biskup tego nie czyni..

[r]

b idem, waarbij aan de onderzijde van de blokken staafjes zijn gelijmd, resul- terend in een spleet van 0,5 mm tussen de blokken en de doorlatende plaat,.. c blokken op een 0,025

Hiszpania stała się krajem, w którym dochodziło do bardziej nowoczesnych prób poszukiwań rozwią­ zań starych zagadnień, utartych wiekami teorii i postaw

Prawo Kanoniczne : kwartalnik prawno-historyczny 28/1-2,