Technik und Wirtschaft : Monatsschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure, Jg. 8, H. 12

TECHNIK UND WIRTSCHAFT

MONATHHRIPT DE) VEREINS! DEUTSCHER INGENIEURE ♦ »REDAKTEUR D -M EYER

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Von J. MENDEL, B erlin.

W e s e n tlic h w o h lf e ile r a ls K u p f e r u n d Z in n , w i r d d a s Z i n k im n e u ­ z e itlic h e n W ir ts c h a fts le b e n w ie je n e M e ta lle re c h t v ie ls e itig v e r w e n d e t. D ie Z in k g ie ß e r e i f ü r a r c h ite k to n is c h e Z w e c k e h a t in d e r N e u z e it im m e r m e h r B o d e n g e w o n n e n , w ä h r e n d in d e r M e s s in g fa b r ik a tio n Z in k s c h o n s e it la n g e m g e b r a u c h t w ir d . A u c h d ie c h e m is c h e In d u s tr ie is t h e u te e in s ta r k e r A b n e h m e r v o n Z i n k , s ie g e b r a u c h t es z u r H e r s t e llu n g d e r w e iß e n M a lf a r b e ( L it h o p o n e ) , u n d f ü r v ie le s a n d e re . F e r n e r s p ie lt Z in k e in e g r o ß e R o lle in V e r b in d u n g m i t d e r E is e n v e r a r b e itu n g ( V e r z in k e n ) .

R e in e s Z in k m e t a ll w u r d e a u s Z in k e r z e n in E u ro p a e r s t E n d e de s 1 8 te n u n d in g r ö ß te m U m fa n g im 1 9 te n J a h r h u n d e r t h e r g e s te lit u n d f ü r i n ­ d u s tr ie lle Z w e c k e v e r w e n d e t. V o r h e r w a r re in e s Z in k , s o g e n a n n te s in d is c h e s Z in n o d e r s p e a u ie r , s p ia lte r (d a h e r d ie e n g lis c h e B e z e ic h n u n g s p e lte r f ü r Z in k ) , au s In d ie n u n d C h in a v o n d e n P o rtu g ie s e n u n d H o llä n d e r n e in g e ­ f ü h r t w o r d e n . D ie D a r s t e llu n g re in e n Z in k s d u rc h R ö s te n d e r Z in k b le n d e , w ie s ie in d e n g e n a n n te n a s ia tis c h e n L ä n d e r n s c h o n la n g e b e k a n n t w a r u n d g e ü b t w u r d e , h a t m a n in E n g la n d e r s t M it t e u n d a u f d e n s c h le s is c h e n H ü t t e n e rs t E n d e d e s 1 8 te n J a h rh u n d e r ts , u n d a u c h n u r in k le in e re m U m ­ fa n g , a u fg e n o m m e n . D ie V e r h ü ttu n g d e r Z in k e rz e im h e u tig e n te c h n is c h e n S in n e , d ie e r s t e in e Z in k d a r s t e llu n g im G ro ß e n e r m ö g lic h t, k n ü p f t an d ie in S c h le s ie n z u B e g in n d e s 1 9 te n J a h rh u n d e r ts u n d in B e lg ie n u n d W e s t­

d e u ts c h la n d ( S to lb e r g b e i A a c h e n ) s e it M it t e d e r d r e iß ig e r J a h re g e s c h a f­

fe n e n V e r h ü ttu n g s w e is e n an. In D e u ts c h la n d h a tte M a r g g r a f 174Ö das b e k a n n te s te Z in k e r z , d e n G a lm e i ( Z n C O j ) , z u Z in k re d u z ie re n k ö n n e n . D ie M e t a llu r g ie u n d T e c h n ik d e r v e rg a n g e n e n J a h rh u n d e r te u n d J a h rta u s e n d e k a n n te d ie a u s g e d e h n te V e r w e n d u n g des Z in k s n u r in F o r m d e r G a lm e i-

! ) B e n u tz te L it e r a t u r u . a . : S ta tis tik e n d e r M e ta llg e s e lls c h a ft, M e ta llb a n k u n d M e ta llu r g is c h e n G e s e lls c h a ft, F r a n k f u r t a. M ., fe r n e r A . H a e n i g : D e r E rz - u n d M e t a llm a r k t , F r . W a e c h t e r : K a r te llb e s tre b u n g e n d e r B le i- u n d Z in k h ü tte n E u ro p a s , s o w ie N e u m a n n : D ie M e ta lle .

V e rw e n d u n g . G a lm e i d ie n te v ie lle ic h t s c h o n in h o m e r is c h e r Z e i t z u r H e r ­ s t e llu n g des M e s s in g s ( L e g ie r u n g v o n K u p f e r u n d Z i n k ) , da s in f o lg e s e in e r W e ic h h e it le ic h te r b e a r b e ite t w e rd e n k o n n te a ls d ie ä lte r e B ro n z e ( L e g ie r u n g v o n K u p f e r u n d Z in n ) u n d da s re in e K u p fe r , u n d d a s w e g e n s e in e r F a r b e zu V e r z ie r u n g e n u n d S c h m u c k s tü c k e n v ie lfa c h s c h o n im A lt e r t u m v e r w e n d e t w u r d e . D ie v o n d e r U n te r s u c h u n g d e s M e s s in g s a u s g e h e n d e n V e r s u c h e , d ie N a t u r des G a lm e i a u fz u k lä r e n , f ü h r t e n z u d e r w a h r e n A u f d e c k u n g s e in e r B e z ie h u n g e n z u m re in e n Z in k m e t a ll, da s in I n d ie n u n d C h in a s c h o n im s ie b e n te n n a c h c h r is tlic h e n J a h r h u n d e r t b e k a n n t w a r u n d in E u r o p a b e s tim m t e rs t v o n P a ra c e ls u s b e s c h rie b e n w u r d e . E in e M e s s in g in d u s tr ie g a b es im A lt e r t u m a u f d e n In s e ln d e s A e g ä is c h e n u n d M itte llä n d is c h e n M e e re s , b e s o n ­ d e rs a u f Z y p e r n , w o n e b e n K u p f e r a u c h G a lm e ie rz e V o r k o m m e n . In “M i t t e l ­ e u ro p a w i r d s e it 1 4 0 0 , z u e rs t i n F r a n k r e ic h , d a n n s e it 14 50 b e i A a c h e n ( S to lb e r g ) , s e it 1550 in N ü r n b e r g , b a ld d a r a u f im H a r z ( G o s la r , H a r z b u r g , lls e n b u r g ) , s e it 1650 in E n g la n d e in e M e s s in g in d u s tr ie b e tr ie b e n , d ie e in fa c h d e n G a lm e i v e r w e n d e t. D ie s c h le s is c h e I n d u s t r ie f ö r d e r t e g le ic h f a lls v o m l ö t e n b is 1 8 te n J a h r h u n d e r t n u r G a lm e i, d e r g e b r a n n t in d e n H a n d e l k a m o d e r u n m it t e lb a r m i t K u p f e r v e r s e tz t z u M e s s in g v e r a r b e it e t w u r d e . R e in e s Z in k w u r d e au s d e n E rz e n e r s t in S c h le s ie n z u B e g in n d e s 1 9 t e n J a h r ­ h u n d e r ts g e w o n n e n . Z w e i s c h le s is c h e H ü t t e n b r a c h te n es z u s a m m e n a u f jä h r ­ lic h n ic h t m e h r a ls e in ig e h u n d e r t T o n n e n . M i t d e r V e r g r ö ß e r u n g d e r O e fe n s tie g d a n n a b e r d ie E r z e u g u n g in S c h le s ie n s e h r s c h n e ll u n d e r r e ic h te 1824 s c h o n M e n g e n v o n ü b e r 1 0 0 0 0 t . D e r Z in k p r e is , d e r s ic h A n f a n g d e s J a h r h u n d e r ts a u f 7 0 0 b is 8 0 0 M / t g e s te llt h a tte , f ie l a u f 180 M . D u r c h E i n f ü h r u n g d e r S ie m e n s s c h e n R e g e n e r a tiv - G a s fe u e r u n g w u r d e d e r K o h le n b e d a r f g e g e n ­ ü b e r d e n fr ü h e r e n U n t e r w in d ö f e n s ta r k h e ra b g e s e tz t u n d d a m it d ie S e lb s t­

k o s te n d e r Z in k g e w in n u n g w e s e n tlic h g e m in d e r t. U n a b h ä n g ig v o n d e r s c h le ­ s is c h e n In d u s tr ie e n tw ic k e lte s ic h d ie w e s td e u ts c h e u n d b e lg is c h e Z i n k in ­ d u s tr ie b e i A a c h e n , S to lb e r g u n d L ü t t ic h g le ic h f a lls a u s d e m G a lm e ib e r g b a u . A u c h h ie r w u r d e Z in k im G r o ß e n e r s t s e it e tw a M a tte d e s 1 9 t e n J a h r ­ h u n d e r ts e r z e u g t. V o m g le ic h e n Z e it p u n k t an is t N o r d a m e r ik a in d ie R e ih e d e r z in k e r z e u g e n d e n L ä n d e r g e tr e te n , n a c h d e m 1820 d ie Z in k e r z - u n d F r a n k - l in it - L a g e r in S u s s e x ( N e w J e rs e y e n td e c k t w o r d e n w a re n .

Z u r G e w in n u n g de s Z in k s aus d e n E rz e n d ie n t h e u te d ie Z in k b le n d e o d e r d a s Z in k s u l f i d ( Z n S ) , d e r G a lm e i o d e r d a s Z in k k a r b o n a t ( Z n C O s) u n d da s K ie s e lz in k e r z o d e r Z i n k s il i k a t ( Z n S iO ^ b e z w . H 2 Z n 2 S i 0 3). D a s H a u p t m a t e r ia l, aus d e m h e u te d e r a r tig e s Z i n k g e w o n n e n w ir d , e n t h ä lt a b e r d a n e b e n n o c h 1 b is 18 v H E is e n u n d 3 v H K a d m iu m . D e r G a lm e i o d e r Z in k s p a t h a t b is z u 52 v H G e h a lt an re in e m Z in k , is t a b e r d u r c h K a r b o n a t e a n d e re r M e ta lle v e r u n r e in ig t . K ie s e lz in k e rz o d e r K ie s e lg a lm e i k a n n in re in e m Z u s ta n d e b is z u 54 v H Z i n k e n th a lte n . B le n d e u n d G a lm e i w e r d e n in S c h le ­ s ie n , R h e in la n d - W e s tfa le n , B e lg ie n , K ä r n th e n , R u ß la n d , S p a n ie n , S a r d in ie n , G rie c h e n la n d , A lg e r ie n , T u n is u n d N o r d a m e r ik a g e fu n d e n , B le n d e a u ß e r d e m n o c h im H a r z , im E r z g e b ir g e , in H e s s e n -N a s s a u , B a d e n , B ö h m e n , U n g a r n , F r a n k r e ic h u n d E n g la n d . G a lm e i f in d e t s ic h o f t in d e n o b e re n S c h ic h te n d e r B le n d e la g e r. K ie s e lz in k e rz , K ie s e lg a lm e i k o m m t n a m e n t lic h in d e n V e r e i­

n ig t e n S ta a te n v o r , a b e r a u c h b e i A a c h e n , in S c h le s ie n , S p a n ie n u n d S a r d in ie n . E n d lic h f in d e t s ic h in d e n V e r e in ig t e n S ta a te n n o c h s o g e n a n n te s R o t z in k ­

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e r z ( Z n O ) m i t 8 0 ,2 v H Z in k u n d s o g e n a n n te F r a n k lin ite ( Z n M n 0 F e 20 3), a ls o M in e r a lie n m i t s ta r k e m E is e n - u n d M a n g a n g e h a lt, d e re n Z in k g e h a lt 15 b is 25 v H b e tr ä g t. S c h lie ß lic h f ä l l t re in e s Z in k a u c h b e i d e r B le i-, K u p fe r - u n d E is e n v e r h ü tt u n g ab.

Z in k w i r d d u r c h R e d u k tio n v o n Z in k o x y d u n d Z in k s ilik a t m itte ls K o h le u n d K o h le n o x y d g e w o n n e n . Z u d ie s e m Z w e c k b e r e ite t m a n d ie S ilik a t­

e rz e ( K ie s e lz in k e r z ) u n d K a rb o n a te rz e ( G a lm e i) d u rc h B re n n e n o d e r K a lz i­

n ie r e n , da s Z i n k s u lf id (B le n d e ) d u r c h s o r g fä ltig e R ö s tu n g f ü r d ie R e d u k ­ t i o n v o r . D a s r e d u z ie r te Z in k e n tw e ic h t in D a m p f f o r m , da se in S ie d e p u n k t

u n te r d e r z u r R e d u k tio n n ö tig e n T e m p e r a tu r l i e g t D e r D a m p f v e r d ic h te t s ic h z u flü s s ig e m M e t a ll. D ie le ic h te V e r b in d u n g d e s flü s s ig e n Z in k s m it d e r S u b s ta n z d e r Ö fe n ( T o n e r d e ) f ü h r t z u M e ta llv e r lu s te n , d ie o f t 8 b is

10 v H d e r th e o r e tis c h z u e r w a rte n d e n Z in k a u s b e u te b e tra g e n . D as d e s til­

lie r te Z in k is t a b e r n o c h m i t B le i, E is e n , K a d m iu m u. a. v e r u n r e in ig t u n d m u ß , b e s o n d e rs w e n n es z u r M e s s in g h e r s te llu n g v e r w e n d e t o d e r g e w a lz t w e r d e n s o ll, r a f f i n i e r t w e rd e n , w a s d u r c h n o c h m a lig e s U m s c h m e lz e n im F la m m ­ o fe n g e s c h ie h t. D a s g e g o s s e n e Z in k w ir d s o f o r t g e w a lz t, u n d z w a r b e i e in e r E r w ä r m u n g a u f 100 b is 1 5 0 ° . D ie E n td e c k u n g d e r V e r w a lz b a r k e it d e s Z in k s d u r c h H o b s o n u n d S y lv e s te r in S h e ff ie ld im A n fa n g de s 1 9 te n J a h r h u n d e r ts h a t w e s e n tlic h z u r H e b u n g d e r Z in k in d u s tr ie b e ig e tra g e n , in n e u e r e r Z e i t is t a u c h d ie E le k tr o ly s e z u r G e w in n u n g des Z in k s , u. a. in N o r w e g e n u n d S c h w e d e n , z u r A n w e n d u n g g e k o m m e n , o h n e in d e s s e n b is ­ h e r a llz u g r o ß e n U m fa n g a n g e n o m m e n z u h a b e n . F ü r d ie R e d u k tio n u n d R ö s tu n g w a re n in d e n e in z e ln e n In d u s tr ie g e b ie te n v e rs c h ie d e n e A r te n v o n D e s tillie r g e fä ß e n u n d Ö fe n in G e b ra u c h , d ie s c h lie ß lic h im m e r m e h r v e r e in fa c h t w o r d e n s in d . Z u v e r lä s s ig e Z a h le n ü b e r d ie H ö h e d e r Z i n k ­ e r z e u g u n g lie g e n f ü r D e u ts c h la n d e r s t s e it B e g in n d e s 1 9 te n J a h r h u n ­ d e r ts m i t d e m A u fb lü h e n d e r s c h le s is c h e n Z in k in d u s tr ie v o r . B is in d ie d r e iß ig e r J a h re h in e in s te llte S c h le s ie n fa s t d a s g e s a m te R o h z in k D e u ts c h la n d s h e r. I m R h e in la n d n im m t d ie E r z e u g u n g e r s t s e it M i t t e d e r d r e iß ig e r J a h re , in W e s tfa le n s e it E n d e d e r v ie r z ig e r J a h re g r ö ß e re n A u fs c h w u n g . In B e l­

g ie n w u r d e n in d e n v ie r z ig e r J a h re n jä h r lic h e tw a 6 0 0 0 b is 7 0 0 0 t Z in k g e w o n n e n . D ie ö s te rre ic h is c h e E r z e u g u n g s te llte s ic h zu d ie s e r Z e it a u f w e n ig e h u n d e r t T o n n e n , w ä h r e n d R u ß la n d e in e J a h re s e rz e u g u n g v o n 20 00 b is 3 0 0 0 t h a tte .

D ie Z i n k e r z f ö r d e r u n g d e r W e l t w u r d e 1907 a u f 2 561 0 0 0 t im W e r t e v o n 176 M illio n e n M g e s c h ä tz t; h ie r v o n lie fe r te E u r o p a d ie H ä lf t e , D e u ts c h la n d m e h r a ls d e n v ie r t e n T e il. V o n d e r d e u ts c h e n Z in k e r z fö r d e r u n g e n t­

fie le n a u f O b e rs c h le s ie n n ic h t g a n z d r e i V ie r t e l, a u f R h e in la n d - W e s tfa le n m e h r a ls e in V ie r t e l. In d e r Z in k 'e r z g e w in n u n g s ta n d D e u ts c h la n d 1907 m i t 698 021 t n o c h an e r s te r S te lle , s e itd e m h a b e n a b e r d ie V e r e in ig te n S ta a te n , d ie d a m a ls s c h o n 425 0 0 0 t e r z e u g te n , n a m h a fte F o r ts c h r itte g e m a c h t, s o d a ß ih r e E rz e u ­ g u n g d ie d e u ts c h e h e u te w o h l w e s e n tlic h ü b e r t r if f t . G ro ß e M e n g e n v o n Z in k e r z e n w e rd e n h e u te a u c h in A u s tr a lie n g e w o n n e n . D ie Z in k e r z e u g u n g d e r W e lt , d . h . d ie M e n g e d e s au s d e n Z in k e rz e n h ü t t e n m ä n n i s c h g e w o n n e n e n Z i n k s , is t h e u te n a h e z u a u f 1 M illio n t a n z u s e tz e n . S ie h a t s ic h in f o lg e d e r g e s te ig e r te n in d u s t r ie lle n V e r w e n d u n g , te ilw e is e a b e r a u c h in f o lg e d e s A n re iz e s , d e n d ie z e it w e ilig h o h e n P re is e a u s ü b te n , a lle in

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im le tz te n J a h r z e h n t v e r d o p p e lt. 1900 b e t r u g s ie 4 / 8 5 0 0 t, 1905 w a r s ie a u f 678 7 0 0 t u n d 1912 a u f 97 7 9 0 0 t im W e r te v o n 51 4 M il l i o n e n M g e s tie g e n . F ü r 1913 w i r d d ie W e lte r z e u g u n g a u f 9 9 0 8 0 0 t g e s c h ä tz t. 18 90 w u r d e n 346 0 0 0 t , 1895 415 0 0 0 t R o h z in k g e w o n n e n . D e r A u f s c h w u n g d e r Z in k g e w in n u n g in d e n le tz te n J a h re n e n t f ä l l t a u f d ie g r o ß e n G e - w in n u n g s - u n d V e r h ü ttu n g s g e b ie te D e u ts c h la n d u n d B e lg ie n , d ie f r e i ­

lic h in w a c h s e n d e m M a ß e — n a m e n t lic h g i l t d ie s f ü r B e lg ie n — n ic h t n u r h e i­

m is c h e , s o n d e rn a u c h fr e m d e E rz e v e r ­ h ü tte n . N o c h v ie l b e d e u te n d e r a b e r is t d ie Z u n a h m e d e r E r z g e w in n u n g u n d V e r ­ h ü t t u n g , d ie h ie r , a b g e s e h e n v o n d e r m e x ik a n is c h e n E in f u h r , a u s s c h lie ß lic h aus h e im is c h e n E rz e n e r f o l g t , in d e n V e r e in i g ­ te n S ta a te n g e w e s e n , d ie 1890 n u r 60 3 0 0 t Z in k g e w a n n e n , 1 9 0 0 9 0 3 6 0 t , 1905 183 245 t u n d 1912 3 1 4 5 1 2 t. F ü r 1913 w i r d d ie d o r t ig e E r z e u g u n g a u f ü b e r 315 0 0 0 t g e s c h ä tz t, l n d e n le tz te n 20 J a h re n h a t s ic h d ie n o r d a m e r ik a n is c h e E r z e u g u n g v e r f ü n f f a c h t , d ie e u ro p ä is c h e E rz e u g u n g , d ie 1890 a u f 275 0 0 0 t , 1912 a b e r a u f 661 0 0 0 t g e s c h ä tz t w u r d e , n u r fa s t v e r z w e ie in h a lb fa c h t. H e u t e s t e llt E u r o p a 67 ,6 v H , d ie V e r e in ig t e n S ta a te n v o n A m e r ik a 3 2 ,2 v H d e r R o h z in k g e ­ w in n u n g d e r W e l t ( A b b . 1 u n d 2 ).

W a s d ie e in z e ln e n L ä n d e r b e t r i f f t , so h a n d e lt es s ic h h ie r g le ic h fa lls u m d ie H ü t t e n e r z e u g u n g a u s r e in e m Z in k . In - fo lg e d e s s e n fa lle n z a h lr e ic h e L ä n d e r a u s, d ie an s ic h w o h l s e h r b e d e u te n d e M e n g e n Z in k e r z g e w in n e n , es a b e r n ic h t v e r h ü tte n . A lg e r ie n ( J a h r e s g e w in n u n g 8 0 0 0 0 b is ,0 0 0 0 0 t Z in k e r z e ) , T u ^ is (3 3 0 0 0 t ) , A b b . 1. W e lte r z e u g u n g v o n Z i n k G r ie c h e n la n d (2 5 0 0 0 t ) , d ie T ü r k e i im D u r c h s c h n itt d e r J a h rz e h n te . ( 3 0 0 0 0 t) , J a p a n ( 2 1 0 0 0 t) , M e x ik o (1 2 0 0 0 0 t),

K a n a d a (1 0 0 0 0 t ) f ü h r e n d ie g e w o n ­ n e n e n Z in k e r z e in i h r e r G e s a m th e it a u s, h a b e n a ls o k e in e h ü tte n m ä n n is c h e Z in k g e w in n u n g . S a rd in ie n (1 5 0 0 0 0 b is 170 0 0 0 t E rz e ) f ü h r t h e u te g le ic h ­ f a lls n u r d ie E rz e a u s , u n d d a s s e lb e g i l t f ü r S p a n ie n (1 7 0 0 0 0 b is 190 0 0 0 t E r z e ) , o b w o h l h ie r n o c h v o r e in ig e n J a h re n e in e H ü t t e t ä t ig w a r . A u s t r a lie n g e w in n t a u f d e n B r o k e n H ill- G r u b e n jä h r lic h 5 0 0 0 0 0 t Z in k e r z e v o n g r o ß e m Z in k g e h a lt ; d ie e ig e n e h ü tte n m ä n n is c h e G e w in n u n g a n r e in e m Z i n k m a c h t a b e r jä h r lic h n u r e in ig e ta u s e n d T o n n e n a u s ; a lle s ü b r ig e w i r d a u s g e fü h r t.

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Z I N K 477

T e ile s e lb s t v e r h ü tte t. S c h w e d e n u n d N o r w e g e n v e r a rb e ite n e in e n T e il ih r e r Z in k e r z e u n te r A n w e n d u n g d e r ih n e n in re ic h e m M a ß e z u G e b o te s te h e n d e n W a s s e r k r ä fte a u f e le k t r o ly tis c h e m W e g e u n d g e w in n e n so g le ic h fa lls m e h re re ta u s e n d T o n n e n R o h z in k , d ie H a u p tm e n g e d e r E rz e w i r d a b e r a u s g e fü h rt.

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1912 h a t D e u ts c h la n d 2 7 ,7 v H , B e lg ie n 20 v H d e r h ü tte n m ä n n is c h e n W e lt z in k g e w in n u n g g e ­ s te llt. In d e n le tz te n 3 6 J a h re n h a t s ic h D e u t s c h ­ la n d s Z in k g e w i n n u n g r u n d v e r d r e if a c h t , s e it

1889 b e in a h e v e r d o p p e lt , u n d -in d e n le tz te n z e h n J a h re n -ist d ie G e w in n u n g u m 5 0 v H g e s tie g e n . N o c h b e d e u ts a m e r is t d e r F o r t s c h r i t t d e r b e lg is c h e n Z in k h ü t t e n in d u s t r ie , d ie ih r e E r z e u g u n g s e it 18 76 v e r v ie r f a c h t , s e it 1 8 9 0 e tw a v e r d o p p e lt h a t. W e ­ n ig e r a u s g e s p r o c h e n e F o r t s c h r it t e h a t d ie h o l ­ lä n d is c h e Z in k h ü t t e n i n d u ­ s tr ie g e m a c h t, d ie h e u te a lle r d in g s a u c h s c h o n 23 0 0 0 t g e w in n t , t r o t z ­ d e m s ie es 18 90 e r s t a u f e in ig e ta u s e n d T o n n e n g e b r a c h t h a tte . E n g la n d s Z in k h ü t t e n in d u s t r ie is t m i t w e n ig e n A u s n a h m e n in d e n J a h re n 1881 b is 18 90 fa s t u n v e r ä n d e r t g e ­ b lie b e n , s ie b e w e g te s ic h m e is t z w is c h e n 25 0 0 0 u n d 3 0 0 0 0 t ; s e itd e m is t is t e in e r h e b lic h e r F o r t ­ s c h r it t z u v e r z e ic h n e n , u n d v o n 1 9 0 0 b is 1912 h a t s ic h d ie E r z e u g u n g m e h r a ls v e r d o p p e lt ; sie b e t r ä g t h e u te e tw a 67 0 0 # t . L a n g s a m e , a b e r s te t ig e F o r t s c h r i t t e h a t d ie Z i n k ­ h ü t t e n in d u s t r ie F r a n k ­ re ic h s g e m a c h t, d ie E n d e

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d e r s ie b z ig e r J a h re 10 0 0 0 b is 15 0 0 0 t jä h r lic h b e t r u g u n d h e u te n a h e z u 60 0 0 0 t a u s m a c h t. U n v e r ä n d e r t b lie b d ie s p a n is c h e G e w in n u n g , d ie in d e n le tz te n b e id e n J a h r ­ z e h n te n d u r c h s c h n ittlic h j ä h r ­ lic h 5 0 0 0 b is 7 0 0 0 t b e tr u g . R u ß la n d , d a ß in d e n s ie b ­ z ig e r u n d a c h tz ig e r J a h re n 3 0 0 0 b is 4 0 0 0 t Z in k e r ­ z e u g te , h a t d a n n s e in e G e ­ w in n u n g la n g s a m e r h ö h t , so d a ß sie h e u te e tw a 9 0 0 0 b is 1 0 0 0 0 t b e trä g t.

B e tr a c h te n w i r n u n m e h r d ie Z in k h ü t t e n in d u s t r ie in d e n e in z e ln e n L ä n d e r n , so v e r ­ t e i l t sie s ic h in D e u t s c h ­ l a n d a u f d ie b e id e n g r o ß e n G e w in n z e n tr e n v o n Z i n k ­ e r z e n : O b e rs c h le s ie n u n d R h e in la n d - W e s tfa le n , A b b . 4.

D ie b e d e u te n d s te n Z in k h ü t t e n O b e rs c h le s ie n s b e s itz e n d ie H o h e n lo h e - W e r k e ( K a p it a l:

80 M illio n e n M ) , d ie s c h le ­ sis c h e A k t ie n - G e s e lls c h a ft f ü r B e r g b a u u n d Z in k h ü t t e n ­ b e tr ie b in L ip in e (2 3 ,5 M i l ­ lio n e n M ) , d ie g r o ß e n P r i ­ v a tb e tr ie b e G e o r g v o n G ie - sche s E rb e n , d ie D ir e k tio n e n d e r G r a f H e n c k e l v o n D o n - n e r s m a r c k - W e r k e u n d d e r F ü r s t H e n c k e l v o n D o n n e r s - m a r c k - W e r k e , w e it e r d ie O b e rs c h le s is c h e Z in k h ü t t e n - A k tie n - G e s e lls c h a ft in K a tto - w itz . A n d e re k le in e B e ­ tr ie b e O b e rs c h le s ie n s s in d a u f d ie g r ö ß e r e n ü b e r g e g a n ­ g e n . S o h a b e n z. B. d ie H o h e n lo h e - W e r k e d ie T ie le - W in k l e r - u n d G r a t B a lle s t- s tre m - Z in k h ü t t e n in s ic h a u fg e n o m m e n . A n d e re h a ­ b e n d ie V e r h ü t t u n g v o n Z in k e r z e n s e it lä n -

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g e r e r o d e r k ü r z e r e r Z e it w ie d e r e in g e s te llt, so z. B . d ie V e r e in ig t e K ö n ig s ­ u n d L a u r a h ü tte , d ie in d e n a c h tz ig e r u n d a u c h n o c h in d e n n e u n z ig e r J a h re n jä h r lic h 1100 b is 12 00 t Z in k au s E rz e n v e r h ü tte te , d ie O b e rs c h le s is c h e E is e n ­ in d u s tr ie g e s e lls c h a ft, d ie n o c h v o r e in ig e n J a h re n jä h r lic h 16 00 b is 17 00 t Z in k h e r s te ilte , o d e r d e r F is k u s , d e r g le ic h fa lls k l e i ­ n e re Z in k m e n g e n v o n 150 b is 2 0 0 t jä h r lic h g e w a n n . D ie e r w ä h n te n g r ö ß te n W e r ­ ke ( H o h e n lo h e , S c h le s is c h e Z in k h ü t t e n u n d G e o r g v o n G ie s c h e s E r b e n ) , d ie jä h r ­ lic h je rd . 35 0 0 0 t e rz e u g e n , v e r h ü t t e n n u r e ig e n e E rz e , d ie O b e rs c h le s is c h e Z in k - h ü tte n - G e s e lls c h a ft m u ß d a ­ g e g e n ih r e E rz e k a u fe n . In R h e in la n d - W e s tfa le n b e s itz e n n u r e in ig e g r ö ß e r e W e r k e E r z g r u b e n , d ie a b e r s e lb s t f ü r d e n e ig e n e n B e d a r f d ie s e r G e s e lls c h a fte n n ic h t a u s re ic h e n . D ie r h e in is c h - w e s tfä lis c h e n H ü t t e n k a u fe n Z in k e r z e d e s H a rz e s , des R h e in is c h e n S c liie fe r g e b ir g e s u ijd v o r a lle m d e s A u s la n d e s . D a k e in e d e r r h e in is c h - w e s t­

fä lis c h e n Z in k h ü t t e n im G e ­ g e n s a tz zu d e n s c h le s is c h e n Z in k h ü t t e n K o h le n g r u b e n b e s it z t, s o is t d ie H e r s t e llu n g v o n Z in k w e s e n tlic h t e u r e r als im O s te n , d e r a b e r in s e in e n A b s a tz b e d in g u n g e n , n a m e n tlic h d u r c h w e ite r e V e r k e h r s w e g e , g e g e n ü b e r d e m W e s te n b e n a c h t e ilig t is t. D ie g r ö ß te n Z in k h ü t t e n R h e in la n d - W e s tfa le n s s in d im B e s itz d e r A k tie n - G e s e ll- s c h a ft f ü r B e r g b a u , B le i- u n d Z i n k f a b r ik a t io n zu S to l- b e r g u n d in W e s tfa le n (b e i A a c h e n , K a p ita l 16,92 M i l ­ lio n e n M ) u n d d e r R h e in is c h - E r z e u g u n g d e r^ b e lg is c h e n N a s s a u is c h e n B e r g w e r k s - Z in k h ü tte n w e r k e . l,n ti H ü tte n - A k t ie n - G e s e ll-

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s c h a ff z u S to lb e r g im R h e in la n d (7 ,5 M ill i o n e n M ) ; e r s te re e r z e u g t 25 0 0 0 t , le tz te r e e tw a 12 0 0 0 t

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s in d L e th m a th e , W ilh e lm G r i l l o 9 u n d d ie M e t a llh ü t t e n - A k t ie n - G e - S e ils c h a ft D u is b u r g a n g e w ie s e n . D a s G le ic h e g i l t a u c h f ü r d ie jü n g -

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v o n e n tfa lle n rd . 80 0 0 0 t a u f A b b 6 H o lla n d s B e lg ie n , 12 0 0 0 t a u f d e n e r w ä h n - Z in k h ü tte n w e r k e te n H ü tte n b e tr ie b e a u f B o rb e c k .

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g ie n , d ie S o c ié té A n o n y m e de la N o u v e lle M o n ta g n e ( K a p it a l 2 M i llio n e n F r ) in E n g is , d ie f r ü h e r e in e e ig e n e G r u b e h a tte , je t z t a b e r n u r K a u fe r z e v e r ­ h ü t t e t . Ih r e P r o d u k t io n s te llte s ic h 1911 a u f e tw a 15 0 0 0 t.

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& F r è r e , L ü t t i c h (1 3 0 0 0 t ) , d ie S o c ié té E s c o m b r e r a B le y b e r g m i t G r u b e n in S p a n ie n , d ie S o c ié té A n o n y m e M é t a llu r g iq u e d e B o o m , d ie C o m p a g n ie d e s M é t a u x e t P r o d u it s c h im iq u e s O v e r p e lt (4 ,2 M il l i o n e n F r , 10 0 0 0 t ) , d ie S o c ié té A n o n y m e M é t a llu r g iq u e d e L o m in e l (1 3 0 0 0 t ) ; d ie le tz tg e n a n n te n Z in k h ü t t e n s in d le d ig lic h a u f E r z k a u f a n g e w ie s e n . E in ig e d e r b e lg is c h e n Z in k h ü t t e n s in d a u c h m it B le ih ü t t e n v e r b u n d e n . H o l l a n d s g r ö ß t e Z in k - A b b . 7. E n g la n d s Z in k h ü t t e n w e r k e h ü tte , d ie S o c ié té A n o n y m e de s

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V o n e in e r i t a l i e n i s c h e n Z in k p r o d u k t io n k a n n h e u te n ic h t m e h r g e ­ s p r o c h e n w e rd e n . D ie Z in k e r z v o r k o m m e n a u f S a rd in ie n ( Ig le s ia s ) , w o in d e n le tz te n J a h re n ü b e r 150 0 0 0 b is 170 0 0 0 t E rz e g e w o n n e n w u r d e n , w e rd e n d u r c h b e lg is c h e ( V ie ille M o n ta g n e , A u s tr o - B e lg e ) , fra n z ö s is c h e ( M a lfid a n o ) u n d e n g ­ lis c h e ( E n g lis h C r o w n S p e lte r C o .) H ü t t e n b e z w . K a p ita lis te n a u s g e ­ b e u te t. A u c h d ie g r i e c h i s c h e Z in k e r z p r o d u k t io n ( L a u r iu m ) g e h t g a n z in s A u s la n d , u n d d a s s e lb e g i l t v o n d e r t ü r k i s c h e n Z in k e r z g e w in n u n g (T h a s o s u n d B a lia M a d e n ) . Z in k e r z e au s A lg e r ie n u n d T u n is w e r d e n d u r c h fra n z ö s is c h e u n d b e lg is c h e Z in k h ü t t e n a u s g e b e u te t. In A u s t r a l i e n s in d d ie B ro k e n H i l l - G r u b e n n e b e n b e i a u c h Z in k e r z p r o d u z e n te n . D ie H a u p tg e s e lls c h a fte n , w e lc h e h ie r d ie E r z fö r d e r u n g b e tr e ib e n , s in d d ie A m a lg a m a te d Z in c C o ., d ie B ro k e n H i l l P r o p r ie t a r y C o ., d ie Z in c C o r p o r a t io n , d ie M in e r a ls S e p a ra tio n C o . N u r d ie B r o k e n H i l l P r o p r ie t a r y C o . b e t r e ib t e in e k le in e Z in k h ü t t e u n d g e w a n n 1911 1700 t Z in k . J a p a n , K a n a d a u n d M e x i k o fü h r e n , w ie e r w ä h n t, le d ig lic h Z in k e r z e a u s, w e n n a u c h v ie lle ic h t m i t d e r Z e it, d e n -v o rh a n d e n e n A b s ic h te n n a c h z u u r te ile n , Z in k h ü t t e n d a s e lb s t in s L e b e n tr e te n d ü r fte n . In d e n V e r e in ig t e n S ta a te n s in d d ie Z in k e r z v o r k o m m e n im J o p lin - B e - z ir k in M is s o u r i, in K a n s a s u n d O k la h o m a (3 0 0 0 0 0 t E rz e ) , fe r n e r in d e n S ta a te n N e w J e rs e y (4 75 0 0 0 t E r z ) , C o lo r a d o (77 0 0 0 t ) , W is c o n s in ( 5 1 0 0 0 t) , M o n ta n a (3 3 0 0 0 t ) , U ta h (2 7 0 0 0 t ) , N e w M e x ik o (5 0 0 0 0 t ) d ie b e d e u te n d s te n . D ie G e s a m te r z e u g u n g d e r V e r e i n i g t e n S t a a t e n an Z in k e r z e n is t a u f ü b e r 1 M ill i o n t a n z u s e tz e n , au s d e n e n ü b e r 3 0 0 0 0 0 t R o h z in k g e w o n n e n w e rd e n . D ie Z in k h ü t t e n in d u s t r ie h a t ih r e L a g e n a c h d e r L a g e d e r g r o ß e n N a tu r g a s f e ld e r (z. B. in I llin o is ) v e r s c h o b e n . D ie m e is te n H ü t t e n , m it A u s n a h m e d e r g r o ß e n N e w Je rs e y C o . in P e n n s y lv a n ie n , s in d a u f d e n A n k a u f v o n E rz a n g e w ie s e n . E s s in d d ie m e is t in K a n s a s b e le g e n e n B e tr ie b e d e r A m e r ic a n Z in c L e a d a n d S m e ltin g C o ., d e r G r a s s e lli C h e m ic a l C o . in V ir g in ia , d e r E d g a r Z in c C o . u n d v o n B e e r S o n d h e im e r.

U e b e r A u s f u h r u n d E i n f u h r v o n R o h z in k g e b e n A b b . 8 u n d 9 A u s k u n ft.

W a s d e n Z i n k v e r b r a u c h (A b b . 10) b e t r i f f t , so s te h e n d ie V e r e in ig te n S ta a te n h e u te au e r s te r S te lle . S ie v e r b ra u c h e n rd . e in D r i t t e l m e h r als D e u ts c h ­ la n d , dar. b is z u m J a h re 1902 d e n e rs te n P la tz u n te r d e n Z in k v e r b ra u c h e n d e n L ä n d e r n e in n a h m . D ie s ta r k e Z u n a h m e d e s a m e rik a n is c h e n V e rb ra u c h e s s ta m m t au s d e n le tz te n J a h re n . S o n a h m d e r V e r b r a u c h v o n 1906 b is 1912 v o n 200 0 0 0 a u f 31 2 0 0 0 t z u , u m d ie J a h r h u n d e r tw e n d e h a tte e r e rs t e tw a 100 0 0 0 t b e tra g e n . In D e u ts c h la n d h a t s ic h d e r V e r b r a u c h v o n 90 3 9 2 t im J a h re 1890 a u f e tw a 130 0 0 0 t in 1899, a u f 162 70 0 t in 1905, a u f 225 8 0 0 t in 1912 g e h o b e n . A n z w e ite r S te lle s te h t in d e n n e u n z ig e r J a h re n E n g la n d , das a b e r s c h o n 1899 v o n d e n V e r e in ig te n S ta a te n ü b e r f lü g e lt w u r d e u n d in d ie d r it t e S te lle e in r ü c k e n m u ß te . D e r Z in k v e r b r a u c h E n g la n d s is t in d e n le tz te n J a h rz e h n te n e r h e b lic h la n g s a m e r g e w a c h s e n , h o lte a b e r in d e n le tz te n Ja h re n e in e n g r o ß e n T e i l des A b s ta n d e s g e g e n D e u ts c h la n d n a c h , w e n n g le ic h

«er im m e r h in a u c h h e u te n o c h u m rd . 40 0 0 0 t g e r in g e r is t als d e r d e u ts c h e V e r ­

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b r a u c h . F r a n k r e ic h h a t in d e n le tz te n 25 J a h re n s te ts an d e r v ie r t e n , B e lg ie n an d e r f ü n f t e n S te lle g e s ta n d e n . D e r V e r b r a u c h d ie s e r b e id e n g r o ß e n E r ­ z e u g u n g s lä n d e r, u n d b e s o n d e rs g i l t d ie s f ü r F r a n k r e ic h , is t n u r la n g s a m g e s tie g e n , im m e r h in h a t e r s ic h in d e n le tz te n z w e i J a h r z e h n te n u n g e fä h r v e r d o p p e lt. E in e g u t e Z u n a h m e z e ig t d e r V e r b r a u c h Ö s te r r e ic h - U n g a m s , d a s u n t e r d e n V e r b r a u c h s lä n d e r n im m e r a n s e c h s te r S te lle g e s ta n d e n h a t.

(1 8 9 0 : 16 6 0 2 t , 1 9 0 0 : 23 78 2 t, 1 9 1 2 : 46 9 0 0 t ) , e b e n s o d e r V e r b r a u c h d e s an s ie b e n te r S te lle s te h e n d e n R u ß la n d s (1 8 9 0 : 8 3 8 3 t, 1 9 0 0 : 14 5 6 8 t , 1 9 1 2 : 29 0 0 0 t ) . I ta lie n s V e r b r a u c h b e t r u g 18 90 1843 t, 1 9 0 0 3 3 2 8 t, 1912 10 7 0 0 t . D e r V e r b r a u c h S p a n ie n s u n d d e r N ie d e r la n d e is t g le ic h f a lls g e s tie g e n , z e ig t a b e r in d e n le tz te n J a h re n k e in e w e s e n tlic h e n W a n d lu n g e n . In S p a n ie n w e r d e n h e u te rd . 5 0 0 0 , in H o lla n d rd . 4 0 0 0 t Z in k v e r b r a u c h t.

( S c h lu ß f o l g t . )

ENGLANDS SORGEN UM DEN C H IN E SISC H EN M ARKT.

JljVon Dr. TH. SCHUCHART, Berlin.

K e in T a g v e r g e h t , an d e m u n s n ic h t d ie P re s s e d e s In - u n d A u s la n d e s n e u e K u n d e z u t r ä g t v o n d e n a u ß e r o r d e n tlic h e n A n s tr e n g u n g e n d e r fe in d lic h e n M ä c h te u m d ie g r o ß e n , ju n g e n u n d z u k u n fts r e ic h e n A b s a tz m ä r k te d e r W e l t , aus d e n e n je n e d e n d e u ts c h e n H a n d e l n u n m e h r e n d g ü lt ig a u f d ie D a u e r zu v e r ­ t r e ib e n h o ffe n . A b e r d a s S c h la g w o r t d e s b r it is c h e n H a n d e ls : „ B u s in e s s as u s u a l d u r in g th e w a r “ , h a t u n t e r d e m Z w a n g e d e r K r ie g s m o b ilm a c h u n g d e r g e s a m te n b r it is c h e n W ir t s c h a f t s m a c h t an E i n w i r k u n g s k r a f t a u f d ie p o lit is c h n e u tr a le n A b s a tz g e b ie te d e r U e b e rs e e u n e n d lic h e in g e b ü ß t. G e r a d e d ie s e L ä n d e r s e u fz e n s c h w e r u n t e r d e n F o lg e n d e r s ta r k e n H ä u f u n g a lle r w ir t s c h a f t lic h e n u n d p e r s ö n lic h e n K r ä f t e a u f d e n K a m p f in E u r o p a , v o n d e n e n i h r w i r t ­ s c h a ftlic h e s W o h l u n d W e h e b is a u f d e n h e u tig e n T a g in s o a u ß e r o r d e n t lic h e r W e is e a b h ä n g t.

N u r e in e m e in z ig e n G r o ß s ta a t v e r b le ib t n o c h g r ö ß e r e s z u r A n la g e v e r ­ fü g b a r e s K a p it a l: d e n V e r e in ig t e n S ta a te n . M a n k ö n n te m e in e n , s ie f ü h lt e n s ic h in d ie s e r L a g e h e u te b e s o n d e rs g lü c k lic h u n d z u k u n f t s f r e u d ig . A b e r m it t e lb a r h a t a u c h s ie d e r e u ro p ä is c h e W i r b e l s t a r k in M it le id e n s c h a f t g e z o g e n ^ D a s , w a s d ie U n io n b is h e r n o c h f ü r d e n K a m p f u m d e n A b s a tz i h r e r W a r e n in d e n g r o ß e n n e u tr a le n G e b ie te n e in z u s e tz e n h a tte , w a r f s ie k lu g re c h n e n d z u r w ir t s c h a f t lic h e n S tä r k u n g d e r M o n r o e d o k t r i n f ü r d ie L ä n d e r ih r e s e ig e n e n E r d te ile s in d ie W a g s c h a le . M i t d ie s e n M i t t e l n h o f f t s ie s ic h u n t e r N u tz u n g d e r je tz ig e n V e r h ä ltn is s e g e ra d e in M i t t e l - u n d S ü d a m e r ik a a u f d ie D a u e r w ir t s c h a f t lic h e in n is te n z u k ö n n e n . V o n d ie s e n w i r t s c h a f t s ­ p o litis c h e n A u s d e h n u n g s p lä n e n a b g e s e h e n , is t sie a b e r im ü b r ig e n g e r a d e w ä h r e n d d e s W e lt k r ie g e s s e h r b e s c h e id e n g e w o r d e n . D e r a m e rik a n is c h e Im p e r ia lis m u s h a t v o r lä u f ig s ta r k S c h iffb r u c h g e lit t e n , v o lle n d s in O s ta s ie n , w o s ic h d ie U n io n w id e r s p r u c h s lo s d e m D r u c k d e s a u s d e h n u n g s lü s te r n e n . J a p a n h a t fü g e n le r n e n m ü s s e n .

S o is t C h in a , d a s g r ö ß t e u n d w a h r s c h e in lic h z u k u n ftr e ic h s te g e s c h lo s s e n e A b s a tz g e b ie t d e r E rd e , v o n e u ro p ä is c h e n u n d a m e rik a n is c h e n E x p a n s io n s ­ g e lü s te n z u r Z e i t v e r s c h o n t u n d so z ie m lic h d e r R u h e ü b e rla s s e n . E s b e g i n n t a u fz u a tm e n , u n d s e in e e n g e re n K r ä f t e b e w e g e n s ic h , b e g ü n s t ig t v o m

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im In n e r n , fr e ie r . N u r e i n e G r o ß m a c h t b le ib t C h in a in a lte r F e in d s c h a ft t r e u — J a p a n . S o w e it es n u r s e in e K r ä f t e g e s ta tte n , n u t z t es d ie Z e i t z u r A u s d e h n u n g se in e s E in flu s s e s a u f da s G e b ie t d e s N a c h b a rs . U e b e r e if r ig w ü h l t d e r ja p a n is c h e H a n d e l in C h in a , s e h r z u m M iß v e r g n ü g e n v o n d e s s e n B e ­ w o h n e r n , d ie im B o y k o t t ja p a n is c h e r W a r e n e in e u n v o llk o m m e n e , a b e r o f f e n ­ b a r d o c h r e c h t w ir k s a m e A b w e h r w a f f e g e fu n d e n h a b e n . D ie W ü h la r b e it J a p a n s s t ä r k t d a s c h in e s is c h e N a t io n a lg e f ü h l u n d d ie S t e llu n g d e r R e g ie r u n g . In fo lg e d e s s e n is t d ie c h in e s is c h e R e p u b lik , a u fa tm e n d u n t e r d e r la n g e rs e h n te n p o litis c h e n R u h e in d e n le tz te n J a h re n , n ic h t u n t ä t ig g e b lie b e n . M i t G e s c h ic k u n d U m s ic h t h a t sie b e g o n n e n , d ie g e w a ltig e n W ir t s c h a f t s k r ä f t e de s e ig e n e n L a n d e s a u fz u s c h lie ß e n , u m in d e re n G e d e ih e n d ie U n a b h ä n g ig k e it i h r e r e ig e n e n Z u k u n f t zu s u c h e n .

M a g E n g la n d s H a n d e l m i t C h in a u n t e r d e m E in f lu ß d e r e u ro p ä is c h e n W ir r e n im le tz te n J a h re a u c h s c h w e r e E in b u ß e e r lit t e n h a b e n , s o is t d o c h das In te re s s e a m c h in e s is c h e n M a r k t in d e r F ü h r e r s c h a f t d e r e n g lis c h e n H a n d e ls w e lt b is h e u te n ic h t im g e r in g s te n e r la h m t. W e lc h e r M i t t e l s c h o n v o r d e r E n tla d u n g d e s e u ro p ä is c h e n U n g e w it t e r s s ic h d e r e n g lis c h e G e s c h ä fts ­ m a n n z u r H e b u n g s e in e s E in flu s s e s in C h in a b e d ie n te , h a t s e in e r z e it W . M a t ­ s c h o ß , d e r v e r d ie n s tv o lle , im K a m p f g e g e n e n g lis c h e S ö ld n e rs c h a re n g e fa lle n e S c h r if t le it e r d e r „ T e c h n ik u n d W i r t s c h a f t “ , an d ie s e r S te lle t r e f f e n d g e z e ig t 1).

H e u te f e h lt es E n g la n d an d e r S c h w u n g k r a ft , d ie s e b e r ü c h t ig te T e c h n ik u m n e u e Z ü g e zu b e re ic h e rn . N u r h a t m a n s ic h n e u e r d in g s a u f ih r e V e r g r ö b e r u n g u n d B r u t a lis ie r u n g g e le g t, a ls m a n d e n K a m p f g e g e n d e n d e u ts c h e n K a u fm a n n u n d g e g e n d e n d e u ts c h e n In g e n ie u r e n g lis c h e r s e its le i c h t f e r t i g in d ie a m W e lt k r ie g u n b e te ilig te n L ä n d e r t r u g u n d d e n D e u ts c h e n d u r c h g e s e lls c h a ft­

lic h e u n d g e s c h ä ftlic h e A u s s c h a ltu n g a n fr e ie n H a n d e ls p lä tz e n , b e s o n d e rs in O s ta s ie n , u n m ö g lic h zu m a c h e n s u c h te .

M ö g lic h , d a ß h e u te s c h o n h ie r u n d d a s e lb s t in E n g la n d d e r G e d a n k e d ä m m e r t, d a ß a lle o ffn e n e n u n d v e r s te c k te n M i t t e l , d e n D e u ts c h e n u n d se in e n H a n d e l im A u s la n d e e in z u s c h rä n k e n u n d in d e r M e in u n g d e r K ä u f e r w e lt h e ru n te r z u r e iß e n , a u f d ie D a u e r u n d b e i W i e d e r e i n t r i t t fr ie d lic h e r V e r h ä ltn is s e e in e n n u r b e s c h rä n k te n W e r t h a b e n u n d d ie G e f a h r in s ic h b e rg e n , w ie d e r P fe il a u f d e n S c h ü tz e n z u r ü c k s p r in g e n u n d z u m e ig e n e n S c h a d e n a u s z u s c h la g e n . Z u d ie s e r V e r m u t u n g s ie h t m a n s ic h g e d r ä n g t b e i d e r D u r c h s ic h t d e r u n te r d e m 21. S e p t. d. J. e r s c h ie n e n e n S o n d e ra u s g a b e d e s M a n c h e s te r G u a r d ia n , je n e r b e k a n n te n , fü h r e n d e n k o n s e r v a t iv e n Z e it u n g , d ie im G e g e n s a tz z u fa s t a lle n e n g lis c h e n B lä tte r n g e g e n ü b e r D e u ts c h la n d a u c h w ä h r e n d des K rie g e s im a llg e m e in e n e in e n s a c h lic h e n T o n g e w a h r t h a t. U n t e r d e m T i t e l

„ C h in a , B r it is h T r a d e P r o s p e c ts “ g i b t sie e in e s e h r in te re s s a n te U e b e rs c h a u ü b e r d ie g e g e n w ä r tig e n in d u s tr ie lle n u n d w ir ts c h a ftlic h e n V e r h ä ltn is s e C h in a s , v o n d e m G e d a n k e n g e le ite t, d e m g r o ß e n e n g lis c h e n P u b lik u m in d e r E r w a r t u n g d e r h ie r lie g e n d e n b e d e u ts a m e n Z u k u n ft s a u fg a b e n e in e n g e n a u e n E in b lic k in d ie s e D in g e z u v e r m it t e ln . B e z e ic h n e n d is t, d a ß n ie m a n d a n d e rs als d e r P r ä s id e n t d e r c h in e s is c h e n R e p u b lik Y u a n S h i K a i d e m M a n c h e s te r G u a r d ia n e in la n g e s W id m u n g s te le g r a m m a n lä ß lic h se in e s V o rh a b e n s h a t z u g e h e n la s s e n , in d e m e r d a r a u f h in w e is t, d a ß E n g la n d m it m e h r a ls d e r

! ) T . u. W . N o v e m b e r 1 9 1 3 : D ie B r it is h E n g in e e rs A s s o c ia tio n .

4

H ä lf t e a n d e r E in f u h r m it C h in a b e t e ilig t se i, u n d v e r s ic h e r t, d a ß ih m in E n g la n d d ie V e r b r e it u n g e in e r g e n a u e n K e n n tn is d e r d e r z e itig e n w ir t s c h a f t lic h e n V e r ­ h ä ltn is s e in C h in a f ü r e in b e s s e re s V e r s te h e n d e r b e id e n L ä n d e r h ö c h s t w e r t ­ v o ll e rs c h e in e . D ie s e E r k lä r u n g w u r d e s e ite n s d e r S c h r if t le it u n g d e s B la tte s f ü r k o s t b a r g e n u g g e h a lte n , z u s a m m e n m i t d e m B ild e d e s lie b e n s w ü r d ig e n F ö r d e r e r s d ie T ite ls e ite d e r 32 g r o ß e S e ite n u m fa s s e n d e n A u s g a b e z u z ie re n .

B e i d e r Z u s a m m e n s te llu n g d e r N u m m e r h a t o f f e n s ic h t lic h e in e g e s c h ic k te H a n d g e w a lte t. I n g u t g e s c h rie b e n e n E in z e la u fs ä tz e n w e r d e n a lle w ic h t ig e n F r a g e n d e s C h in a v o n h e u te k n a p p u n d a n s c h a u lic h b e h a n d e lt. In d e n T e x t e in g e s tr e u t s in d B ild e r a lle r c h in e s is c h e n M i n i s t e r s o w ie p h o to g r a p h is c h e A u fn a h m e n v o n B r e n n p u n k te n d e s c h in e s is c h e n W ir ts c h a fts le b e n s .

V o n b e s o n d e re m In te re s s e is t a b e r d a s , w a s h ie r ü b e r d ie D e u ts c h e n u n d ih r e n H a n d e l in C h in a g e s a g t w ir d . Z w a r i s t d ie A u s d r u c k s w e is e e n ts p re c h e n d d e m s o n s tig e n C h a r a k t e r d e s M a n c h e s t e r G u a r d ia n im g a n z e n m a ß v o ll; d e r G e is t a b e r, d e r a u s d e n D a r le g u n g e n le u c h te t, u n te r s c h e id e t s ic h n u r w e n ig v o n d e n G r u n d le h r e n d e r s o n s tig e n e n g lis c h e n K r ie g s p r e s s e . G e r a d e d e s h a lb is t e r in te r e s s a n t, w e il e r v o n d e r P s y c h o lo g ie d e s je n ig e n T e ile s d e s e n g lis c h e n V o lk e s , d e r s ic h m i t d e m L ü g e n t r a ts c h d e r T a g e s p re s s e b e i r u h ig e r U e b e r le g u n g d o c h n ic h t so g a n z e in ig f ü h l t , e in b e re d te s Z e u g n is g i b t u n d u n s d a m it e in e V o r a h n u n g je n e s M a ß e s v o n O b j e k t i v it ä t v e r m i t t e l t , da s w i r n a c h W i e d e r e i n t r i t t f r ie d lic h e r Z u s tä n d e b e s te n fa lls in d e n e r s te n K re is e n d e r e n g lis c h e n G e s c h ä fts w e lt z u e r w a r te n h a b e n .

D e r D e u t s c h e i s t S c h u l d d a r a n — s o w i r d v e r k ü n d e t — , d a ß d e r e n g l i s c h e H a n d e l i n C h i n a m i t d e r E n t w i c k l u n g v o n d e s s e n w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e n Q u e l l e n n i c h t g l e i c h e n S c h r i t t g e h a l t e n h a t . F r e ilic h h a b e n s ic h a u c h in J a p a n V e r ä n d e r u n g e n v o llz o g e n . J a p a n s g e w a ltig e n , g e ra d e a u f C h in a g e r ic h t e t e n E x p a n s io n s d r a n g k a n n a u c h d e r M a n c h e s te r G u a r d ia n n ic h t v e r le u g n e n . A b e r w ie s c h ü c h te r n lä ß t e r ih n i n d ie E r s c h e in u n g t r e t e n ! U e b e r a ll, w o e r a n d e m g e s te ig e r te n H a n d e ls e ife r d e r J a p a n e r n ic h t v o r ü b e r g e h e n k a n n , t u t e r i h r e r in g e ra d e z u f r e u n d s c h a ft­

l ic h - d is k r e t e r W e is e E r w ä h n u n g . V o n d e n V e r e in ig t e n S ta a te n is t n u r g a n z im V o r b e ig e h e n d ie R e d e . U n d d o c h h ä tte n s ie d u rc h a u s e in R e c h t a u f e in ­ g e h e n d e B e r ü c k s ic h tig u n g g e h a b t ; is t d o c h ih r e B e t e ilig u n g a n d e r G e s a m t­

e in f u h r C h in a s fa s t e b e n s o h o c h w ie d ie D e u ts c h la n d s . F ü h l t m a n n ic h t d ie b la s s e A n g s t, d a ß d e r e n g lis c h e n P o l i t i k u n d v o r a lle m d e m n e u e r d in g s s o e m p fin d s a m e n L o n d o n e r G e ld m a r k t h ie r e in e V e r s t im m u n g O n k e l S a m s ü b e l b e k o m m e n k ö n n te ?

U m so s c h ä r fe r is t d ie A n g r if f s l u s t g e g e n u n s D e u ts c h e . W a s h i e r g e g e n u n s g e s a g t w ir d , is t e in e s e lts a m e M is c h u n g v o n S e lb s te in k e h r , G e s c h ic k lic h ­ k e it u n d V e r lo g e n h e it. M i t E r s ta u n e n h ö r e n w i r , w ie d e r K r i e g in s e in e n w ir t s c h a f t lic h e n A u s s tr a h lu n g e n a u f C h in a d e n im c h in e s is c h e n H a n d e l a l l ­ m ä c h tig e n E n g lä n d e r n u n v e rs e h e n s d ie A u g e n g e ö f f n e t h a t.

„ P e r h a p s t h e f i r s t t h i n g w h ic h ha s b e e n b r o u g h t h o m e t o u s is a g r e a t s tr e n g th o f G e r m a n p o lic y h e re . N o m a t t e r t o w h ic h b r a n c h o f th e tr a d e w e t u r n o u r a tt e n tio n , t o th e i m p o r t o f p ie c e g o o d s a n d m e ta ls , t o th e e x p o r t o f p r o d u c e o r th e in s t a lla t io n o f f o r e ig n m a c h in e r y , t h e G e r m a n is a lw a y s t h e r e , a l i t t l e f u r t h e r in t o th e f ie ld , a l i t t l e m o r e a c tiv e , a l i t t l e m o r e b e fo r e th e eye s o f th e C h in e s e . A n d w e n a t u r a ll y a s k w h a t i t a ll m e a n s , h o w i t ha s h a p p e n e d , w h ile n o b o d y n o tic e d i t b e f o r e . “

E N G L A N D S S O R G E N U M D E N C H I N E S I S C H E N M A R K T 489

D a n n w i r d m i t b e w e g lic h e n W o r t e n v o n d e r g u te n a lte n Z e i t g e s c h w ä r m t, a ls d e r e n g lis c h e K a u fm a n n d e r P io n ie r im C h in a g e s c h ä ft w a r . M a n k a u fte S e id e u n d T e e u n d v e r h a n d e lte T e x t ilw a r e n . D a s G e s c h ä ft w a r n ic h t u m fa n g ­ re ic h e r , a ls n ö t ig w a r , u m es b e q u e m a b z u w ic k e ln . U n d m a n v e r d ie n te v o r a lle n D in g e n le ic h t u n d — g r o b . K o n n te m a n s ic h b e q u e m e r e in e s M o n o p o ls e r fr e u e n ? D a ß es e in s o lc h e s in d e r T a t w a r , s a g t s e lb s t d e r E n g lä n d e r .

D a n n k a m d e r g r o ß e A u fs c h w u n g d e r d e u ts c h e n In d u s tr ie . D e r D e u ts c h e d r ä n g t e m i t M a c h t a u f e ig e n e H a n d e ls b e tä tig u n g in U e b e rs e e . Ih m f o lg t e d e r J a p a n e r. H e u t e s in d an 15 J a h re ü b e r d e m V e r lu s t d e s b r it is c h e n H a n d e ls m o n o p o ls in C h in a v e r flo s s e n . D a s c h in e s is c h e G e s c h ä ft ä n d e rte s ic h z u m K u m m e r E n g la n d s v o n G r u n d a u f.

O h n e E in d r u c k v e r h a llte n d ie W a r n u n g s r u fe d e r e n g lis c h e n K o n s u ln . A u c h e in p a a r H a n d e ls k a m m e r n v e r w ie s e n m it N a c h d r u c k a u f d e n n e u e n G a n g d e r D in g e . E in e W i r k u n g d ie s e r W a r n u n g e n b lie b a u s. D ie g r o ß e n a lte in ­ g e s e s s e n e n e n g lis c h e n C h in a h ä u s e r h ie lte n s ic h n o c h a u f a lt e r H ö h e , n u r d ie k le in e r e n b e g a n n e n z u k la g e n . D ie in n e re n U n r u h e n b r a c h te n da s L a n d m e h r u n d m e h r h e r u n t e r , u n d v ie le a n g e s e h e n e , a lte c h in e s is c h e B a n k e n b r a c h e n z u s a m m e n . S o w u r d e d a s B ild d e ss e n , w a s w i r k l i c h z u e r re ic h e n g e w e s e n w ä re , s ta r k v e r w is c h t. E r s t 1914 w u r d e d ie E r k e n n tn is de s W a n d e ls d e r D in g e a llg e m e in . M a n s c h o b d a s U n g lü c k a u f s c h le c h te V e r k e h r s b e d in g u n g e n , d ie M a n g e lh a f t ig k e it d e s W ä h r u n g s s y s te m s , a u f d ie S c h la p p h e it d e r c h in e s is c h e n R e g ie r u n g u n d s c h lie ß lic h a u f M a n g e l an V e r tr a u e n d a h e im w ie d r a u ß e n in d ie V e r h ä ltn is s e d e s c h in e s is c h e n M a r k te s .

D e r G r u n d a lle n U e b e ls — so h ö re n w i r w e it e r — l i e g t a b e r n u r in d e m g e s te ig e r te n d e u ts c h e n u n d ja p a n is c h e n W e ttb e w e r b . W ä r e d e r K r ie g n ic h t g e k o m m e n , so h ä tte n s ic h D e u ts c h la n d u n d J a p a n n a c h e r n s th a fte r P r o p h e z e iu n g zu B e h e rrs c h e rn de s c h in e s is c h e n M a r k te s a u fg e s c h w u n g e n .

O d ie s e D e u ts c h e n 1 I h r e M e th o d e u n d G r ü n d lic h k e it h a t sie h o c h g e tr a g e n . S o w i r d es u n u m w u n d e n z u g e g e b e n . D ie a lte n e n g lis c h e n C h in a h ä u s e r b e ­ s c h r ä n k te n s ic h n a c h w ie v o r a u f ih r e ü b e rk o m m e n e n B e z ie h u n g e n . D e n N e u ­ lin g e n im c h in e s is c h e n G e s c h ä ft fe h lte n d ie s e n a tü r lic h . D a s ie an d ie a lte n g r o ß e n A b n e h m e r fir m e n n ic h t h e ra n k o m m e n k o n n te n , w a n d te n sie s ic h a n jü n g e r e u n d k le in e r e , u n t e r b o t e n je n e m i t P re is e n u n d Z a h lu n g s b e d in g u n g e n , u n d g a b e n d e m G e s c h ä ft e in e in d iv id u e lle r e N o te .

D ie F r u c h t w a r d e r E r f o lg . H ö c h s t b e z e i c h n e n d f ü r d i e e n g ­ l i s c h e E n t s t e 11 u n g s k u n s t i s t e s , d a ß ü b e r d e n d e u t s c h e n A n t e i l a n d e r c h i n e s i s c h e n G e s a m t e i n f u h r ü b e r h a u p t k e i n e Z a h l e n a n g a b e n g e m a c h t w e r d e n . M a n s o ll d e n Z a h le n d a f ü r n ic h t tr a u e n k ö n n e n , s o h e iß t es. J e d e n fa lls — • s o w ir d o h n e je d e n S c h a tte n e in e s N a c h w e is e s e in d r in g lic h b e h a u p te t — i s t je n e r A n t e il in d e n le tz te n 15 J a h re n a u ß e r o r d e n tlic h g e s tie g e n . F r e ilic h h a t es m it d e n Z a h le n d e r S ta t is t ik d e r c h in e s is c h e n S e e z o llv e r w a ltu n g s e in e B e w a n d n is . D e r in ih r a u s g e w ie s e n e d e u ts c h e A n t e il b e t r ä g t n u r r u n d 7 v H g e g e n ü b e r e in e m s o lc h e n v o n 5 0 v H d e s e n g lis c h e n , v o n r u n d 10 v H de s a m e rik a n is c h e n u n d r u n d 20 v H des ja p a n is c h e n H a n d e ls . K e n n e r s c h ä t z e n d i e d e u t s c h e B e t e i l i g u n g a n d e r c h i n e s i s c h e n E i n f u h r u n t e r B e r ü c k ­ s i c h t i g u n g d e r ü b e r h o l l ä n d i s c h e u n d i t a l i e n i s c h e H ä f e n

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