N 2 7 1 5 A r i P E W i n ° 7
Ml
M O C K B A
M3flaTe/ibCTBo «nPABflÀ
npojiempuu ecex crpan, coeduHnürecb!
BlâküEHI
B m m m — ■ — ■ ■ ■ ■
M s 7 15 A n P E i i n 1 9 4 9
TEOPETH4ECKHH H nOJIHTHMECKHD
W y P H A S I4K B K n [6 ] XXVI rofl M3AaHMP
Aflpec penaKUHH:
Moches, /leHHHrpaficKoe iuocce,yn. «npaBflbi»,24.
Te/i. A 3-06-06.
C o f l e p m a H i t e
ITEPEÄOBA51 — KJiacctmecKHH TpyA TBopqecKoro M.apKCH3Ma (K 25-jie-
thk> paôoTbi H. B. CTa.iHna «OS ocuosax jieHHHHSMa»)... 1 H. «DOMHHOB — AßaanaTb BTopoü tom Cohhhshhh B. H. Jiemma . . 15 M. M0P030B — tiauHOHajibHbie TpaAHuim HapoAO» CCCP h Bocrummie
coBeTcxoro narpnoTM3Ma... 35 il, XPOMOB — YcKopeHHe oßopaMHBaeMOCTH cpeACTu — BajKHeHiuaa
HapoAHoxo3HÜcTBeHHaa 3 a A a q a ... 48 B. MHXAïlJIOB — CeBepo-aTAaHTHqecKHH AoroBOp — opyAne n»inepna-
JiHCTHHecKOH arpecciw ... 58 KPHTHKA H EHEJlHQrPAfcHfl
M. ropbKHH b 6oph6e c HMnepHâAHCTHqecKOH peaKUHeii . . . 69 B. ÄLB4EHKO—flpoTHB nyTaHHUbi b pa3paöoTKe npoß.ieMu HaKonjïCHna 76 KpaTKKe aHBOTau.HR Ha BUiueAume khuth . . . . * ...85
K j i a c c H H e c K H H T p y A T B o p n e c K o r o M a p K C H 3 M â
( K 25-jieruto p a ô o m M. B. Ctclauhcl « 0 6 o cm a a x AenuHÜ3Ma»)
ZJßaÄUaTb nHTb jie r Ha3aA, b HauaAe anpeAH 1924 roAa, TOB'apnm CT3AHH npOUHTajI B CßepAAOBCKOM yHHBepCHTexe CBOH JieKUHH «06 OCHOBaX JI6HHHH3Ma». B 3THX JieKUMHX TOBapHIU CTajXHH paCKpblA CyiUeCTBO JieHHH- CKoro yueHHH, aaji onpeaejieHHe jieHffHH3Ma, oxapaK TepH3 0B3A ero HCTopa- qeoKHe kophh, noKaaaA to ocoöeanoe h HOBoe, uto /le n hh Bnëc b MapucHcr- CKyro TeopHio. ToBapaiu Ctbahh o6o6iuha noA yrjiOM 3peBHH hoboô hcto- paqecKOH snoxn Bcë HAefeoe coAepxiauHe JierniHCKoro HacAeACTBa.
KjiaccHHecKHñ TpyA TOBapuma CïajiHHa «06 ocHOBax JieHHHH3Ma», nOAHBBUIHH Ha OrpOMHyiO TlpHHUKriHajIbHyK) BbICOTy BCe BOnpOCbl JieHHHCKO*
ro yueHHH, hbhach raranTCKHM maroM BriepëA bp33bhthh HayKii iwapKCH3Ma- jieHHHH3Ma. 3tot xpyA noKa3aji, uto eAHHCTBeHHbiM HocnxeAeM h ouaotom
MapKCH3M3 HBAHerCH JieHHHH3M.
JleKUHH TOBapnma CrajiHHa «06 ocHOBax JieHHHH3Ma» poAwwcb b
6opb6e npoTHB tpoukhctob, KOTOpbie, öyAyaH HarojiOBy pa36HTbi napTiieñ b
AHCKyccHH 1923 roAa, ne npexparmiH cBoefl noApbiBHOH paôoTbi h noBeAH KAeBeTHHuecKHñ noxoA Ha ôoAbmeBHCTCKyio napTHjo, na eë seAHKoro botkah
JleHHHa, Ha repOHuecKyio HCTOpHio 6oAbiueBH3Ma. ToBapam Cthahh pa300Aa- hha BparoB HapoAa — tpohkhctob,—hx JKyAbHHaecKyio nonuTKy noAweHHTb A€hhhh3m TpoiiKH3MOM. JleKUHH TOBapHuia CTaAHHa cbirpaAH pemaromyio POAb B HAeÖHOM pa3rpOMe TpOUKHSMa. Ohm HBHAHCb BMeCTe C TeM MaCTep-
2 ÎIE P EflO BA H
CKOH 3auiHTOH AeHHHH3M3, ero rjiyÖOKHM TeOpeTHHeCKHM 060CH0B3HHeM H íiajibHeHiuHM p33BHTHeM. B 3T0M — BceMHpHOHCTopHnecKoe ^ 3HaqeHHe CTajiHHCKoro Tpyaa «06 ocHOBax AeHHiHH3M3». 3tot reHHaAbHbiß Tpyp bo- opyiKHji Tor^a h BoopyxcaeT Tenepb 6oAbiueflHKOB bo bc6m MHpe ocTpbiM Opy>KH6M MüpKCHCTCKO-JieHHHCKOH TeopHH.
* *
❖
ZJaHHoe b T p y A e T O B a p n m a CraAHna oöocHOBaHHe jie n n H H 3 M a K a K M a p - KC H 3M 3 HO'BOH 3n O X H , 3 H 0 X H H M n e p H 3 J lH 3 M a H npO JIC TapC KH X peB'OJiroUHH, OÖOÖIHHAO H A e ñ H y iO HCTOpHK) 6 0 J Ib U ie B H 3 M a , HCTOpHK) ö o p b ö b l n a p T H H 3a TBO pqeC K H H M ap K C H 3 M , npO TH B p e B H 3 H 0 H H 3 M 3 , n b lT a B H ie T O C H nOÄOpBaTb c a -
Mbie OCHOBbI M a p K C H 3 M 3 , H npO TH B AO rM aT H H eC K O T O OHOIHAeHHH M apK C H C T-
CKOH T e o p H H , B K O T o p o M n p o H B A H A O c b c T p e M ji€ H H 6 o n n o p T y H H C T O B 3 a A e p > K a T b A a jib H e ñ m e e p a 3 B H T H e M a p K C H 3 M a , 3 a A e p ? K a T b TeM c a M b iM p e B O A io p H O H H o e
ABH>i<eHHe paöonero KJiaeca.
H a mecTOM CBe3Ae naprHH TOBapHuj Cthahh roBOpnn:
«CymecTBveT MapKCH3M AorMaraqecKHH h M3pKCH3M TBopqecKHi.
8 d o ro Ha noHBe nocACAHero».
JleHHH h Cthahh c caMOTO HanaJia CBoeß peBOAiortHOHHOH AeaTeAbHO- CTH noAHHJiH h nonecAH BnepëA 3H3mh TBopnecKoro MapKCH3Ma. Hcxoah
H3 MapKCHCTCKoro yneHHH h TBOpqecKH npHMeHHH ero k aHajiH3y hobmx
HCTopnqecKHX HBJieHHH, k pemeHHio hobbix saAaq, BCTaBiuHx nepeA peeoAio- UHOH'HUM paÖOHHM KAaCCOM, OHH KOHKpeTH3HpOBaAH H OÖOTaTHAH HAeHHOe COAepjKaHHe M3pKCH3Ma HOBbIMH TBOpeHHHMH reiHHajIbROH peBO-BIOUHOHHOH WbICJIH.
B cBoeö paöoTe «06 ocHoeax jieHHHH3Ma» TOBapnm Ct3Ahh H3o6ahhha
A0TMaTH3M OinnOpTVHHCTOB II HHTepHaUHOHaAa, MaCTepCKH 3aiH,HTHA H oöocHOBaJi jieHHHcKoe nojioateHHe o tom, hto «peBOAiouHOHHaH TeopHH ne eCTb AOTMa», HTO OHa «0K0HH3TeAbH0 CKJiaAbIBaeTCH AHHIb B TeCHOñ CBH3H C npaKTHKOH AeÖCTBHTejlbHO MaCCOBOTO H AeHCTBHTejIbHO peBOJXIOUHOHHOrO ABHHCeHHfl».
PaöoTa TOBaparaa CtajiHHa «06 ocHOBax jieHHHH3Ma» noMorvia h no- MoraeT KaApaM öojibiiieBHCTCKofi napTHH rJiyöoKO oco3HaTb bcö to HOBoe, HTO JleHHH BHÖC B M3pKCH3M, H yCBOHTb HpaBHAbHblH, HyjKAblH AOKTpHHëp- CTBy h öyKBoeACTBy b3tjiha Ha MapKCKCTCKyio TeopHio Kax Ha >KHBoe, pa3- BHBaiomeecH yneHHe.
PaöoTa TOBapHUia CTaAHHa «06 ocHOBax jieHHHH3Ma», npoHHKHyTaa HAeeß BOCHHTa»HH KHApOB b Ayxe TBopqecKoro MapKCH3Ma, cbirpajia rpoMaA- Hyio pojib b M0ÖHjiH3auHH napTHHHbix KaApoB Ha peuieHHe 3aAaqH nocTpoe- HHH C0H,HaAH3Ma B CCCP, B pa3TpOMe TpOHKHCTOB H 3HH0BbeBUeB, KOTOpbie, JKOHTJIHpyH HHTaTaMH H3 MapKCa H 4)ajIbOH(})HHHpyH MapKCH3M, nblTajIHCb coBJieHb napraio c aöhhhckoto nyTH. ToBapnm OrajiHH yKa3bmaeT b «KpaT- KOM Kypce HCTopHH BKH(6)», hto napTHH öojibmeBHKOB He cyMejia 6bi no6e- AHTb b OKTHÖpe 1917 DOAa, eejiH 6bi eë nepeAOBbie xaApbi ne oBnaAejiH Teo- pHen MapKCH3Ma, eejiH 6m ohh He HaynHjiHCb CMOTpeTb Ha 3Ty Teopmo KaK na pyKOBOACTBO k AeßcTBHio h ABHTaTb eë BnepëA. Mo* ho c nojiHbiM oc- HOBSHHeM CKaaaTb, HTO noöeAa oounaAiiaMa b Hameö cTpane 6bijia 6bi «e- B03MOKH3, 6CAH 6bl ÔOAbUlBBHCTCKHe KaApbl He ÖblAH B0CnHT3HbI Ha OCHOB6 A6HHHH3Ma, He 6bl AH BOOpy>K0HbI ACHHHCKO-CTaAHHCKOH TeopHeH COHHaAHCTH- qecKoro cTpOHTeAbCTBa, He nayiHAHCb 6bi pyKOBOACTBOBaTbcn b 6opb6e 3a nocTpoeHHe cou,naAH3Ma Teopueñ TBopnecKoro Mapi<CH3Ma.
Paöora TOBapnma GTaAHHa «06 ocHOBax AeHHHH3Ma» cbirpaAa perna- K)myiO pOAb B yCBOeHHH KOMMyHHCTaMH BCeX CTpaH TOH HCTHHbl, HTO B líame BpeMH ÖblTb MapKCHCTOM — 3H3HHT 6bITb AeHHHUeM, n0CAeA0B3TeAeM yneHHH JTeHHHa— GTaAHHa,-6 o p uo m 3 a a c h h h h3m.
T o B a p n m Ct h a h h p a c K p b iA M O K A y n a p o A H o e 3 H a n e B H e a c h k h c k o t o y n e -
HHH, AaA TeHHaAbHblH 3H3AH3 HCTOpHHeCKHX KOpHeß AeHHHH3M3, nOKa3aB, HTO A6HHHH3M BbipOC H O^OpMHACH B yCAOBHHX HMnepH3AH3Ma, KOTA a npO-
IIÉP EAO B Afl 3
THBopeTOH KanHTajiH3Ma aoiuah ao KpaHHeñ toakh « npojieTapcKaH peBO-
aíouhh CTaAa BonpocoM nenocpeACTBeHHoñ npaKTHKH.
PÍMea CBoeñ poahhoh Pocchío, jieHHHH3M cBHsaH rjiySoKBMH kophhmh
co BceM Me>KflyHapoflHbiM pa3BHTHeM, HBjiaeTCH TeopeTHaecKHM oñoómeHaeM onbiTa M€ >ka y h a po/i h oro peBOjnouHOHHoro paóoaero ABH>xeHHH, pa3BHTHeM MapKCHSMa npHMeHHxejibHo k anoxe HMnepnajiHSMa h npojiexapcKHX pe- BOJiiouHñ. Ecah 6bi, yKa3biBaJi TOBapwm CiajiHH, «A€HHHH3M hbahach tojib-
ko jiHiiib npHMeHeHueíiM MapKCH3Ma k cBoeo6pa3Hoñ o6craHOB«e Pocchh, to
TOrfla JieHHHH3M 6bIJI 6bl AHCTO HaUHOHaAbHblM H TOJIbKO H3UHOH3JIbHblM, AHCTO pycCKHM H TOJIbKO pyCCKHM SBJIBHHeM. MeXvfly TeM Mbl 3Hae.lM, UTO JIOHHHH3M eCTb flBJieHHe HHTepHaUHOHaAbHOe, HMeiOmee KOpHH BO BceM M€>K- AyHapoAHOM pa3BHTHH, a He TojibKo pyccKoe» (Coa. T. 6, CTp. 70).
Bparu couHajiKCTHHecKoñ peBOAiouHH — KayTCKHH, Bayap, npe3peHHbie TpouKH-CTbi h hm noAoÓHbie— OTpHuajiH Jie«HHH3M h ero Me>KAyHapoAHoe 3H3AeHHe, TaK K a K CTpeMHJIHCb OTBpaTHTb paÓOHHH Kjiacc OT 6opb6bi npo- THB HMnepHajrHCTHHecKOH óyp>Kya3HH. ToBapHm, CTajiHH, AaBaa oxnop sthm
BparaM JieHHHHSMa, HHcaji: «Pa3Be JieHHHH3M BbipaSoTajica tojibro Ha noABe Pocchh haah Pocchh, a ne Ha noABe HMnepHajiH3Ma h He aah HMoepHaABCTH- qecKHX CTpaH Booóme? Pa3Be TaKHe TpyAbi JleHHHa, KaK «HMoepHajiH3M, KaK Bbicmaa cTaAHH KanHTajiH3Ma», «FocyAapcxBO h peBOAfouHH», «IlpojieTap- CKaa peBojuoHHH h peHeraT KayTCKHH», «J^eTOKaa 6ojie3Hb «JieBH3Hbi» b kom- MyHH3Me» H T. A-, HM€I0T 3IiaAeHHe TOAbKO AAH POCCHH, a He AAH BCCX HMne- pnaAHCTHqecKHX CTpaH Booóure? Pa3Be achhhhbm He eCTb o6o6meHne onbiTa peBOAIOAHOHHOrO aBHJKeHHH BCe X CTpaH? Pa3Be OCHOBbl TeopHH H T3KTHKH jieHHHH3Ma He npHroAHbi, He o0H3aTeAbHbi aah npoAexapcKHx naprHH B c e x CTpaH? Pa3Be JleHHH 6h a hb npaB, roBopa, ato «óoAbmeBH3M t o a j í t c h
K a x o 6 p a 3 e u t s k t h k h a a h B c e x » ? » ( Con. T. 8, CTp. 14— 15).
OaKTHHeCKHH XOA HCTOpHH Bcé 60Aee nOATBep>KAaeT HCTHHHOCTb 3THX
caob TOBapHma CTaAHHa, Bcé 6ojiee pacKpbmaeT Mex<AyHapoAHoe 3HaqeHHe OCHOB fíOAbUieBHCTCKOH TeopHH H T3KTHKH. Ha OHblTe CTpaH HapOAHOH Ae- MOKpaTHH B nOCAeBOeHHblH nepHOA HaiIIAO KOBOe IlOATBep/KAeHHe AeiIHHCKO- cTaAHHCKoe noAOHíeHHe o npopbme ueriH HMnepHajiH3Ma b oTACAbHbix CTpa- Hax. yCTaHOBAeHHe b paAe erpa-H HeHTpaAbHOH h K >o-Boctoahoh EeponH AHKTarvpbi npoAeTapHaxa b (JiopMe HapoAHoñ AeMOKpaTHH boiiaothao npeA- CKaaaHHe JleHHHa o tom, ato «pyccknñ o6pa3eu >noKa3biBaeT b c©m cxpaHaM Koe-ATO, h BecbMa cymecTBeHHoe, H3 hx HeH36e>KHioro h HeAaAéKoro 6y- Aym ero» (Coa. T. X X V , cxp. 171). >Kn3Hb noATBepjKAaeT m hcah JleHHHa o
tom, ato rJxaBHeñiuHe, ocuoBHbie AepTbi co aha jihctha ecKO h peBOAioiuiH b
Pocchh iiaHAyT CBoé noBTopeHHe b Me>KAynapoAHOM MaciuTaOe, b (JiopMe, cooTBercTByiomeH cBoeo6pa3Hio ashhoh HcxopHAecKoñ o6cTanoBKH. PaOoAHH KA3CC H TpyAHUíHeCH MaCCbl, CTpOHIH,He nOA pyKOBOACTBOM KOMIiapTHH co- AH3AH3M B CTpaHaX HapOAHOÍI AeMOKpaTHH, H3BAeKaiOT H3 OnbITa nOCTpOeHHH cou,HaAH3Ma b CCCP HCTopHAecKHe ypoKH h o6pa3u,bi, odAernaa ceóe, t3khm
oópaooM, ycneiHHioe ABH>xeHHe k CBoeñ bbahkoh ueAH.
CTpOHTeAbCTBO COUH3AH3Ma B CTpaHaX HapOAHOH AeMOKpaTHH, ycHAe- HHe Oopbdbi paOoqero KAacca h Bcex xpyAHmHXCH npoTHB HMnepHaAHCTHAe-
ckoh OypxíyasHH b KanHTaAHCTHAecKHx cipanax, Hapacraiomee ocbo6oah- TeAbHOe ABHJKeHHe B KOAOHHaAbHblX H 33BHCHMbIX CTpaHaX, pOCT CHA AeMO
KpaTHH H C0UIiaAH3Ma, B03rA3BAHeMbIX COBeTCKHM C0I030M, — BC.e 9TO TOBO- pHT O TOpjKeCTBe A6HHHH3M3, O TOM, ATO nOA 3H8MeHeM AeHHHH3M3 CHAaAH- BaiOTCH BCé HOBbie MHAAHOHHbie apMHH ÓOpUOB 33 CBoSOAy HapOAOB, ATO neHHHH3M yKa3biBaeT nyTb k CBoOoAe TpyAamHMCH Bcero Milpa.
ÍIpHMep cOBeTCKoro HapoAa, KOTopbiH, Oopncb noA SHaMeHeM AeHHHH3Ma, nepBbiH cpeAH Bcex napoAOB nocTpona cou,HaAH3M, ct3a n p e ^ ie ro M bocxii- IUeHHH H nOApaHiaHHH AAH TpyAHIUHXCH BC6X CTpaH. riO H H T H O 33KOHHOe A y B -
CTBO COBeiCKOH HaU,HOH3AbHOH TOpAOCTH TpyAHIU,HXCH CCCP 3a CBOIO CO- UHaAHCTHAecKyio PoAHHy, 3a napraio 6oAbuieBHKOB, sa cbohx bcahkhx bo>k- Aeñ JleHHHa h CTaAHHa, KOTopbie Ha ocnoBe onbiTa peBOAiouHOHíHOK 6opb6bi
4 IIEPEÆOBAH
ripojierapnaTa hoothb HMnepnajiH3Ma, na onwTe 6opb6si TpyasmuxcH CCCP aa ycTaHOBJieHHe flUKTaTypu npojieTapnaTa H noCTpoeHHe oon«ajiH3Ma b na- mefl cxpaHe co3aajw h BbiKOBajni BejMKoe yqeHHe jieHHHH3Ma.
ToBapum CíajiHH jxaji b CBoefl paöoTe « 0 6 OcHOBax jieHHHH3Ma» rjiy - 6oko HayaHoe oßMCHeHHe Toro, noneMy Pocchh c^ejiajiacb poähhoh jienn- HH3M3, a BOHÍflb pycCKHX KOMMyHHCTOB JléHHH -— erO TBOpHOM. POCCHH CTà- na pO^HHOH JieHHHH3Ma, T3K KaK ona 6bIJia y3JI0BbIM nyHKTOM Bcex npOTHBO- peaHñ HMnepHajiH3Ma, Tan KaK «Pocchh öwjia öepeMenHa peBOjuouHeñ ôojiee, qeM KaKaa-jiHßo Æpyran CTpaHa, h TOjibKO OHa ôbuia b coctohhhh BBuay 3TOTO pa3peiIIHTb 3TH npOTHBOpeHHH peBOJHOHHOHHblM nyTëM» (C T a JI hh).
Pocchh noTOMy ôbuia b coctohhhh pa3peuiHTb 3th npoTHBopeqHH, hto bo
rjiaBe BejinnaHiueH peBOjnouHH, KOTOpan no/tbiManacb b Pocchh, ctohji peBO- JHOUHOHHeHIHHH B MHpe npOJieiapHaT, HMeBÜIHH Tanoro HaflëiKHOrO COK)3HHK3, KaK peBomouHOHHoe KpecTbHHCTBO Pocchh. PyccKHH paôoHHH Kjiacc, npo- UiefllHHH B KOpOTKHH CpOK UIKOJiy TpÔX peBOJHOHHH, BCeTÆa OTJIHHaBUlHÔCH CBOHM repOH3MOM H CnOCOÖHOCTbK) K peBOJIKDUHOHHOMy TBOpneCTBy, C03itajl BejIHHaHUlHe peBOJHOUHOHHbie TpaflHUHH, HBJIHKHHHeCH o6pa3UOM H npHMepoM æjih paôoHiix Bcex cTpan. KpecTbHHCTBO Pocchh, ôopoBuieecH npoTHB uapa, noMcuiHKOB h ôyp>Kya3HH BMecTe c npojieTapnaTOM, noa ero pyKOBoacTBOM, CTaBLLiee pe3epBOM h COKJ3HHKOM paôonero KJiacca, xaKjKe flOKa3ajIO CBOIO CnOCOÔHOCTb H rOTOBHOCTb K peBOJÎJOIlHOHHOH 6opb6e.
H3 cpeabi paôoqero KJiacca Pocchh Bbiuuia BejiHKan naprag ôojibuieBH- KOB, napTHa JlenHHa — C'raaHHa, MyîKecTBeHHaa h aaabHOBHaHaa, riaoTb ot
nao™ h KpoBb ot KpoBH peBOjiiouHOHHoro poccHHCKOro npoaeTapnara, nap- THH, Hepa3pb!BHbIMH y3aMH CBH33HHaa C pCBOJHOUHOHHblMH H naTpHOTHMeCKH- MH TpaaHixHHMH jiyquiHX npe/icTaBHTejieH ocBoôoAHTejibHoro ABH>KeHHH b
Pocchh h eë .nepeaoBoñ mhcjih. JIeHHHH3Mi, yaHT TOBapnm CîajiHH, ecTb BblCUiee aOCTHJKBHHe pyCCKOH KyJIbTypbl.
PaôoTa TOBapnma O ajiHHa « 0 6 ocaoBax aeHHHH3Ma», b KOTopoH pac- KpbiBaeTca BejiHKaa pojib pyccKoro npoaeTapHara KaK aBaHrapaa MejKayHa- poAHoro npoaeTapHaTa, poab ocBOÔoAHTejibHoro asimeHHa TpyaauiHxca Pocchh, CTaBiueñ ueHTpoM MOKaynapoaHoro peBOjnou.HOHHoro ABHH<eHHH, poAHHOH J16HHHH3M3, — npoHiHKHyTa ropnqéñ aiodoBbio K reponaecKOMy pa- ôoaeMy KJiaccy Pocchh h ero coio3HHKy — TpyaameMycH KpecTbHHCTBy, qyB- CTBOM rOpaOCTH 3a peBOJHOUHOiHHbie TpaaHttHH TpyaaUlHXCH Hauieñ PoaHHbl, npOHHKHyTa nnaMeHHbiM qyBCTBOM coBercKoro naTpH0TH3Ma.
« m
*
PacKpbiBaa B cbohx jreKUHax « 0 6 ocHOBax jieHHHH3Ma» to oco6eiwioe h
HOBOe, HTO JleHHH BHëe B M3pKCH3M, TOBapHIH Ct3J1HH Ä3JI BCeCTOpOHHHË aHajiH3 JI6HHHH3M3 KaK flajibHeHuiero pa3BHTHa MapKCH3Ma b Bonpocax Me- Toaa, TeopHH, ÆHKTaTypbi npojieTapHaTa, b KpecTbaHCKOM Bonpoce, b Ha- UHonajibHOM Bonpoce, b Bonpocax CTparerHH h t3kthkh, b Bonpoce o nap- THH H eë CTHJie paÔOTbl.
ToBapnm GTajiHH h3jio>khji b CBoëM Tpyae o c h o b u jreHHHH3Ma, ero ycTOH, na KOTopbix 3H>KfleTca pasBHTHe HfleËHOH HCH3HH Hauieö napTHH, BCH eë nojiHTHKa. ńofloóHO tom y KaK b «MaHHtfiecTe KoMMyHHCTHHecKoiî nap
THH»— 3T0H necue necHen MapKcii3Ma — ôhjih «aubi Bce OTnpaBHbie nyHK- Tbl TeopHH M3pKCH3Ma, T3K B pa60Te TOBapHIUa CTajlHHa « 0 6 ocHOBax JieHHHH3M3» flaHO BCë TJiaBHOe H OCHOBHOe B BeJÎHKOM JieHHHCKOM ' yaeHHH.
06o3peBaa nyTb, npOH^eHHHH ööJibuieBHCTCKOH napraeË 3p ÄBa^paTb naTb jieT co BpeMeHH noaBaeHHa crajiHHCKoro Tpy^a « 0 6 ocuôBax jrenn- HH3M3», Mbl BHÄHM npOKfle BCeTO, KaKyiO B3>KHyi0 pOJIb HTpaa H IirpaeT B eë >KH3HH M 6 T OÄ JieHHHH3M3, 0XapaKTepH3OB3HHbIH TOBapHUJ,eM Ct3JIHHbIM c HCKjHOHHTejibHOH rJiyönHOH h npoHHuaTejibHocTbK). Toßapnm Ctśjihh yxasa.a B CBoeñ paóoTe, hto Mera« jienHHH3Ma ecTb KOHKpeTH3amm h aaJibHenmee pa3BHTHe KpHTHaecKoro h peBOjnouHOHHoro MeTOAa M apnca, ero Marepua- JlHCTHHeCKOH flHajieKTHKH.
n E P E ß O B A fl
XapaxTepnsya cymecTBO Merona JieHHHH3Ma, roBapiim OrajiHH roßopmi:
«K aeMy cboahtch TpeGoBamiH aToro Merona?
Bo-nepßbix, i< n p o ß e p K e TeopeTHnecxHx aotm II HiiTepHanHonaJia E om e peBojiiouHomiOH öopbßbi Macc, b orne żkhboh npaxTHKH, t. e. k boc- CTaHOBjieHHio HapymeHnoro e/umcTBa MeixAy Teopnefl u npaxTnxoH, x jihk- BHAauHH pa3pbiBa Me>xAy hhmh, h6o Tojibxo Tax moikiio co3AaTb AeñcTBH- TejibKo npojiexapcxyio napraio, Boopy>KëHnyio pesojnonnoHnoH Teopneil.
Bo-BTopbix, k n p o s e p K e iiojihthkh napTHH I I HHTepHauHOHajia He no
hx ji03yHraM h pe30jnouHHM (KOTOpbiM nejib3ii BepHTb), a no hx AejiaM, no Hx AencTBHHM, h6o TOjibKO Tax mo>kho 3aB0eBarb h 3acjiyx<HTb AOBepne npojieTapcKHX Macc.
B-TpeTbHX, k n e p e c x p o f i x e Been naprain-ioii paGorai Ha HOBbifi peBojnouHOHHbiË jiaA b Ayxe BocnnTamiH h noAroTQBXH Macc k peßojnouH- OHHOH 6opb6e, HÓO TOJIbKO Tai< MOJKHO nOArOTOBIITb MaCCbl K npO^eîapCKOH peBOJHOUHH.
B-neTBëpTbix, k c a M O x p H T H x e npojierapcKHx n a p ra li, k oGyneHHio H BOCnHTaHHK) HX Ha COÔCTBeHHblX OUIHÔKaX, IlGo TOJIbKO T3K MOJKHO BOCnH- TaTb AeficTBHTejibHbie xaApu h AeíicTBHTejibHbix jiimepoB naptun» (Con. T. 6, CTp. 81— 82).
^ 3 ia xapaxTepHCTHxa cymecTBa MeTOAa JieHHHH3Ma Gbijia oGoGmeimeM Bceñ npeAuiecTBoBaBuieH Hcnopmi 6ojibuiöBH3Ma.
Ha ocHOBe jieHHHH3Ma, Ha ocHOBe MacTepcxoro npHMeneHHH MeToaa jleHHHH3Ma b GopbGe c BparaMH napraa — TpouxHcraMH h 3»HOBbeBuaMH, ÖyxapHHbIMH H xaMeHeBblMH----CJIO>KHJIOCb nOCJie BblXOAa JleHHHa M3 CTp oh
pyxoBOAHin.ee HApo Harnen napran, bo rjia se c TOBapiimeM CTajiHHbiM, xo- Topoe cnjiOTHJio napTiix) Boxpyr 3aBeTOB JlemiHa h BbiBejio coBeTcxan Ha- poA Ha uiHpoxyio Aopory cTpom’ejibCTBa couHajiH3Ma b nanien CTpane. Kpw- THHeCKHH H póBOJlIOnHOHHblH A>'X MeTOAa JieHHHH3Ma, AyX GoJIbUieBHCT- CKOH XpHTHKH H CaMOXpHTHKH, HBJIHK)III,eHCH BaXCHeHUIHM T p 6 Ó O B 3 H H€ M STO
PO MeTOAa h HanpaBjieHHon Ha oGecneneHHe HAeñHon mohojikthocth napraS- HblX pHAOB, eAHHCTBa HX BOJIH H A6HCTBHH, Ha npeOAOJieHHe BCHKHX OTCTyiI- AeHHH OT ÖOCBOH GojIbHieBHCTCKOH napTHHHOCTH, — nOCTOHHHO JKHBËT B Ha- uien napTHH, cjiy>xa Aejiy CTpoiiTejibcTBa oonHajiH3Ma h G jiary Hainen Po ah h m.
rpoMaAHyx) pojib b BbipauiHBaHHH xaApoB napTHH h rocyAapcTBa, cno-
coGhhx ycneuiHO pemaTb 3aAanH CTpoHTejibcTBa xoMMyHH3Ma b Hainen CTpaHe, nrpajiH h nrpaiOT pa3BHTbie b paGoTe TOBapnina CTaAHHa HAea o 3H3HeHHH H CyiljeCTBe JI6HHHCK0H t e o p H H.
JleHHH H CT3JIHH y iiaT, HTO peBOJIKMI'HOHHaH TeopHH npeACT3BJIHeT Be- JiHHañujyK) cHJiy xo.wMyHHCTHqecxoro ABHJxeHHH. ToBapiiin CTajiHH noAnepx- n y ji ocoGyio BaixHocra peBOJiiomiOHHOH TeopHH ajih GojibuieBHCTCxoñ nap
THH AJiH TOH BejnixoH napTHH, Ha aojho KOTOpOH Bbinajia pojib nepeAOBoro Gopna 3a K0MMyHH3M, npH3BaHHoro HCTopHeñ nepBbiM npojio>KHTb Aopory x 3T0H BejiHKOK nenn. ToBapnui CrajiHH pacxpbiji b cBoeñ paGoTe «06 ocHOBax jieHHHH3Ma» BejiHHecTBeHHbiH o6pa3 JleHHHa xax remiH h boh<ah peBojnoiiHH, xopHifieH peBOjironHOHHOH HayxH, iipnAasaeinero rpoMaAHoe 3HaqeHHe Teo
pHH h HeyTOMHMo ABHraBuiero eë BnepëA- ToBapnui C ia jin n roBopHji:
«Mo>xeT GbiTb, aanGojiee h p khm BbipaixeiiKeM toto bmcokoto 3HaneHHH, KOTopoe npHAaßaji JleHiiH TeopHH, cjieAOBajio Gbi cHHTaTb tot (JiaxT, hto
He kto hiioh, xax JleHHH, B3HJICH 3a BbinojiHeHHe cepbë3HeiiiueH 3aAanH 06- oGineiiHH no MaTepHajiHCTH'iecxoH (jiHjiococpHH iiaHGo.aee Ba>xHoro h3 toto, aTO AaHO Hayxoii 3a nepnoA ot S urejibca ao JleHHHa, h BcecTOpoimeñ xpH- THKH aiiTHMaTepHajiHCTHHecxHx TeneHHH cpeAH MapxcHCTOB. 3 n re jib c tobo- PHJI, m o «MarepnajiH3My npnxoAHTcn npiiHHMaTb hobhh bha c xaixAbiM ho- BblM BeJIHKHM OTXpblTHeM». H3BCCTH0, HT0 STy 3aA3Hy BbinOJIHHJl A-W CBO- ero BpeMemi He kto hhoh, xax JleniiH, b CBoeñ 3aMenaTejibHoñ XHiire «M a- TepnajlH3M H SMnHpH0XpHTHnH3M» (Cox. T. 6. CTp. 90).
6 n E P E ß O B A fl
ToBapnm Ct3jihh noAHHJi na rpoM aAHyio BbicoTy 3HaHei-me Teoprni, HeycraHHO M0ÖHJiH3yH napraro Ha OBjiaAßHHe MapKCiicTCKO-jieHHHCKHM y ie - -HueM. HpKHM BbipałK€HHeM 3a6oTw TOBapmua CTajiHHa o TeopeTimecKOM bo- opyxeemiH napTHH HBjiaeTCH co3Aam ie hm «KpaTKoro Kypca HCTopan
BKn(6)» — 3HHHKJI0neflHH OCHOBHblX 3H3HHH B OÖJiaCTH MapKCH3Ma-JietlH- HH3M3,— C03Ä3HHe TeHHaJIbHOTO (JlHJIOCOtJlCKOrO TpyAa «o flUajieKTHqeCKOM H HCTOpHHeCKOM MaTepH3JIH3Me», B KOTOpOM A3HO OÖOÖlUeHIie HOBeÖLUHX flaH- Hbix HayKH, ripaKTHHecKoro h Teoperim ecKoro onbrra öojibuieBHCTCKOii napTHH, CHCT6MaTH3HpOB3Ha H HOAHHTa H3 HOBVK), BblCUiyiO CTyneHb MapKCHCTCKO- jieHHHCKaa (JnuiocodpcKan m m cjib.
Pa3BHT3H B JieKUHHX «06 OCHOBaX JieHHHH3M3» HAßH 0 FpOMaflHOM 3HaqeHHH TeopHH Jim CTpOHTeJIbCTBa KOMMyHH3M3 HBJIHCTCH OAHOH H3 py-
kobo a h iu h x Hflefł bo Been AeHTejibHôcTH Hamen napTHH.
B JieKUHHX «06 ocHOBax jieHHHH3Ma» TOBapum CxajiHH noKa3aji, Kä- KHM rpOMaUHbIM BKJia/ÜOM B M3pKCH3M HBJIHeTCH JieHHHCK3H TeOpHH IipOJie- TapcKoß peBOJiiouHH. «JleHHHH3M ecTb TöopHH h TaKTHKa n po jie rrapcKOH^pe- BOjiiouHH Boo6me, TeopiiH h TaKTHKa uHKTaTypbi npojieTapHa'ra b ocoöeH- HOCTH». B 3T0M CT3JIHHCK0M OnpeUeJieHHH JieHHHH3M3 CKOHUeHTpHpOB3Ha OC- HOBH3H cyTb jieHHHCKOTO yneim n KaK ßbicm ero 3Tana b pa3ßWTHH MapKCH3Ma.
B jieHHHH3Me aaHa hoba h, 3aK0HHeimaH -reopun coáHajiHCTimecKOH pe- BOJHOUHH, TeOpHH O B03M0JKH0CTH nOÖeAbl C0UHajIH3Ma nepBOHanajibHO B HeCKOJlbKHX HJIH fla>Ke B OAHOH, OTAGJIbHO B3HT0ÍÍ CTpaHe, o6 VCJIOBHHX H nepcneKTHBax stoh noöeubi. OöocHOBbiBaa jieHHHCKyio Teopmo peBOJiiouHH, TOBapum C îajiH H K0HKpeTii3HpoBaji oömHH b h b o a JleöHHa o t o m, hto «h m- nepnajiH3M ecTb Kan.yn counajmcTHHecKOH peBOJiiouHH». ToBapHiu Ct3jihh oxapaKTepH30Baji cymecTBO HMnepH3JiH3Ma KaK rocnoACTBa (JimiahcoBoto KanHTajia b rjiaBH bix CTpaHax KanHTajiH3Ma, Kaie bccmhphoh ciicTeMbi (Jih- HaHCOBoro nopaöomeHHH h KOJiOHHajibHoro yrHeTeHHH sthm h cTpaHaMH ruraHTCKoro öojibiiiHHCTBa HacejieHHH 3eMjin, oxapaKTepH30Baji 33koh HepaB- HOMepHoro pa3BHTHH KaiiHTajiHCTHueoKHX cTpaH b s n o x y HMnepuajiH3Ma.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THMH nOJIOIKeHHHMH o6 OTJIHHHTejIbHblX HepTHX HMnepHa- jiH3Ma, o npncyiuHX eMy npoTHBopeHHHx TOBapHiu Ct3jihh ccJiopMyjmpoBaji BblBOAH O HeH3Öe>KH0M OÖOCTpeHHH peBOJHOUHOHHOTO KpH3HC3 BHyTpH Kam i- TajIHCTHHeCKHX CTpaH, OÖOCTpeHHH peBOJHOUHOHHOTO KpH3HC3 B KOJIOHHajIb- Hbix cTpanax, o MorymecTBeHHOM pacmHpeHHH counajibHOH 6a3bi npojieTap- CKOH peBOJHOUHH, O B03MOÎKHOCTH npopblBa UenH MHpOBOrO HMnepiiaUHCTHHe- cKoro (JipOHTa b eë Hanöojiee cjia6oM 3BeHe.
XapaKTepH3ya b JieKUHHX «06 ocHOBax jieHHHH3Ma» JieHHHCKyio Teopuio 0 B03MOWH0CTH nOÖeAbl C0UHaJIH3Ma B OAHOH CTpaHe H 3amnmaH 3Ty Teo- puio, TOBapHm Ct3jihh BMecTe c xeM K0HKpeTH3HpyeT h pa3BHBaeT eë, 060c- H0BbiB3H reHHajibHyio Mbicjib o t o m, hto Bonpoc o noöeue C0UHajIH3Ma B Hamen CTpaHe HMeeT uee cTopoHbi — BHyTpeHHKno h MOKAyHapoAuyio. Co- OTBeTCTBeHHO1 3TOMy Heo6xoAHMO uejiaT b pa3JiHUHe Me>KAy BonpoeoM o B03- MOIKHOCTH nOCTpOeilHH C0UHaJIH3Ma CHJI3MH OAHOH CTpaHbl, Ha HTO AOJixeea 6biTb a3h nojio>KHTejibHbiH oTBeT, h BonpoeoM 0 6 OKOHHaTejibHoñ noôeue couHajiH3Ma b CMbicjie nojiHOH rapauTHH o t BoccTanoBjieHHH 6yp>Kya3Hbix nopHAKOB, KOTopan Mo>Ker öbiTb oöecneneHa OKOHuaTeJibHO b pe3yjib'raTe no6eAt>i npoJieTapnaTa no xpaím eñ Mepe b HecKOJibKHx crp a H a x . yiea3aB b CBOHX JICKUHHX, HTO Hep3BHOMepHblH H CKaHKOOÖpaSHblH XapaKTep P33BHTHH KanHTauHCTHqecKHX CTpaH b ycjioBHHX HMnepuajiH3Ma, pa3BHTHe KaTacTpo- (JumecKHX npoTHBOpemiH BHyTpH HMnepHajiH3Ma, inopoHiAaromnx b o h h u, pocT peBOJHOUHOHHOrO ABHIKeHHH BO BCeX CTpaHax BeUyT He TOJIbKO K B03M05K- HOCTH, HO H K HeOÖXOAHMOCTH nOÖeAbl OpOJieTapiiaTa B OTAejIbHblX CTpaHax, TOBapnm OrajiHH roB op nji:
«Ho CBepTHyTb BJiacTb 6ypx<ya3HH h nocTaBHTb BJiacTb npojieTapHaTa
b oahoh CTpaHe — emë He 3H3HHT oöecneHHTb no.iiHyK) noöeuy couHajiH3Ma.
ynpoHHB CBOK) BJiacTb h noßeAH 3a C060H KpecTbHHCTBO, npojieTapnaT noöeAHsmieH CTpaHbl moikct h aojukch nocTpoHTb counajmcTHnecKoe o6me-
IIEPEÆOBAH ?
CTBO. Ho 3HaraT JIH 3TÖ, HTO OH TeM CaMblM AOCTHTHeT BOJIHOH, OKOHHa- TejIbiHOH noöeabl COU,IiajIH3Ma, T. e. 3H3HHT JIH 3TO, HTO OH MO>KeT CHJiaMH jiHuib OAHOH crpaHbi 3aKpenHTb OKOHHaTejibiic couHaji«3M h Bnojine ra- paHTHpOBaTb CTpaHy OT HHTepBeHpHH, a 3HaHHT, H OT pecTaBpanHH? Her, He 3H3HHT. Æjih 3T0T0 HeoßxoaHMa noßeaa PCBOJHOU.HH no KpafmeH Mepe 8 HecKOJibKHX CTpaHax» (Gon. T. 6, CTp. 107).
3to CTajiHHCKOe pemeHne Bonpoca o noßeae coiiHaJiH3Ma b nameß CTpaHe Boopy>KHjio napTHio npe^ejibHO nernoS nepcneKTHBoñ counajmcTHne- CKoro CTpoHTejibCTBa, cbirpajio pemaiomyio pojib b hachhom pa3rpoMe rpou,- KHCTOB h 3HHOBbeBu.eB, npecenjio BpaxiecKHe nonbiTKH noMemaTb noßeAe co- HnajiH3Ma b Hainen CTpaHe, noAopBaTb y paßionero Kjiacca yßepeHHocTb b
noßeAe connajin3Ma. Ha npHMepe CTajinnoKoro aHajraaa Bonpoca o bo3mo>k-
hocth noße^bi cou,najiH3Ma b Hainen CTpane ocoßeHHO narjiHAHO BHAna cnjia TBopnecKoro MapKCH3Ma. npHMbiM npoflo^JKeHHeM aaHHono TOBapimieM CTajiHHbiM pemenHH Bonpoca o bo3mo>khocth noße^bi cou,najiH3Ma b namen CTpaHe HBHJIC3 C^ejiaHHblH TOBapHmeM CTajiHHbiM BblBOA O B03M0HÍH0CTH nocTpoeHiiH b CCCP Bbicmeñ t})a3bi KOMMyHH3Ma, nojinoro KOMMyHncTiine- CKoro oßmecTBa, na>Ke b tom cjiynae, ecjw ooxpaHHTCH KamiTajincTHnecKoe oKpyaieHHe. TeM caMbiM TOBapiiui CrajiHiH BOOpy>KHji paßo’in ii KJiacc Heorpa- 3HMMM ayxoBHbiM opyxKHeM, Aaji napran BejiiiKyio nepcneKTHBy ßopbßbi 3a noße^y KOMMyHH3Ma. Bcë sto roB opnr o tom, Kax rjiyß ono CBH3ana HAeHnasi HCTopHH ßojibineBH3Ma 3a nocJieAHioio neTBepTb Be«a c h^ohmh CTajwHCKO- ro Tpyaa «Oß ocHOBax jieHiiHH3Ma», cKOjib BejtHKa pojib stoto TpyAa, iipno ocBeipaiomero öojibiueBHKaM nyTb noßeAOHOCHon ßopbßbi 3a K0MMyHH3M.
* *
*
Ecjih paspaßoTKa Bonpoca o bobmojkhoctii noße^bi cou,najiH3Ma b Ha
men CTpaHe OTKpbiJia napuni Hayrao oßocHOBaHiiyio nepcneKTHBy noße^o- HOCHofi ßopbßbi, TIO oßoßipÖHHbie H pa3BHTbie TOBapnuxeM CTajiHHbiM HÄeH jieHHHH3Ma o flHKTaType npojieTapnaTa, o KpecTbHHCKOM Bonpoce, o Hamio- TiajibHOM Bonpoce, o cTpaTernn n TaKTHKe, o napran h eë cTHjie paßoTbi pac- KpblJlH nyTH, (JlOpMbl H CnOCOßbl nOCTpOeHHH COHHajIH3Ma.
ToBapmn CTajiHH noKaaaji b cbohx jieKUHHx «Oß ocHOßax JieHHHH3Ma», HTO OCHO-BHbIM BOnpOCOiM B JieHHHH3Me, OTO OTnpaBHbIM nyHKTOM HBJIHeTCH Bonpoc o H H K r a r y p e n p o j i e T a p n a T a , oß ycjioBnnx eë 3aBoeBaHHsi, oß ycjiOBHax eë yKpenjieHHH. ToBapnip Ct3ahh oxapaKTepn30Ban to iiosoe, HTo BHëc b MapKCOBy Teopino flHKTaTypbi npojieTapnaTa Jie«HHH3M, oßora- THBiniiii eë H/xesiMH o coBeTCKoii BjiacTii Kan KJiacciniecKOH 4)opMe a,HKTaTypbi npojieTapnaTa, o coio3e paßonnx u KpecTbHH noA pyKOBOACTBOM paßonero Kjiacca Kan eë BbicmeM npimuHne, o AHKTaType npojieTapnaTa nan Bbic- meM ranę AeMonpaTiiH.
BejniKtie iiAeii jieHHHii3Ma o AHKTaType npojieTapnaTa BbiKOBajincb b
o>KecTonëHHon ßopbße c MeHbineBHKaMH u TpopKHCTaMH, c onnopTyHHCTamit
Bcex CTpaH. Counaji-npeAaTejiH, HenasiiAH paßoniin KJiacc n bccmh chji3mh
cTpeMHCb BOcnpennTCTBOBaTb ero n p n x o a y k bjibcth, oßMaHbiBajin h npo- AOJDKaiOT oßMaHblBaTb paßOHHH KJiacc pa3TJiarOJIbCTBOBaHHHMH O TaK ;Ha3bI- BaeMOM «33BOeBaHHH BJiaCTH» nyTÖM 0Öpa30BaHHH MHHHCTepCKHX KaßHHeTOB H3 npaBoconnajiHCTiinecKHx npncjiy>KHiiKOB ßyp>Kya3nn. BcKphiBan 3tot oß- MaH BparoB paßonero Kjiacca, TOBapnm Ct3jihh roBopnji b cbohx jickuhhx
«Oß ocHOBax jieHHHH3Ma»;
«MaKAOiiajibAbi h IUeiÏAeMaHbi y BJiaCTH, npn ocTaßjieHHH cTapbix ßyp- myasHbix nopanKOB, hx, Tan ci<a3aTb, npaBHTejibCTBa Hé M o ryr ßbiTb qeM- HiißyAb ApyrHM, KpoMe oßcjiy>KHBaiomero annapaTa b pynax ßypn<ya3HH, KpÖMe npnKpbiTHH H3B HMnepnajiH3Ma, KpoMe opyAHH b pyxax ßyp>nya3HH npoTHB peBOjnonnoHHoro ABiimeHHH yrHeTëHHbix h 3KcnjiyaTnpyeMbix Macc.
Oiih, 3TH npaBHTejibCTBa, HyjKHbi nanHTajiy, Kan rnnpMa, K or^a eMy Heyfloß- Ho, neBbiroAHO, TpyAHO yrHeTaTb h aKcnjiyarapoBaTb Maccu ße3 mnpMU,
8 nEPEÆOBAH
KoHeqHO, noHBjieHHe Taxnx npaBiiTenbcTB aBnaeîca npH3HaxoM toto, hto
«y m ix TaM» (t e. y xamiTanHCTOB), «Ha LUnnxe», He cnoxoiiHO, ho npa- BHTeJibCTBa TaKOPO pona, HecMOTpa Ha 3to, HeH3Ôe>KHO o d a x d c a noAKpa- meHHbiMH npaBHTeJibCTBaMH xanHTana. Ot npaBiirejibCTBa M axaonanbaa hjih
IIJeñAeMaHa ao 3aBoeBaHHH BnacTH nponeTâpuaTOM Tax me a anexo, xax ot
aeMJiH ao ne6a» (Coq. T. 6, d p . 113).
rioHbme 3ByqaT bo Bceñ eeoeñ cune ara 3a.MeqaTejibHbie cjioBa T O B apm iia CTaJIHHa, H306^HHHBLUHe MaKAOHaJIbflOB H IUeHAeMaHOB H H30ÔflHqaiOmHe coBpeMeHHbix c n y r HMnepuaBHCTHqecxoii 6ypm ya3H H — ôeBHHOB h ôjiiomob.
MapxoHCTCxo-neHHHcxaa TeopHa AnKTaxypu nponeTapuaTa, Bbipamaio- tu,aa o6lo,hh ana Bcex dpaH xannTann3Ma 33koh ABHmeHHH k cou,HajiH3My, FiBjiaeTCH nosTOMy oÔHsare^bHOH ana Bcex crpaH.
OcoôeHHO BejiHKO 3HaqeHHe BcecTopoHHero pacxpbiTHa TOBapumew CîajiHHbiM 3aaaq h (jjyHKHHH anxTaTypu nponeTapnaTa. YcneuiHO peinan 3TH 3aAaqw, rpyanm neca Hainen dpaH bi, pyxoBoauMbie ôonbineBHdcxon napraen, ocymecTBHJiH BenHxnn neHHHCxo-CTannHCKHn njiaH connanucTHqe- CKOH HHAyCTpHajIH3aUHH CTpaHbl H KOJIJieKTHBH3aUHH CenbCXOTO X03HHCTBa.
Ha OCHOBe CnnOUIHOH KOnneXTHBH3anHH ÔblJIO JIHKBHAHpOBaHO KyjiaqeCTBO—
nocneanHii 3KcnjioaTaTopcKHH xnacc, — hto 03Haqano «rnyôoqanmHH peBO- jiiouHOHHbiH nepeBiopoT, cxaqox h3 d a p o ro xaqecTBeHHoro coctohhhh o6me- CTBa b HOBoe KaqecTBeHHoe cocTOHHHe, paBH03HaqHbiñ no cbohm nocneadBn-
hm peTOJiiouHOHHOMy nepesopoTy b oxTaôpe 1917 roaa» (« H d o p u a BKn(6).
KpaTKHñ xypc», erp. 291). Ha OCHOBe yxpenneHna nponeTapcxoH anxTaTypu rpynainneca CCCP no a pyxonondBOM BeniiKoiï 6o n bm e bkctckoh napTHH nocrponnn cou,najiH3M b CBoeñ crpaHe.
Gneaya jieHHHCKOMy yqeHHio o aaaaqax nponeTapcxoñ anxTaTypbi, SojibuieBHdCKaa napraa co3aana MorymecTBeHHyx) CoBeTCKyio ApMHio, xo- Topaa b Benuxon OTeqecTBeHHoñ Boitae 1941 — 1945 roaOB oaepmana 6ecnpn- MepHyio no6eay Haa HeMenxo-tjjainncTcxHMH 3axBaiqHKaMH h hiiohckhmh
HMnepuajiHCTaMH.
B ycne-uiHOM pemeHHH 3aaaq anxTaxypu paôoqero xnacca nocne jihk- BHAauHH sKcnnoaTaTopcKHX xnaccoB rpoMaaHyio ponb cbirpana pa3pa6o- TaHHaa TOBapumeM G îajihhhm Teopiia CoBCTCxoro rocyaapcTBa. ToBapnm Oranu h xeopeTHqecKH oSocHOBan aee rnaBHbie c})a3bi pa3BHTHa GoBeTcxoro rocyaapcTBa, aan 3aMeqaTenbHbiñ aHan«3 ero (JiopM h cjiynxmiH, cootbct- CTByiomHx xam aon 4>a3e, oôocHOBan HeoôxoanMOdb, BBiiay Hannqna xa- HHTajiHCTHqecKoro oxpymenna, neycTaHHO yxpennaTb counanHCTHqecKoe rocyaapcTBO h nocne nnKBiiaauHH BHyTpn C'rpaHbi SKcnnoaiaTopcKHX xnac- coB, oôocHOBan neoßxoaHMOCTb cQxpaneHHB rocyaapcTBa n npn kom m v- HH3Me, ecnn ocTaHexca KanHTanHdHqecKoe oxpy>Ke¡HHe.
TpoMaAHbiH BKnaa b Map«cH3M Bnecnn JÎeHHH h CTannH, pa3pa6oTaB K p e c T b H H C K H H B o n p o c . B nexuHax «06 ocHOBax neHHHH3Ma» 0606- meHbi h npHBeaeHbi b crpoiiHyio cncreMy naeii neHiiHH3Ma no KpecTbHHCKOMy Bonpocy — «aeH, KOTopbie BbiaBiiranncb h pa3pa6aTbiBanncb JleHHHbiM h
CTanHHbiM aaaonro ao nodeaw OKTaCpbCKoñ counanHCTHqecKoñ peBoniouHH
b Pocchh h npomnn cBoio npoBepxy na onbixe stoh BenHxoñ noßeaH, Ha onbrre nepBbix neT 6opb6bi 3a yxpenneHHe coBeTCKoñ BnacTH.
JIeHHHH3M cBH3an KpecTbHHCKHH Bonpoc c 6opb6ofî npoTHB HMnepHa- nH3Ma, 3a noôeay nponeTapcKon peBomomin, 3a noôeay couHann3Ma. Jle- HHHH3M oôocHOBan nonojKeiine o to m, hto b Heapax xpecTbancTBa, b cnny ycnoBHH ero cymecTBOBaHHa npn HMnepnanH3Me, TaaTca peBoniouHomibie BO3MOHIH0CTH, KOTopbie MoryT 6 bit B Hcnonb30BaHbi ana nponeTapcKOË peBO- nrouHH, ana npoBpameHHa xpecTbaHCTBa, ero SKCnnoaTHpyeiworo donbinnn- CTBa, b pe3epB nponeTapHaxa, b ero coio3HHKa. «B stom CMbicne, — tobo- pnn TOBapnm CxaniiH b cbohx nexunax «06 ocHOBax neHHHH3Ma», — xpecTb- HHCKHH Bonpoc HBnaeTca qacTbio o6m,ero Bonpoca o anxTaType nponeTapua- Ta h, xax TaxoBOH, npeacTaBaneT oann h3 c s m h x jKHBOTpenemyiHHx sonpo- coB neHHHH3Ma» (Coq. T. 6, CTp. 123— 124).
rtEPEflO BAH 9
Teoperm ecKiie nojio>KeHiiH ,aeHiiHH3Ma o KpecTbHHCTse Kan coio3HHKe npojierap.HaTa b öyp/KyaaHO-neMOKpaTHHecKOH peeoJiiouHH, 06 aK cnjioani- pyeMOM öojibuiHHCTBe KpecTbHHCTBa KaK COÏ03HMK6 npojieiapHaTa b comra- JIHCTHneCKOH peBOJ!K)U,HH ÓbIJIH UejIHKOM IIOaTBepiKneHbl HClOpUCH TpëX pCBO- JHOUHH B Po.CCHH, B KOTOpblX pyCCKHH IiponeTapnaT nOKa3ajI CBOK) CHJiy, CBOK) CMejIOCTb H peBOJIIOUHOHHOCTb, CBOë yMCHbe ÖOpOTbCH J.0 nOÖCflOHOC- HOl O KOHUa, a Tpy,HHmeeCH KpeCTbHHCTBO PoCCIHH BbIKa3ajIO CBOK) cnocoó- HOCTb ÖOpOTbCH nofl pyKOBOflCTBOM T 3 KOT O MyiKeCTBeBHOPO BOJKflH pCBOJIIO- UHH, KaK pyccKHH npojieTapnaT.
lo B a p iu p Ctb^hh pa3Bnji b cbohx neKuiiax «Ü6 ocHOBax jieHHHH3Ma»
BblBOfl O TOM, UTO CTOHIUHH y BJI3CTH npOJieTapHaT MOXieT H flOJUKeH HC- IIÔJIb30BaTb Tpy^HLUeeCH KpeCTbHHCTBO RJ1H TOTO, HTOÖbl «COMKHyTb HHUy- CTpHK) C CeJlbCKHM X03HHCTB0M, nOflHHTb COUHajIHCTHHeCKOe CTpOHTeJIbCTBO H noÆBeeTH no« UHKTaTypy npojieTapnaTa tot HeoöxoaHMbift cpyHuaMeHT, 6e3 KOToporo HeBO3M0n<eH nepexofl k counajiHCTmiecKon SKOHOMHKe» (Coa.
T. 6, c ip . 138). ApryMCHTupyn ano nojiojKenne, TOBapniu, Ct3jihh no.fliepKHyji ocoöoe 3HaaeHHe peBOJirouHOHHbix TpanHUKii pyccKoro KpecTbHHCTBa, koto- poe ôopojiocb npoTHB papa h 6yp)Kya3Hoß BJiacTH BMecTe c npojieTapaaTOM
h bo m aae c hhm h npnBbiKjio ueHHTb iioniiTHuecKyro npyiKÖy, nojmrauecKoe coTpypHHaecTBO c npojieTapnaTOM h noTOMy npencTaBJineT HCKjironHTeJibno ÔJiarOIJpHHTHblH MaTepHü«T H PJIH 3KOHOMHHeCKOr© C 0 Tpy Æ, H HHe C T B 3 C paÔOHHM KJiaCCOM.
JlCHHHCKO-CTaJIHHCKOe nOJIOJKeHHe O TpyaameMCH KpeCTbHHCTBe KaK BepHOM coio3HHi<e npojieTapnaTa b 6opb6e 3a couHajiH3M ônecTHiue Bbiixep- xtajio HcnbiTanne Ha npaKTHKe. B Hamen cTpane BnepBbie b hctophh uapo- HOB H'OÔePHJI C0UH3JIH3M, II riOÖOHHJI OH HMeHHO Ha OCHOB6 001033 paÔOHHX H KpeCTbHH non pyKOBOACTBOM paSoTCTO Kjiacca. CoBeTOKOe KpeCTbHHCTBO npëT BMecre c paSomiM KjiaccoM k K0MMyHH3My, hto hejihctch TopnrecTBOM jiemiHCKoro yneHHH. IToôefla couHajiH3Ma tía ocHOBe coro3a paôonero KJiacca
h KpecTbHHCTBa non pyKOBopcTBOM paôoaero Kjiacca ecTb pe3yjibTaT 6ojib- meBHCTCKOñ nOJIHTHKH — nOJIHTHKH, HCXOPHUiefi H3 JieHHHCKOH 'TOOpHH, OT- npaBHbie nyHKTbi kotopoü 6bim o6o6meHbi i-i paasHTbi TOBapnme.M OramiHbiM
b ero HCTopimecKOM Tpyne « 0 6 ocHOBax JieHHHH3Ma».
B HpeHHOM boo p y >k e hhh Hamen napTiin b6jihko 3Hanenne Teopnn ha- u n o ha j i b h o r o Bo n p o c a , KOTOpyro pa3Bnjin n oôocHOBajm JleHHH n CTaJIHH. JIeHHHH3M BbIBejI HailHOHajIbHblÖ BOIIpOC H3 TOX y3KHX paMOK,
b KOTOpbie 3aKJH0HHJiH ero onnopTyHHCTHHecKHe jinpepbi II HHTepHau.no- iiajia, ycBOHBmne no oraom eiinro k KOJiOHnajibHbiM «apopaM BbicoKOMepHbin n npeHeôpejKHTejibHbin B3rjiau paôoBjiape^bueB n CBOUHBmne naunoHajib- Hbiñ Bonpoc TOjibKo k BOíipocy o 6ejibix n «unBHjiH30BaHHbix» Ham-iHX Ba
nana. «JIeHH.HH3M, — noBopnji TOBapnm CTajiHH b cbohx jienunax, — BCKpbui 3TO Bonnrotuee hecoo tbe t c tbh e, pa3pymi«i CTeHy Me>Kny ôejibiMH n nëp- HbiMH, Me/Kny eBponeiîuaMH n aanaTaMH, Me>Kny «Ky.TbTypnbiMH» n «neKyjib-
•rypHHMH» paÔaMn HMnepnajiH3Ma n -CBH3an, tukhm oöpaaoM, HaunoHajib- HblI-I B O IIp O C C BOnpOCOM O KOJIOHHHX» (CoH. T. 6, CTp. 139). TeM C3MHM Ha- UHOHajIbHblH Bonpoc ÔblJI nOCTaBneH B CBH3b C OÔmHM BOnpOCOM O CBepjKe- HHH HMnepna¿iH3Ma, o nponeTapcKoîi peBOJirounn.
^eiIHHH3M OÔOCHOBajI H0J10>KeHHe 0 TOM, HTO B HeppaX HaUnOHajIbHO- OCBOÔOnHTenbHOrO nBHXieHHH yrHeTÖHHblX CTpan TaHTCH peBOJHOUHOiHHbie B03M0IKHOCTH, KOTOpbie MOTyT H UOJDKHbl 6bITb HCn0JIb30BaHbI UJIH npOJie- TapcKOH peBonrounn, nnn npeBpameHiia Hapopos 3aBHCHMbix n Kononnajib- Hbix CTpan B peaepB peBOJirounoHHOro npojieTapnaTa, b ero corosHHKa. JTe- HHHH3M OÖOCHOBajI, T3KHM 00pa30M, Te3HC 0 TOM, HT0 «HaUHOHaJIbHblH Bonpoc ecTb nacTb oôipero Bonpoca o npojieTapcKon peBOJirounn, nacrt bo- npoca o UHKTaType TipojieTapuaTa» (TaM x e , cTp. 141).
9tot BhiBon jieHHHH3Ma nojiHocTbro nonTBepnnjicn Ha onbiTe nodenw BenuKon OiaaephcKon counanncTimeciion peBOJirounn b Pocchh. Pyccnna npojierapHar HMen b cBoen peBOJirouHH noppepHiKy co ctopohu yrneTepHbix
10 nEPEAOBAJÎ
HapoÄOB óbiBuieñ Pocchhcxoh HMnepHx. Ho oh CMor noAyHHTb o ry noA- A epixxy noTOMy, hto pa30HA uertH HMnepnajiH3Ma h ocboöoaha sth napo- flbi ot HauHOHa^bHoro THSTa. «Be>3 3Toro, — roB opnji TOBapam CiajiHH, — HeB03M0>KH0 6biJio 6bi ynpOHHTb CoBeTCKyio BAacTb, nacaAHTb ac h c teh- TejibHbiñ nHTepHaHHOHajiH3M H cosAaTb Ty 3aMenaTeAbHyio opraHH3aiiHio COTpyHHHHeCTBa HapOÄOB, KOTOpaH H33bIBaeTCH CoK)30M CoBeTCKHX Couiia- jiHCTHHecKHx PecnyÔAHx h KOTOpaH HBJIH6TCH iKHBHM npooöpasoM öyAym ero OÖbeAHHeHHH HapOUOB B eHHHOM MHpOBOM X03HHCTB€» (COH. T. 6, CTp. 148).
JTIo6eAa cou,HajiH3Ma b nauieñ CTpaHe npHHecAa nojiHoe pemeHue HaiiHOHajibHoro Bonpoca, hto Bbipaixeno ne TOAbxo b yHHHTOixeHHH bchxoto poAa HaiiHOHajibHOro rnëTa, ho h b AHXBHAauiiH 6h a o h axoHOMHnecxoH h Kyjib'rypHOH OTCTajiocTH m h oth x HauHonajibHocTefl Hamen cipa H bi, b pacu.Be- Te hx KyjibTyp, coiiHaAHCTmiecxHX no coAepixaHHio h HaiiHOHaAbHbix no cJ>op- Me. TojibKO C0HH3JIH3M oöecnexHBaeT rjiy ö o K o e yßaixeHHe k HaunoHajib- HblM HHTepeCaM HapOAOB, K HX HailHOH3AbHbIM OCOÖeHHOCTHM H TpaAHHHHM, oSecnemiBaeT BO3M0HíH0CTb P33bhthh h p ac u B e ia HauHOHajibHbix xyAbTyp.
CounaJIH3M HeCOBMeCTHM He TOAbXO C K3KHMH 6bl TO HH ÓbIJIO (JlOpMaMH HaUHOHaJIbHOrO IIpHTeCHeHHH, HO H C XaXHMH 6bl TO HH 6bIAO npOHBJieHHHMH 6e3pa3JlHHH3 H HeBHHMaHHH K HailHOHaAbHblM (JlOpMaM >KH3HH HapOAOB, K KX HailHOHajIbHblM TpaAHIlHHM.
H'MnepHajiH3M, npoBOAHuiHH nojiHTHKy noKopeHHH HapoAOB h h x yay- iueHHH, KyjibTHBHpyeT HMnepHajiHCTHHecKyio HABOAormo pacH3Ma h habo- JIOTHIO KOCMOnOJIHTH3Ma — H€p33pHBHO CBH33HHbie M6>KAy C06OH npOHBJie- HHH HMnepHaJIHCTHHeCKOH IIOAHTHXH.
Com iajiH3M , HecyniHH 3H8mh 6opb6bi 3 a CBepixetme HMnepHajiH3Ma, n p ii- 3 B a n noxopoHHTb b rp o 6 jiiOAoeACKyio HAeoJiormo pacH3Ma, a T axixe Bpa>x- neÖHyio CBOÖOAe h He3aBHCHMOCTH HapoAOB H Aeojiorm o KOCMonojiHTH3Ma.
Cou,HajiH3M HeoTAeJiHM ot 6opb6bi npoTHB 6yp>Kya3Horo HaiiHOHajiH3Ma h ero OÓOpOTHOH CTOpOHb! — KOCMOnOJTHTH3Ma.
ripHHIlHnbl JI€HHHH3M3 B HailHOHa,JlbHOM BOHpOCe BOnJIOHieHbl B CCGP B TeCHOM COApy>KeCTBe HailHH, B SpaTCKOM CO T p y A H H H€C TB e^ HapOAOB Hamefi CTpaHbi bo rjia B e c Hanôojiee BbiAaromeHCH, pyccKOH naiiH eñ, noMOiiib h py- KOBOACTBO KOTopoH c ÖAaroAapHOCTbio npHHHMaiDT Bce A p y rn e HapoAbi CCCP, pa3AeJiHH c b b a h x h m pypcKHM HapOAOM o ó u ih h TpyA b crpoHTejib- CTBe K0MMyHH3M3, B yKpenjieHHH MOU1H COBeTCKOH PoAHHbl. 3tH BejlHKHe pe3yjibTaTbi b pa3pemeHHH HauHOHaJibHoro Bonpoca b CGCP AocTHrHyTbi Ha OCHOBe ÓOJIbmeBHCTCKOH nOJIHTHKH — nOJIHTHKH, OnHpaiOmeHCH Ha JieHHH- CKO-CTajiHHCKyio Teoprno HaiiHOHaJibHoro Bonpoca, orapaBHue hach xoTopoö SbiJiH oSoóuieHbi h cBeAeHbi b CTpoimyio CHCTeMy b reHHajibnoß paóoTe TOBapHma CTajiHHa « 0 6 ocHOBax AeHHHHSMa». 3to roBopHT o t o m, x a x o e MouiHoe HAeñHoe o p y /K iie a a ji 6oAbmeBh xam bc ahxhh TpyA TOBapHma
CTaAHiHa. 1 ’•
PaöoTa TOBapHma CTaAHHa «06 ocHOBax AeHHHH3Ma» AaAa x o m m v h h- c t3m Bcex cTpaH TeopeTimecKoe h TaxTHxecxoe o p y m n e a a h 6opb6bi npoTHB BparoB p aö onero XAacca, xoTopwe, npHxpbiBaacb hmchcm «MapxcHCTOB», BHymaAH paöonHM -HeAOBepHe x TpyA flm eM ycfl xpecTbHHCTBy h Aam e npopo- HHAH npoAeTapnaTy. HeH36eixHoe CTOJiXHOBeHHe c xpecTbH H C TB O M , BHymaAH paöoxeMy K A a c c y npeHe6peixHTeAbHoe O Tiiom eH H e x HaiiHOHaAbHO-ocBOÖoAH' TeAhHblM ABHlXeHHHM B XOAOHHHX.
JIeHHHH3M, nOCTaBHBmiHH XpeCTbHHCXHH BOnpOC H BOnpOC HaHHOHaAbHblH B CBH3b C o6m«M BOnpOCOM 6opb6bi npoTHB HMnepHaAH3Ma, 3a npoAeTapcxyio peBOAHDUHK) H AHXTHTypy npOAeTapHaTa, AO OCHOBaHHH H30ÖAHHHA Aîxeco- UHaAHCTOB, XOTOpbie CTpeMHTCH H30AHp0BaTb paÔOHHH XAaCC OT erO C0K33“
HHXOB, OCAaÔHTb erO, OTOABHHyTb AeAO COUHaAH3Ma B TyMaHHyiO ASAb BeXOB, cABAaTb paôoxHH xAacc naccHBHbiM co3epu,aTeAeM axcnAoaTaiiHH HMne- PH3AH3M0M X0A0HH3AbHbIX paÔOB, yBeXOBeHHTb TOCnOACTBO HMnepHaAHCTOB, yöepeHb ot xpymeHHH xanHTajmcTHHecxHe üophakh.
ÜEPEAOBAH 11
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■/IeKUKH TCBapmna C ia jiim a « 0 6 ocHOBax jieHHHH3Max> hbjihiotch no*
HbiHe BejiHqañmeH coKpoBHmHHiiteñ Hueñ no BonpocaM c T p a te r hh h t3 k t h k h napTHH . B pasnejie no# Ha3B3HHeM «CTpaierHH h TaKTHKa»
TOBapHm CxajiHH o6o6ihhji óoraTeHumíl oribiT nojiHTHqecKoro pyKOBO#CTBa peBojiroiinoHHOH 6opb6oñ npojieiapHaTa Pocohh co cToponu 6ojibmeBHCTCK0H napTHH, pematouieñ caMbie CMejibie h HCTopHqecKH OTBeTCTBeHHbie 3a,n,aqH.
JleHHHy ii C iajiH H y npHHa#jie>KHT 3 a c jiy ra co3#aHHH pejibHoñ h cTpoñ- koh HayKH o nojiHTHqecKOH CTpaierHH h TaKTHKe. Ohh BOCCTaHOBHjiH re- HHajibHbie MbicjiH M ap xca h O m e jib c a o crp a T e rm i h TaKTHKe K jiaccoBoii 6opb6u npojieTapnaxa, 3aMypaBJieHHbie onnopTynHCTaMH II HHTepHapHOHa- J¡a, p33BHJIH 3TH Mbl'CJIH # ajlbine , #OJIOJIHHB HX HOBbIMH MbICJIHMH H nOJIO- /KeiIHHMH, 06o6m,aiOmHMH HCTOpHqeCKHH OIIblT KJiaCCOBOH ÓOpbÓbi npOJieTa- PHaTa> h oS-beflHHHJiH bcS a re b cwcTeMy pyKOBO^HUiHx Haqaji b odíiacTH CTpaierHH h t3.k t h k h.
B JieKu,HHx « 0 6 ocHOBax jieHHHH3Ma» HamjiH cBoé o6o6meHHoe Bbipaxie- Hiie Hflen o cTpaTeriiH h TaKTHKe, pa3B«Tbie b thkhx Tpy#ax, KaK «ÜBe Tai<- thkh couHaji-aeMOKpaTHH b #eMOKpaTHqecKoñ peBOJIIOU,HH», «fleTCKaH 60- Jie3Hb «JieBH3HbI» B K0MMyHH3Me» JIeHHH3, «K BOnpOCy O CTpaierHH H TaK- THKe pyccKHx KOMMyHHdOB» ih #pyrne pa6o™ TOBapHipa C iajniH a. B cbohx
jiekhhax TOBapHin CiajiHH pa3Bepnyji iineiiHoe 6 o ra ic iB o Ji©HHHH3Ma b
crpoiíHyio CHCTeMy onpenejieHHH, nojiojKenHH h b u b o h o b, npeno#aB 6opuaM 3a COHHajIHCTHHeCKyiO peBOJHOII,HK) 33K0HbI pyKOBOflCTBa MaOCaMH, BeHeHHH KjiaccoBbix 6htb, no#roTOBKH h noATHriiBaHHH pe3epB0B, pacnojiojKeHHH pe- BOJiiouHOHHbix CUJI, yMenoro Hcnojib30BaHHH (bopM 6opb6bi h opraHH3aiiHH npojieiapHaTa.
ToBapHui, Ct3jihh # a ji KjiaccnqecKoe onpe#ejieHHe CTpaierHH h oxapax- .TepH30Baji rjiaBHbie ycjiOBHH npaBHjibHoro CTpaTerHqecKoro pyKOBo/icTBa.
« C ip a ie riiH , — y q m TOBapinu, CiajiHH, — ecTb onpe#ejieHHe HanpaBJie-
hhh rjiaBHoro y#apa (npojieiapHaTa Ha ocHose #aHiioro aia n a peBOJironnn, Bbipa6oTKa cooTBeTCTByiomero njiaHa pacnojioxíeHHH peBOjnoiiHOHHbix chji
( rJiaB H bixji BTopocTeneHHbix pe3epB0B), 6opb6a 3a npoBe#eHHe a io ro njia- Ha Ha BcéM npoiHJKeHHH aaHHoro STana peBOjnonHH» (Coq. T. 6, CTp. 152).
OcHOBHbiMH ycjiOBHHMH o6ecneqeHHH npaBHjibtHOH CTpaierHH hbjihíotch
cocpenoToqeHHe rjiaBHbix chji peBOjuopHH b pematomiiñ momcht Ha HaH6ojiee yf¡3BHM0M #jih npoTHBHHKa nyHKTe, Bbi6op MOMeHTa pemaiomero y#apa, ne- yKjioiiHoe npoBeaeHHe y>xe npHHHToro Kypca qepe3 Bce h bchkhc 3aTpyiiHe- HHH H OCJIOWHeHHH Ha nyTH K IiejIH.
ToBapHHi CT3JIHH «ají B CBOHX JieKUHHX KJiacciiqecKoe onpenejieHHe TaKTuqecKoro pyKOBOflCTBa h oxapaKTepH30Baji rJiaBHbie ycjioBHH o6ecneqe- HHH npaBHJIbHOH TaKTHKH.
«TaKTHqecKoe pyKOBOACTBO, yqHT TOBapnip CiajiHH, — ecTb qacTb CTpaTerHqecKoro pyKOBo^cTBa, noáHHHéHHan 3aaaqaM h Tpe6oBaHHHM no- cjiennero» (TaM xce, c ip . 161).
r jiaBHbiMH ycjioBHHMH npaBHjibHoro TaKTHqeCKoro pyKOBOflCTBa hbjih- iotch: «BbinBHHíeHue na nepBbiñ njiaH Tex HMeiiHo tfiopM 6opb6bi h opram i- 33HHH, KOTopbie, 6ojiee Bcero cooTBeTCTBysi ycjioBHHM }iaHHoro npHJiHBa hjih
OTjiHBa ABHHveHHH, cnoco6Hbi o6jierqHTb H o6ecneqHTb hoabo^ Mace k peBo- JIIOHHOHHblM H03HHHHM, nOUBOU MHJIJIHOHHHX M3CC K (JlpOHTy peBOJHOHHH, HX PasMemeHHe Ha cfipoHTe peBojiromm», «HaxojKAeHHe b Kaainbiñ naHHbiñ MOMein t o io oco6oro 3Bena b uenn npoueccoB, yxBaTHBuiHCb 3a KOTopoe mo/kho 6y,qeT yAep>KaTb bcio uenb h no^roTOBHTb ycjiOBHH a jih AOCTiOKeKHH CTpaTerHqecKoro yenexa» (TaM xce, CTp. 161, 163).
riojio>KeHHH o CTpaierHH h TaKTHKe, c(|iopMyjiHpoBaHHbie b pa6oTe to- sapiiuia OTajiHua « 0 6 ocHOBax JieiiHHH3Ma», fla jin 6ojibmeBHKaM HeoueHHMoe o p y * n e b 6opb6e 3a ynpoqeHHe flHKTaiypbi npojieTapnaTa b Hauieñ cTpaHe sa JiHKBHflamno aKcnjioaTaiopcKHx KJiaccoB, 3a nocTpoeHHe cou,HajiH3Ma.'
12 ÜEPEflOBAH
B u/ieiÍHbiH apcenaji 6ojibuieBH3Ma bohijih neiiHeñuiHM BKjianoM Teope- THHecKHe nojiomemiH o n a p t ii h - o ee npHpone h Ha3HaneHHH, o aaKoaax eé pa3BHTHH, —- ccjiopMyjiHpoBaHHbie b aieKUHHx TOBapama OrajiHHa «06 0CH0B3X JieHHHH3M3».
JleHHH h C ra jim i c nepBbix rnaroB CBoeñ pesoji ¡o u hohhoí í a e a i e jib hocth
c reHHajibHOH nposopjniBOCTbio nocTaBHJiH Bonpoc o coBÁáHHH peBOjnonHOii-
hoh napran npojieTapHaTa, napraii HOBoro runa, nan nepBOM h rJiaBHOM ycaioBHH no6eflbi ^ena paóonero Kjiacca. riocTaHOBKa JleHHHbiM h CTajiHHbiM Bonpoca o co3flaHHn 6oecnoco6noñ napTHH paSonero KJiacca BbrreKajia H3
hx rjiy6oK oro npo hhkhobghhh b hcto p hh e ckhhcmucji hoboíí anoxn — snoxH iiMnepHajiH3Ma h npojieiapCKiix peBOjnoiiHH, BbiABHHyBmeíí nepen npojieTa- pHaTOM 3aAanH HenocpeACTBeHHoíí 6opb6bi sa BJiacTb, 3a ycraHOBAeHHe cbo- eíí HHKTaTypbi.
JleHHH h Ct3jihh pa3BHJiH Aaimnie ocHOBHbie Ha6pocKH Mapxca
h SHrejibca o napTHH npojieTapaaTa. HoBoe, BHecéiiHoe jieHHHH3M0M b
3T0H OÓjiaCTH, COCTOHT B o60CHOB3HHH TOrO, 1T0 napTHH 6CTb BbICIliaH 4>opMa KJiaccoBGH opraHH3au,HH npojieTapHaTa; hto AHKTaTypa npoaierapHa- Ta MoxieT 6biTb ocymecTBJieHa jihhíb nepea napTiiio Kan eé HanpaBJiaiomyio CHJiy H MO>KeT 6bITb nOJIHOH JIHIHb upa yCJIOBHH pyKOBOflCTBa OAHOÍÍ napTHH—
napTHH JieHHHH3Ma, napTHH KOMMyHHCTOB; HTO 6e3 JKeJie3H0H HHCllHnjIHHbl
b napTHH ne MOweT 6bixb ocymecTBJieno KOMMyHHCTiniecKoe nepeycTpoñcTBO oómecTBa.
ToBapaui Ct3jihh odocHOBaji b cbohx JieKHHHX BejiHKyro pojib naprau ixeHHHH3Ma ajih ynpOHCHHH npoJieTapCKoíí HHKTaTypbi h ajih ycneuiHoro pe- ineHHH 3aaan KOMMyHKcTHHecKoro CTpoHTeAbcraa.
Paa/ieJi «napTHH» b n e x m ia x «06 ocHOBax jieHHHH3Ma» npeacTaBjiHei KJiaccHnecKHH o6pa3en o6o6meHHH orpoM H oro n fle íb io ro MaTepaajia, nano- n jie H iio ro b Tpynax JleHHH a h Grani-ma, nenpepbiBno HBHraBuinx Bnepéa yne- HHe o napTHH Ha pa3Hbix 3Tanax eé HCTopnn.
B jieKHHHX «06 ocHOBax jieHHHH3Ma» Aano pa3BepHyT0e o6ocho- BaHHe Toro, hto napTHH jieHHHH3Ma ecTb napTHH, KanecTBeHHO o m m n a ñ ot napTHii II HHTepHanHonajia, hto sto n a p ra n hoboto ran a,^ c HeBenoMbiMii HHKaKoñ, n pyroH n a p ra u cjioHíHeíímHMH h OTBeTcraeHHeHUiHMH 3anana-
m h, c KanecTBeHHO hoboíí CTpyKTypoií h hobmmh 33K0H3MH CBoero paa- BHraH,
ToBapi-mi Ct3Jihh pa3pa6oTan b cbohx JieKiiHnx Bonpoc o napran c Be- jnm aííuieíí HaynHOÍí tohhoctbio, ahb npenejibHO HCHoe onpenejieHHe MecTa h
3Ha’ieHHH napTHH cpenH apyrHX KJiaccoBbix opraHH3aiiHH npojieTapnaTa h
eé OCo6bIX OTJIHHHTeJlbHblX npH3H3K0B.
riapTHH flOJiiKaa 6biTb npeiKne Bcero n e p e f l O B b i M OTpHflOM paoonero KJiacca, flOJUKHa Bo6para b ce6n Bce jiy^nune ajieMeHTbi pa6onero KJiacca, hx
onbir, hx peBOjnoiiHOHHOCTb, hx 6e33aBerHyio npeAaHHOCTb nejiy npojieTa- puaia. Ho napran He mojkct 6biTb TOJibKO n e p e n o B b i M OTpHflOM. OHa ixo^HCHa 6b¡Tb BMede c tcm otphuom K Jl a c c a, ero nacraio, Tecuo cbh33h- HOH C HHM BCeMH KOpHHMH CBOerO CyOieCTBOBaHHH. napTHH flO^JKIia 6bITb He TOJibKO n e p e f l O B b i M o t p h u o m pa6onero KJiacca, ho ero o p r a H H 3 0 - B a H H bl M OTpHAOM, OJIHUeTBOpeHHeM AHCHHnJlHHbl, BonjiomeHHeM 0O3H3- Tejibiiocra h njiaHOMepHOCTH b cBoeft 6opb6e. ByAynH opraHH30BaHHbiM ot- Phaom pa6onero Kjiacca, napran He ecTb tojibko c y m m a napraíÍHbix op- ranH3auHH, OHa ecTb BMecTe c TeM hx eAHHaa c hct e m a, «hx (JiopMajibHoe o6"beAHHeHHe b e^nHoe uejioe, c bmcuiumh h hh3uihmh opraHaMH pyKOBOfl-
ctb3, c noAHHHeHHeM MeHbuiHHCTBa 6ojibuiHHCTBy, c npaimniecKHMH peine- HHHMH, 06fl3aTeJlbHbIMH AJIH BCeX HJTeHOB napTHH» (Con. T. 6, CTp. 175).
Ho napran He ecib eflHHcraeHHaH opraHHsanHH paóonero Kiiacca; y npo- jierapiiaTa iiMeeicH eme nejibin pn« a p yrn x opraHH3anHH, h MecTO napTHH cpeiiH Bcex 3thx opraHH3anHH onpeAejmeTCH xeM, hto OHa ecTb B u c u i a a cj) O p m a KJiaccoBOÍí opraHH3aiiHH npojieTapnaTa. n a p ra n ecra Ta p y K O B o - j n m a n cana, KOTopaH o 6 b e a H H H e T h H a n p a B j m e T k oahoíí uejiH
HEPEÆOBAH 13
seflTejibHOCTb Bcex n p y rn x opraHH3auHH, naëT hm o6m yio jihhhk) b paôcrre.
IlapTHH ecTb Ta ueHTpajibHaa opraHH3anHH, KOTopaa «He TOJibKo cnocoôna, BBH^y HajiHTHH HeoôxoflHMoro onbiTa, BbipaßoTaib 3Ty oômyio jihhhio, ho
HMeCT emë B03M0mHl0CTb, BBHHy HajIHHHH ßOCTaTOHHOro £JIH 3T0T0 aBTOpH- Teia, noôyjiHTb Bce 3th opraHH3aiiHH npoBecra b mH3Hb 3Ty jihhhiohjih ro ro , HTppbî flOÖHTbCH eUHHCTBa B pyKOBOÆCTBe H HCKJHOHHTb B03MOJKHOCTb ne- peooeB» (Coq. T. 6, erp. 178).
riapTHH, PyayqH Bbicmeił (jjopMoñ KJiaccoBoñ opraHH3aiiHH npojieTapna- Ta, ecTb BMecTe c Tein o p y ^ n e A H K T a r y p u n p o ji e t a p h a t a.
o p y . f l H e b ero pyxax â-j ih 3aBoeB3HHH nHKTaTypbi, ko ru a OHa emë He 3a- BOSBaHa, f f j j f i yKpemieHHH h pacmHpeHHa HHKiaxypbi, Korna OHa yme 3a- BoeBaHa. Ho, qroôbi ycnemno BbinojiHHTb 3Ty pojib opy^HH npojieTapcKoft HHKTaiypbi, naprim «ojimHa PbiTb BonjiomeHHeM e a hhctb a bojih h
Æe n c T B H f l , HecoBMecTHMoro c cymecTBOBaHHeM (JipaKiiHH. FIooTOMy Ha
ma napTHa pa3BHBajiacb, npeonojieBan BHyxpunapTHHHbie npoTHBopeqHH ny- TeM ®i3Pfa6i>i, nyTëM omunenHa cbohx psmoB o x onnopxyHHCTHqecKHX ajieivieH- XOB, HBJIHIOmHXCH HCTOHHHKOM (f) pa K U, HO H HOCT H. « I l a p T H H y K p e H JI H 6 T- c h r e M, q to o q H m a e r c e ô n o t ¡ o n n -o p t y hhcthq e c kh x a j i e M e H x o B » (ïaM me, CTp. 183).
Æaa napTHH jiemiHHSMa xapaKTepeH h onpeÆejiëHHbifl c thji b b p a 6 o- re . «i/le'HHHH3M, — roBopaji TOBapnm Crajmn b cbohx jieKUHHX «06 ocho- Bax JieHHHH3Ma», — ecTb TeopexHqecKaH h npaKTmiecKan mxojia, BbipaôaTbi- Baromaa oeoôbiH ran napxHHHoro h rocyaapcxBeKHoro paßormma, c osaa ro
man ocoôbiii, jichkhckhA cxHjib b paôoTe» (xaM me, cxp. 186).
/îym oH ôojibmeBHCxcKoro cthjih paôoxbi HBJiaeTCii pyccKHH peBOJiio- mioHHbiH pa3Max, cjiymamHH «npoTHBOHaneM npoTHB kochocth, pyTHHbi, koh- cepBaTH3Ma, 3acToa mhcjih, paêcKoro OTHomeHHH k æchobckhm TpanHiiH3M.
lyccKHH peB0jiK)ii,H0HHbiH pa3Max — 3T0 Ta mHBHTe^bHaa cHjia, Koxopaa oynHT Mbicjib, nBHraer Bnepën, JioiwaeT npoumoe, aaëT nepcneKTHBy. Be3 Hero HeB03MomHo mmaKoe nsHmeime Bnepën» (xaM me).
BOJIbHieBHCTCKHH CTHJIb paÖOTbl COCTOHT B UeJieyCTpeMJlëHKOCTH, HaCTOIÏ-
hhbocth, b peiiiHTejibHOM npeonojieHHH Bcex nperiHTCTBHH h nperpaa, b noBe- neHHH pa3 HaqaToro nena üo KOHita. BOjibiueBHKH bohjiothjih b ce6e pyccKHñ peBOJHOUHOHHblH pa3MaX H CBOHCTBeHHbie pyccKOMy Hapoay HCHblH yM, CT0Ö- KHH xapaKTep h OTcyrcTBHe ToponjiHBocTH, pa3yMHoe TepneHHe. Eojibme- BKCTCKHH CTHJIb paÔOTbl HymÆ n03T0My KaK nyCT0330HCTBy H (jiaHTaCTH- r e T q iecy-BylIHHHTeJlbCTBy, TaK H <<y 3Ki0J!° ô ° My npaKTHUH3My» h «6e3roJi0B0My SaMeqaiejtbHbie nnen o napTHH, pa3BHTbie TOBapumeM CTajiHHbiM b ero jieKUHHX « u o ocHOBax JieHHHH3Ma», oôoramëHHbie hobhm oowtom öopböbi h
CTpOHTeJIbCTBa, PblJlH H OCTHIOTCH 3HaM©HeM ÖOJIbmeBHKOB B HX BejIHKOM itejie CJiymeiHHa KOMMyHHSMy, couHajiHCTHqecKOH OTHH3H0. i
G03ÆaHHaH JleHHHbl'M H CTajIHHblM 6*0 Jlb lue B H C TCK a H napTHH ecTb Ta Be- jiHKaa nanpaBjiHiomaH h opraHHayiomaa cHjia, ójiaronap a KOTopoñ paöoqnft KJiaCC POCCHH CMOr nOJlHHTbCH K BJiaCTH, CTaTb X03HHHOM CBOCH CTpaHbl, co3HaTejibHbiM BepmHTejieM eë cyae6. B 6opb6e 3a nocxpoeHHe coiiHajiH3Ma B HameH CTpane, ,b ôecnpHMepuoH no6e/ie, onepmaHHoñ cobctckhm HapoAOM
b OTeqecTBeHHOii BoftHe 1941 —1945 tohob, c hoboh chjioh cKa3ajiacb BejiH- Kaa pyKOBOüHmaH pojib napTHH JleHHHa—-OrajiHHa h Ha hobom HCTopHqe- CKOM oribiTe npomjio cboîo npoBepKy jieHHHCKO-CTajiHHCKoe yqenKe o napTHH.
BceMii cBohmh noöenaMH paôoqHH Kjiacc, Bee Tpynamneca eamen CTpaHbi oÔHsaHbi CBoen najibHOBHnnoH h MyapoH, peumxejibHOH hcmcjioh, 6e3rpaHHq- Ho npenaHHOii Po^im e h Hapojiy bcjihkoh napTHH ôojibmeBHKOB, KOTopyro bm- necTOBajm Jlenim h CTamm.
npHMepy ôojibmeBHCTCKOH napTHH cJieayiOT KOMMyHHCTtmecKHe napTHH Bcex CTpan, cTpoiimne, cboîo >kh3hb no o6pa3y h nonoSmo sexiiKOH napTHH voeHHHa— Ciajiima.
14 tlE P E ilO B A fl
T p y u TOBapnma CîajiHHa «06 ocHOBax jieHHHH3Ma» BOopyjKHji 6ojibuie- BHKOB, KOMMyHHCTOB BC6X CTpaH MOrymeCTBeHHeÜIHHM HfleÜHblM OpyjKHeM.
Jlyxo M 3Toro BejiHKoro npoH3BefleHHa iKHByT noKoneHHa peBOJirouHOHHbix ÔOpUOB 3a K0MMyHH3M.
B pa6oie TOBapnma CxajiHHa «06 ocHOBax jieHHHH3Ma» jieHHHH3M onpe- fle^ëH Kax MapKCH3M anoxH HMncpnaiiH3Ma h npojieTapcKofi peBOjnouHM.
flajibHeñmee pa3BHTHe TOBapnineM CTaJiHHbiM jiCHHHCKoro yaeHHH Ha ocho- Ee o6o6meHHH npaKTHKH cTpoHTejibCTBa couH3JiH3Ma b Haïueii CTpane, HOBOro HCTopHHecKoro oribiTa emë öojiee oôoraTHJio ji6h h h h3M. B «KpaTKOM Kypce H CTO pH H BKn(6)>>, nOflbITO>KHBIH6M nOÔeAOHOCHblH nyTb 6opb6bI napTHH 3a nocTpoeHHe coiiHajiH3Ma, j i6h h h h3m onpejieJiaeTca KaK MapxcHSM anoxn h m- nepnajiH3Ma h npojieTapcKnx peBOjnouHH, snoxH noôenw oou,najiH3Ma Ha oflHoñ rnecTOH qacTH 3eMJiH.
HeycTaiHHO flBH raa Bnepën MapKCHCTCKO-JieHHHCKO® yqeHHe, TOBapnui OrajiHH B 0 0 p y *a e T Kanpbi napTHH h CoBexcKoro rocynapcTBa rjiyôoKHM 3HaHH©M 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH pa3BHTHH COBCTCKOTO OÔIlieCTBa, erO X03flHCTBa h KVJibTypbi, oôecneqHBaa 3a ôojibuieBHCTCKOÜ napTiieñ eë BejiHKyio pyxoBo- a a iiiy io pOJlb B CTpOHTCJIbCTBe KOMMyHH3M3.
BoopyHiëHHaa jieHHHCKo-CTajiHHCKoft TeopHen, napTHH ôojibuieBHKOB BfloxHOBJiaeT COB6TCKHH Hapon Ha 6 opb6y 3a co3flaHHe MaTepHaJibHoro h n y - xoBHoro H30ÔHJiHa b Hamen cxpaHe, HeycTaHHO ynpenJiaa b Hapone n y x coBeTCKoro naTpH0TH3Ma, n y x 6e33aßeTHOH npenaHHOCTH n e jiy K0MMyHH3Ma, COBeTCKOH PoaHHe. n o n 3H3M6HeM JieHHHH3M3 napTHH ÔOJlbUieBHKOB, BblKO- BaHHaa renneM JlenHHa h OrauHHa, ycneuiiio BbinojiHaeT CBoë BejiHKoe hcto- puaecKoe npn3BaHHe BnoxnoBHTejia h opraHH3aTopa ip y n a u in x c a b 6opb6e 3a nccTpoeuHe b Hameñ CTpaH© n ojiH o ro KOMMyimcTimecKoro oôinecTBa.
