• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

Field Studies on the Axial Capacity of Small Diameter Piles and Ageing Effects in Sands

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Field Studies on the Axial Capacity of Small Diameter Piles and Ageing Effects in Sands"

Copied!
11
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)Delft University of Technology. Field Studies on the Axial Capacity of Small Diameter Piles and Ageing Effects in Sands Carroll, R; Carotenuto, P; Dano, C; Salama, I; Silva, M; Gavin, Kenneth; Jardine, R. J. DOI 10.3723/OSIG17.1160 Publication date 2017 Document Version Final published version Published in Offshore Site Investigation Geotechnics 8th International Conference Proceeding. Citation (APA) Carroll, R., Carotenuto, P., Dano, C., Salama, I., Silva, M., Gavin, K., & Jardine, R. J. (2017). Field Studies on the Axial Capacity of Small Diameter Piles and Ageing Effects in Sands. In Offshore Site Investigation Geotechnics 8th International Conference Proceeding: Smarter Solutions for Future Off shore Developments (pp. 1160-1169) https://doi.org/10.3723/OSIG17.1160 Important note To cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above.. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policy Please contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.. This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to a maximum of 10..

(2) OSIG 2017. Smarter Solutions for Future Offshore Developments. ),(/'678',(6217+($;,$/&$3$&,7<2) 60$//',$0(7(53,/(6$1'$*(,1*())(&76,16$1'6 5&DUUROODQG3&DURWHQXWR Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway. &'DQRDQG,6DODPD Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP1, Grenoble, France.. 06LOYD Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile. .*DYLQ Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands. 5-DUGLQH Imperial College London, London, UK  EVWUDFW $ &RPSUHKHQVLYH VHULHV¶ RI ILHOG SXOORXW WHVWV KDYHEHHQFDUULHGRXWRQVPDOOGLDPHWHU WRPP RXWVLGH GLDPHWHU 2'

(3)

(4) RSHQHQGHGVWHHOGULYHQSLOHVDW/DUYLNLQ1RUZD\'XQNLUNLQ)UDQFHDQG%OHVVLQJWRQLQ,UHODQG WRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHSURFHVVHVWKDWDIIHFWWKHDJHLQJRID[LDOO\ORDGHGSLOHVLQVDQG7KLVSDSHUUHSRUWVQHZLQYHV WLJDWLRQVRIWKHVLWHV¶JHRWHFKQLFDOSURILOHVDQGWHQVLRQWHVWVRQFRUURGHGPLOGVWHHO 06

(5) SLOHVFRQGXFWHGXSWR GD\VDIWHUGULYLQJ7KHSRWHQWLDOLQIOXHQFHVRI L

(6) SLOHGLDPHWHU LL

(7) JURXQGZDWHU LLL

(8) VWHHOW\SHDQG LY

(9)  LQVWDOODWLRQPHWKRGDUHDVVHVVHGDQGFRPSDULVRQVPDGHZLWKWKHDJHLQJUHVSRQVHVHVWDEOLVKHGLQHDUOLHUWHQVLRQ WHVWVRQODUJHUGLDPHWHULQGXVWULDOVFDOHVWHHOGULYHQSLSHSLOHV6WHHOFRUURVLRQDQGERQGLQJRIVRLOSDUWLFOHVDUH VKRZQWREHSDUWLFXODUO\LPSRUWDQWZLWKWKHVPDOOGLDPHWHUSLOHVWKHGULYLQJSURFHVVLVVKRZQWREHVLJQLILFDQW ,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KHVKDIWFDSDFLWLHVRILQGXVWULDOSLOHVGULYHQLQVDQG LQFUHDVH RYHU WKH ZHHNV DQG PRQWKV WKDW IROORZ LQ VWDOODWLRQVHH7DYHQDVDQG$XG\ 

(10) $VWHGWHWDO 

(11) &KRZHWDO 

(12) $[HOVVRQ 

(13) -DUGLQH HW DO 

(14)  *DYLQ HW DO 

(15)  .DUOVUXG HW DO 

(16) /LPDQG/HKDQH 

(17) RU*DYLQHWDO 

(18)  &KRZHWDO 

(19) SURSRVHGWKUHHSRVVLEOHFDXVHV L

(20)  3K\VLRFKHPLFDOSURFHVVHVDURXQGWKHVKDIW LL

(21)  5HGLVWULEXWLRQRIUDGLDOHIIHFWLYHVWUHVVHVLQWKH VDQGDURXQGWKHSLOHVKDIWV LLL

(22)  (QKDQFHG GLODWLRQ DW WKH VDQGVKDIW LQWHUIDFH XQGHUD[LDOORDGLQJ -DUGLQH HW DO 

(23)  VKRZHG WKDW WKH V\VWHPDWLF DJHLQJWUHQGV VHHQ LQ VW WLPH WHVWV RQ µYLUJLQ¶SLOHV FDQQRWEHFDSWXUHGE\WHVWLQJVLQJOHSLOHVRQPXOWLSOH RFFDVLRQV *DYLQ HW DO 

(24)  DWWULEXWHG WKH DJHLQJ VHHQLQWKHLUVWWLPHWHVWVDW%OHVVLQJWRQ ,UHODQG

(25) WR D FRPELQDWLRQ RI PHFKDQLVPV L

(26)  WR LLL

(27)  LQFOXGLQJ LQFUHDVHG VKDIW URXJKQHVV WKURXJK ERQGLQJ RI VDQG SDUWLFOHV-DUGLQHDQG6WDQGLQJ 

(28) UHSRUWHGILHOG WHVWV DQG 7VXKD HW DO 

(29)  UHSRUWHG FDOLEUDWLRQ FKDPEHUH[SHULPHQWV

(30) LQZKLFKORZOHYHOF\FOLFD[LDO ORDGLQJ DOVR OHG WR PLOG VKDIW FDSDFLW\ JDLQV ZKLOH ORVVHV GHYHORSHG UDSLGO\ XQGHU KLJK OHYHO F\FOLQJ   1160. 5LPR\HWDO 

(31) UHODWHGWKHVHF\FOLFSKHQRPHQDWR WKH UHGLVWULEXWLRQ RI UDGLDO VWUHVVHV DURXQG WKH SLOH VKDIWVDQGDOVRFRQFOXGHGWKDW L

(32) KDUGGULYLQJFRXOG FDXVHORZHULQLWLDOFDSDFLWLHVDQGJUHDWHUVHWXSRYHU WLPH LL

(33)  DJHLQJ LV LQGHSHQGHQW RI ZKHWKHU JURXQGZDWHUZDVIUHVKRUVDOW\DQG LLL

(34) ERWKFRQFUHWH DQGVWHHOSLOHVFDQVKRZPDUNHGVHWXS  5LPR\ HW DO 

(35)  DOVR GHPRQVWUDWHG WKDW ERWK MDFNHGDQGGULYHQPPGLDPHWHUVWDLQOHVVVWHHOSLOHV VKRZHGOLWWOHVKDIWFDSDFLW\JURZWKRYHUWLPHLQFDOL EUDWLRQFKDPEHUH[SHULPHQWV1RWLQJWKHGLVFUHSDQF\ ZLWKILHOGEHKDYLRXUWKH\FRQFOXGHGWKDWDJHLQJPXVW GHSHQG RQ SLOH GLDPHWHU DQGRU VWHHO W\SH /LP DQG /HKDQH 

(36) IRXQGVLPLODUWUHQGVZLWKILHOGWHVWVRQ MDFNHGPRGHOSLOHVDQGUHPDUNHGRQSRVVLEOHLQVWDOOD WLRQHIIHFWVWKHLUMDFNHGSLOHVGHYHORSHGFRQVLGHUDEO\ OHVVµIULFWLRQIDWLJXH¶DQGVHWXSWKDQSLOHVGULYHQHDU OLHUDWWKHVDPHILHOGORFDWLRQE\6FKQHLGHU 

(37)   7KH FUXVW RI IUDFWXUHG VDQG QRWHG E\ <DQJ HW DO 

(38) DVIRUPLQJDURXQGGLVSODFHPHQWSLOHVLQVWDOOHG LQVDQGVZLWK&37FRQHUHVLVWDQFH TF

(39) !03DRIIHUV DSRWHQWLDOH[SODQDWLRQDVWRZK\DJHLQJWUHQGVPLJKW GHSHQG RQ SLOH GLDPHWHU '

(40)  5LPR\ HW DO 

(41)  QRWHGWKDWWKHFUXVWWKLFNQHVV WFUXVW

(42) LVLQGHSHQGHQWRI .

(43) Geotechnical Design Studies 'DQGFRXOGEHFRPHFHPHQWHGE\LURQFRPSRXQGVLQ WKHILHOG7KH\DUJXHWKDWKLJKHUWFUXVW'UDWLRVDSSO\ WRVPDOOGLDPHWHUSLOHVWKDWLQHYLWDEO\UHGXFHVKDIWUD GLDOVWUHVVUHGLVWULEXWLRQDQGVRVKDIWFDSDFLW\JURZWK JUHDWO\RYHUWLPH  5LPR\HWDO 

(44) DOVRUHFRJQLVHGWKDWWKHLQWHUIDFH GLODWLRQUHODWHGFRPSRQHQWRIVKDIWFDSDFLW\ GHPRQ VWUDWHG LQ ILHOG WHVWV E\ /HKDQH HW DO 

(45)

(46)  FRXOG EHFRPHVLJQLILFDQWO\PRUHGRPLQDQWIRUVPDOOGLDP HWHUSLOHV-DUGLQHHWDO 

(47) DUJXH DIWHU)RUD\DQG %RXORQ 

(48)

(49)  WKDW WKLV FRPSRQHQW LV GLUHFWO\ SUR SRUWLRQDOWRSLOH FHQWUHOLQHDYHUDJH

(50) VXUIDFHURXJK QHVV 5FOD

(51)  DQG VDQG VKHDU VWLIIQHVV *

(52)  EXW LV LQ YHUVHO\UHODWHGWR'7KHVHIHDWXUHVDUHLQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR WKH ,&3 DQG 8:$ GHVLJQ SURFHGXUHV ZKLFKSUHGLFWWKDWLIRWKHUNH\SDUDPHWHUV TFDQJOH RILQWHUIDFHVKHDULQJUHVLVWDQFH į

(53) GLVWDQFHRIVKDIW LQWHUIDFHEHKLQGWKHSLOHWLSSLOHUDGLXV K5

(54)

(55) ı‫މ‬YR* DQG 5FOD

(56)  DUH FRQVWDQW ORFDO VKDIW VKHDU UHVLVWDQFH VKRXOGLQFUHDVHDV'UHGXFHV  &DUUROOHWDO 

(57) UHSRUWQHZILHOGH[SHULPHQWVDW /DUYLN 1RUZD\

(58) 'XQNLUN )UDQFH

(59) DQG%OHVVLQJWRQ ,UHODQG

(60) VDQGUHVHDUFKVLWHVWKDWDWWHPSWHGWRUHVROYH WKHGLVSDUDWHWUHQGVRIILHOGDQGPRGHOSLOHVRXWOLQHG DERYH7KH\LQYHVWLJDWHGWKHLQIOXHQFHVRQVKDIWFD SDFLW\ DJHLQJ WUHQGV RI YDU\LQJ L

(61)  SLOH GLDPHWHU ' LL

(62) ZDWHUWDEOHGHSWK LLL

(63) SLOHVWHHOW\SHDQG LY

(64) LQ VWDOODWLRQPHWKRG7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVDVXPPDU\RI NH\UHVXOWVIURPH[SHULPHQWVFRQGXFWHGRQPXOWLSOH WRPP2XWVLGH'LDPHWHU 2'

(65) VWHHOSLOHVGULYHQ WRHPEHGGHGOHQJWKVEHWZHHQDQGPEHIRUHEH LQJVXEMHFWHGWRFDUHIXOO\VWDJHGVWWLPHWHQVLRQWHVWV  6WURQJ DQG V\VWHPDWLF VKDIW FDSDFLW\ DJHLQJ WUHQGV KDYHEHHQSURYHQLQHDUOLHUVWXGLHVDWWKHVDPHVLWHV WKURXJKVWWLPHWHQVLRQWHVWVRQLQGXVWULDOVFDOH  WR PP 2'

(66)  PLOG VWHHO GULYHQ SLSH SLOHV VHH 5LPR\ HW DO 

(67)  7KH ODUJHU SLOHV ZKLFK KDG VLPLODU /' UDWLRV WR WKH VPDOOHU GLDPHWHU SLOHV VKRZHGWKHWUHQGVLOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJXUHZKHUHWKH VKDIWFDSDFLWLHVDUHH[SUHVVHGDVUDWLRVRISUHGLFWLRQV PDGH ZLWK WKH ,&3 SURFHGXUH WR HOLPLQDWH WKH HIIHFWV RI VSHFLILF VLWH FRQGLWLRQV LQFOXGLQJ WKH JURXQGSURILOHV&37WUDFHVDQGSLOHGLPHQVLRQV7KH LQLWLDO FDSDFLWLHV FRUUHVSRQGHG WR § WLPHV WKH µPHGLXPWHUP¶ ,&3 HVWLPDWHV DQG JUHZ E\ DQ DYHUDJHIDFWRURI§RYHUGD\VEHIRUHWHQGLQJWR ORQJWHUPPD[LPD§WLPHVWKH,&3HVWLPDWHV  2QHNH\UHVHDUFKDLPZDVWRLVRODWHWKHSRWHQWLDOUROHV SK\VLRFKHPLFDO SURFHVVHV SOD\ LQ DJHLQJ E\ WHVWLQJ VWDLQOHVV JDOYDQLVHG XQFRUURGHG UHODWLYHO\ VPRRWK VXUIDFHUHIHUUHGWRDVµIUHVK¶

(68) PLOGDQGFRUURGHG. . . )LJXUH  $JHLQJ WUHQGV IURP LQGXVWULDO VFDOH WHVWV DW /DUYLN 'XQNLUNDQG%OHVVLQJWRQE\.DUOVUXGHWDO 

(69) -DUGLQHHWDO 

(70)  DQG *DYLQ HW DO 

(71)  DIWHU 5LPR\ HW DO 

(72)  7HQVLRQWHVWVQRUPDOLVHGE\,&3FDSDFLWLHV.  Table 1 Properties of piles  /DUYLN 'XQNLUN %OHVVLQJWRQ —P 

(73)  1$ 1$.  5FODURXJKQHVV  6WHHOJUDGH06  (&5 ( 1$ FRUURGHG 6 2XWHUGLDPHWHU PP    :DOOWKLFNQHVV PP    &RQWDFWOHQJWKDY P    HUDJH 3/5FRUURGHGSLOH    

(74) 8QWHVWHG ZHDWKHUHG SLOH 1$ 1RW DYDLODEOH 3/5 VRLO SOXJ OHQJWKLQVLGHWKHSLOHWRSLOHHPEHGPHQWUDWLR SOXJOHQJWKUDWLR

(75) .  UHODWLYHO\URXJKFRUURGHGUHIHUUHGWRDVµFRUURGHG¶

(76)  PLOG VWHHO SLOHV &DUUROO HW DO 

(77)  VKRZ WKDW WKH VWDLQOHVV DQG JDOYDQLVHG VWHHO SLOHV GLG QRW JDLQ FDSDFLW\RYHUWLPHDWDQ\VLWH7KH\FRQILUP5LPR\HW DO¶V 

(78)  FRQMHFWXUH WKDW QHLWKHU VWUHVV UHGLVWULEXWLRQQRUGLODWLRQHQKDQFHPHQWGXHWRVKHDU VWLIIQHVV JDLQV LQ WKH VXUURXQGLQJ VRLO PDVV FDQ RQ WKHLU RZQ JHQHUDWH VLJQLILFDQW FDSDFLW\ JDLQV RYHU WLPH ZLWK VPDOO PRGHO SLOHV UHJDUGOHVV RI WKHLU LQVWDOODWLRQ PHWKRG +RZHYHU &DUUROO HW DO 

(79)  IRXQGVLJQLILFDQWFDSDFLW\JURZWKRYHUWLPHZLWKWKHLU PLOGVWHHO 06

(80) PP2'SLOHV  7KLVSDSHUFRQFHQWUDWHVRQUHSRUWLQJRQO\WKHWHVWVRQ FRUURGHG06SLOHVZKRVHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUHVXPPD ULVHGLQ7DEOH6KDIWURXJKQHVVDIIHFWVFDSDFLW\VLJ QLILFDQWO\ DQG PHDVXUHPHQWV RQ D FRUURGHG /DUYLN SLOHLQGLFDWHGDQ5FODYDOXH ȝP

(81) FORVHWRWKHȝP YDOXHVXJJHVWHGIRUVWHHOSLOHVE\-DUGLQHHWDO 

(82)  4XDOLWDWLYH FKHFNV LQGLFDWH VLPLODU YDOXHV IRU WKH %OHVVLQJWRQDQG'XQNLUNSLOHV. 1161.

(83) OSIG 2017 Table 2 Soil parameters and ground conditions for three site /DUYLN 

(84)  'XQNLUN %OHVVLQJWRQ 8QLW P     ORRVHWRPHGLXPGHQVHVLOW\ GHQVHWRYHU\GHQVH GHQVHPHGLXPWRILQHVDQG VDQGZLWKVRPHVLOWOD\HUV VDQG N1P    

(85)  8QLWZHLJKW JEXON

(86)  :DWHUFRQWHQW     

(87)  6 U        ' PP    ' PP    

(88)  )LQHVFRQWHQW     2YHUFRQVROLGDWLRQUDWLR 2&5

(89)   1RUPDOO\FRQVROLGDWHG 1RUPDOO\FRQVROLGDWHG DWP 

(90) DWP 

(91)  TFDYHUDJH 03D    

(92)  IVDYHUDJH 03D    

(93)      1*, 

(94)  &KRZHWDO 

(95) GLUHFWVKHDUER[PLOGVWHHOLQWHUIDFH *DYLQDQG2¶.HOO\ 

(96)  7RORRL\DQDQG*DYLQ 

(97)   *DYLQHWDO 

(98) %URPKHDGULQJVKHDUVDQGLQWHUIDFH'RKHUW\HWDO 

(99) 3UHQGHUJDVWHWDO 

(100)  6XJJHVWHGYDOXHDV6U YDULHVZLWKWLPHDQGGHSWK  :DWHUWDEOH%*/ 'HVFULSWLRQ.  'HVFULSWLRQRIWHVWVLWHV 7DEOH  VXPPDULVHVWKHVRLOSDUDPHWHUVDQGJURXQG FRQGLWLRQVDWWKHWKUHHVLWHV$VGHVFULEHGE\.DUOVUXG HWDO 

(101) WKH/DUYLNWHVWVLWHLVPRVWO\IOXYLDODQG FRPSULVHV ORRVH WR PHGLXP GHQVH VLOW\ VDQG ZLWK VRPH VLOW OD\HUV GRZQ WR WKH LQYHVWLJDWHG GHSWK RI PEHORZJURXQGOHYHO %*/

(102) 7KHXSSHUPRVWP RI VRLO FRPSULVHV 0DGH *URXQG DQG WKH SLOHV ZHUH HPEHGGHG EHORZ WKH VLWH¶V P GHHS ZDWHU WDEOH 7KUHH FRQH SHQHWUDWLRQ WHVWV &37

(103)  ZHUH FRQGXFWHG FORVHWRWKHWHVWDUHDLQDQGDIXUWKHUVL[IURP PWRPGHSWKLQIRUWKLVVWXG\3LH]RFRQH WHVWVDW/DUYLNVKRZVRPHSRUHZDWHUSUHVVXUHVSLNHV KRZHYHUWKHSRUHSUHVVXUHSDUDPHWHU%TZKLOH ILQHVFRQWHQWVLVLQUDQJHRIWR7KHHIIHFWVRQ TF RI FOHDQLQJ WKH EDVHV RI WKH FDVHG LQLWLDO &37 ERUHKROHV ZHUH DVVHVVHG WKURXJK FRPSDULVRQ RI WKH WUDFHVIRU&37ZKLFKZDVDGYDQFHGIURPWKHEDVH RIDFOHDQHGERUHKROHZLWKWKRVHIURP&37DQG ZKLFKZHUHVWDUWHGDWDKLJKHUOHYHODQGZHUHQRWIURP DFDVHG%+VHH)LJXUH D

(104) 7KH&37TF UHVLVWDQFHV UDQJH IURP  WR  03D DQG DYHUDJH DURXQG  03D RYHUWKHWRPGHSWKLQWHUYDORILQWHUHVW  7KH 'XQNLUN VLWH GHVFULEHG E\ -DUGLQH HW DO 

(105)  KDVEHHQHPSOR\HGUHFHQWO\IRUWKH3,6$SURMHFWH[ SHULPHQWV UHSRUWHG E\ %\UQH HW DO 

(106)  7KH NH\ OD\HUIRUWKHWHVWVGHVFULEHGKHUHLQLVDPRVWO\FOHDQ VDQG K\GUDXOLF ILOO GHULYHG IURP QHDUE\ ILQH PDULQH VDQGZKLFKZDVSODFHGLQWKHHDUO\V,WRYHUOLHV DGHQVHWRYHU\GHQVHPDULQHVDQG7KHVPDOOGLDPH WHU SLOHV DUH ORFDWHG DERYH WKH ZDWHU WDEOH 5HFHQW &37WHVWVFRQGXFWHGIRUWKH3,6$SURMHFWDUHVKRZQ LQ)LJXUH E

(107) WRJHWKHUZLWKIRXU&37WHVWVFDUULHGRXW LQ0DUFKIRUWKHSUHVHQWSURMHFWDWWKHVPDOOSLOH WHVWORFDWLRQV7KHTFSURILOHULVHVVWHHSO\ZLWKGHSWK WRPD[LPDDURXQG03DEHIRUHGHFOLQLQJ7KHDY HUDJH TF YDOXHV HPSOR\HG SLOH FDSDFLW\ FDOFXODWLRQV ZHUHGHULYHGIURPWKHODWWHUWHVWVHWH[FOXGLQJ&37 DIWHUTXDOLW\FRQWURO 1162.  7KH 8QLYHUVLW\ &ROOHJH 'XEOLQ %OHVVLQJWRQ H[SHUL PHQWDOVLWHLVORFDWHGNPVRXWKZHVWRIWKHFLW\$V GRFXPHQWHGE\*DYLQDQG2¶.HOO\ 

(108) *DYLQHW DO 

(109) DQG'RKHUW\HWDO 

(110) WKHPHGLXPWR ILQHFOHDQVDQGLVGHQVH7KHZDWHUWDEOHLVUHODWLYHO\ GHHSDQGWKHSLOHVZHUHLQVWDOOHGDERYHWKHZDWHUWD EOH7KHHLJKW&37WHVWVSHUIRUPHGDQGUHSRUWHGE\ 3UHQGHUJDVW HW DO 

(111)  DUH VXPPDULVHG LQ )LJXUH  F

(112)  7KH DYHUDJH TF YDOXHV LQFUHDVHG IURP  03D MXVWEHORZWKHJURXQGVXUIDFHWR03DDWPGHSWK  ([SHULPHQWDOSURJUDPPHDWWHVWVLWHV 3.1 Piles and embedment 7KH PXOWLSOH VPDOO GLDPHWHU RSHQHQGHG SLOHV LQ VWDOOHGDW /DUYLN ZHUH GULYHQLQWR SRVLWLRQ IURP WKH ERWWRPRIFDVHGVWDUWHUKROHVLQRUGHUWRE\SDVV WKH XSSHU PDGH JURXQG FDVLQJ ZDV H[WHQGHG WR P %*/6KRUWVRLOSOXJV §PORQJ

(113) ZHUHPHDVXUHG LQVLGHWKHFDVLQJVSULRUWRSLOHLQVWDOODWLRQ7KHSLOHV ZHUHLQVWDOOHGDWWKHEDVHRIWKHFOHDQHG%+ VDQGWKLV ZDVWKHVWDUWRIWKHFRQWDFWOHQJWKIRUHDFKSLOH7HVWV DUH UHSRUWHG LQ WKLV SDSHU RQ VHYHQ PP 2' FRU URGHGPLOGVWHHO 06

(114) SLOHVZKLFKZHUHGULYHQWRWLS GHSWKVRIP%*/DQGHPEHGPHQW VRI§PDW /DUYLNE\DNJPDVVWKDWFRXOGIDOOEHWZHHQ DQG P 7KH GULYLQJ HQHUJ\ FRXOG EH YDULHG EH WZHHQDQG-RXOHV DVVXPLQJ(IILFLHQF\5DWLR (5§

(115)   7KH06SLOHVZHUHFRUURGHGEHIRUHXVHDW1*,¶V2VOR ODERUDWRU\IRUVRPHZHHNVEHIRUHWUDQVSRUWWR/DUYLN 1RSLOHURXJKQHVVPHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHPDGHSULRUWR GULYLQJ3LOHZDVLQVWDOOHGZLWKLQDZHHNRIDUULYDO RQVLWHZKLOHWKHUHPDLQLQJSLOHVZHUHH[SRVHGWRWKH FRDVWDO DWPRVSKHULF FRQGLWLRQV IRU WKUHH PRQWKV $IWHU ZKLFK WLPH DOO EXW RQH RI WKH 06 SLOHV ZHUH GULYHQ 7KH ODWWHU 06 SLOH WKDW ZDV QRW GULYHQ UHPDLQHGDWWKHVLWHIRURQH\HDUOD\LQJRQWKHJURXQG VXUIDFH$IWHURQH\HDUWKLVSLOHZDVUHWXUQHGWRWKH.

(116) Geotechnical Design Studies 1*,ODERUDWRU\IRUVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVPHDVXUHPHQWV XVLQJD0LWXWR\R6XUIWHVW6-6HULHVGHYLFH &HQWUHOLQHDYHUDJHURXJKQHVV V 5FOD

(117) ZHUHPHDVXUHG DWORFDWLRQVDORQJDPPOHQJWKRIWKHSLOH7DEOH SUHVHQWVWKHDYHUDJHYDOXHVRIWKHVHPHDVXUHPHQWV 1RSLOHZDVH[WUDFWHGDIWHUWHVWLQJDW/DUYLN'ULYLQJ VWDUWHG DW /DUYLN ZLWK GURS KHLJKWV RI P WKDW W\SLFDOO\ LQFUHDVHG WR P RYHU WKH ILQDO P RI SHQHWUDWLRQ%ORZFRXQWVZHUHPRQLWRUHGRYHUP WR P SHQHWUDWLRQ LQWHUYDOV $OO SLOHV SOXJJHG WR VRPHH[WHQWZLWKDQDYHUDJHILQDO3OXJ/HQJWK5DWLR 3/5

(118) RIIRUWKHFRUURGHG06SLOHVVHH7DEOH 'ULYLQJZDVFRQVLVWHQWIRUPRVWSLOHVDQGWKHDYHUDJH WRWDO QXPEHU RI EORZV UHTXLUHG WR DFKLHYH IXOO SHQHWUDWLRQ ZDV  6OLJKWO\ KLJKHU EORZ FRXQWV ZHUHUHTXLUHGIRUSLOH3  $W 'XQNLUN DV GHVFULEHG E\ &DUUROO HW DO 

(119)  PDQ\PP2'SLOHVZHUHGULYHQIURPJURXQGOHYHO E\D6RO6ROXWLRQ*UL]]O\ŠPDFKLQHWKDWFRXOGDSSO\ YDULDEOHGULYLQJHQHUJ\7KHPD[LPXPVHWWLQJRIWKH PDFKLQH LV HTXLYDOHQW WR WKH VWDQGDUG 637 HQHUJ\  -RXOHV

(120)  DQG LW GHOLYHUV D VLPLODU (QHUJ\ 5DWLR (5

(121) WRDWULS637KDPPHUV\VWHP WR

(122) 7KH µ*UL]]O\¶PDFKLQH¶VHQHUJ\UDWLQJVZHUHDGMXVWHGWR DFKLHYH FRQVLVWHQW SLOH SHQHWUDWLRQ UDWHV 7KH FRUURGHG 'XQNLUN SLOHV GHVFULEHG LQ 7DEOH  ZHUH UHF\FOHG IURP SUHYLRXV WHVWV DQG ZHUH UHODWLYHO\ URXJKRQERWKWKHLURXWHUDQGLQQHUVXUIDFHVDVLWZDV QRWSRVVLEOHWRUHPRYHDOOWKHVDQGWKDWDGKHUHGWRWKH LQVLGHV RI WKH SLOHV 'ULYLQJ ZDV FRQVLVWHQW IRU WKH SLOHV DOWKRXJK WKH FRUURGHG 06 SLOHV¶ KDG D ORZHU DYHUDJH3/5 VHH7DEOH

(123) WKDQDWWKHRWKHUWZR VLWHV SUREDEO\ GXH WR VPDOO SDWFKHV RI ILQH VDQG DGKHULQJWRWKHSLOHV¶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

(124) /DUYLN E

(125) 'XQNLUN DQG F

(126) %OHVVLQJWRQ.  7KHDYHUDJH3/5UHFRUGHGDW%OHVVLQJWRQZDV  3.2 Tension testing procedures 7KH FRUURGHG SLOHV GULYHQ DW DOO WKUHH VLWHV ZHUH VXEMHFWHG WR ILUVW WLPH VWDWLF WHQVLRQ ORDG WHVWLQJ DW DJHVRIXSWRGD\VDIWHUGULYLQJ7KHHTXLSPHQW DQG SURFHGXUHV YDULHG EHWZHHQ WKH WKUHH VLWHV 7KH /DUYLN WHQVLRQ ORDGV ZHUH DSSOLHG LQ § N1 LQFUHPHQWVWKDWZHUHKHOGIRUPLQXWHVHPSOR\LQJ DOLJKWZHLJKWWULSRGVHWXSWKDWUHDFWHGDJDLQVWVXUIDFH SDG IRXQGDWLRQV DQG XVHG WKH FDVLQJ RI WKH SUH LQVWDOOHGERUHKROHVGULOOHGWKURXJKWKHILOOOD\HUVDVD GLVSODFHPHQWGDWXP7KHVWDWLFWHVWVZHUHWHUPLQDWHG RQFHDFOHDUORDGGLVSODFHPHQWSODWHDXGHYHORSHGDQG GLVSODFHPHQWVKDGH[FHHGHGPP RIWKHSLOH 2'

(127) . 1163.

(128) OSIG 2017 $VWHHOEHDPV\VWHPZDVHPSOR\HGWRUHDFWDJDLQVW VXUIDFHSDGIRXQGDWLRQVDW'XQNLUN7KHLQLWLDOORDG LQFUHPHQWVZHUH§RIHVWLPDWHGLQLWLDOFDSDFLW\ 7KH ORDG LQFUHPHQWV ZKLFK UHGXFHG DV IDLOXUH DS SURDFKHGZHUHHDFKPDLQWDLQHGIRU§PLQXWHVDQG WHVWVZHUHWHUPLQDWHGDIWHUWRPPRIGLVSODFH PHQW7KHGLVSODFHPHQWUDWLRVDWIDLOXUH WR UHODWLYHWRSLOH2'

(129) ZHUHWHQWLPHVWKRVHUHTXLUHGIRU WKHPP2''XQNLUNSLOHVUHIHUUHGWRLQ)LJXUH 6LPLODUV\VWHPVZHUHHPSOR\HGDW%OHVVLQJWRQZKHUH § ORDG LQFUHPHQWV ZHUH DSSOLHG WR UHDFK IDLOXUH /RDG VWHSV ZHUH KHOG IRU  VHFRQGV DQG WKH WRWDO WLPHVWRIDLOXUH DURXQGPLQXWHV

(130) ZHUHVKRUWHUWKDQ DW'XQNLUNRU/DUYLN7HVWVWHUPLQDWHGZKHQWKHK\ GUDXOLFMDFNFRXOGQRORQJHUPDLQWDLQWKHGHVLUHGORDG GXHWRH[FHVVLYHGLVSODFHPHQWUDWHV)DLOXUHZDVDV VRFLDWHGUHODWLYHO\ODUJH WRPP

(131) GLVSODFHPHQWV ZKLFKDPRXQWHGWRRUPRUHRIWKHSLOHV¶2'V  5HVXOWV 4.1 Static load testing: load versus displacement ([DPSOHV RI WKH WHQVLRQ ORDGGLVSODFHPHQW FXUYHV UHFRUGHGDWWKHWKUHHVLWHVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJXUH 3LOHFDSDFLW\ZDVGHILQHGDVWKHSHDNORDGDVVXPLQJ QRUHYHUVHHQGEHDULQJFDSDFLW\ TEDVH

(132) FRXOGGHYHORS $W/DUYLNWKHZHLJKWRIWKHSLOHDQGSOXJDQGDGMXVW PHQWIRUEXR\DQF\ZHUHVXEWUDFWHGWKHVHFRUUHFWLRQV ZHUHQRWDSSOLHGWR'XQNLUNRU%OHVVLQJWRQZKHUHFD SDFLWLHVZHUHFRQVLGHUDEO\JUHDWHUWKDQWKHVHFRPSR QHQWV7KHFRQYHQWLRQDOGHILQLWLRQRIFDSDFLW\DVWKH ORDGUHTXLUHGWRJLYHDGLVSODFHPHQWHTXDOWRRI SLOHGLDPHWHUFRXOGEHDSSOLHGUHDVRQDEO\WRWKH/DU YLNSLOHVEXWZDVQRWFRQVLGHUHGDSSURSULDWHIRUWKH RWKHUWZRGHQVHUVDQGVLWHVZKLFKUHTXLUHGIDUJUHDWHU GLVSODFHPHQW WR UHDFK DQ\ FOHDU IDLOXUH ,W LV FOHDU IURP)LJXUHWKDW L

(133)  7KHFDSDFLWLHVRIWKH'XQNLUNDQG%OHVVLQJWRQ FRUURGHG06SLOHVZHUHDQRUGHURIPDJQLWXGH KLJKHUWKDQWKRVHPHDVXUHGLQWKHORRVHUDQG PRUHVLOW\/DUYLNVDQG LL

(134)  7KH/DUYLNDQG'XQNLUNSLOHV¶UHVSRQVHVZHUH PDLQO\GXFWLOHZKLOHWKH%OHVVLQJWRQSLOHV VKRZHGVRPHSRVWSHDNUHGXFWLRQV LLL

(135)  6KDIWFDSDFLWLHVLQFUHDVHGPDUNHGO\RYHUWLPH DW/DUYLNDQG'XQNLUNEXWQRWDW%OHVVLQJWRQ &RQVLGHULQJWKHSLOHV¶VWLIIQHVVWUHQGVZHQRWHILUVW WKDW WKH PP 2' LQGXVWULDO SLOH WHVWV FRQGXFWHG HDUOLHUDW'XQNLUNVKRZHGLQLWLDOVWLIIQHVVUHPDLQLQJ SUDFWLFDOO\ FRQVWDQW RYHU WLPH LUUHVSHFWLYH RI WKHLU ODUJHLQFUHDVHVLQVKDIWFDSDFLW\-DUGLQHHWDO 

(136)  7KH VPDOOHU FRUURGHG 06 'XQNLUN SLOHV VKRZHG JDLQV RI XS WR  RYHU  GD\V DW WKH PP GLVSODFHPHQWOHYHODOWKRXJKRWKHU'XQNLUNWHVWV 1164. . . )LJXUH7HQVLRQORDGYHUVXVGLVSODFHPHQWIRUVHOHFWHGWHVWVDW D

(137) /DUYLN E

(138) 'XQNLUNDQG F

(139) %OHVVLQJWRQ.   UHSRUWHGE\&DUUROOHWDO 

(140) VKRZHGOHVVV\VWHP DWLFVWLIIQHVVWUHQGV7KH/DUYLNSLOHVLQGLFDWHGVWLII QHVVJDLQVRIDURXQGRYHUGD\VDWWKHPP D[LDOGLVSODFHPHQWOHYHOVZKLOHWKH%OHVVLQJWRQWHVWV GLGQRWVKRZDQ\FOHDURYHUDOOVWLIIQHVVWLPHWUHQG.

(141) Geotechnical Design Studies 4.2 Shaft capacity time trends, normalized by early age capacity 7KHFRUURGHG06SLOHV¶VKDIWFDSDFLW\WLPHWUHQGVDUH SUHVHQWHG ILUVW LQ )LJXUH  ZKHUH WKH SHDN WHQVLRQ VKDIW UHVLVWDQFHV DUH QRUPDOLVHG E\ WKH WHQVLRQ FDSDFLWLHV GHYHORSHG VKRUWO\ DIWHU GULYLQJ 1RPLQDO UDWLRV RI 4W4W DW  GD\ ZHUH GHILQHG E\ DSSO\LQJ UHIHUHQFHFDSDFLW\YDOXHVGHILQHGIURPWHQVLRQWHVWV FRQGXFWHGZLWKLQWZRGD\VRIGULYLQJ  )LJXUHV  D

(142)  DQG  E

(143)  FRQILUP VLJQLILFDQW FDSDFLW\ JURZWKLQWKH/DUYLNDQG'XQNLUN06SLOHV1RWLQJ WKDW VWDLQOHVV VWHHO SLOHV VKRZHG QR VXFK JDLQV VHH &DUUROOHWDO

(144) WKHVHWUHQGVFDQRQO\EHUHODWHG WRRQJRLQJSK\VLRFKHPLFDOSURFHVVHVWKDWRFFXUUHG  L

(145)  %HORZWKHZDWHUWDEOHDW/DUYLNOHDGLQJWRFD SDFLW\LQFUHDVLQJE\PRUHWKDQRYHU GD\V LL

(146)  $ERYHWKHZDWHUWDEOHDW'XQNLUNZKHUHJDLQV RIDURXQGWRGHYHORSHGRYHU GD\V ,W LV LPSRUWDQW WR QRWH WKDW ZKLOH VLJQLILFDQW WKHVH JDLQV LQ FDSDFLW\ DUH IDU OHVV PDUNHG WKDQ WKRVH SURYHQIRUWKHODUJHUSLOHVWHVWHGDWWKHVDPHVLWHV$V UHPDUNHGHDUOLHUDQGVKRZQLQ)LJXUHWKH§PP 2'SLOHV¶GD\FDSDFLWLHVZHUHRQDYHUDJHWLPHV WKRVHLQWHUSUHWHGZLWKLQDGD\RIWKHHQGRIGULYLQJ )LJXUH F

(147)  FRQILUPV WKDW WKH VPDOO SLOHV GULYHQ DW %OHVVLQJWRQVKRZHGLIDQ\WKLQJFDSDFLW\ORVVHVRYHU WLPH FRQWUDVWLQJ VKDUSO\ ZLWK WKH PDUNHG VHWXS RI WKHPP2'SLOHVWHVWHGSUHYLRXVO\DWWKHVDPHVLWH VHH)LJXUH

(148) 7KLVLVGHVSLWHWKHZDWHUWDEOHGHSWK ZHOOEHORZWKHSLOHWLSV

(149) OHDGLQJWRSDUWO\VDWXUDWHG FRQGLWLRQVWKDWVKRXOGSURPRWHSLOHFRUURVLRQ  7KH ODFN RI FDSDFLW\ JURZWK DW %OHVVLQJWRQ PLJKW UHODWH WR WKH XQXVXDOO\ ODUJH SHQHWUDWLRQV  WR PP

(150)  DFKLHYHG SHU EORZ ZLWK WKH IRXU WRQQH KDPPHUHPSOR\HGIRUWKHILQDOGULYHV,QDGGLWLRQWKH GULYLQJ EHKDYLRXU RI WKH PP 2' SLOHV¶ FRQWUDVWV VWURQJO\ ZLWK HDUOLHU WHVWV UHSRUWHG E\ *DYLQ HW DO 

(151) RQWRPP2'RSHQSLSHSLOHVLQVWDOOHG WRPZLWKDQ637KDPPHU7KHVHSLOHVKDGDKLJK WRWDOEORZFRXQWVDQGFRUHGGXULQJLQVWDOODWLRQJLYLQJ KLJKHUILQDO3/5VWKDQWKHPP2'SLOHV/LPDQG /HKDQH 

(152) SRVWXODWHWKDWXSSHUOLPLWVDSSO\WRWKH SLOHFDSDFLW\DYDLODEOHDIWHUDOODJHLQJSURFHVVHVKDYH EHHQ FRPSOHWHG ,I VXFK D OLPLW ZDV UHDFKHG SUHPDWXUHO\ GXH WR WKH LQVWDOODWLRQ PHWKRG DGRSWHG IRUWKHPP2'SLOHVWKHUHZRXOGEHQRVFRSHIRU IXUWKHUDJHLQJEHQHILWVWRGHYHORSRYHUWLPH  . . )LJXUH1RUPDOLVHGXOWLPDWHWHQVLRQVKDIWUHVLVWDQFHEDVHGRQ SHDNFDSDFLW\ 4W4W GD\06

(153) DW D

(154) /DUYLN E

(155) 'XQNLUNDQG F

(156)  %OHVVLQJWRQ.   4.3 Shaft shear resistances related to predictive design methods ,WLVLQVWUXFWLYHWRFRPSDUHWKHWHQVLRQFDSDFLWLHVRI WKHVPDOOGLDPHWHUSLOHVGULYHQDQGWHVWHGDWWKHWKUHH VLWHV ZLWK SUHGLFWLRQV IURP ILYH DSSURDFKHV WKDW DUH URXWLQHO\HPSOR\HGWRGHVLJQODUJHRIIVKRUHSLOHVWKH $3, 0DLQ 7H[W )XJUR ,&3 1*, DQG 8:$PHWKRGV$VLOOXVWUDWHGE\WKH,&3FDOFXOD WLRQVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHVXFKPHWKRGVDLPWRPDWFK WKH FDSDFLWLHV GHYHORSHG E\ LQGXVWULDO SLOHV LQ WHVWV 1165.

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¶FHQWUHOLQHDYHUDJHURXJKQHVV5FODYDOXHVRI —PZHUHWDNHQIRU/DUYLNDQG—PIRU%OHVV LQJWRQDQG'XQNLUN  7KHILUVWSRLQWVWRQRWHIURP7DEOHDUHWKH L

(158) YHU\ ORZ PHDVXUHG DYHUDJH VKDIW IULFWLRQ IRU WKH ORRVH VLOW\ /DUYLN VDQG FDVH DQG LL

(159)  EURDG UDQJH RI SUHGLFWLRQV PDGH IRU /DUYLN E\ WKH ILYH PHWKRGV ZKLFKYDU\E\DIDFWRURI§:KLOHWKH)XJURDQG 1*, DSSURDFKHV XQGHUSUHGLFW WKH VKRUW WHUP FDSDFLW\ WKH $3, DQG µGLDPHWHU GHSHQGHQW¶ ,&3 DQG 8:$ DSSURDFKHV JLYH VXEVWDQWLDO RYHU SUHGLFWLRQV7KHORQJHUWHUPJDLQVLQVKDIWFDSDFLWLHV VKRZQLQ)LJXUHD

(160) OHDGWRWKHFDSDFLW\GLVFUHSDQFLHV UHGXFLQJZLWKWLPH%XWWKHORQJWHUPFDSDFLWLHVVWLOO IDOOIDUEHORZWKHYDOXHVH[SHFWHGE\WKH,&3RU8:$ PHWKRGV  &ORVHU DQDO\VLV RI FDOFXODWLRQV PDGH ZLWK WKH ODWWHU WZRPHWKRGV¶VKRZVWKDWWKHLUGLODWDQF\FRPSRQHQWV FRQWULEXWH DURXQG  RI WKH SUHGLFWHG VKDIW FDSDFLWLHVDW/DUYLNVRPXFKOHVVGLODWDQF\PXVWEH GHYHORSLQJLQWKHILHOGWKDQH[SHFWHGLQERWKWKHVKRUW DQG ORQJ WHUP WHVWV 7KH GLODWDQF\ WHUPV GHFOLQH DV GLDPHWHU LQFUHDVHV DQG WKH ,&3 PHWKRG JLYHV IDU EHWWHUDJUHHPHQWZLWKWKHVKRUWWHUPWHVWVRQPP 2' SLOHV DW /DUYLN DV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJXUH  )LHOG H[SHULPHQWVE\/HKDQHHWDO 

(161) ZLWKPP2' KLJKO\ LQVWUXPHQWHG SLOHV LQ FRPSDUDEO\ ORRVH EXW FOHDQ /DEHQQH GXQH VDQG JDYH GLUHFW HYLGHQFH RI PRUH VLJQLILFDQW GLODWDQF\ XQGHU ORDGLQJ 7KH GHYHORSPHQWRIOHVVWKDQH[SHFWHGGLODWLRQDW/DUYLN SUREDEO\UHIOHFWVWKHVDQGV¶UHODWLYHO\KLJK WR

(162)  ILQHV FRQWHQWV DQG VLOW VXEOD\HUV 7KH GHVLJQ PHWKRGV¶LPSOLFLWVLPSOLI\LQJDVVXPSWLRQRIDOLQHDU RSHUDWLRQDO VDQG VKHDU VWLIIQHVV * FRQWUROOLQJ WKH QRUPDO VWLIIQHVV DW WKH SLOHVRLO LQWHUIDFH PD\ DOVR FRQWULEXWH WR WKH PLVPDWFK 6XLWDEOH DGMXVWPHQWV FRXOGEHPDGHZLWKPLFURSLOHVWRDFFRXQWIRUQRQ OLQHDUGLDPHWHUGHSHQGHQWVDQGVWLIIQHVV 1166.  Table 3. Measured and design method predictions for one-day tension capacities. GD\UHVXOWV 8QLW /DUYLN 'XQNLUN %OHVVLQJWRQ 0HDVXUHGWHQ N1    VLRQFDSDFLW\4P 0HDQVKDIW N3D    VWUHVVIJU]I $3,4F4P     )XJUR4F4P     ,&34F4P     1*,4F4P     8:$4F4P    .   ,Q FRQWUDVW WKH VKRUWWHUP VKDIW UHVLVWDQFHV RI WKH FRUURGHG 'XQNLUN DQG %OHVVLQJWRQ SLOHV DUH UHPDUNDEO\ KLJK LQGLFDWLQJ DYHUDJH VKHDU VWUHVVHV IJDYHUDJH RI  WR  N3D DQG DVVRFLDWHG UDGLDO HIIHFWLYH VWUHVVHV LQ H[FHVV RI  N3D DW IDLOXUH IRXQGE\GLYLGLQJIJDYHUDJHE\WDQį

(163) WKDWH[FHHGWKH SUHGLFWLRQVJLYHQE\DOOILYHPHWKRGVSDUWLFXODUO\WKH $3, 0DLQ 7H[W DSSURDFK ZKLFK XQGHUSUHGLFWV WKH HDUO\DJHFDSDFLWLHVE\IDFWRUVRIWR7KH4F4P UDWLRVDSSO\LQJWRWKH,&31*,DQG8:$ PHWKRGV IDOO LQ WKH  WR  UDQJH ZKLOH WKH )XJUR PHWKRG JLYHV PRUH VLJQLILFDQW XQGHU SUHGLFWLRQVIRUWKHREVHUYHGµGD\¶FDSDFLWLHV  ,W DSSHDUV WKDW RQH RU PRUH IDFWRUV LV FDXVLQJ V\VWHPDWLFXQGHUSUHGLFWLRQRIWKHFDSDFLW\RIWKH WR PP 2' SLOHV DW WKH WZR GHQVH VDQG VLWHV 3RVVLEOHFRQWULEXWLQJIDFWRUVLQFOXGH  L

(164)  7KHSLOHVZHUHGULYHQDERYHWKHZDWHUWDEOHVDW ERWKVLWHV3RUHZDWHUVXFWLRQVDUHLQGLFDWHGE\ SLH]RFRQHWHVWVDW'XQNLUNDERYHWKHZDWHU WDEOHDWWKHSLOHGHSWKVWKDWFRXOGKDYHUDLVHG WKHILHOGVKDIWFDSDFLW\7KH§N3DDYHUDJH UHFRUGHGVXFWLRQVZRXOGKDYHDGGHGDURXQG WRWKHDYHUDJHUDGLDOHIIHFWLYHVWUHVVHV !N3D

(165) DSSO\LQJDWIDLOXUH LL

(166)  7KHORZQXPEHURIEORZFRXQWVGXULQJ GULYLQJDW%OHVVLQJWRQPD\KDYHOHGWRKLJKHU LQLWLDOVKDIWFDSDFLWLHVWKDQW\SLFDOLQGXVWULDO SLOHGULYLQJZLWKWKHSLOHDFWLQJPRUHOLNHD MDFNHGUDWKHUWKDQGULYHQSLOH LLL

(167)  7KHORZSOXJOHQJWKUDWLRV 3/5V

(168) GHYHORSHG LQWKH'XQNLUNSLOHVGXHWRWKHLUURXJK LQWHULRUVPD\DOVRKDYHFRQWULEXWHGWR FDSDFLW\+RZHYHUFKHFNVUXQZLWKWKH FORVHGHQGHGIRUPRIWKH,&3VXJJHVWWKDWWKLV ZRXOGKDYHDGGHGRQO\WRFDSDFLW\  5HFDOOLQJ WKH EHWWHU PDWFK VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  ZKHQ DSSO\LQJ WKH ,&3 DSSURDFK WR WKH PP 2' 'XQNLUNDQGPP2'%OHVVLQJWRQSLOHVLWDSSHDUV.

(169) Geotechnical Design Studies SUREDEOH WKDW WKH PDMRU SDUW RI WKH GLVFUHSDQF\ EHWZHHQSUHGLFWLRQVDQGPHDVXUHPHQWVRULJLQDWHVLQ WKH GLODWDQF\ GHYHORSHG E\ WKH VPDOO SLOHV EHLQJ JUHDWHUWKDQH[SHFWHGE\WKH,&3DQG8:$PHWKRGV 7KH H[FHSWLRQDOO\ ODUJH GLVSODFHPHQWWRGLDPHWHU UDWLRV  WR  VHH )LJXUH 

(170)  UHTXLUHG WR UHDFK WHQVLRQ IDLOXUH DW 'XQNLUN DQG %OHVVLQJWRQ DUH FRQVLVWHQWZLWKGLODWLRQSOD\LQJDPRUHLPSRUWDQWUROH LQ WKH GHQVH VDQG WHVWV WKDQ LQ WKH ORRVH DQG VLOW\ /DUYLN VDQG ZKHUH VKDIW IDLOXUH ZDV UHDFKHG DIWHU GLVSODFHPHQW§RIWKHSLOHV¶2'  ,W LV LQWHUHVWLQJ WKDW WKH ORZHU GHJUHHV RI VKDIW FDSDFLW\DJHLQJJDLQVHHQZLWKWKHDQGPP2' 'XQNLUNDQG%OHVVLQJWRQSLOHVOHGWRWKHLUORQJWHUP FDSDFLWLHVFRQYHUJLQJWRZDUGVVLPLODUPXOWLSOHV WR 

(171) RIWKH,&3HVWLPDWHVDVWKHODUJHUWRPP 2'SLOHVZKLFKVKRZHGDQDYHUDJHUDWLRRI§$Q XSSHU OLPLW PD\ DSSO\ WR WKH VKDIW IDLOXUH UDGLDO HIIHFWLYHVWUHVVHVWKDWFDQEHGHYHORSHGFRPSDUHGWR WKRVH IRXQG IURP WKH ,&3 RU 8:$ FDOFXODWLRQV LUUHVSHFWLYH RI DQ\ FRQWLQXLQJ SK\VLRFKHPLFDOSURFHVV  $JHLQJPHFKDQLVPV 7ZR RI WKH WKUHH SRVVLEOH PHFKDQLVPV IRU SLOH FDSDFLW\ JURZWK RYHU WLPH SURSRVHG LQ WKH LQWURGXFWLRQDUHFRQVLGHUHGEHORZ  5.1 Physiochemical effects &DUUROOHWDO 

(172) IRXQGGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQDJLQJ RI IUHVK DQG FRUURGHG SLOHV ZKLFK VKRZ WKDW SK\VLRFKHPLFDO SURFHVV ZDV FOHDUO\ LPSRUWDQW LQ FRQWULEXWLQJ WR WKH VHWXS WUHQGV RI WKH FRUURGHG PP 2' 06 SLOHV WHVWHG DW /DUYLN DQG 'XQNLUN $FWLYHFRUURVLRQFRXOGOHDGWR  L

(173)  5RXJKHQLQJRIWKHSLOHVXUIDFHDQGERQGLQJ ZLWKVDQGJUDLQVSURPRWLQJLQWHUIDFHIULFWLRQ DQJOHVįWKDWPD\ULVHWRZDUGVWKHVDQGV¶VRLO VRLOFULWLFDOVWDWHij൏FV7KLVVKLIWFRXOG FRQWULEXWHDSURSRUWLRQDOLQFUHDVHHTXDOWR>WDQ ij൏FVWDQį@ZKLFKFRXOGDPRXQWWRDURXQG LQPDQ\VLOLFDVDQGVVKHDULQJDJDLQVW LQGXVWULDOSLOHVKDIWV LL

(174)  $GGLWLRQDOGLODWLYHUDGLDOGLVSODFHPHQWVGXHWR WKHKLJKHUURXJKQHVVDQGKHQFHHIIHFWLYHVWUHVV LQFUHDVHVGHYHORSLQJDWWKHVKDIWXQGHUVKHDU ORDGLQJ LLL

(175)  2XWZDUGH[SDQVLRQRIWKHVROLGSKDVH FRUURVLRQSURGXFWVIRUPHGDVWKHLURQWDNHVRQ R[\JHQK\GUR[\ODQGRWKHUPROHFXOHVIURP WKHJURXQGZDWHU$Q\VXFKH[SDQVLRQZRXOG JHQHUDWHUDGLDOHIIHFWLYHVWUHVVJDLQVRYHUWKH VKDIW. LY

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

(177)  SURFHVVHV LL

(178)  WR LY

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

(180)  &RQFUHWH LQGXVWULDO SLOHV GULYHQ LQ VDQG DOVR VKRZVKDIWFDSDFLW\VHWXSRYHUWLPH5LPR\HW DO 

(181)  LL

(182)  6LJQLILFDQWFDSDFLW\JDLQVKDYHEHHQLGHQWLILHG RYHU UHODWLYHO\ VKRUW VHW XS SHULRGV ZLWK ODUJH RIIVKRUHVWHHOSLSHSLOHVGULYHQWRGHSWKVZKHUH OLWWOHR[\JHQLVDYDLODEOHWRSURPRWH WKH VDPH UHGR[UHDFWLRQV-DUGLQHHWDO 

(183)  5.2 Radial stress redistribution in the sand around the pile shafts 7KH DJHLQJ WHVWV RQ VWDLQOHVV DQG JDOYDQLVHG SLOHV UHSRUWHGE\&DUUROOHWDO 

(184) VKRZHG QR WHQVLRQ FDSDFLW\JURZWKRYHUWLPHDWDQ\RIWKHWKUHHVLWHV,W LV WKHUHIRUH FOHDU WKDW WKH SXUHO\ PHFKDQLFDO VWUHVV UHGLVWULEXWLRQ PHFKDQLVP SRVWXODWHG E\ &KRZ HW DO 

(185)  GRHV QRW GHYHORS WR DQ\ VLJQLILFDQW H[WHQW DURXQG WKH VPDOO GLDPHWHU SLOHV 7KLV ILQGLQJ UHLQIRUFHV WKH FRQFOXVLRQV GUDZQ E\ 5LPR\ HW DO 

(186) IURPPRGHOSLOHWHVWVLQDZHOOLQVWUXPHQWHG FDOLEUDWLRQFKDPEHU  +RZHYHU WKH DJHLQJ EHKDYLRXU RI WKH ODUJHU SLOHV GRHVQRWDSSHDUWREHH[SOLFDEOHE\SK\VLRFKHPLFDO HIIHFWVDORQHDQGUDGLDOVWUHVVUHGLVWULEXWLRQPD\SOD\ D PRUH VLJQLILFDQW UROH ZLWK ODUJHU SLOHV $V QRWHG HDUOLHU WKH FUXVW RI IUDFWXUHG VDQG REVHUYHG DURXQG 1167.

(187) OSIG 2017 WKH VKDIWV RI SLOHV GULYHQ LQ GHQVH VDQG DQG FKDUDFWHULVHG E\ <DQJ HW DO 

(188)  KDV D WKLFNQHVV WFUXVW WKDW LV LQGHSHQGHQW RI GLDPHWHU 5LPR\ HW DO 

(189) DUJXHWKDWKLJKHUWFUXVW'UDWLRVDSSO\WRVPDOO GLDPHWHU SLOHV WKDW UHGXFH WKH GHJUHH RI ORFDO VWUHVV FRQFHQWUDWLRQVDQGVROLPLWWKHVFRSHIRUUDGLDOVWUHVV UHGLVWULEXWLRQDQGVKDIWFDSDFLW\JURZWKRYHUWLPH  ,WZDVDOVRDUJXHGHDUOLHUWKDWWKHODFNRIVHWXSVKRZQ E\WKHPP2'%OHVVLQJWRQSLOHVFRXOGEHUHODWHG WRWKHLULQVWDOODWLRQSURFHVVZKLFKGLIIHUHGIURPWKH RWKHUSLOHVRIYDULRXVGLDPHWHUVGULYHQHDUOLHUDWWKH VDPH VLWH 2WKHU JHQHUDO GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH VPDOODQGODUJHGLDPHWHUSLOHVLQFOXGHWKHLUORZHU  L

(190)  7RWDOEORZFRXQWV LL

(191)  5DWLRV'WRIGLDPHWHU'WRZDOOWKLFNQHVVW LLL

(192)  3HQHWUDWLRQGHSWKVDQGDYHUDJHLQLWLDOLQVLWX VWUHVVOHYHOV LY

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in situDIWHUGULYLQJ7KHVHSLOHVDSSHDUHG WRKDYHUHDFKHGD OLPLWFDSDFLW\ GXULQJLQVWDOODWLRQ 1168. DVDUHVXOWRIGULYLQJZLWKDPDVVLYHO\RYHUVL]HGSLOH KDPPHU :KLOH FRUURVLRQ RI WKH SLOH VKDIW ZDV KLJKO\ VLJQLILFDQW ZLWK WKH VPDOO 06 SLOHV WKH SURFHVVHV¶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

(194)  DQG ODUJHU  WR PP 2'

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

(196) Geotechnical Design Studies OLPLWHGDUHJUDWHIXOO\DFNQRZOHGJHGIRUSHUPLVVLRQWR XVH WKH TXDUU\ DW %OHVVLQJWRQ 3DVW VWXGHQWV ZKR FRQWULEXWHG WR WKH SUHYLRXV SLOH WHVW SURJUDPPH DW %OHVVLQJWRQLQSDUWLFXODU'U'DYLG,JRHDQG'U/LVD .LUZDQDUHDFNQRZOHGJHGJUDWHIXOO\  5HIHUHQFHV cVWHGW%:HLQHU/DQG+ROP* 

(197) ,QFUHDVHLQ %HDULQJ&DSDFLW\ZLWK7LPHIRU)ULFWLRQ3LOHVLQ 6LOWDQG6DQG3URFRI1RUGLF*HRWHFKQLFDO 0HHWLQJ± $[HOVVRQ* 

(198) /RQJWHUPVHWXSRIGULYHQSLOHV LQVDQG6WRFNKROP6ZHGHQ5R\DO,QVWRI 7HFKQRORJ\ &DUUROO5&DURWHQXWR3'DQR&6DODPD,6LOYD0 *DYLQ.-DUGLQH5 

(199) )LHOGH[SHULPHQWVDW WKUHHVLWHVWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHHIIHFWVRIDJHRQVWHHO SLOHVGULYHQLQVDQG8QGHUUHYLHZE\ *pRWHFKQLTXH &KRZ)&-DUGLQH5-%UXF\)DQG1DXUR\-) 

(200) (IIHFWVRIWLPHRQFDSDFLW\RISLSHSLOHVLQ GHQVHPDULQHVDQG-RXUQDORI*HRWHFKDQG *HRHQYLURQPHQWDO(QJQJ 

(201)  'RKHUW\3/L:*DYLQ.DQG&DVH\%  -DQXDU\

(202) )LHOGODWHUDOORDGWHVWRQPRQRSLOHLQ GHQVHVDQG,Q2IIVKRUH6LWH,QYHVWLJDWLRQDQG *HRWHFKQLFV6RFLHW\RI8QGHUZDWHU7HFK *DYLQ.*/HKDQH%0DQG3ULHWR& 

(203) 7KH GHYHORSPHQWRIVNLQIULFWLRQRQSLSHSLOHVLQ RYHUFRQVROLGDWHGVDQG,Q3URF;OOO(&60*( $O9( HG

(204)

(205) 3UDJXHYRO *DYLQ.*DQG2¶.HOO\%& 

(206) (IIHFWRI IULFWLRQIDWLJXHRQSLOHFDSDFLW\LQGHQVH VDQG-RXUQDORI*HRWHFKQLFDODQG *HRHQYLURQPHQWDO(QJQJ 

(207)  *DYLQ.*,JRH'-3DQG.LUZDQ/ 

(208) 7KH HIIHFWRIDJHLQJRQWKHD[LDOFDSDFLW\RISLOHVLQ VDQG3URFRIWKH,QVWRI&LYLO(QJLQHHUV *HRWHFKQLFDO(QJQJ 

(209)  *DYLQ.-DUGLQH5-.DUOVUXG./HKDQH%0 

(210) 7KH(IIHFWVRI3LOH$JHLQJRQWKH6KDIW &DSDFLW\RI2IIVKRUH3LOHVLQ6DQG3URFRI,QW 6\PS)URQWLHUVLQ2IIVKRUH*HRWHFKQLFV2VOR  

(211)  -DUGLQH5-6WDQGLQJ-5DQG&KRZ)& 

(212) ,&3 GHVLJQPHWKRGVIRUGULYHQSLOHVLQVDQGVDQG FOD\V/RQGRQ7KRPDV7HOIRUG -DUGLQH5-6WDQGLQJ-5DQG&KRZ)& 

(213)  6RPHREVHUYDWLRQVRIWKHHIIHFWVRIWLPHRQWKH FDSDFLW\RISLOHVGULYHQLQ VDQG*pRWHFKQLTXH 

(214)  -DUGLQH5-DQG6WDQGLQJ-5 

(215) )LHOGD[LDO F\FOLFORDGLQJH[SHULPHQWVRQSLOHVGULYHQLQ VDQG6RLODQG)RXQGDWLRQV 

(216) . -DUGLQH5-7KRPVHQ190\JLQG0/LLQJDDUG0$ DQG7KLOVWHG&/ 

(217) $[LDOFDSDFLW\GHVLJQ SUDFWLFHIRU1RUWK(XURSHDQ:LQGWXUELQH SURMHFWV3URF,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXP)URQWLHUV LQ2IIVKRUH*HRWHFKQLFV ,6)2*

(218) 2VOR&5& 3UHVV/RQGRQ9ROSS .DUOVUXG.-HQVHQ7*/LHG(.:1RZDFNL)DQG 6LPRQVHQ$6 

(219) 6LJQLILFDQWDJHLQJHIIHFWV IRUD[LDOO\ORDGHGSLOHVLQVDQGDQGFOD\YHULILHG E\QHZILHOGORDGWHVWV,Q2IIVKRUH7HFKQRORJ\ &RQIHUHQFH /HKDQH%0-DUGLQH5-%RQG$-DQG)UDQN5 

(220) 0HFKDQLVPVRIVKDIWIULFWLRQLQVDQGIURP LQVWUXPHQWHGSLOHWHVWV-RXUQDORI*HRWHFKQLFDO (QJQJ 

(221)  /LP-.DQG/HKDQH%0 

(222) 6HWXSRISLOHVKDIW IULFWLRQLQODERUDWRU\FKDPEHUWHVWV,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDORI3K\VLFDO0RGHOOLQJLQ *HRWHFKQLFV 

(223)  1RUZHJLDQ*HRWHFKQLFDO,QVWLWXWH 

(224) 7LPH HIIHFWVRQSLOHFDSDFLW\)DFWXDO5HSRUW7HVW6LWH /DUYLN5WK2FWREHU 3UHQGHUJDVW/-*DYLQ.DQG'RKHUW\3 

(225) $Q LQYHVWLJDWLRQLQWRWKHHIIHFWRIVFRXURQWKHQDWXUDO IUHTXHQF\RIDQRIIVKRUHZLQGWXUELQH2FHDQ (QJQJ 5LPR\66LOYD0-DUGLQH5<DQJ=;=KX%7DQG 7VXKD&+& 

(226) )LHOGDQGPRGHO LQYHVWLJDWLRQVLQWRWKHLQIOXHQFHRIDJHRQD[LDO FDSDFLW\RIGLVSODFHPHQWSLOHVLQVLOLFD VDQGV*pRWHFKQLTXH 

(227)  6FKQHLGHU-$ 

(228) $QDO\VLVRISLH]RFRQHGDWDIRU GLVSODFHPHQWSLOHGHVLJQ8:$ 7RORRL\DQDQG*DYLQ 

(229) 0RGHOOLQJWKH&RQH 3HQHWUDWLRQ7HVWLQVDQGXVLQJ&DYLW\([SDQVLRQ DQG$UELWUDU\/DJUDQJLDQ(XOHULDQ)LQLWH(OHPHQW 0HWKRGV&RPSXWHUVDQG*HRWHFKQLFV  7DYHQDV)DQG$XG\5 

(230) /LPLWDWLRQVRIWKH GULYLQJIRUPXODVIRUSUHGLFWLQJWKHEHDULQJ FDSDFLWLHVRISLOHVLQVDQG&DQDGLDQ*HRWHFK -RXUQDO 

(231)  7VXKD&'+&)RUD\3<-DUGLQH5-<DQJ=; 6LOYD0DQG5LPR\6 

(232) %HKDYLRXURI GLVSODFHPHQWSLOHVLQVDQGXQGHUF\FOLFD[LDO ORDGLQJ6RLOVDQGIRXQGDWLRQV 

(233)  <DQJ=;-DUGLQH5-=KX%7)RUD\3DQG7VXKD &+& 

(234) 6DQGJUDLQFUXVKLQJDQGLQWHUIDFH VKHDULQJGXULQJGLVSODFHPHQWSLOHLQVWDOODWLRQLQ VDQG*pRWHFKQLTXH 

(235) . 1169.

(236)

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

Wykształcenie prawnicze przydało się Lenino- wi w jego pracy legislacyjnej, jeśli chodzi o precyzję i konkretność sformułowań, świadczą o tym wyraźnie nie tylko teksty

1: K. Dit programma berekent bij gegeven voeding, druk en temperatuur het vloeistof-damp evenwicht en de bij be- horende evenwichtsconstanten. De vergelijking wordt

Motivated by these characteristics, this work presents a setup based on 2.4 GHz radio-frequency devices and on an Extended Kalman Filter for the real- time position and

: OLWHUDWXU]H SRĞZLĊFRQHM EH]SLHF]HĔVWZX ZHZQĊWU]QHPX L QDUR- GRZHPX EDUG]R F]ĊVWR LFK VSRáHF]Q\ Z\PLDU RJUDQLF]DQ\ MHVW MHG\QLH

Przypomina, że 4 września 1939 roku objął raz jeszcze prezydenturę miasta Poznania, w chwili gdy ewakuowało się zeń wojsko i policja; że utrzymał w mieście

Pakdemirli and co-investigators [ 40 , 41 , 42 ] used the method of multiple scales based on the truncation method to construct the approximations of the governing partial

Dlatego też słuszne jest założenie, że wiskery glinoborowe w badanym układzie w pierwszej kolejności krystalizują przy powierzchni ziaren tlenku glinu w związku z czym

Dicarboxylic acids transport, metabolism and roduction in aerobic Saccharomyces cerevisia Shah, Mihir DOI 10.4233/uuid:0f74bf4d-8919-4b5f-b1f1-75b731230468 Publication date