nPOJłETAPMM BCEX CTPAH, COEIMHflHTECfe!
Wś 5 15 MAPTA M> 5
M O C K B H
H3AaTeJihCTBO „nPHBAft‘
1948
npoAeTdpuu ecex crpan, coeduunCLTecbt
TEOPETHHECKHM H nOJlHTHHEGKMH m m
14K BKfI(6)
XXIV roA M3A3HHB
Me 5 15 MAPTA 1948
AApec peAaHAHM:
MocKBa, JleHHHrpaACKoe uiocce, yn. „llpaBAu". M
Ten. A 3 06- 06
C o A e p m a H w e
nEPEAOBAfl — 3a jj,a.ibHeńiuHii noateM ceJibCKoro x03nftcTna . . . . 1 C. F1ETPOB — IlflfHaecnTHJieTHe flepBoro cte3Aa P C A P H ... 8 M. J1EOHOB — KpHTHKa M caMOKpHTHKa — 3aKOHOMepHOCTb pa3BHTHH
coBeTCKoro ofimecTBa...24 T. AJ1EKCAHAPOB — BaHKpoTCTBO 6yp>xya3Hoii copHOJiorKH . . . . 37 H. KV3bMHHOB — O rocy^apcTBeHHo-MOHonojiHCTHiecKOM KanHTa,Mi3Me 54
KPHTHKA H EHEJIHOrPAOHfl
JI. rATOBCKHH — B ruieHy 6ypjKya3Hoii MeTOflOJioriiH. (O cSopHHKe
«BoeHHoe xo3sihctbo KanHTa.riHCTHHecKHX crpan h nepexoA k MHpnoii
9KOHOMMKe»)... 74
3 a A < u n > H e H iH H H n o A i e M c e j i Ł C K o r o X 0 3 H H C T B a
To,a tomy Ha3aa cpeBpajibCKHH IljieHyM HK BKn(6) Bbiwec ncropHHe- CKOe nocTaHOBJieHHe «0 Mepax noAteMa cejitcKoro xo3?mcTBa b nocjieBo- eHHbifi nepnoA»- Tor.ua wauie eejibCKoe xo3hSctbo nepe/KWBaAO SojiMime TpyAHOCTH, nOpO/KAGHIIbie BOKHOH H paSOpeHHeM H©.\ieU,K'HMH OKKynaHTaMH pHAa 3KohoMHBecKiH Ba>KHbix oSaacTefi CTpaubi. 3th TpyAHOCTH SbijiH ycyryS- jieubi 3acyxofl 1946 roAa.
BojibiueBiHCTCKaH napTHH pa3paóoTajia Haymro oóocHOBaHHbifi wian no- cjieBoewiHOiro noA^eMa ceJibCKoro xo3hhctb3, BOOAymeBHjia Kojixo3Hoe Kpe- CTbHHCTBO HCHOH n CpCITOKT H B O H, H, OHHpaHCb Ha ©eJJHKHe IipeHMymeCTBa KOAX03Horo cxp oh, noeejia TpyAHiAHecH Maccbi AepeBHH Ha 6opb6y 3a BoccTa-
HOBjieiiHe h AaJibHefimee pasBHTHe ceJibCKoro xo3hhctb3.
BajiOBaa npoAyKUHH ceJibCKoro xo3hhctb3 BbipocAa b ueAOM 3a 1947 roA Ha 32%, a BajioBan npoAyKUHH oTpacjiew nojieBOACTBa — Ha 48%.
npOH3BOACTBo 3epHOBbix yBejiHHHjiocb 3a roA na 58%, xAonxa — Ha 21%, KapTOcJiejm — Ha 30%, caxapHoii cBeKjibi — na 190%, noACOAHeHHHKa — Ha 79%. OcoSeHHO 3H3M6HaTeAbHbiM HioroM 1947 roAa HBjineTCH noA^eM ypo-
>K3HHOCTH AO AOBOeHHOrO ypOBHH.
PTrorn 1947 roAa b ceJibCKOM xo3HHCTBe AeMOHCrpHpyiOT CHjiy fioAbiue- BHCTCKOrO pyKOBOACTBa, CHJiy COHHaJIHCTHHeCKOH CHCTeMbl X03HfiCTBa, TBOp- HeCKyiO aKTHBHOCTb KOJ1X03HOPO KpGCTbHHCTBa.
BoccTaHOiBAeHHe ceJibCKoro xo3HHCTBa b EBpone nocjie nepBoii MHpoBoft BofiHbi npoAOA*ajiocb b TeneHue 10— 15 AeT h conpoBOJKAajiocb paaopeHHeM MHAJIHOHOB KpCCTb51HCKIIX X03HHCTB, pOCTOM HeH Ha npOAOBOJIbCTBHe, pe3-
khm naAeHHeM peajibHoft 3apa6oTHOH njiaTbi pa6oMHx, aoxoaob JcpecTbHH, nOHH>K&HHeM łKH3He«HOrO ypOBHH TpyAHIH,HXCH. riOCAe BTOpoii MHpOBOH BOłł- Hbi ceAbCKoe xo3hhctbo kanutaAHcthhccKhx crpan EBponbi nepejKHBaeT eme CoAee THHceAbiii kph3hc. f l o cnx nop hii b oahoh KanuTaAHCTHHecKofl CTpaHe
o nEPEAOBAH
EBpOnbt, y^acTBOBaSuieH b BOHHe, He otMeneHa KapTomiaa CHdeMa, a HopMbi
BbiitaiiH kJieóa h apyfHX npOAyKtos nHTaHHH CBCteMaTHneCKH cmpamaioTCH.
KaiiHTajiHCTHHecKHH crpoft 3aBeJi cejibCKoe xo3hhctbo b fynHK.
Ha ipo«e 3Toft AerpaAamiH cejibCKoro xo3aftcTBa k a n ht a jthct B Bec k H x cppaH ocodeHHo HpKO B b icT y n a ro T ycnexH c o u, h aji hcthh ecKO ro cejibCKoro xo- 3afrcTBa b CCCP.
yenexH noejieBoeHHoro paaBHTHH Hamero cejibCKoro xo3H»CTBa aoctht- HyTbi dAarOAapa róćnoACTBy caMoro Kpytmoro h caMoro Mair.HHH3HpoBaH- Horo b MHpe couHajiHCTHHecKoro 3eMjiea.eoiHH, d^aro^apa c a mootbep>Ke h-
ho My Tpyay coBexcKor.o KpecTbHHCTBa. 3th yenexn ne npHŁUAH caMOTeKOM.
Ohh — pesyjibTaT orpoMHoft opraiHHaaTOpcKOH h nojiHTHKO-BocnHTaTejibHoń padoTbi napTHH dojibiiieBHKOB, noAHHBmeH Bce chau coiiHajinenaHecKOH ąe- peBHH « HcnojibayiouteiS Bce pbmra ToeyAapcrna /Uia pemeHHH sa^an cećib- CKoro xo3HHCTBa b Ho Bo fi rttftiuieTKe.
B rioc.neBoeHHbifi nepnóA ripoMbiButeHUOCTb, BbinociHHH pćtiieHiiH napTHH
ii npaBHTejibCTBa, ychjiehhbimh Ter.inaMH npoiH3BOA«Jia tpaiKtopw, KOMÓaftHbi
h itpyrne cejib ckoxo3nhctb e hhbie ManinHbi. B 1947 roAy dBuio npoH3BeAeHo TpaKropoB Ha 109%, a flpyrnx cejibCKoxo3HHCTBeHHbix MamHH — na 106%
dojibme, neM b 1946 ro/ty, yAodpeHHH — Ha 35% dojibiue. TaKHM odpa30M, TexHHqecKaa da3a ceAbCKóf-o x03HHCTBa, 3HaHHTejibHO ocjiadJieHHaa b nepHOA BOHHbl, CTajia dbICTpo yKpeiUlHTbCH.
CoBeTCKoe rocypapCTBo oKaaajio orpoMiiyto MaTepnajibHyio noMomb koji- xo3aM, cosxo3aM hMTC nocTpaAaBuiHX ot 3acyxH pafioBOB. KoJtxo3bi noJiy-
hihjih ot rocy^apcTBa cewenHoe 3epHo, Rypane ajih cKOTa; KOjixo3HHKaM dbijia 0Ka3aHa rocy^apcTBOM npoAOBOAbCTBeHHaa noMoipb. B MTC 3thx
paiioHOB dbijia nocjiaHa 3HaHHTejibHaa napraa 'rpaKTopoB h apyrHx MauiHH.
Bopncb 3a ocyiuecTBjieHHe peuieniHg (pebpajibcKoro naeiiyMa UK BKn(5), Bce KOJIX03bI, MTC H C0BXO3bI BKJHOHHJIHCb B C O U H 3 ABC TH H eCK O 6 COpefiHOBa- HHS. Ohhb3hjih Ha ceda KOHKpeTHbie odaaaT-eAbCTBa BbipacTHTb bhcokhh ypo- /Kaft, ABHHyTb Bnepea pa3BHTHe jK hb o thob o actb a. Cboh oóH3aTejibCTBa co- HHajiHCTHHecKaa AepeBHa BbmojiHHjia. HanpHMep, Ko;ixo3bi AjiTaficKoro upaa — HHiinnaTopbi Bcecorosnoro coii,HajiHCTHHecKoro copeBHOBamia 3a no- BbimenHe bmcokoco ypoKaa b 1947 roA y— EbipamiAH dojibiuoH ypoJKali, nepeBbino^jiHHjm njiaH nocTaooK xneda rocyAapcTBy h odecneaHJin BbicoKfie BbiAanH upoAyKToa h Aene>KHbix cpeflcrB na rpy^oAHU ko_uix03hhkam. Koaxo3
«CTpana CoBeTOB», yrjiOBCKoro pafiona, stoto Kpaa, codpaji b 1947 roay c ruiomaAH b 2086 reKTapos noiTH no 100 nyAOB HpoBoS rimen«ubi. KancAbiii 'uien 3Toro KOJix03a BbipacTHji no 780 nyAOB TOBapnoro x;ieda. Kojixo3 caaji rocyAapcTBy baboo dojibiue xjieda, hbm b 1946 ro^y, Bbiflaji KajKflOMy koji- xo3HHKy Ba TpyAoAeub no 3 KHjiorpaMMa 200 rpaMMOB xjicda h no 5 pydjiefi 50 KoneeK AeHbraMHi HetcoTopbie K0JiX03;Hbie ceMb« noJiyHHJin no 40—45 ueH- THepoiB xjieda, rio 5—7 tmchh pydjieii AenbraMH. j],oxoAbi KOAX03a AocTHrrni
1 MHjijiHOHa 200 TbiCHH pydjieii.
FI o - 6o ab me buctckh padoTajiH kojixo3hhkh h Apyrnx odjiacTeii. B Bopo- nejKCKofi odjiacTH b copeBHOsaHHH 3a nojiyqeHHe BbicoKoro yponoa yBacTBo- Bano 3686 kobxo30B, 8 Tbicsm il0AeBOA'iecKHx dpnraA, dojiee 20 twcbb3BeMbOB.
He TOJIbKO OTAeJIbHbie KOJlX03bI, dpHTaAbl H 3BeHbH, HO H H,eBbie paHOHbl AOdH- jincb BbicoKoro ypojKaH. OdjiacTb Aocponno Bbinojnmjia Bce cboh oda3aTejib- cTBa nepeA rocyAapcTBOM, cabb cnepx nAaHa okoao 11 mhaahohob nyAOB xAeda. H3 85 ceAbCK0X03ancTBeHHbix panoHOB od^acTH 82 pafiona nepeBbi- noAHHAH nAanbi nocTaBOK XAeda rocyAapcTBy. BbicoKHfi lypomafi npimec doAbiitHe HaTypaAbHbie H AeMeiKHbie ao^oah «oAxo3HHKaM odjiacTH. Tan, HanpiiMep, b KoAxo3e «:<KpacHbu'ł ManK», HairnHCKoro pafioHa, BopoHexiCKOii oddaCTM, koaxo3hhkh rtoAyHHJm no 8 KHAorpaMMOB xAeda Ha TpyAOAerib.
B pe3yAbTaTe ycnetuBoro BbinoAHemm m m a Asyx nepebtx AeT naTHneT' Bit b npoMbiuiAeltHOCTH ii 6ojibmHX ycnexoB b ceAbCKOM x03BlicTBe b
1947 roAy SbiAH co3AaHbi neodxoAMMbie MaTepiiajibHbie npGAnocwjiKH a*bi
nEPKAOBAif 3
ocymecTBjieHHa aeHOKHOH petpopMbi h OTMeHbi KapioHHGS chctcmu. Gobst-
ckhh Goio3 HBJineTCH eaHHCTBeHHOii b EBpone CTpaHOH, rae oTMeneHa Kap- TOHH3H CHCTeMa, CHH>KB'HbI U.BHH Ha IipOA O B OAbCTBe«IIble H npOMbIUIJie.HHbie TOBapbi h H3 roaa b roś yjiymnaeTCH MatepnajiaHoe riOJioJKeHHft Tpy&BŁpHk-
ch. Pa3BepibiBaHHe kyjibtypHOfi coBeTCKOii ToproBjm Ha cejre, yKpenjieHHe TOBapoo6opoTa Memay ropoaoM h aepeBHeft Ha ochobg nojmouetmoro co- BeTCKoro pyóaH h eaHHbix rocyaapcTBeHHbix ueH eme Goaee ycKopat pa3BH- THe Bcex OTpacaeH cejibCKoro X03fliiCTBa h aaJibHemiiHH rioaBeM Gjiaroco- CTOHHHH KOJIX03HOrO KpeCTbHHCTBa.
‘ *
Kojixo3h, MTC h coBxo3bi, ocymecTBaHH peuićHHH cpeBpąjibCKoro rijie- HyMa 1J.K BKn(ó), He TOAbKo AoGnjmcb BbicoKofo ypoacaa b 1947 roay, ho b co3aaan npeanocujiKH ajth nojiyneHHH bhcokoto ypoman b TesymeM ro
ay. IloceBHbie njiomaan o3HMbix yBejinneHbi b npomaoM roay Ha 3,5 mha- jmoHa reKTapoB, 3hGh noaHaTo Ha 8 mhjijihohob reKTapoB Gommie, neM
b 1946 roay- rtnaH oeimoro ceśa BbmójmeH Koaxo3aMH Ha 103%. Bo3poc-
iiihh b ceabCKOM xo3HHCTBe napa TpaKTopoB h jiymiiee hx ncnoab30BaHne aaaa B03M0>KH0CTb npoH3BecTH b 1947 roay TpaKTopHbix pa6oi Ha 29%
6oabme, aeM b 1946 roay, a Bbipa6oTKy Ha oami rpaKTOp y»ejEiwrb Ha 21%. 3a 1947 roa MTC BbinoAHHjm pa6oT Ha 37 mhjmbohob reKTapoB Sojibme, aeM b 1946 roay, aoGajmcb coKpameHHH cpoKOB h noBbimemiH Ka-
aecTBa TpaKTopHbix paGoT.
ycnexn, 3aBoeBaH«bie KOJixo3aM«, MTC h coBX03aMH b 1947 roay, 3Ha- aHieabHbi. Ohh paayiOT Becb coBeTCKHH Hapoa. Ho ohh dbian 6bi eme Gójib-
uihmh, ecjm 6h Bce KOjixo3bi, MTC h cobxo3h nojmocTbio Bbinojimum cboh
npoH3BoacTBeHHH'e naaHbi.
B paik>Hax CnGapu h CeBepnoro Ka3axCTana GbtjiH paCTHHyTbi cpoKH BeceHHiHx noaeBbix paGoT, 4to npiSBeao k 3ano3aaaoMy coSpeMHHta apokofl nme«HU,bi h neaoSopy ypoman. B paftoH&x rioBoa>kbH, ChGhph, ceBepo- BOCTOtiHbix oGjiacrefi K33axcKOH CCP h aćpHO3e)«H0H nojioćbi Be Ghjio Bbi- noaHeHo 3aaaHHe no pacuiHpeHHio noCeBós stpoBofi nmeHHU,bi, a b pkae oóaacTeft 3th noccBbi coKpammićb aa*e no cpafitremno C 1946 roaow. Kpaił- He MeaaeHHo BoccTanaBjmBajmcb noceBbi rpemixii. B paae pafioHoB, rae no- ceBbi npoca H3-3a ttjiGxoiro yxoka sapocaw copHakaMM, etłabko ookpaTHaaeb ypoacanHOCTb stoS ueinieHineft n p o aoflo a be TBeH hoft kyabtypbi. B HteikOTOpbia o6aacTfix, ocoGchho b U,eHrpaabHOH h ITeHrpaabHo-HepnoaeWHOH sonę, ot- CTasaaa paGora no BoccTanoanenuK) o6inecTBenHbix noCeBOB KapTOcpean h
OBomeft b i<ojixo3ax. Mnorne MTC HeaoBHnoaHnaH njiaa no KyabtHBauHH napoB, no yGopKe KOMGa&naMn H no Bcnanitke 3h6h.
B pnae oGaacTeii ho Gbijm Bbirioaneubi naaHbi pa3&HTna jKHBoykoPoacTBa.
Bce eme MeaaeHHO BOCCTanaBanBaetCH cBinioBoacTBo. ocoSettHo b koaxo3ax KpacHoaapcKoro Kpaa, CapaTOBCKon, TaMGoBeKon, rieH3eHCkOH, Bopo«e>K-
ckoh, Poctobckoh oóaacTCH n yKpainnekofl CCP. y MHor,nx Koax030B eme H6T CBHHOCpepM, a T3;M, Tfle OHH CymeCTByiOT, OHH CJinmKOM MejIlKH H nOTOMy Majioa;oxoa;Hbi. Bo MHomx pafioHax He Gbuio npoHBjieno HaeroameH 3a6orbi o noaroTOBKe KopMOBoft Gaabi, hto topmósht pa3BHTne jkhbotkobo /tctba h
noBbimeHHe ero npo,xyktiibhocth. nonarHo, hto 663 amiBnaapan 3thx HedP- CTaTKOB HeB03MC)KH0 6vact ycneuiHo pemHTb sawann pasBirnm cejibCKoro xo3HficTBa b 1948 ro/iy.
riepea, Kojixo3aMH Ctoht sagana pacLunpeHna nóceBiibtx njioiitaaeft b
TenymeM roay Ha 15,6%. B pao,e pecnyGjiHK ii oGjiacTeii Bpeacfolif aobccth
rtoeeBHbie njiomaaH ao aoBoeiirtofó ypooHH. Haweneno 'yBejtmmTb noceBbi 3epno;Bbix Kyjibryp B Ko.rtxo3ax Ha 11%, a noceBbi jiposoH HmeHimw — na 35%. 3HamiTejibHo yBemmunaeTca naan noceea TeXHHkect<nx KyjibTyp, b tom
HHCJie caxapHoS CBeKJibi — na 19%, KaproipejiH — na 47%, kopMOBbix Kyjib- Typ — Ha 64%. riAomaAb noa Kapio^eACM ii OBomHblMH KyjiBTypaMii
4 IIEPEAOBAJI
.flOJDKHa np€>B30HTH AOBoeitHbie paaMiepbi. B TeKyipeM roAy iteodxoAHMO He TOJibKO nojiyHHTb doAbrne xAeda h TexhwhecKHx KyAbTyp no cpaoHeHHio c npouijibiM roAOM, ho noAroTOBHTb Bce npeanocbiAKH aah bhcokoto ypomaa
b 1949 roAy, yBejiHHHTb Ha 10% h npeBbicHTb AOBoeHHbifi ypoBeiib noAB&Ma
hhctmx napo®, a BcnamKy 3»6h y®eAHHHTb Ha 73%. OdbeM TpaKT'opHbix pa-
6ot b T©Kym,eM rojiy, no njia«y, yBeAHHHBaóTca npOTHB nponiAoro roAa m 31 mhaaihoh reicraipoB hflojiajen npeBbicHTb ypoBeHb 1940 rofla no noabeMy
!i KyjibTHBanHH napoB, no Aymeroiio CTepHii, a no ceBy 03»Mbix n noABeMy 3H6h ^OCTHrHyTb nOHTH AOBOeHHOTO ypOBHH.
CepbesHbie ycnexn coHnajinicTHnecKoro 3eMjieaejTHH co3ztator djiaro- npHHTHbie yCJIOBHH H AAH dblCPpOPO nOABOMa IKHBOTHOBOACTBa. K KOHUy 1948 roAa noroAOBbe KpynHoro poraToro cKOTa b Kojixo3ax, a Taione oBeu H K03 AOAJKHO no HAaHy npeB30H'TH AOBOeHHblH ypOBeHb.
CoŁUiajTHCTHHecKoe 3eMjieaej!He HMeeT Bce bo3MOjkhO'Cth noAHocTbio ocymecTBHTb 3th saAanii. B TeicymeM rony AepeBHH nojiynHT 3HannTejibHO doAbrne TpaKTOpoB, KOMdaftnoB h Apyrnx ceAbCK0X03nifCTBeHHbix MainnH, neM fB nponuiOM rony, orpoM«oe KOAimecTBo yAodtpeniiH. KoAXO'3bi iiMeiOT dora- Tefiuing onbiT dopbdbi iiepeAO bhk0'B cejibCKoro xo3HHCTBa 3a nojiyneHiie Bbi- coKoro ypojKan. PacTyT H30 ahh b a^bł TpyAOBaa aKTHBHOCTb a TBOpnecKas HHHUHaTHBa K0AX03H0r0 KpeCTbHHCTBa, padOHHX MTC H C0BX030B.
Tperaii ron nocAeBoeiiHOH ct3ahhckoh naTHAeTKH oaHaMCHOBan hobbim
MorymiM noAbeMOM counaAiicTHnecKoro copeBHOBaHKH b iiaineft CTpane.
Padoniiii Kjiacc CCCP, kbk BCAymaa chaa coeeTCKoro ©dmecTBa, neycianHO dopeicn 3a BbinoAHeHHe iihthactkh b 4 roAa. CAeAyn BeABKOMy nonliHy padonero KAaeea, Tpy>K©HH!KH AspeBHH, padoTBBKH Bcex orpacAcn coAbCKoro X03HHCTB3 nOAHHMaiOT BCe Bblllie H Bbirne 3H3MH COHHaAHCTHieCKOrO copeB
HOBaHHH 3a AocpoHHoe BbinoAHeHHe nocAeBoeHHon nnrajieTKH.
B nncbMe k TOBapumy CTaAHHy, ony6 aiikoiba bbom 26 cpeBpa-AH, padoT-
hihkhceAbCKoro xo3HiłcTiBa AATaScKoro Kpaa B3HAH Ha cedn HOBbie, noBbimeH- Kbie odHsareAbCTBa nepeA napTHen, coBeTCKHM iiapoAOM, eon ha ahcthn ecK hm
roeyAapcTBOM. B npo>uiAOM roAy aATaftuw pacmnpHAH noceBbi Hposofl ranę- HHii,bi Ha 427 TbicHH reKTapoB, b TeicymeM roAy ohh odH3yiOTCH pacmnpHTb noceBHbie riAomaAH HpoBbix KyAbTyp Ha 616 thchh reKTapoB, b tom hhca©
boa HpOByio nuieHHny — na 430 Tbicnn reKTapoB; nAomaAb noceBa sipoBOH nuieHHHbi b xpae cocraniir 2 MHAAHO«a reKTapoB hnońTH AOCTHrneT AOBoeH- Horo ypoBHH. KoAxo3Hoe KpecTbHHCTBo AATaHCKoro Kpaii odeuiaeT coopaTb He MeHee 80— 85 nyAos apoBOH nmeHHHbi c Kaacnoro reKTapa.
OrBenaa Ha npH3bis aATaficKHx koaxo3hhkio® pa3BepHyTb coiUinaAncTHne- c»oe oopeBHOBaHHe 3a hoibhii noABeM ceAbCKoro xo3hhctb3 b 1948 roAy, xpy- JKeHHKH COUHaAHCTHneCKOrO 36MAeAeAHH OA:HOH odA3lCTH 3a ApyrOH B CBOHX nncbMax TOBapniny CTaAHHy depyT noBbimeH.Hbie no cpaiBHenHio c npouiAbiM TOAOM odH3aTeAbCTBa. JlOAr napTHHHbIX, COBeTCKHX H CeAbCK0X03HHCTBeHHbIX opraHOB — B03rA3BHTb no-doAbuieBHCTCKii 3to Morynee ABiiaceHHe Mace co- U,HaAHCTHHeCKOH AepSBHIH, HanpaBHTb HX yCHAHH Ha BbinoAHeHHe II nepeBbl- noAHeHne nAaHa 1948 roAa no bcom OTpacAHM ceAbCKoro xo3a«CTBa.
y . -'U
riepBOonepeAHOH h BancHeHiuefi xo'3 hhctbe hh o - n oahthh eoKO h aananeii napTHHHbix opraniH3aH,HH b odAaerH ceAbCKopo xo3HHCTBa b i-iacToamee Bpe-
mh hbahiotch CBoeBpeMeHHaH noATOTOBKa ii npoBeAeHiie BeceHHero cena,
ot KOTOporo 3aBHCHT cyAb6a ypoinaa Tenymero roAa. BeceHHHfi ceB Heod- XOAHMO npOBeCTH 'B CHOTbie CpOKH II Ha BblCOKOM arpoxexHiiHecKOM ypOB- He, He AonycKaa HeAOCTaTKOB npoiuAbix AeT. Pa3BepTbiBaa Biuiipb h BrAydb comiaAHCTHnecKoe copeBHOBaiiHe, noBbimaa TBopnecKyro HiiiimiaTiiBy koa- X03H0r0 KpeCTbHHCTBa, padolIHX MTC II C0BX030B, M0dlIAII3yH Bce CHAbl
koaxo3iioh AepeBHH h Bce pe3epBbi counaAncTHnecKoro ceAbCKoro xo3hh- CTsa, napTHiiHbie opraiłH3au,H« aoajkhbi ncnoAb30BaTb b nepiiOA cesa dora- TblH OHblT nepeAOBHKOB, HaKOnAOHHblH B npOUlAOM TOAy.
nEPE,HOBASI
Eopbda 3a o6pa3ixoBoe pemeHHe Bcex 3aAan Tenymero eejibCK0X03HH- CTBeHHoro roaa, h b nepByio onepeAb npoBeAGHne BeceHHero ceBa, rpe6yer kohikpetnoro, flHcjjepeHmipoBaHHoro, onepaTHBHoro py.KOBOACTBa cejibCKHM X03HH'CTiBO,M CO CTOpOHbl napTHHHbIX, COBeTOKHX Opra«H3aU,MH H 3eMejlbHbIX opranoB. Becb SoraTenimm onbiT Hamen napran roBopsiT o tom, hto ycnex B peineHHH TOH HJTH HHOH XOi3HH'CTBeHHOH 3aAaHH ripe>KAe Bcero 3aBHCHT otypoBHH opraHH3aTOpcKOił uBocnHTaTejibHOH paSoTbi napTHHHbix opraHH3a- UHH, OT HX yMeHbSI nOAHHTb MaCCbl Ha ÓOpbSy 3a BbinOJIHeHHe X03HHCTB&HHbIX 3aa.an. y*cnex« cejibOKoro xo3HWCTBa npoinjioro roaa TaKme SBHJiHCb pe3yjib- TaTOM iy«penjieHHH naprimi-toro pyKOBOACTsa Kojixo3aMH, M TC h coBxo3aMH.
/^OCTHJKCBHH ne;peaOBbIX K0JIX030B, M TC H C0BX03OB nOKaSbIBaiOT, K3KH6 OrpOMHbie BO3MOJKHO CTH yCKOpeHHOrO paBBlBTHfl npOH3BOAHTejIbHbIX CHA 3a- jio>KeHbi b HeApax con,BajiiHCTHBecKoro 3eMAeAejiHH. Ho sth bo3mo>khocth ne HCnOJlb3yK)TCH OTCT3IOIII,iHMH K0JIX03aMH, M TC « COBX033MH. TIOATHrBBaHHK)
hx ao ypoBHH nepe,AOBbix aojhkho 6biTb yAejieHO ochobho6 B«HMaH»e nap- THMHblX, COBBTCKHX OpraHH3au,HH H 3eMCAbHbIX OpraHOB.
MHorojieTHBH o-nbiT 6opb6bi napran 3a oprą hh 3 a mi ohho - xo3bhctbeHHoe yKpenBeHHe kojixo3ob noKa3biBaeT, hto 0TCTaBanne toto hjih Hiroro KOJixo3a
e c T b npsiMOH pesyjibTaT njioxoro pyiKOBOACTBa co CTOpoHbi pafloHHbix naprafi- HbIX, COBeTCKHX H CejTbCKOXO3H0CTB6HHbIX OipraHOB, HOKCJiaHHH 9TI1X OpraHOB BHHK3Tb B SKOHOMHKy OTCTaiOm«X K0JIXO3OB, H3yH3Tb Ce, BCKpbIBaTb ItpHHM- Hbl, T0pM03HlHHe SbICTpblft pOCT K0JIX03H0r0 npOH3BOACTBa, pacnpOCTpaHHTb onbiT nepeAOBbix kojixo30b.
OrpoMHoe 3Haii€HHc b 6opb6e 3a pacmnpeHHoe BocnpoH3BOACTBO b koji- xo38x hmciot npaBHjibHan opraHH3an,HH TpyAa, pacnpeAejieHHe jhoach no SpnraAaM h 3BenbHM, ycTaHOBjieHHe nporpeccHBHbix HopM BbipaSoTKH h pac- UeHKH pa60T B TpyAOAHHX.
<J>eBpaJibCKim rijieHyM U K B K TI(6) bcboSmpeinemm oTMenaji, hto Aajib- nenmee noBbiLuenne npoh3boahtejibho>cth TpyAa b KOJixo3ax T0pMO3HTCH 3a- HH/KeHHbIMH h ycTapeBimiMH BopMaMH. J i m ycTpaHewnH yCTapejIbIX HOpM MHoroe dbiJio yme CAejiano b 1947 roAy. Oah3ko 9Ta pafioTa eme He AOBe- AeHa ao KOHua. Bctb eme H&M:ajio TaK®x cjiynaeB, KorAa b Kojixo3ax c paB- HblMH yCAOBHHMH HMeiOTCH pa3JIimHbie HOpMbl BbIpa:60T«H AJIH OAHHa«OBbIX paóoT. Ha-3a ycTapeBmHX nopM pa36a3apHBaioTCH tpyaoahh b KOJixo3ax, 3aAep>KHBaeTCH pocT npoh3;boA‘HTeAbHoeth TpyAa. MacTepa Bbioo«nx ypoma- es, nojiyBHBmne 3BanHe Tepon Conna.ji«CTHBecKoro TpyAa u opnena 3a bh- coKHe PoKasaTejin b pa6oTe, a Tanme AoSpocoBecTHo paóoTaiomne kojixo3- HlłKH ni?eB30mAH CTapbie HOpMbl, KOTOpbie nOBCIOAy AOA>KHbI SbITb 3aMeH6HbI cpeAHenporpeccHBHbiMH nopMaMn. 3to co3AacT HOBbie CTHMyjibi y kojixo3ihh- kob k pocTy n p on 3 bo a aTe Jibu o c th TpyAa h noBbimeenio KBaAHc{)HKau,nii.
HeodxoAHMO noaTOMy nepecMOTpeTb HopMbi BbipaSoTKH u pacueHKH pa- 6ot bTpyAOAHHx, oTÓpocHTb npoBb ycTapeBmue HopMbi h3aMennTb hx Sojiee nepeAOBbiMH HopMaMii BbipaóoTKH, odcyAHTb u yTBepAHTb HOBbie HopMbi Ha 06meM COÓpaHHH K0AX03HiHK0B H nOAOJKHTb HX B OOHOBy npOH3BOACTBeH«OrO n^aHa K0AX03a Ha 1948 toa- ZloAr pyKOBPAnmHX pafloHHbix opraHH3amni h cneunajmcTOB ceAbCKoro xo3hhctb3 — noMOHb K.oAxo3aM npaBHAbno pe- mHTb ary saAany.
BaACHeftmeli aananeii HBJiHeTCB nJia«mpoBaHne C€Abckoxo3hhctbeHHoro np0H3B0ACTBa B K0AX03aX. B 3T0H 06a3CTH K0AX033MH HaKOHAeH 60JIb- rnoii onbiT. Ohh HaymiABCb cocTaBAHTb padoHHe nAaHbi, r-OAOBbie npoH3BoiA- CTBeHHbie njiaHbi. MHorHe nepeAOBHe koaxo3h yme HMeiOT cboh nuTHAerane TlA3HbI H ycneillHO HX OCymeCTBAHlOT.
npoH3BOACTBeHHbiH ruian kojko3a — 3epi<ajio ero AenTe.nbHOCTH, Mory- nee opyAHe 6opb6bi 3a yiKipenjieH®e o6meeTBeHHbix oTpaeAen xo3HHCTBa, 3a BbinojmeHHe koaxo33mh o6n3aTeAbCTB nepeA rocyAapcTBOM. Haymo o6ocho- B3HHbIH npOHBBOACTBCHHblH TUim yiIHTblBaCT BCe pe3epBbI KOJIX03HOrO npOH3- BOACTBa, HCXOAHT H3 HX paUHOHaAbHOrO HCn0Ab30BaHHa, OTpa>KaeT npaBHAb-
6 nEPEHOBAH
Hoe COHBTaHHe JlHlrHblX H o6lU6CTBe«HHX HHTepeCOB K'0.JłXO3H'HK0B. 3 KOMO Ni
no e Hcnojib30BaBHe Bcex rjiaKTopoB npoH3BoncTBa, BceMepHoe h nepBoonc- peflHoe paaBHTHe OTpacneft noneBoncTBa h >khbotho bohctb a, u©yKji ohbo© noiBbimeuHe ypo>ka hhocth 3epHOBbix h TexHHHecKHx KyjibTyp, pocT jkhbot-
hob on necKHx ({jepM b Konx03ax h non^eM nponyKTKBHoeTH cnoTa — Bce aro flOJIJKBO HaftTH CBOe KOHIKpfiTHOG BbIpa>KeHHe B TaROM BJiaHe.
CocTaBJieHiie Hay«iHO o6oCHOBaHHbix npOH3BoncTBeHHbix njianoB nna koji- X030B BBJIHeTCH OHHOH H3 CyiU,eCTBeHHeHIBHX 3anaH IlOitrOTOBKH K BeceHHeMy ceBy Tenymero rona h BbmojiHenHH Boero UHKna cejibCK0X03HHCTBeHHbix paÓOT. FIjIOXO COC T 3 B J1 C’H H bl H nJI3H, He yHHTblfiaiOIHHH BCeX pe3€pBOB np0iH3- BOACTBa, ne o6ecne'iHBaKMHHfi paunoHajib«oro Hcnojib30Ba.HHH HHBeHTapn, THrjlOBOft OHJIbl, MaiHHH, TpynOBOH H TBOpHCCKOH aKTHBHOCTH KOJIX03HH«OB, MeponpHHTHfi arpoTeXHHKH, He Mo>xer cjiy>KHTb neftćTBeHHHM opynneM b6opb- 6e 3a oprą hh 3 a u, hohho - xobhhctbchho e yKpenjieHHe kojixo3ob, 3a BbinojiHeHBe O'0H3aTejibcTB nepen roeynatpCTBOM h HjieHa-MH aprejiH. nap-rufiubie opraHH- 3aH,HH HOJOKIIbl He TOJIbKO nÓMOHb KOJIX03aM npH COfleftCTBHH CneHiHaJIHCTOB cocTaoHTb xoipoiuHe nJiaHbi Ha 1948 ron, ho oóecneHHib nx BbinonfleHue u nepeBbmojineH»e.
B pacmnpeiiHiH MacuiTaooB K0jixo3iioro ripoH3.BoncTBa, b no/rbiiMe npona- BOAIITejIbHOCTH KOJUieKTHBHOrO Tpy^a HCKJHOHMTeJTbHO BeflHKa pojlb MTC.
Hepe3 MTC coBeTCKoe rocynapcTBO oócjiyjKHBaeT kojixo3h HOBeHLueli
■rexiiHKoii, yjiyHiuaeT oOpaóomy aeMJin, noBbiuiaeT ee nnonoponHe, ofijior- naeT Tpyn KOjixo3HHKa h nenaei ero 6onee nponaBonHTejibHHM. BnaronapH MTC K0JlX03bI CTajIH CaMbLMH M 6X aHlH 3HpOB a HH bl MU XO 3HHCTB a M0 B MHpe.
SnanenHe MTC nna K0jixo3Horo KpecrbmiciBa neoueHHMo. Be3 MTC kojixo- 3bi He CMorjiH 6bi BbinojiHHTb cboh 06me.HapoH.Hbie 3ana>m b hhh THJKejiefi-
ihhx BoeH«bix Hcnbuamfi. OcymecTBjiHH pemeane (JjeapanbCKoro TlneHyMa ITK B K n ( 6), MTC nponenanH dojibinyio paóoTy b HCTeKiueM rony. HaopHiMep, MTC Kyfi6bmieiBOKoft o&riaCTH BbmojiHHjm njiaH TpaKTopHbix pa6oT b 1947 rony na 113,8%, KajKnbiM 15-cnnbHbiM TpaiKTopoM Bbipa6oia.no b cpenneM 450 reKrapOB naxoTbi u nepepacaeTe na Marnyio naxoty, hjih Ha 105 reKTa- poB 6oj!bine, BeM b 1940 rony.
OnHaKo b HeHTejibHOCTH MTC eme He jiHKBHHHpoBaHbi nojiHocTbio oTMe- neHHbie IljieHyMOM UK BKTt(5) HeHOCTaTKH: HenojiHOe Hcnojib30BaHHe MHorn- MH MTC TpaKTOpHono napita, HeHOcraTOHHaH ero n.poH 3bohht e Jib hoc Tb. rio- 3TOM'y h 3Hecb nepea hapT.nftnbiMH oprami3amiHMH ctoht Banana — nontsi- rHBaTb oTCTaioume MTC no ypocrni nepeno.Bbix.
B npouinoM rony MHorne MTC npoBenn c OonburiiM 3ano3naHH€M 3a- KmoneHHe norosopoB c Konxo3aMfi, a 3aKjn0HHB sth noroBopbi, MTC hkoji- xo3bi ho BbinojiHHjiH B3hthx na cc6fi ooH3aTejibCTB. Ta«oe nojiojKenne He mo- meT 6biTb nanee TepmiMbiM. 3aKJtioneHHe noroBopos MTC c KOjixo3aMn non-
>kho óbiTb 3aBepmeHo no nanana BeceHHero ceBa. CBoeBpeMen-Hoe 3aKnione- une noroBopoB h xonHoe BbinonHeHHe noroBOpHbix o6H3arenbCTB hmoiot ne TonbKo o6mexo3BHCTBeHrtoe, ho h orpoMHoe nonM-THnecKoe 3HaneHHe. Zlo- roftop oopenenaer ^eHTenbHocTt Konxo3a n MTC Ha nenbifl ron- Oh peiuaer KopeHHbie 3analiH Konxa3Horo Ppó«3B0ncTBa, sanami, HenocpencTBeHHo cbh- 3a»Hble c non^eMOM yponcaihtoCTH, c yKpenneHHeM oiOmecTBeHHoro xo3hh- cTBa b Konxo3ax, c BbinonneHnem oÓHsarenbCTB kojixo3ob h MTC nepen ro- cynapcTBOiM, HHTepecbi KOToporo nojDKHbi CTOHTb npeBbiuie ecero. rionsmio, noneMy Tan Ba>Kiio aKTHBHoe ynacTiHe paHOHHbix na.pTHHHbix oprawHeauiHft b
3a;KnioneHiHH nor.OBopoe, b ycTaHońneHHH npaBnnbHbix BaanMOOTiiomennH Me-
>Kny MTC ii Konxo3aMH.
B pe3ynbTaT6 npHiHHTbix b 1946 rony napraefi h npaBHTenbCTBOM Mep JIHKBHnHpOBaHbl OÓHapyjKeHHbie H3BpameHHH YcTaBa CenbCK0X03flftCTBeHH0ii apTenH, HaBeneH 6onbiiieBHcrcKHH nopanoK b Konxo3ax. Ho b pane pafionoB Bce em,e nonyCKaioTCH HapymeHun YcTaBa apTenn. C sthmh HapymeHHBMH, nonpbiBaroiiiHMH ycfon kojixo3ho8 >kh3hh, napTHHHbie opraHH3auHH nonmHbi BecTH 6ecnomannyio 6opb6y. Crporoe BbinomieiiHe YcraBa cenbCK0X03aft-
nEPEAOBAH 7
CTBenHOH a-pTejra HBjiHeTca oahhm H3 pbiuaroB b dopbde 3a KOMMyHHCTHHecKoe BocnHTaj-me K0Jixo3H0ro KpecTbHHCTBa.
riOflTHHyTb 0TCTaKJmH6 K0JlX03bI AO ypOBHfl nepe.T,OBbIX MOJKHO TOAbKO npii ycjioBHH HenpUMHipHMoft dopbdbi nporaB HapymmejieS npaBHA koaxo3-
hoh ®h3hhhnpHMeHeHHH BpoTOB HeHoppaBHMbix 0;pratH<H3au,H0HHbix Mep, npeA- yCMOTpeHHbIX yCT3BOM CeJIbCKOX03HHCTBeHHOH apTejIH. HejTb3H SaSbIBaTb, HTO A>KeK0AX03HHKH, 33KOpeHeAbie AOAblpH H npOryAblUHKH, HapyiOHTejIH Tpy- AOboh AHCunnjiHHbi rydnr xopouiyio padoTy nepeAOBHKOB h scero K0AX03a B UeJIOM.
OcymecTBJiHH pemeniui cj)eBpajibCKoro rijieHyMa LI,K BKn(d), napTiinubie opraHH3au,HH pa3BepnyjiH noAHTHKO-BoćriHTaTeAbHyio padoxy na cejie. 3xa padoTa, HenocpeACTBeHHO cBH3annaH c peiiienneM npoH3BOACTBeHHbix saAan, noMorjia BOBJienb Bcex padoTHiiKOB cejibCKorp x*03Hwc-rBa b comjajiHcmąe- CKoe copeBHOBanne, noBbiCHjia mx TpyAOByio aKTitBHocTb, co^eficTBOBajia no- Aynemno BbicoKoro ypo/Kan b 1947 rofly.
OrpOMHbie 3ap,aqH, riocTaBjien«bie nepeA cejibCKHM xo3Hhctbomi b TOKy- ipeM rOiHy, TpedyioT AaAŁHefim.ero pacuippeHHH u yjiymueHiHH noJiHTBKO- MaccoBoS padoTbi b AepeBHe. OAHaKO B pAAe odJiacTen h pafioHOs pa3Max
h yposeHb MaccoBo-noji;HTH'TCCKOH padora Ha cejie' erpe He coOTBeTCTByeT aaAanaM, nocTaBjieHHbiM napraeii hnpaiBHTejibcfBOM nepeA cejibćKHM xo3hh-
ctbom, aaitanaM kommyniHCTti heoK or o BoonHTaHHH Tpy,n.HiUHXCH b AepeBHe.
Mnorne pafłoHHbie naprafiubie 0;praHH3au,HH He BeAyT ch©Temathne ckohpado- tm cpeAH paaoBbiX koaxo3hH«o,b. Me>KAy TeM ochobh3h 3aAana hoahthko- MaccoBOH padoTbi — noBbimaTb npoH3BOACTBen«yio aKBHBHóctb scex padoi- HHROB CeJIbCKOro X035l8cTBa, COAeHCTBOBaTb yKpeJUteHHIO TpyAOBOfi AHCpH- nJIKHbl B KOAX033X, OXpaHe COH,HaA»CTHAeCKOH COdCTBeHHOCTH, BbinOJIHeHHK) KOJixo3aMH cbóiix odsmTeAbCTB nep©A rocy^aperBOM. noAHTiiKO-MaccoBaa padoTa Ha cejie aoJDKHa dbiTb HAefino HacbimeHHOH, ocnpOH, jkhiboS, HaraflA- Hoft. Tojibko npH 3T0M ycjioBHH OHa dy^et coAefiCTBOBaTb BocnHTaH.HK) koji-
xo3hhkob b kommyhhcthheCkom ayxe, npeoAOJieHHio nepoKHTKOB KaiiHTaAH3- Ma B C03H3HHH OTCTaAbIX KOAX03HBKOB, npeSpamemno BCeX KOJlX03IIHKOB B 3KTHBHbix crpoHrejieH KoMMymicTiHnecKoro odipecTBa.
Kojixo3Hoe KpecTbHHCTBO, pyKOBOjHMoe napTueH JleHHHa— CTajiHHa, re- poHHecKH TpyflHJiocb b HCTeKuieM roay Ha nojiax h $epMax. CoBeTCKoe npa- BHTejibCTBo HarpajKAasT nepeAOBHKOB ccabCKoro xo3HHOTBa aa AodjiecT- Hbiii 'tpya. Cothii TpyjKeliHKOB cejibCKoro xo3?ifiCTBa noJiynaioT 3Bamie TepoH ComiajiHCTHHecKoro Tpy^a, twchuIi — nojiynaioT opAOHa h Meflajin.
3to BooAyuieBjmeT kOjixo3H>hkob Ha HOBbie TpyAOfibie noABKni bo cjiasy co- UHajiHCTHHecKOft PoAHHbi, Ha AajibiieHmee yKpenjieHHe K0jixo3noro CTpofl, na 3aBdeBaHiłe HoBbix, eme dojiee BbicoKHx ypoKaeB.
TeKymHfł roA aoa>kch ripHHecTB HOBbie nodeAbi b dopbde 3a noABeM np0H3B0AHTeAbHbix cha ceAbCKoro xo3HHCTBa. rioA py K OB O AC TB O M napTHlI do Ab Ul© B HKO B KOAX03HOe KpeCTbHHCTBO BHOBb npOAĆMOBCTpHpyeT BfeJlHKyiO cHAy koaxo3Hoto crpon, BeAHKyro co3HAaTeAbHyio ciiAy koaa&kPu bh o r o, cfio- doAworo, TBOpnecKoro tpyAa.,
f l a T H A e c a T H j i e T H e
OepBoro ci>e3fla PCj^PIl
C. Ilem poe
llHTfaJiecflT act npomjio c toto BpeM&HH, KaK coctohjich HepBbiH CbesA PocchhckoS counaji-AeMOKpaTHuecKOjł pa6oneH napTHH, hbhbihhhch nepBon nonbiTKOH o6T>e^HHeHHfl MapKCHCTCKHX opraHH3auHH b eflHHyK) npojieTap- CKyio napraio.
ToBapum CrajinH, xapaKTepH3ya HCTopunecKoe pa3BHrae SojibweBHCT-
ckohnapTHH, nncaji:
«Bcecoio3Haa KoMMyimcTHnecKaH napraa (SojibiiieBHKOB) npouuia aoji-
i'hh h cjtaBHbifł nyxb ot nepBbix MajienbKHX MapKCHCTCKHx KpyjKKOB h rpynn, nOHBHBUIHXCH B POCCHH B 80-X TOP,aX IipOIHJIOTO CTOJICTHH, AO BejIHKOH napTHH SojibmeBHKOB, pyKOBOAHUiefi Hbwe nepBWM b M H pe com iaA H C TH necK H M rocy- AapCTBOM paóoiinx h KpecTbHH.
BKn(6) Bbipocjia na ocHOBe paSonero abhjkchhh b AopeBOJiKmHOHHoii PoCCHH H3 M3pKCHCTCKHX Kpy>KKOB H rpymi, KOTOpbie CBH3ajIHCb c padpHHM ABHJKeHHeM H BHCCAH B Hd'0 COUHajIHCTHHeCKOe C03H3HHe» («HcTOpHH BKn(6). KpaTKHii Kypc», cxp. 3).
nepBbifi cx>e3A PC flPn hbhjich Bawnofi Bexon b HCTopiinecKOM noaroTOB- JieHHH peBOJUOUHOHHOH MapKCHCTCKOH napTHH B PoCCHH. XoTH OH H He C03AajI napTHH, KOTOpaa o6pa30Bajiacb no3Awee, OAiiaKO caMoe npoB03rjiameHHe co- 3A3hhh PC/IPn h BbinyoK ot ee HMeHH «MaHH(f)ecTa» c onpeACJieHHeM ee ocHOBHbix 3aAan cbirpajra Sojibuiyio peBOJiiozuiOHHO-nponaraHAHCTCKyio pojib.
K Konny XIX Bena KanHTajiHCTHnecKHH MHp BCTynnji b 3iioxy HMnepna-
jiH3M a. B uapcKOH Pocchh — cTpaHe BoeHHo-(|)eoAajibHoro HMnepHajiH3Ma — KanHTajiHCTHHecKaa cncTeMa HOBeftuiero rana 6biJia onyTaHa, «onjieTeHa»
rycTofł ceTbio oicrajibix, nojiykpenocthhnecKHx oTHonie«HH. U,apH3M hbakach
BejiHHaHiiiHM pe3epBOM 3anaAnoeBponeHCKoro HMnepHajiH3Ma; oh CTaji cto- pO>KeBbIM nCOM HMnepH3AH3Ma Ha BOCTOKe Esponbl. ByAyHH y3JI0BbIM nyHK-
tom npoTHBopenHH HMnepnajiHSMa, Pocchh, KaK nncaji TOBapnm OraAHH, Cbijia «óepeMeHHa peBOAiOHHen 6ojiee, new KaKan-AHÓo Apyran CTpana».
UenTp MHpoBoro peBOJUOHHOHiioro ABHmeHHH nepeMemaACH b Pocchio: bHen Ha3peBajia BeAnnanman napoAHan peBOAtouHH, bo niaBe KOTopoft BbicTynaji peBOJHOHHOHHeHiuHH b MHpe npoAeTapnaT, HMeBiunS Tanoro cepbe3Horo C0103- HHK3, KaK peBOJHOHHOHHOe KpfiCTbHHCTBO POCCHH. 06T>eKTHBHbIM XOAOM HCTO- pHH paSoHHH KJiacc Pocchh BbiABHraACH Ha aBaHrapAHbie no3HUHH peBOAio-
hhohhoS 6opb6bi Me>KAyHapoAHoro npoAeTapHaTa.
BypHoe KanHTaAHCTHnecKoe pa3BHTHe Pocchh conpoBO>KAajiocb SbierpuM pOCTOM HHCAeHHOCTH paSoneTO KAaCCa, KOTOpblH BCe peUlHTeAbHee nOAHHMaA-
ch Ha 6opb6y co cbohmh yrneTaTeAHMH. Pa3BepraBaAOCb MouiHoe, HeBHAaH- noe eme k TOMy BpeMeHH no pa3Maxy h CHAe paSonee ABnweHue. ripojieTa- pnaT Pocchh craHOBHACH Morynefi, nepeAOBOH chaoh, cnocoÓHoft k opranH3o- BaHHoft 6opb6e, chocoShoh BHCTynHTb rereMOHOM Ha3peBaiomeH pcboaiohhh.
Ha noHBe pocTa pa6onero abhjkchhh h iioa bahhhhcm 3anaAnoeBponeH-
ckoto paSonero abhzkchhh b Pocchh B03HHKaioT MapKCHCTCKHe Kpy>KKH H rpynnbi. flepsue MapKCHCTCKHe opranH3anHii noHBHAHCb b Pocchh b HTore
HHTEtAECH THJIETHE IlEPBOrO CTjESAA. PC^PH 9
„IJIHTejIbHOrO H MVlIHTejIbHOrO nyTH, npOHAGHHOrO pyCCKHM peBOAlOUHOHHbIM ABH>KeHHeM. JleHHH nHcaji:
«MapKCH3M, KaK eAHHCTBeHHO npaBHJIbHyiO peBOJIIOUHOHHyK) TeopHK}, Pocchh noHCTHHe Bbi CTpaAaj i a nojiyBeKOBoń HCTopneH HecjibixaHHbix Myx h JKepTB, HeBHAaHHoro peBOAiou.HOHHoro repoH3Ma, HeBeposTHOH 3Hep- I'hh h 6e33aBeTnocTH HCKaHHń, odyneHHH, HcnbiTaHHH Ha npaKTHKe, pa3ona- poBaHHń, npoBepKH, conocTaBjieuHM oribiTa EBponbi» (Gon. T. XXV, CTp. 175).
riepBaa pyccnaa MapKCHCTCKaa rpynna — rpynna «GcBodo>KAeHHe Tpy- Aa», — oprahh;;obahh ahi iJiexaHOBbiM b .1883 roAy b /KeneBe, noAHHJia 3H3MH M3pKCH3M.a B TOT M0M6HT, KOrAa COipiajI-AGMOKpaTHieCKOrO ABH/KeHHH B Pocchh em,e He dbiAO. Hrodw paciHCTiiTb rionBy ajihco3abhhh MapKCHCTCKOH padoneft napraa b Pocchh, Heo6xoAHMo ółijio habmho pa30HTb HapoAHmie- CKHe B3rjiHAbi, npeoÓJiaAaBuiHe TorAa cgeAH nepeAOBbix pado™x hpeBOAio- Uhohho HacrpoemioH HHTejiAHreHUHH b Pocchh.
Tpynna «OcBodo>KAeHHe TpyAa» Hanecjia pemaroiuHfi yaap napoAHHne- CTBy h npOACAaAa dojibiiiyio padoTy no pacnpocTpaneHHio MapxcH3Ma b Poc
chh cpeAH peBOAionHOHHOH HHTeAAHreHUHH h nepeAOBbix pa5onHX. Ho y Aen- Tejień rpynnbi «OcBo6o>KAeHHe TpyAa» 6hah cepb§3Hbie omiopryHHCTHne- CKHe OUiHÓKH, HBHBUIHeCH 3apOAHUieM HX nOCJieAyK>mHX MeHbUieBHCTCKHX B3TAHAOB. Haeubi rpynnbi «OcB0do>KAeHHe TpyAa», KaK h ynacrHUKH MapK- CHCTCKHX KpyiKKOB, CymeCTBOBaBUIHX B TO BpeMH B POCCHH, eil],e He dblAH npaKTHnecKH CBH3aHbi c padoHHM ABHJKeHHeM, He B03i\jiaBA5uiH ero. Tpynna
«OcBo6o>KAeHHe TpyAa» «jiHinb TeopemnecKH ocHOBaAa conmaA-AeMOKparaio
h CAeAajia nepBbift mar HaBCTpeny paSonewy ABH>KeHHio» (B. H. J1 e hhh. Coh. T. XVII, CTp. 353).
KaK oTMeneHO bcthaiihckom «KpaTKOM Kypce hctophh B K n(6)», « 3aAany COeAHIieHHH MapKCH3M3 C padOHHM ABHlKeHHeM b Pocchh, a TaKJKe HCnpaB- jieHHH oumdoK rpynnbi «OcBoóox<AeHHe TpyAa» npHiujiocb pa3peuiHTb JIennHy». C 1884 no 1894 toa, Ao opraHH3au,HH neTepdyprcKoro «Coio3a 6opb5bi aa ocEoóoHcnetiHe padonero KAacca», MapKCHCTCKHe opraHH3an,HH
b Pocchh nepe>KHBajiH, Kai< ynasbiBaji JTeiiHH, «nepnoA bo3hhkhob6hh3
h ynpoHSHHH TeopHH u nporpaMMbi coiiHaji-AeMOKpaTHH». B to BpeMH hhcjio
CTOpOHHHKOB MapKCHCTCKOrO HanpaBJieKHH H3MepHAOCb eAHHHUaMH. «ConnaA- ASMOKpaTHH cymecTBOBajia des padonero ASHwenKn, riepe>KHBaH, KaK noAH- THiiecK3H napTHH, npouecc yrpodnoro pa3BHTHH» (B. H. JI e hhh. Con. T. 5, CTp. 483. 4-e H3A.) ■
IlpHe3A .JleiiHHa b FleTepdypr, Hana.no ero padora b pHAax nHTepcKHX MapKCHCTOB COBpeMeHHHKH CnpaBeAJIHBO CpaBHHBaAH C «>KHBOTBOpHbIM 110 CBOHM nOCJieACTBHHM rp030BbIM pa3DHA0M».
iJTeHHHCKiie padoTbi 90-x toaob, b kotophx no-HOBOMy, no-doeBOMy dbiAH nocTaEAeHbi Bce ocHOBHbie Bonpocw pyccKoro h MeiKAynapoAHoro peBOJIIOUHOHHOrO A B H / K e H H H , OTKpbIBajIH CO.doM H3HaA0 HOBOro, JieHHHCKOTO srana bpa3BHTHii MapKCH3Ma b Pocchh. HacrynHA BTopofi nepHOA bhctophh
pOCCHHCKOfi COUHaA-AeMOKpaTHH.
«Btopoh nepHOA, — niican JleiiHH, — odmiMaeT ip H - n e r a p e rpAa, 1894— 1898 rr. Comiaji-AeMOKpaTHH noHBjineTCH na CBeT dowHft, k3k
odmecTBeHHoe ABHJKeHiie, kbk noA^eM HapoAHbix Mace, KaK noAiiTHnecKan napraH. 3to — nepnoA actctb3 h oiponecTBa. C dbiĆTpoToft snHAGMHH pac- npocrpaHHeTCH noBaAbHoe yBjieneuHe HHTeAAHreHiiHH dopbdoft c napoAHHne-
ctbom h xo>KA6HH6M k padoHHM, noBaAbHoe yBAeneHHe padonHX cranKaMK.
flEH>KeHHe Ae^aeT rpoMaAHbie ycnexH» (t a m w e ).
rioAHepKHyB, AaJiee, hto couHaA-AeMOKpaTHH b Pocchh cioiaAbiBaAacb
b dop;>6e c HapoAHHnecTBOM, JleHHH micaji:
«Bopb6a sacTaBAHAa ymiTbCH, HHraTb HeAeraAbHbie npoH3BeA6HHH bch-
khx HanpaBAeHHft, 3aHHM3TbCH ycHAeuHo BonpocaMH AeraAbHoro napoAHHne-
ctb3. BocnHTaHHbie Ha stoh dopbde comiaA-AeMOKpaTbi lujih b padonee ABiiiKeiiHe, «hh Ha MHHyTy» He 3adbiBaH hho TeopiiH MapKCH3Ma, 03apHBiuefi
2 Ne 5
10 0 . IIE T P O B
hx HpKHM CBęTOM, hho 3aAane BH3BepiKeHHH caMonepiKaBHH. OSpaąoBaHHe napTHH BecHoS 1898 roAa 6mao caMbiM peAbecjiHbiM h b to żkc BpeMH nocj i ef l HHM acaom counaA-AeMOKpaTOB 3toh nojiocbi» (ta m » e , CTp. 484).
C ncpBoro * e MOMenta CBoero BCTynAęHHH Ha apęny noAirnnjecKon 6opb$bi JleHHH pasBgpHyji nenpHMHpHMyio 6opb6y co 3,icHuiHMii BparaMH MapKcn3Ma — HaponHHKaMH, — 6e3 npeop;ojieHHH BpeAHofi HAeoAorHH koto- pbIX HeB03M01KHO ÓbIAO paCHHCTHTb IlOHBy AAH C03flaHHH MapKCHCTCKOH paGoneS napTHH. Cbohmh paóoTaMH 90-x toaob JleHHH 3aBepuiHA HaeHHbra pa3rpoM Bpe^noH a a h AeAa peBOjnoiiHH HapoAHHnecKOH HAeoAorHH.
Ha ocHope rJiyfioKoro aHajiH3a pyccKoft ^SHCTBHTejibHOCTH JleHHH c reHHaiibHbiM HayrabiM npeABHAeHHeM oppeaejiHJi HCTopHHecKHH nyTb óopb- 6bi pa6onero Kjiacca Pocchh Kaic rereMOHa peBOAioium h ccjiopMyjiHpoBan sanaHH pyccKHX coiiHaji-aeMOKpaTOB. B CBoeii 3aMeHarejibH0H paSoie «Hto
TaKoe «npy3bH Hapona» h k3k oirti boioiot npoTHB coiuiaJi-aeMOKpaTop?», HBHBIHeHCH nO^JIHHHblM M3HH(j)eCTQM pOJKAaBIIieHCH peBOJIIOHHOHHOH MapK
CHCTCKOH napTHH b Pocchh, JleHHH npoponecKH nHCaji:
«Ha KJiacc paóoHHX h odpamatoT coHHaA-AeMOKpara Bce cbo§ bhhm3- i-me hbcio cboko neHrejibHoęTb. Koraa nepeAOBpie npea.cTaBHTejiH ero ycBOHT HAen Haynnoro cou;HajiH3Ma, HAeio 06 HCTopunecKofi pojiH pyccKoro pado- nero, Korna sth hach nonynaT urapoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHire h cpenn paóoHHx C03AaAyTCH npoHHbie opraHH3an,HH, npeo6pa3yiomHe TenepeuiHjoio pa3po3- HeHHyro sKOHOMHHecKyro BoftHy pa6omx b co3HaTenbHyio KjiaccoByio 6opb- 6y, — TorAa pyccKH il PĄBOHHH, noAHHBUiHCb bo mapę Bcex AeMOKpara- necKHx sneMeHTOB, cb3aht a6comoTH3M h noBe^eT PyCCKHH EIPOJIETA- PHAT (pnAOM c nponerapHaTOM BCEX CTPAH) npuMOH Aoporofl otkpmtoh
nojiHTHMecKOH 5opb6bi K riOEEJlOHOCHOH KOMMyHHCTHHECKOH PEBOJlfOLJ,HH» (Con. T. 1, cTp. 282. 4-e hsa.).
JleHHH ynasaji, hto paSonuft Knacc BHCTynaeT Ha 6opb6y npOTHB caMo- A.epiKaBHH h KanHTajiH3Ma KaK nepeaoBofi npeACTaBHTenb, KaK pyKOBOAHman cnjia Bcex TpyAHmHXCH h 9KcnjioaTHpyeMbix Mace Pocchh. Ero 6jiHH<ąfiiueH 3aAaneft HBnneTCH cBepaceHHe uapCKoro caMOAepiKaBHH; ero KOHenHan ueiib — HHcnpoBepH<eHHe KanHTajiH3Ma h nocipoeHHe KOMMyHHCTHHecKoro oómecTBa. JleHHH nepBbifl BbiABHHyn HAeio peBOJirouHOHHoro coK>3a padoHHx
h KpecTbHH KaK rnaBHoro cpeacTBa CBepiKeHHH uapH3Ma, noMemHKOB, 6yp-
>Kya3HH.
B npoTHBonojiox<HocTb rijiexaHOBy, BHAeBiueMy b jinue 6yp>Kya3HH HBHiKymyio CHJiy pyccKofi peBOjnoiiHH, JleHHH BCKpbiJi npe^aTeubCKyio, a hTHip e b0'Jhohho hhy io poiib pyc-CKOH (ŚypiKyaaHH. JleHHH yKa3biBaji, kto b Pocchh kjiacc 6ypxcya3HH «oco6eHHO CKJioneH HcepTBOBaTb cbohm AeMO- Kp3TH3M0M, BCTynaTb B C0I03 C peaKHHOIiepaMH AUa Toro, HT06bI npHAaBHTb pa6oHHx, HToSbi cHjibHee 33T0pM03HTb noHBJieHHe paóonero ABHxeHijH» (Coh. T. 1, CTp. 273. 4-e H3A.)-
B to >xe BpeMH JleHHH yace b stoh CBoen Kinire nOAnepKHyji, hto
6opb6a paSonero Kjiacca h KpecTbHHCTBa mojkct 6bUb ycneiUHoń TOAbKO
b tom CAynae, ecAH óyaeT pa3pemeHa oAHa H3 ochobhhx 3aAan pyccKHX MapKCHCTOB — opraHH3auHH eAHHOH couHaAHCTHHecKOH pafionen napTHH.
yKa3as Ha Heo6xoAHMOCTb coeAHHeHHH paSonero abhjkchhh c coiiHaAH3MOM, JleHHH npH3B3A couHaA-AeMOKpaTOB paspaSoTaTb noApoónee MapKCHCTCKoe noHHMaHHe pyccKon hctophh h. pyccKofł AeHCTBHTeAbHOCTH. CounaA-AeMOKpa-
th AOA>KHbi, nucaA JleiiHH, «nonyAHPH30BaTb 3Ty Teopino, npHHecTH ee"
pafioneMy, aoax<hm noMOHb paSoneMy ycBOHTb ee h Bbipa6oT3Tb nanSoAee riOJlXOJlHmyiO AAH HauiHx ycAOBHH 4)opMy opraHH3auHH aah pacnpo- cTpaHeHHir couHaA-AeMOKpaTH3Ma h cnAOHeHHH pa6oHHx b noAHTHHecKyio cHAy» (TaM >Ke, CTp. 302).
Tan JleHHH CTaBHA 3aAany co3AaiiHH npoAeTapcKofl napTHH HOBoro Tiina — napTHH KOMMyHHCTHnecKon peBOAKJHHH, napTHH OoeBoft h
peBOAioHHOHHOH, napTHH, Morymefl o6ecnenHTb BbinoAHemie npoAeTapnaTOM
n a r a !? E c a T H 5 E T H E w S p B Ó r ^ c 5 E ? !| R !!? !W T T
Poccęh Tęx peBpjiion,HOHHbix 3aaan, KOTopbie riepea hhm ctohjih h KOTopbie AejjajiH ero rereMOHOM peBOjiiouHOHHOH dopbdbi.
B 1899 roay JleHHH nącaJi: «McTopHH con,HajiH3Ma h aeMOKpaTHH b
BanaAHOft EBpone, hctophh pyccKoro peBOjirouHOHHoro ABHHieHHH, onbjT Hamero padonero AUHmeuBH, — TanoB tot M a i e p n a a , KOTOpbiM mh
aoa>KHbi oBjiaaeTb, htoóh BbipadoiaTb neaecoo6pa3Hyio oprai-wąaiiHio h TaK- THKy Harneń napTHH. «OópadoTKa» stoto MaTepnąaa aonauia dbiTb oanaKO caMOcroHTejibHaa, h6o roTOBbix o6pa3iioB HaM HCKąn> nerae... pyccKoe padonee ABHweHHe nocTaBjieHo b coBepmeHHO HHbie yc.jiOBim, neM 3anaaHO- eBponeiicKoe» (Con. T. 4, cip. 197. 4-e H3A-).
JlenHH CTpeMruiCH cosaarb napraio hoboto rana, napraio peBoaiouHOH- nyio, b OTflHHne ot onnopTyHHcraiiecKHx naprali II HHTepHanHOHa.ua. JleHHH ae ToabKo nocTaBHJi, ho h Hansa npaKranecKH oęyiąeęTBAHTb 3anany CQ3aa-
hhh TaKoS napTHH ywe c MOMeHTa CBoero npne3aa bFleTepdypr. B ycnoBHsx MoaiHoro riOA^eMa padonero ABHHceHHH b90-x roaax Heab3H óbino MppHTbca C TOraatHKHM COCTOHHHeM COUHaa-aeMOKpaTHH b BHae pa3p03HeHHbix, He CBH- 3ąHHbIX Me/K.ay COdOH KpyJKKOB. Pa3Ap0dfleHHO'CTbIO MapKCHCTCK‘HX KpyHiKOB
h opraHH3auHH, paaodweHHOCTbK) hx aeflTeabHocra topmo3hach pocT peBO- jiiounoHHoro padonera aBiOKennn.
JlenHH ocTpo nepejKHBaa sto HecooTBeTCTBHe Me>KAy BeaHHneM hcto- pnqecKHx 3aaan, CT0flmHX nepea padonriM KaaccoM Pocchh, h pa3apod- aeHHOCTŁK), KycTapHHHecTBOM con,Haa-aeMOKpaTHHecKHX opraHĘ3au,HH Toro BpeMeHH. lio3aHee, b paGoto «Mto aeaaTb?», JleHHH, BcnoMHHan od stom
nepHoae, nHcaa: «$ padoraa b KpyacKe, KoropbjH ciasna cede owenb mnpo- KHe, BceodbeMAioui.He 3aaanH, — hbcom HaM, aaeHaM sToro Kpyaraa, npnxo- AHaocb MyHHTeabHO, ao doan cipanara ot co3HaHHH Toro, hto mh oK33bi- p.aeMca KycTapfiMH b TaKoft HCTOpuneciom momcht, Koraa mokho dbiao dbi, BHaQK3MeHHH H3BecTHoe H3peneHHe, CKa3aTb: aaftTe hsm opraHH3ąnHio pe- BoaioaHOHepoB—h mh nepeBepHeM Pocchfo!» (Con. T. 5, CTp. 435. 4-e H3A-).
CosaaHHHH JleHHHbiM b 1895 roay neTepdyprcKHH «Coio3 dopbdbi 3a ocBodo>KaeHHe padoaero Kaacca» hbhjich nepBHM cepbe3HbiM aanaTKOM peBoafOHHOHHOH! npoaeiapCKOH napTHH, ornipaiomeficH Ha padonee asHHKe- HHe. Oh dna 3apoabimeM napTHH noBoro THna, Moryineii noBecTH npoaeia- pnaT h TpyaHUinecH Maccbi Pocchh Ha peeoaiouHOHHbiH unypM napcnoro caMoaepa<aBHH h Kamnajm3Ma. OdbeaHHHB Bce neiepdyprcKHe MapKCHCT- CKHe padoHHe Kpyaran b eaHHyio opraHH3au,Hio, b «Co;o3 6opbdbi», JleHHH noaroTOBHA 3thm co3aaHHe MapKCHCTCKOft peBoaioiiHOHHoft padonen napTHH
b Pocchh. Ilo cbohm HaeflHbiM h opraHH3au,HOHHbiM npHHHHnaM, no CBoeft npaKTHneCKOH aeHTeabHOCTH aeHHHCKHH «COK)3 6opbdbI» KOpeHHbIM odpą30M oTaH.naacH ot 3anaaHoeBponeilcKHx onnopiyHHCTHHecKHX napTHH II HHtep- nauHOHaaa. neTepdyprcKHH «Cot03 6opbdbi» BnepBbie b Pocchh CTaa ocy- mecTBAHTb 3aaany coeaHHeHHH couHaan3Ma c padonHM aBHH<eHHeM, CTaa pyKOBOAHTb peB0af0H,H0HH0H M3COOBOH dopbdofi nHTepCKHX padOHHX, CBH- 3biBaa hx dopbdy 3a SKOHOMHnecKHe TpedoBanna c noaHTimecKofi dopbdon npoTHB uapH3Ma.
yare b sto BpeMH noa pyKOBoacTBOM JleHHHa craa coBepmaTbCH hcto- punecKHH noBopoT ot nponaraHabi MapKCH3Ma b HedoabuiHx padoaHx i<pya<- Kax k 3aodoaHCBHOH noaHTHnecKOH armaunH cpean uihpokhx npoaeiapcKHX Mace. Ooa BAHHHHeM COUHaa-aeMOKpaiOB, pyKOBOaHMbIX JleHHHbiM, pa3Bep- nyaocb MomHoe cranenHoe aBHJKenHe nHTepcKHX pad0HHX. JleTOM 1896 ro- aa «Coio3 dopbdbi» npoBea HeBiiaaHHyio paHee b Pocchh no cbohm MacniTa- daM h opraHH30BaHHocTH 30-THCHHnyK) CTanny neiepdyprcKHX reKCTHabniH-
kob, 3acTaBHBiuyio napcKoe npaBHTeabCTBO 2 hioiih 1897 roaa H3aaTb sanon o coKoamenHH padonero ahh. 06 sthx CTaqi<ax 1896 roaa JleHHH no3AHce,
b 1907 roay, nncaji, htoohh «OTKpbian spy HeyKJionno noaHRMamnerocH 3a- TeM padonero ąBHJKennn, — SToro caworo Morynero (|)aKT0pa Bcen namen
peBoaionHH» (Con. T. 13, CTp. 78. 4-e H3a.).
Ha cpoHe dypHoro poeta peBoaiouHOHHoro padonero asrnKeHHH b Poc-
12 O. riETPOB
chh h pa3BepHyjiacb 6opb6a 3a co3AaHHe MapKCHCTCKofi napraa, 3a C03UB nepBoro ci>e3Aa coiiHaA-AeMOKpaTHHecKHX opraHMsaiiHH. B 1905 rÓAy JleHHH nacąji: «Hauia nppw.H HanaAa cKJiaAfciBaTbcn yx<e AaBHO, Toraac nocnie lhh- poKoro padonero Astmeima 1895 h 1896 foaob. B 1898 roAy coópajica nep- Bbiń c-be3A, ocHOBaBiiiHH PoccHHCKyio cou.HaA-AeMOKparaqecKyio padonyio napraio h HaMeTHBinHłł ee 3aAanH» (Gon. T. 8, cTp. 400— 403. 4-e H3a.)-
Bo3rjiaBJIHH «COK>3 Ó0pb6bIS>, JleHHH He TOAbKO pyKOBOAHJI nepBbIMH peBOJiiouHOHHbiMH cxB3TKaMH npoAeTapHaTa c 6ypixya3Hefi h BocnHTbiBaa padonHH KJiacc aah pemaiomero mrypMa TBepAbiHb caMOAepaiaBHH hKanH- TajiH3Ma, ho hHenpHMiRpHMO BoeBaa npoTHB MajieSiuHx npoaBjieHHft onnop- TyHH3Ma, pa3o6jiaaaa h cxpyBHCTCKHe, AerajibHO-MapxcKcrcKHe H3BpamemiH peBOjiiouHOHHOH TeopHH Mapi<ca h nepBbie npoflBjieHHa «9K0H0MH3Ma».
B psme cbohx paóoT JleHHH co Bce8 npHcymefl eMy peBOjnomioHHOH HenpHMiipHMOCTbio h peaKOcraio iioKa3aji npeAaTeAbCKyio cymiiocTb «jieranb- Hbix MapKCHCTOB», hx AiidepaAbHO-dypjKyaaHoe HyTpo, onpeAeAHB CTpyBH3M Kax oxpax<eHHe MapKcn3Ma b 6yp»cya3HOH jiHTepaType. OAHOBpeMeHHo c 3thm JleHHH yine b 1894 roAy paaBepnyji peuiHTejibiiyio dopbóy c onnopiy-
HHCTHHeCKHMH TeHAeHUHHMH TeX «MapKCHCTOB», KOTOpbie HblTajIHCb OrpaHH- HHTb AGHTeAbl-IOCTb COUHaA-AeMOKpaTHH TOAbKO 3K0H0MH4CCK0H dopbdoll.
flpH o6cy>KAeHHH b 1894 roAy dpounopbi «G ó arnTaiiHH» JTeHHH, npH3HaBaa npaBHAbHbiM ee npeAAOJKeiiHe o riepexoAe ot xpyx<KOBOH nponaraHAbi k
arHTapHH, SHepranno BUCTymiA npoTHB npeyBeAHneHHH poah 3KOHOMHiiecKoii Sopbdbi h HrHopHpoBaHHH noAHranecKHx 3aAan npoAeiapHaTa. Ilo3AHee JleHHH nacaA, hto«n e p bu e coiiHaA-AeMOKpaTbi stobonepHOAa, y c e p a ho 3 a H H M a a c b 3 K O H O MH ? e c K o i a r H T a u H e g — (h BnoAHe chh- TaHCb B 3T0M OTHOUieHHH C AeiłCTBHTeAbHO nOAe3Hb!MH yKa33HHHMH TOrAa eme pyKonncHoft dpounopbi « 0 6 arHTamiH») — tie TOAbKo He chht8ah ee eAHHCTBeHHofi CBoeń 3aAaHe8, a, HanpoiHB, c c a\i o r o H a i a j i a bwabh- raAH h caMbie umpoKiie HCTopiinecKne 3aAara pycciiOH counaA-AeMOKparaii aoodiiie h saAany HiicnpoBepjKeHHH caMOAepx<aBHH b oco6eHHocTH» (Coq.
T. 5, CTp. 348. 4-e H3A-).
B 1895 roAy Ha nponcxoAHBiueM b rieTepdypre coBemaiiHH npeacTaBH- TeAen coaHaA-AeMOKpara’iecKHX rpynn pa3Hbix rcpoAoa (fleTepóypr, MocKBa, KneB, BHAbHo), odcyamaBiiieM B on poco nepexoAe k arHTaunii, JleHHH TaioKe noAsepr pesKoii KpiiTHKe nonbiTKH Hei<OTopbix connaA-AeMOK- paTOB HO-«3KOHOMHCTCKH» CBeCTH ÓOpb6y pa60HHX TOAbKO K SKOHOMIHieCKOft 6opb6e C X03HeB3MH.
B dopbde c HapoAHHKaMH, «Aera.xbHbiMH MapKCHcraMH» « «3kohomh- CT3MH» BOCHHTblBaAHCb H CnjiaHHBaAHCb BOKpyT JleHHHa eTO eAHHOMblUlAeH- IIHKH H doeBbie COpaTHHKH, HBHBUlHeCfl B ABAbUeHlIieM CTpOHTeAHMH BejIH- KOH SoAbUieBHCTCKOH napTHH, napTHH JleHHHa — C'1'aAHHa. «BoAbUieBHKH He
«Ka3yC», OHH B bl P O C A H H3 6opb6bI C OnHOpTyH‘H3MOM 1894—1914 r.r.»,—
niicaA no3AHee JleHHH (JI&h-hhckhh cdopHHK XIV, CTp. 317).
PaccMaTpiisaa «Coi03 6opbdbi» ican ocHOBy jvih C03A3hhh napTHH, Jlei-iHH HeyTOMHMO ycTaHaBAHBaji cbhsh MeatAy comiaA-AeMOKpaTaMH pa3- Hbix ropoAoe, noAroTaBAHBaa sthm caMbiM nepBbiii cTieaA napran. 3a 1894
h1895 roAbi miTepcKHH «Coi03 6opb6bi» cyweA CBasaracji c copHaA-AeMOKpa- TKHeCKHMH OpraHHSaUHHMH MoCKBbl, KHeBa, BAaAHMHpa, HPOCA3BAH, HBa- HOBo-Bo3HeceHCKa, Opexoso-3yeBa, HniKiiero HoBropoAa, CaMapbi, Capa- TOBa, OpAa, TBepu, MiiHCKa h Shabiio.
B 1895 roAy JleHHH caM BbiesmaA 3a rpaHHiiy AJia yciaHOBAeHHH cbh3h
c rpynnoH «OcBo6o>KAeHHe TpyAa», a Tax>Ke o6-bexaA p«A ropoAOB — Mo- CKBy, OpexoBO-3yeBo, Bhabho h AP-, — najiaiKusafi cbh3h c MecrabiMH co- UHaA-AeMOKparanecKHMH opraHnaauHHMH.
JleHHHCKHH neTepSyprcKHH «Coro3 6opb6bi» Aa a CHAbHbifi toahok k
o6xeAHHeHHK) MapKCHCTCKHX opraHHSaiiHii hbApyrnx ropoAax Pocchh. Tło ero o5pa3py 6ma cosAan nBaH0B0B03HecencKHH «Pa6oHHH cok>3». Co3AaHHbiH r, 1894 roAy ripa coaghctbhh JleHHHa, mockobckhh «Pa6onHH cok>3» yaie
