Industrial and Engineering Chemistry : industrial edition, Vol. 39, No. 4

Pełen tekst

(1)

(2) Sctie.... STORAGE TANKS Q U e m Á c a li GLASS. prnijoifR. STEEL. . . . the answ er to m any small storage and. mixing prob lem s w h ich req u ire resistan ce to a cid s . . . is avail a ble in standard P faudler "Junior S e rie s" storage and m ixing tanks, ra n g in g in ca p a cities from 5 to 100 gallons. L in ed with Pfaudler a c id resisting blue glass on the in side and with gray-w hite p orcela in enamel outside, this equ ip m en t affords safe, cle a n storage for su ch p rod u cts as pharm aceuticals, biologicals, a cid or n o n -a cid solvents, etc. Bushings, valves, agitators, and g a u g e glass fittings a re m ade of (18-8) stainless steel, a lim iting factor with respect to corrosion resistance.. ''Junior Series” containers (without legs) are made in 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 gallon sizes. Tanks from 30 to 100 gallons are self-draining, equipped with a stainless steel flush valve as standard. (Other valves available.) Any unit may be obtained with side or bottom agitator, one-piece stainless steel cover, open or closed gauge glasses or castors on legs. Ask for Bulletin 815.. STAINLESS. LI NED. STEEL. . . . “ P re cis io n -b u ilt" in ev ery sense . . . is available in small standard Pfaudler storage a n d m ixin g tanks, 3 0 to 5 0 0 gallons in size. A ll are fab rica ted of 18-8, Type 3 0 2 stainless steel with No. 4 p olish inside and out. (O th er finishes a re available.) A ll seam s are w e ld e d with stainless steel w eld in g ro d — n o sold er— and all w elds are g ro u n d a n d p olish ed . Bottom heads are ch a n n eled to outlet n ip p le n ear sid e w all for com plete d rain age. Sanitary in e v ery detail, they are easy to cle a n and e co n o m ica l to maintain. Piaudler "Precision-built" stainless steel flat bottom contains« are built on special order from 30 to 100 gallons only. Standard units, 30 to 500 gallons, include vertical open, vertical closed and horizontal types. O ne piece stainless steel covers at® available for open tanks. Any unit may be obtained with stain less steel flush valve, side or bottom agitator, open or closed gauge glasses, castors for legs. Ask for Bulletin 822. THE PFAUDLER C O ., Rochester 4, New York. Branch O ffices: 330 West 42nd St., New York 18, N. Y.; I l l W . W ashington St., C h ica go 2, 111.; 1325 Howard St., San Francisco 3, Calif.; 8 1 8 O live St., St. Louis 1, Mo.; 7 310 Woodward A ve., Detroit 2, M ich.; 1318 1st Nat'l. Bank Bldg., Cincinnati 2, 0.; 1041 Comm ercial Trs. Bldg., Philadelphia 2, Pa.; 751 Little Building, Boston 16 Mass.; Box 982, Chattanooga 1, Tenn.; Enamelled Metal Products Corp., Ltd. Artillery House, Artillery Row, London, S. W . 1, England.. THE ENGINEERS. PFAUDLER AND. CO.,. FABRICATORS. OF. ROCHESTER CORROSION. 4,. RESISTANT. NEW. YORK. PROCESS. EQUIPMENT.

(3) INDUSTRIAL and ENGINEERING : VOLUM E 3?. C h e m is try. HUMBER 4. •ISSUFt APRIL 14':, i-94?. y A1;;). •. A P R IL 1947. Standardization of Chemical Engineering Letter Symbols > J. H . Perry et al............................................................................................................438. finindnt to tdito,. f-J A, ParK!NSON. ■. Managing Editor: D. O- MYaTI Associate.-Editors ■. '. ■. W ashington;.’ ROBERT F. G O u ld. A l IfGGiN ’. -. , C hicag o ; RICHARD L . KENYON H ouston: W iLL H . S h e a r o m , JR.. .. N e w .Y o r k ; H a r r y S t e n e r s o n Ric h a r d L . De m m e k l e San Francisco; FREDERICK.G, SAWYER*M erritt l . K a s t e n s A s s is t e n t. AND. D E S IG N. O F R E S E A R C H L A B O R A T O R IE S. Introduction Lynn A . W att............................................................................................................. 440 Selection of Laboratory Location R. W . C a ir n s ................................................................................. •.......................... 440 Design of Facilities for Research Perry Coke S m it h .................................................................................................... 444 A Large Industrial Research Laboratory Douglas M . B e a c h ...................................................................... Process Engineering Research Laboratory G . M . Darby, E. J . Roberts, and J . D. G r o t h e ............................................ 453 University or College Laboratory C lyd e S. Adam s......................................................................................................... 4 57 The Perkin M edal.. Intro d uction ...........................................................................................462. Synthetic Vitamins and Human Nutrition Robert R. W illiam s.................................................................................................... 464. E d ito r s. Make-up; BERTHA REYNOLDS Manuscript Editing: HELEN K. NEWTON Manuscript Reviewing: STELLA ANDERSON E d it o r ia l A s s is t a n t s :. C O N S T R U C T IO N. C O R A G . RYERSON K ir a v . K a lic h e v s k y. * in the armed services.. Wartime Development of Insecticides H . L. H a l l e r ............................................................................................................. 467 Selection of Centrifuges for Chemical Processing Julian C . S m ith .............................................................................................. 474 Llgnin for Reinforcing Rubber J . J . Kellen and Arthur P o l i a k ..............................................................480 Synthetic Lubricant Fluids from Branched-Chaln Dlesters. C o n t r ib u t in g. E d ito rs. C H A R LES O W EN BRO W N M ARS G . F O N T A N A RALPH H . M U N C H W ALTER V O N P EC H M A N N A d v is o r y. B o a rd. W . L . BA D G ER H . R. M U R D O C K ELMER K. B O L T O N C . F. PR U TTO N W . ’H . D O W A . S . R IC H A R D S O N G A S T O N D U BO IS W . A . SC H M ID T G U S T A V U S J . ESSELEN R. N . S H R E V E PER K. FRO L1CH L . V . ST EC K . C . F. KETTERIN G E . C . S U L L IV A N O . E. M A Y E. R. W EID LEIN C . S. M IN ER J O H N M . W EiSS ' FR A N K C . W H IT M O R E Industrial Edition, l&EC Consecutive Number 7 Copyright 1947 by-American Chemical Society. C o ver photo subiect for this issue is a fractionating tower in an a lly ! ch lo rid e unit o f Sh ell Chem ical Co rpo ratio n's D e er Park P la n t, H o u sto n , T e x a s. Photo courtesy Sh e ll C hem ical C o rpo ratio n.. Physical and Chemical Properties of Pure Diesters E. Brled, H . F. Kidder, C . M . Murphy, and W . A . Zlsman. . . . .. 4 84. Development of Additives and Lubricating O il Compositions D. C . Atkins, Jr., H . R. Baker, C . M . Murphy, and W . A . Zisman . .. 491. A Small Grease Kettle Eric A . B ergm ann.......................................................................................... 498 Synthetic Low Temperature Greases from A lip hatic Dlesters G . M . Hain, D. T. Jones, R. L. Merker, and W . A . Zisman. . . . .. Laboratory Machine for the Continuous Production of Grease G . M . Hain and E. E. S t o n e ............................................................. 506. O ctane Ratings of Agricultural Motor .Fuels C . F. Elder, F. R. Truby, and Richard W i e b e .................................. 508. 500. Effect of Quantity of Black and Softener on G R -S L. R. Sperberg, L. A . Bliss, and J . F. S v e t lik ....................................... 511 Device for Evaluating Surface Cracking of G R -S ’ M . C . T h ro d a h l..................................................................................... 514. V ap or Pressure of Pure Substances. Organic and Inorganic Compounds Daniel R. S t u l l ........................................................................................... 517. Creaming Neoprene Latex H . K. L iv in g s t o n ...................................................................................... 550. E D I T O R I A L .........................4 37 H e a d lin e s .................... 555. Equipment and Design.. R e p o r t s ........................ 5A. Instrumentation.. A s W e See It. . . .. 63 A. Sidelights and Trends . 1 2 5 A . . , uj t h e American Chemical Society at Easton, Pa. Editorial Headquarters: 1155 16th St., N . W ., Washington 6 , D. C .; telephone, Republic 530 1 ; cable, Jiechem (Washington) Chicago Editorial Branch, 25 East Jackson Blvd., Chicago 4, II.; telephone, Wabash 737 6 . Houston Editorial Branch, 413 West Bldg., Houston 2, m ' telephone. Capital 6 5 1 6 . N e w York Editorial Branch, 6 0 East 42nd St., New York 17, N . y . , telephone, M urray H ill 2-4662. San Francisco Editorial ranch, 24 California St., San Francisco 11, C a lif.; telephone, Exbrook 2895. Business O ffice: American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St., N . W ., Washington 6 , DAdvertising O ffice : 332 West 42nd St., N e w York 18, N . Y .; telephone Bryant 9-4430. Entered as second-class matter at the Post O ffice at Easton, Pa., under the A c t of a 18/ V S. times a year— Industrial and Engineering Chemistry monthly n tne 1st, A nalytical Chemistry monthly on the 15th. Acceptance for mailing at specia rate of postage provided for In Section 110 3 , A c t of O ctober 3, 1917, authorized Ju ly 1 3 , 1918. The American Chemical Society assumes no responsibility for the statements and opinions advanced by contributors to its publications. V ie w s expressed in the eaitorials and reports are those of the editors and do not necessarily represent the onicial position of the American Chemical Society.. Corrosion.. Charles O . Brown .6 9 A. Ralph H . Munch. . . . .7 5 A. Mars G . F o n t a n a ...........................81 A. Plant Management.. W . von Pechmann . .8 7 A. Remittances and orders for subscriptions and for single copies, notices of changes of address and new professional connections, and claims for missing numbers should be sent to the American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St., N . W ., Washington 6, D. C . Changes of address for Industrial and Engineering Chemistry must be received on or before the 18th of the preceding month and for A nalytica l Chemistry not later than the 30th of the preceding month. Claims for missing numbers w ill not be allow ed (1 ) if received more than 6 0 days from date of issue (ow ing to delivery hazards, no claims can be honored from subscribers in Continental Europe, A sia , or the Pacific Islands other than H a w a ii) (2 ) if loss was due to failure of notice of change of address to be received before the dates specified in the preceding sentence, or (3 ) if the reason for claim is "missing from files". Annual subscriptions— Industrial and Engineering Chemistry and A n a lytical Chemistry (Industrial and Analytical Editions of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry) sold only as a unit, members $ 3.0 0 , nonmembers $ 4 .0 0 . Postage to countries not in the Pan-American Union $ 3.00. Canadian postage $ 1.0 0 . Single copies— current issues, l&EC $ 0.75,-A nalytical Chemistry $ 0 .5 0 ; back numbers, l&EC $ 0 .8 0 , A na lytica l Chemistry prices on request; special rates to members. The American Chemical Society also publishes Chemical and Engineering News, Chem ical Abstracts, Jou rn al o f the American Chemical Society. Rates on request..

(4) 4A. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. BETTER D ISPERSIO N. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 39, No, 4. from tiny particles. Celite Fillers give ins'ecticides better dispersion, greater "kill.” They aid grinding o f low-melting-point poisons such as DDT,. A D D IT IO N A L T O U G H N ESS A s p h a lt p r o d u c ts gain toughness, a higher melting point and a lower brittle point from Celite Fillers.. IM PR O V ED “ FLO W ’ As a caking preventive, Celite Fillers improve the How characteristics o f del iquescent chemicals.. your IN C R E A S ED BULK. Manufacturers o f house hold cleansers and syn thetic detergents find that Celite Fillers add bulk, improve absorp tion and color.. The m icroscope sh o w s w h y Celite* adds so m any desirable properties to products at lo w cost.. M O R E D U R A B LE FINISH Celite Fillers produce a more durable surface finish, reduce moistureabsorption, and improve the electrical properties of plastics,. It reveals C e lite ’ s tiny p a rticles as h o ll o w d ia tom sk e leton s. T h e ir irre g u la r shapes in terla ce to stiffen and. GREA TER A B S O R P T IO N. stren gth en. m ixtures.. T h e ir m ic r o s c o p ic a lly. sm all facets diffuse lig h t, create d e sira b le flatness. T h e ir p o r o u s , cellu la r structure m akes C elite lig h t. C elite F illers are widely used in fine polishes as absorp tive, nonscratching abrasives.. in w e ig h t, la rg e in surface area and h ig h ly a b s o r b ent. (C elite F illers a b s o r b m o r e than tw ice their w e ig h t o f liq u id .) A m o r p h o u s d ia to m a ce o u s silica , ----------------------. PROPERTIES OF SOME STANDARD GRADES OF CELITE MINERAL FILLERS. Fineness. Average Particle Size (Oden Method). Free Moisture Content. Celite FC. Maximum 3% 6n 150 mesh. 4-6 microns. Approx. 4%. Celite SSC. Maximum 5% on 150 mesh. 6-8 microns. Grade Designation. White. White. Maximum 7% on 150 mesh. 7-9 microns. Maximum 0.5% on 325 mesh. 1-2 microns. Absorption* Bulking Linseed V a lu e ** Specific Water O il Loose Wet Gravity. C elite Fillers are ch e m ica lly inert i. r. ■. ™. ,. and nre-resistant. T h e y are avail a ble in m any g ra d e s, b o th ca lcin e d and u n ca lcin e d . Let a C elite e n O e in eer h e lp you c h o o s e the o n e m o s t suitable f o r. y ou r p u r p o se s .. Ad. d re ss J o h n s -M a n v ille , B o x 2 9 0 , N e w Y o r k 16, N ew Y ork .. Approx. 4%. Maximum 0.5% on 325 mesh. Gardner-Coleman Method—lbs. of liquid per 100 lbs. of Celito.. Johns-Manville. **lb s. per cubic ft.. ® I.T S j P R O D U C T S. ♦ R ob . U . S . P a t. O f f .. Fillers and Filter Aids.

(5) INDUSTRIAL and ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY..... ON THE C H E M I C A L WORLD TODAY ACI D T E S T Between 1914 and 1930 science discovered that some essential and mystifying role was ¡« ¡5 % played in the body metabolism by certain , amino acids. Among these were lysine, tryp tophan, and histidine. A good part of the fundamental work was conducted at Yale University by Mendel and Os born. Vital information on the es sentiality of amino acids was also obtained in a large number of labora tories here and abroad, especially in Great Britain. Research at the biochemical labora tories of the University of Illinois led to the discovery of a new amino acid, threonine. When this compound was added to synthetic diets of rats, a striking change took place in the animals. Up to that time it had not been possible to make them grow on synthetic diets which con tained all the essential food elements, including vitamins, and in which protein had been replaced by a mixture of amino acids. When threonine was added to such synthetic diets, however, the animals thrived and gained weight. The work on threonine was conducted by William C. Rose, whose interest in'amino acids began at Yale. With the last link in nitrogen nutrition provided by threonine, an experi mental technique became possible— that of systematically omitting the previously discovered products whose nutritive significance was established, but not explicitly so, in the diets of men and animals. This technique led eventually to the classification of twenty amino acids as follows: h. m. E s s e n t ia l. Lysine T ry p to p h a n H istidine Phenylalanine Leucine. Isoleucine T hreonine M eth ion in e V aline A rginine. N o n e s s e n t ia l. G lycin e Alanine Serine A sp a rtic acid G lutam ic acid. Proline Ilyd rox y p rolin e T yrosin e C ystine C itrulline. New knowledge in this broadening field of biological chem istry is being constantly uncovered. We know that the ten essential amino acids are an efficient means for supplying ni trogen to the body for various physiological purposes. This has been the subject of long term research at Illinois. In ex periments on volunteer male students, Rose found that the exclusion of valine, methionine, threonine, leucine, isoleucine phenylalanine, tryptophan, and lysine led to varying degrees. of nitrogen unbalance and irritability. This was not true, however, for histidine and arginine. Recent work at the Harvard Medical School has shown the value of amino acids in another manner. Methionine and threonine, used singly in synthetic culture media, were found to enhance greatly the growth and multiplication of human and monkey malarial parasites. Together with a plasma re placement technique this procedure has paved the way for a better understanding of antimalarial drugs, according to a paper by Q. M. Geiman and R. W . McKee, presented before the December 1946 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Intravenous administration of amino acids to persons not able to consume food in a. normal manner is a promising field of amino acid therapy. Proteins cannot be introduced into the blood stream. Drug and chemical manufacturers are synthesizing a number of amino acids; one of them, methionine, is available at a particularly reasonable price. Investigations on the significance and the metabolism of amino acids have been aided and greatly ad vanced by the newly developed isotope tracer technique. This method for determining the role played by amino acids in the body mechanism undoubtedly will yield valuable infor mation in future research. H.S.. PEROXIDE REACTIONS Italian scientists probably little dreamed of the far-reaching interest to be aroused when the story of their peroxide sterilization of milk became known. Still-less did we anticipate the widespread reaction of the American public to “ Peroxided Potable” , our first report on this bit of Italian chemistry, which appeared in October 1946 (advertising section, page 5). From Eagle Butte, S. Dale., to Key West, Fla., and Biddeford, Maine, the story from this short “ Report on the Chemical World Today” was printed and reprinted. Even after Christmas it was still fresh, after running in a total of 177 newspapers throughout 38 states. Many were the queries forthcoming from the industrial field— dairies, cheese manufacturers, food products labora tories, nutrition experts— {Continued on-page 8 A ) wfM Pl li-C w. An interpretative monthly digest for chemists, chemical engineers, 3 nd executives in the chemical producing and chemical consuming industries.

(6) INDUSTRIAL l o p P h o to , 8 U Z Z A 8 D P O IN T P IA N T , P O T O M A C. E T E C T K IC. AND TO W E1. ENGINEERING. C O M P A N Y , W A S H IN G T O N , D . C .. CHEMISTRY B o tto m. P h o lo , B O l l E P. H O U S E , P U B H C Y E It. Vol. 39, No. 4 IN O U S T P IE S , I N C . , E D D IN G T O N. IS ONLY RELATIVE Power plants designed and built by Stone & Webster ^i^gineering Corporation vary in size from small boiler unitSvfor industries to large central steam \. generating stations forutilities. We. welcome the opportunity to apply our wide. experience and demonstrate^ ability to the design and construction of plants of any size.. STONE & W E B ST E R E N G I N E E R I N G CORPORATION A S U B S ID IA R Y. O F S T O N E & W E B S T E R , IN C ..

(7) April 1947. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Move Bulk Materials cheaper. 7A. L IN K -B E L T m a k e s conveyors fo r every p u rp o se. —. . . . for lifting materials or lowering them — . . . for moving parts and packaged materials — . . . f o r conveying parts into machines for processing —. . . b y Screw C o n v e y o r ---------L in k -B elt m anufactures H elicoid, the origk A J] inal continuous flight screw conveyor. “I M Other L in k-B elt screw con v ey or equipm ent includes sectional-flight, ribbon and \®r MI f p addle conveyors, as w ell as a com plete line o f accessories, such as collars, cou plings, hangers, troughs, b o x ends, flanges, thrusts and drives.. o verh ea d. C O N V EY O R S. by Belt Conveyor L ink-B elt m akes all types o f troughing, flat-roll, return and self-aligning idlers, ineluding all accessories, such as trippers, belts, pulleys, bearings, take-ups, etc., for handling a w ide range o f materials, for light, m edium and h eavy-du ty service.. A P R O N & SLAT C O N V EY O R S. ^====*^>4® •-/&. Eg. \ 'l .. BUCKET ELEVA TO RS. by Bucket Carrier T h ere is a typ e o f L ink-B elt b u ck et car rier and buck et elevator fo r e very serv ice— horizontal, vertical o r inclined—-for handling all kinds o f m aterials at desired capacities. Illustrated is the P e ck O ver lapping P ivoted B u ck et Carrier.. FLIGHT C O N V EY O R S. by Bulk-Flo Conveyor O SC ILLA TIN G -TR O U G H ^ C O N V EY O R S. Sim ple . . . V ersatile . . . C o m p a c t . . . Enclosed. E con om ica lly handles flow able, granular, crushed, ground or pulverized m a terials o f a non-abrasive, non-corrosive nature in a continuous mass, horizontally, vertically or on an incline, in a single u n it B u lk -F lo is easily adaptable to p ractically any surroundings.. L I N K - B E L T C O M P A N Y , The Leading Manufacturer of Conveying and M echanical P ow er Transmission M achinery C hicago 9, Indianapolis 6, Philadelphia 4 0 , A tlanta, D allas 1, M inneapolis 5, San Francisco 2 4, L os A ngeles 3 3 , Seattle 4 , T oron to 8. Offices in Principal Cities. io,600. •. •. ininnrfr. •. ||ll p|. C on v ey ors and elev a tors are called u p on to d o an en d less v a riety o f tasks. E ach presen ts its ow n p r o b . llliil. EM H. lem s . . . each requ ires its ow n solution . F rom the design to the erection o f y o u r c o n v e y o r system .. . .. | | | fy. L in k -B elt offer experien ce, ba ck ed b y thousands. of. ||||f. installations and foresig h t that has estab lish ed their reputation as p ion eers in the field o f continu ou s m o v e m e n t o f m aterials.. A. *. 1 a.

(8) SC. ,s E ^ c i t e d • A V e r ’ s’ 0. GREAT NEW. as well as private citizens. From Montreal came a claim that disclosures for the method, dated as early as August 7, 1944, were on record in the United States and Canada, and safeguarding of interests in the process would be prosecuted vigorously. J. C. Green, director of the Commerce Depart ment’s Office of Technical Services, has reassured the claimant that “ the United States policy of ‘full and free’ dis closure of captured technology does not contemplate deroga tion from the rights of United States citizens or those of friendly nations who hold valid United States patents on com parable subject matter.” A high light of interest concerns the Knickerbocker Canoe Club of New York. From W. Van B. Claussen of Washing ton, a long-time member of the club, came a question mark and raised eyebrows on the “ new” method of sterilization. In 1912, before the days of electric refrigeration, they had a problem in preserving milk on camping trips but finally worked out a solution. Claussen states:. ^ * ^ 4-. a b o u t t h is. '. PALM ER THERM OM ETER W e don't expect y ou r temperature to rise, but frankly, everyone's excited about the new Palmer Extruded Brass Case Ther mometer. Never, since the introduction of the nowfamous "Red-Reading-Mercury" by Palmer, have such exclusive and important advan tages been offered to industry. So you'll have to excuse our pride . . . in the new thermometer and in the Palmer technicians who have produced this out standing development. EXTRUDED BRASS CASE — Completely new design assures greater visibility. D UST-PROO F, FUME-RESIS TANT. LARGER READING SCALE — New case design increases read, ability, eliminates waste space, permits a full one-piece reading scale. GREATER PROTECTION rattling glass shield.. TO. TUBE — Double. strength,. D r. A. F. Dempewolff solved the problem for the clique with which he camped by acquainting us with the simple expedient of putting one teaspoonful o f “ peroxide” on top of the milk or cream in the bottle, replacing the cap, and then transporting it without undue shaking. I have kept cream fresh and sweet without the use of ice or other refrigeration, even through August thunderstorms, while cruising and camping along the Hudson. T o the best of my knowledge, D oc did not claim it was a “ new” method at that time. As the K nicks had plenty of members in service in World War I, and several of them on Mediterranean service, it may well be that the “ new” Italian method was o f Knickerbocker origin!. non-. REMOVABLE SNAP-ON CAP —- Snug-fitting, "snap-on" cap is removable for easy cleaning or replacement without tools. FAMOUS PALMER VISIBILITY.. "Red-Reading-Mercury". FOR. GREATER. W hen buying new equipment, specify Palmer Thermometers — they cost no more. Send your thermometers (all makes) to be repaired so Palmer technicians can modernize them, adding all of the features above at nominal cost.. In replying to individual inquiries, where an application of the method was apparently being considered, the need for proper care to safeguard the health was re-emphasized. That the Italian process has been successful is evidently due in large part to the fact that a product of high purity has been ob tained, free from lead, arsenic,and other heavy metals injuri ous to the human body. The private citizen was especially advised to consult a physician or local health official before using any hydrogen peroxide manufactured to date in the United States. The Food and Drug Administration provides the final answer in all these cases, and their advice was therefore sought. The immediate reaction was a reference to old and standard policy, section 402 of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, which states in part: “ A food shall be deemed to be adulterated if it bears or contains any deleterious sub stance which may render it injurious to health.” They em phasized that the burden of proof does not rest upon the Government in determining whether an added material is deleterious; responsibility for clinical studies rests upon the manufacturer. According to W. B. White, chief of the Food Division of that administration, the addition of a poisonous substance to food when “ not required in the production of such food” or which “ can be avoided by good manufacturing practice” is adulteration, and the Food and Drug people argue that good manufacturing practice in milk production consists in pas teurization only. (Continued on page 10 A). PALMER SUPERIOR RECORDING and DIAL THERMOMETERS RECORDING THERMOMETERS. Extremely accurate and sensi tive, constructed for long service. Mercury actuated. 12 in. diecast aluminum case. Flexible armoured tubing and bulb of stainless-steel. All ranges up to 1000F or 550C,. DIAL THERMOMETERS. Mer cury actuated. 8 in. case. Very sensitive. Permanent accuracy. Guaranteed. Built for long life. Flexible armoured tubing and bulb of stainless-steel. All ranges up to 1000F. or 550C.. PALMER. TH ERM O M ETERS, INC.. 2512 Norwood Ave. Canadian Plant:. reports. Cincinnati 12, Ohio. King and George Sts., Toronto 2. M fr*. of Industrial, L ab oratory, R ecordin g and Dial T herm om eters. 8A.

(9) April 1947. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. 9A. New products, and improved production methods for existing products, are constantly being developed by the broadened and intensive research in chemistry and. Specializing. its allied fields. Such developments frequently require experimental vessels or special processing equipment w hich depart in design or materials from the standardized. ★. in tie. ★. ★. It is at this point— where blue-prints o f pilot plants or individual com ponents m ust be converted into actuality — that we at Emerson-Scheuring believe we are equipped to be o f exceptional service to the processing industries. So much o f our production is o f this character that. unusual. it is handled here as a m atter o f routine. As pioneers in the developm ent o f successful welding techniques for corrosion-resistant metals, it has been only natural for such assignments to com e to us in ever-increasing volum e. A s a result, in more than tw enty-five years o f experience we have built a highly flexible and resource ful organization, keyed to this type o f production. E qually diversified and versatile is the range o f m odern manufacturing, welding, form ing and machining equ ip m ent which permits all operations to be completed within. our own plant. This experience is here for you to call upon, whenever you have special equipment to be fabricated, either to your own specifica,ions, or in collaboration with our engineering departm ent. W e shall welcome the op por tunity to work with you as we have with m any o f the country’ s forem ost chemical, pharmaceutical and other process industries. EMERSON-SCHEURING. TANK. 2 0 7 7 M a rt in d a le A v e n u e. & MANUFACTURING •. CO., INC.. In d i a n a p o l i s 7 , I n d i a n a. A f left: 2 4 " Buchner Funnels— T y p e 316 Stainless Steel, polished inside and out, designed to o p e ra te under combination pressure and vacuum. N on-standard shallow dish in bottom h e a d , with dish radius of 4 8 " ..

(10) E K reports For. STAINLESS STEEL EQUIPM ENT. I f quick cleaning is one o f the fac tors that determines your use o f stainless steel p rocessin g e q u ip ment, remember this: A STAINLESS STEEL VESSEL W ITH ROUND CORNERS CLEANS F A S T E R -M O R E T H O R O U G H L Y T H A N O N E WITH S Q U A R E C O R N E R S . W h e th e r y o u clea n. w ith brush or cloth—you can "get at” all the surfaces o f a roundcornered vessel easily. There are no corners in w hich residue can hide. H a v in g w o r k e d e x c lu s iv e ly w ith stainless steel and alloys for many years, w e have developed to a h ig h d eg ree the tech n iq u es n eeded to fa b rica te p ro c e ss in g equipm ent with round corners. U sing tools and dies o f our ow n design, we build your vessels so that cleaning time in your plant is cut to a m inim um . Result: your stainless steel equipm ent costs less to operate and lasts longer. C on sult w ith us.. S. Blickman, Inc., 1204 Gregory Ave., Weehawken, N.J.. Government standards for milk products do not allow the use of milk which has been adulterated (not even sodium bicarbonate can be used as a neutralizer in dehydrated milk), and a petition from the industry would be required to consider a change in existing laws. Another point is that, if a preservative such as hydrogen peroxide were used, the dairyman might consider some of the sanitary handling requirements unnecessary. Still another is the argument that, even if all bacteria were killed, the toxins produced by the bacteria might still be present. All these arguments are more logical in the United States than in Italy, where pasteurization is less common, where transportation is poor, and where refrigeration is often non existent. The general policy of the Food and Drug Adminis tration is to depend upon such organizations as state, city, and county health departments to supervise locally produced and consumed items such as milk. Therefore, the original implications of the American investigators' conclusions may still be valid when a sufficiently pure hydrogen peroxide is produced and subjected to adequate testing. Under compe tent advice the isolated American farmer may find help in this method; and under the supervision of the military, the prac tice may prove a welcome addition to the needs of the armed services. For the people of Italy and other nations less for tunate than ours, this new chemical development seems to offer an immediate promise for better living. W.H.S... PLASTICS CEILING The plastics and resins industry is engaged in a long-term expansion program involving the expenditure of at least S125,000,000. As suming that the industry is able to complete all of these projects in 1947, which it may not in view of con struction delays, chemical supplies would still be a limiting factor in the production of most plastics. This is a fact over looked by those who feel that production possibilities in resins are unlimited. Chemical shortages constitute a serious drawback to plas tics expansion, which may not be fully overcome until the chemical industry completes its own S900,000,000 building project. Phenol and formaldehyde are necessary to the manufacture of phenolic resins. Glycerol and phthalic an hydride enter the alkyds, nitric acid is just as vital to cellu lose nitrate plastics and film, and acetic acid and acetic an hydride are the essentials for the production of cellulose ace tate. No resin or plastic can boast of absolute chemical inde pendence. It will be interesting to obseive, for example, over the next year or two, whether volume gains can be achieved by polystyrene plastics and molding materials because of the enormous war-built capacity in styrene monomer. The lat ter attained the huge annual output of 362,160,000 pounds during 1945 as part of the federal rubber project. Styrene played a role second only to butadiene in that program. It is still serving that purpose, and now a surplus is available for polystyrene plastics. r jg ff*. (Continued on page IS .4).

(11) April 1947. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. equipment for the continuous processing of viscous and liquid materials in a closed system Safe, clean, closed, controlled V o t a t o r equipment synchronizes heat trans fer, mixing, plasticizing, and related operations into one continuous flow of material. Uniform results are assured and remarkable volume is handled in rela tion to use of floor space, time, and . V o t a t o r equipm ent offers processing quality and cost advan tages for virtually every industry deal. • V O T A T O R - I S A T R A D E M A R K ( Reg. U. S. Pat . Of f . ) A P P L Y I N G. ing with viscous or liquid materials. V o t a t o r applications cover the above list and then some. If you process any viscous or liquid material, get acquainted with the Votator Division of The Girdler Cor poration, Louisville 1, Kentucky. D IS T R I C T. 150 B ro ad w ay, New York City 7. O F F IC E S :. 2612 Russ Building, San Francisco 4 617 Johnston Building, Charlotte 2 , N .C .. O N L Y TO. PRODUCTS. OF THE. GIRDLER. CORPORATION.

(12) SC m. F O R V IN Y L C O M P O U N D IN G USE IN D O N E X V G A m edium co lo r a ro m a tic h y d ro ca rb o n pro d uct - v is c o s it y. 103 seconds S a y b o lt a t 2 1 0 °. v o la tility a t 1mm o n ly 5 %. F .-. a t 4 3 0 ° F. A satis. fa c to ry p a rtia l re p la c e m e n t fo r d io ctyl p h th a la te a n d tric re sy l p h o sp h ate in v in y l resin co m p o un d ing w h e re co m p lete fre ed o m from co lo r is not n e c e s sa ry . “ V G ” is also co m p a tib le w ith m any other resins, both n a tu ra l a n d syn th etic. " A v a ila b le in co m m ercial q u a n t itie s - s e n d fo r C irc u la r 101 on use in v in y ls a n d C irc u la r 105 in other resins.. reports. The wartime production of over 362,000,000 pounds, how ever, for the monomer is not necessarily an index of what can be turned out at this time. Benzene and ethylene are the raw materials for styrene manufacture, and although there are two methods for reaching ethylbenzene, they both require benzene and ethylene gas. We are thus still heavily dependent upon benzene, in more than one way, for the production of plastics.. Benzene production could be expanded only through the con struction and operation of more by-product coke ovens, and such an undertaking in the future would be blueprinted by the steel industry, not by chemical or plastic manufacturers. Dependency upon by-products such as benzene is one of the serious limiting factors in the manufacture of many chemicals as well as plastics. The chemical with the classic ring symbol CsIIs now supplies us with most of our phenol and has in addi tion many other uses. Peak annual benzene production during the war was 188,600,000 gallons in 1945, and a good part of it was converted synthetically, by the vapor phase and other methods, into phenol. Phenol produced in this manner amounted to 181,640,000 gallons out of the total phenol production of 205,112,000 gallons. Phthalic anhydride for the manufacture of alkyd-type coating resins is similarly dependent on the supply of naph thalene, another coke-oven chemical. Peak war production of crude naphthalene was 287,637,000 pounds in 1945, and that of phthalic anhydride, 125,033,000 pounds. The naph thalene data include a small amount produced from petroleum. The important vinyl group does not appear to be so greatly dependent upon coke-oven by-products for their raw materi als. Acetylene obtained from carbide, acetic acid, and chlo rine are among them, and their production is governed largely by demand rather than by the coking of coal or the production of steel. The acrylics may be placed in the same category. The starting materials for methyl methacrylate are propylene, a petroleum derivative, methanol, and acetone. Propylene is abundantly available. Cellulose acetate, nitrate, and butyrate are based on a large and dependable supply of cotton linters and acetic, nitric, and butyric acids. H.S.. FATAL ATTACHMENT If the Navy decides to declassify the formulas for its plastic-type antifouling paints, the United States merchant fleet will get a new and superior solution to a 2000-year-old problem, which is costing the fleet over 8100,000,000 each year. (A novel German approach to the problem is given in IN D U S T R IA L AND E N G IN E E R IN G C H E M IS T R Y , August 1946, advertising section, page 14.) Since the time when men first began to "go down to the sea in ships” , seamen have been plagued by marine growth on the underwater portions of ships’ hulls. A number of recent surveys have shown that fouling on modern steam vessels can result in losses in top speed approaching 50% and fuel consumption increases of at least 40%. Large ships will collect several tons of parasitic growth, sometiihes reaching thicknesses exceeding 6 inches, if no steps are taken to prevent such attachment. m ESKs. {Continued on page 1.', A ).

(13) Forced by Growing Demand to Seek /\/b & and L G P G B f Quarters. e y 'V o 01^. l z 7 r ° '^. «. c. ° " ». ^nd 07 a'Pme^ ° r9er ». H. K. PORTER COMPANY, Inc e. 9. Quimby Pump Division • PITTSBURGH 22, PENNSYLVANIA District Offices in Principal Cities.

(14) e S C re p o rts. 5555555555$5 5555555555. T Y P E. O IL B U R N ER. Assures Thus of. High. Reducing. Burners. Fuel the. Capacity — Number. N eeded. T y p e “ S A L ” S te a m A t o m iz in g O il B u r n e r is a la r g e c a p a c ity b u r n e r w ith g r e a t fle x ib ility o f p e r fo r m a n c e t h r o u g h o u t a w id e o p e r a tin g ra n g e . B e ca u se o f t h o r o u g h a t o m iz a t io n it p r o d u c e s a c le a n , s te a d y , w e ll-d e fin e d fla m e , w h ic h c o m p le t e ly b u r n s th e fu e l o il. I t r e d u c e s t h e te n d e n c y to s m o k e , f o r m s o o t o r in c u r c a r b o n lo sses. T y p e “ S A L ” O il B u rn e rs a re a d a p t a b le to d u a l f u e l s y s te m s o n la rg e b o ile r s . T h e y c a n a ls o b e u s e d w ith c o m p a r a b le c o n v e n ie n c e a n d e c o n o m y in p u lv e r iz e d c o a l re g is te r s, o p e n h e a r th fu r n a c e s , r o t a r y c e m e n t b u r n in g k iln s , la r g e d ry e rs a n d m a n y o t h e r fu r n a c e s . I t is fr e q u e n t ly u sed t o fire fu e l o il a b o v e e x is tin g co a l s to k e rs .. For detailed information, ivrite for Bulletin 24.. N A TIO N A L,. BU R N ER CO ., INC.. Mom Off/e«» 3> F a c to ry : 1 2 8 3 E A S T S E D G L E Y A V E N U E , P H I L A D E L P H I A. TexasOffice: 2ndNational BankBldg..•Houston. rig B S ffijg 'C w i:. 34, PA.. Antifouling paints are formulated with a pigment which is toxic to marine life and thus prevents fouling by destroying any growth attempting to attach itself to the hull. To achieve this result the pigment must be sufficiently soluble to act as a poison but not so soluble as to be leached out in a short time. The first Navy antifouling paint utilized shellac as binder and mercuric oxide as toxic pigment. This mixture was used from 1908 until 1926, when formula 15RC was de veloped utilizing a coal tar-plasticized rosin binder and con taining both cuprous and mercuric oxides as toxic pigments. Formula 15RC, which had an effective life of 3 to 6 months in waters of high fouling intensity, was used until the advent of the plastic paints in 1939. Until this time antifouling paints had been compounded by trial and error, and the optimum leaching rates had never been attained or even determined. However, Navy research- chemists developed a method of analysis for leaching rates which enabled them to predict in 48 hours whether a paint would foul nine months later. As a result of this technique, they were able to develop so-called plastic-type hull paints with predetermined leaching rates in the range of 10-15 micrograms per sq. cm. per day. As normally applied, this rate would provide effective toxic action for ten years, and on panels the composition has given com■plete protection for over five years. Formula 15HP, which is sprayed on the hull at 300° F. with specially heated equip ment, provides an exceptionally tliick 0.03-inch film in one coat. The Navy cold plastic, formula 143, which is applied with a brush or conventional spray apparatus, gives a 0.005inch coating and can be applied in successive coats to attain the thickness of the hot application. The designation “ plastic paint” as used for these coatings is somewhat of a misnomer, since the material is not a plastic in the technical sense of the word. The name is derived rather from the physical appearance of the substance. The coating is a resinous material, soft and somewhat plastic at room temperatures, which melts rather sharply at 130° F. Upon melting it becomes a conventional fluid with a low viscosity. At low temperatures, such as are found in northern waters, the coating loses much of its flexibility and adhesion; if applied in the direct sunlight, it 'has a tendency to soften and sag. Navy scientists are working toward the elimination of these two difficulties. The “ cold plastic” paint is more permeable and less durable than the hot application, since it is applied dissolved in a volatile solvent which must escape as the coating hardens. However, it is much more effective than the average commercial antifouling paint currently available, and does not require the expensive and highly specialized electrically heated spray equipment necessary with the “ hot” type. Although plastic hull coatings as applied by the Navy are three to four times as expensive as conventional bottom paint jobs, individuals in the maritime paint industry have ex pressed belief that this cost could be reduced by more than half for commercial applications. Under present practice, commercial passenger ships are dry-docked every nine months for scraping and bottom painting, but Navy experience indi cates that plastic bottom coating would afford such ships superior antifouling protection for a minimum of 24 months. Furthermore, once the initial coat of plastic bottom paint had been applied, subsequent paintings would be easier and hence less expensive. For these reasons (Continued on page IS A).

(15) April 1947. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. IN. O. n. February 27, 1922 the first com m ercial shipment. solvent. These properties are also being used to advan. of furfural was made. A daring research chemist paid. tage in the manufacture o f butadiene, in the purifica. §2.50 fo i a pound o f this new aldehyde, originally. tion o f w o o d rosin, tall oil and sulfate turpentine and. made fro m oat hulls, a b y p rod u ct o f Quaker Oats.. solvent extraction o f glyceride oil.. T od ay, just tw en ty-five years later, thanks to the. A s a resin form er, a w etting agent and a chemical. research, imagination, and skill o f chemists in all in. intermediate, furfural is rapidly enhancing its position. dustry, furfural is an important industrial chemical.. in many different fields. O ur researches and its present. Annual capacity is 50,000,000 pounds and price is 9 1 /2 $. diversified uses indicate that furfural can prove o f ex. a pound—making it the cheapest pure aldehyde avail able today.. ceptional value in still m ore fields. I f y o u are not using furfural, w e suggest that y o u. Even w ith this startling expansion the use o f fur. can becom e acquainted with its properties and possi. fural is destined to spread even greater in the next. bilities b y sending f o r some o f the literature w e have. twenty-five years because o f its versatility. A s a selec. prepared. A request on y o u r com pan y letterhead w ill. tive solvent, furfural is well established and continuing. bring y o u Bulletin 201, “ General Inform ation A b o u t. to g ro w in the petroleum field where m ore oil is being. Furfural” and a list o f the other literature available.. refined with furfural than w ith any other selective. T h e Q u a k e r Q a ls (o m p 1 9 1 0 B O A R D O F T R A D E B LD G . 141 W . J A C K S O N B L V D ., C H IC A G O 4 , ILLIN O IS In the United Kingdom, Q u aker O ats Ltd., Southall M id d les-* F n n l r .J. i. c. «. ^. t r. U RFU RA L. .. FU RFU RYL A LC O H O L. RV-. .. F U R O IC. A C ID. .. -. TETRAH YD RO FU RFU RYL A LC O H O L.

(16) PEERLESS. HC. (Form erly D ayto n-D o w d ). CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS Built for Regular or Special Pumping Applications where Temperatures and Pressures are Variable, and Normal, Dense or Viscous Liquids are to be Handled. Types illustrated represent a few o f scores o f Peerless Centrifugal Pumps for broad industrial applications.. reports. it is believed that over a period of time this soft answer to a hard problem will result in less dry-dock expense, less ship ping time lost during dry-dock storage, and increased oper ating efficiency between bottom scrapes. M.L.K.. PLASTICIZED LAMB Mary no longer would recognize her little ^ happened to venture too near the Nelson Tanning Corporation in San Antonio, Tex. In at one end as a sheepskin, out at the other as a fur that experts can scarcely distinguish from high-priced natural furs! Chemical processing of furs at the Nelson plant is by a modi fication of the Calva patents, developed by Jose B. Calva of the University of Minnesota. Already widely heralded, the so-called mouton fur plants have had a rocky history since the end of the war, due mainly to .overexpansion, and the Nelson plant is the only one in the South or Southwest. The -tannery chemist would find himself in familiar sur roundings in the plant; it is only in the so-called plasticizing that the secret of the process resides. Basically this plasticiz ing is a straightening of the kinky wool fiber; transformation of the protein to keratin and a change in structure give in creased resistance to wear. The straightening is permanent. An exact formula cannot be given for this treatment. It varies in different plants and consists of many steps in the Nelson plant, but the basis is a phenol-formaldehyde resin. Resorcinols, cyclohexanone, and the like might be expected to work, and they do straighten out the fiber kinks and give beautiful shaded effects. That they are not used lies in the fact that they simply will not absorb the dyes by means of which rich and uniform colors are added to the furs. "trva EIIH b. Type A CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS For General Services. Capacities: Up to 60,000 g.p .m .. Type B CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS For Boiler Feed, Refinery and Pipe Line Service. Pressures to 700 lbs.. TypeAF FIRE PUMPS CFormerly Dayton-Dowd). Underwriters A p proved. Capacities: Up to 2,000 g.p.m .. Type XT (Vane) PUMPS For Butane-Propane, Processing and Gen eral Service. Capaci ties: Up to 150 g.p.m .. Type DS CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS For Chemical, Food Processes, Oil, etc. Capacities: Up to 600 g.p.m .. P EER LESS U TILIZES ADVANCED PRINCIPLES of HYDRO-DYNAMICS Peerless Horizontal Centrifugal Pumps (formerly DaytonDowd) are available in sizes, pressures and capacities for practically all pumping services. Used to most efficiently serve applications in al 1industries where continuous, heavy duty pump performance is required affording long-lived, trouble-free service with a minimum o f maintenance. Contact or write your nearest Peerless distributor fo r engineering data and fu ll details o f Peerless Centrifugal Pum p advantages.. PEERLESS PUMP DIVISION FOOD MACHINERY CORPORATION Factories: 301 W. Ave. 26, Los Angeles, Calif.; Quincy, 111.; Canton 6, Ohio. Plant location plays an important part also in selection of the resin to be used. A formaldehyde-hydrochloric acid mix ture can form the base where electric drying of the plasticized fur is carried out. p-Cresol and m-cresol work equally as well; o-cresol does not. Where natural gas is used for firing the drying ovens, as at the Nelson plant, these materials can not form the base, since their utilization requires a prior treatment with methyl alcohol, and the risk of explosion is too great. High water resistance, permanent luster, and resistance to moths are among the desirable properties of plasticized sheep fur. The rest is "know-how” , and knowing how to plasticize the individual fibers right to the skin without impregnating the skin is largely responsible for the success of the plant. W .H .S ..

(17) April 1947. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Karbate” Reflux Condenser. Porous Carbon Six-Arm Diffuser. "Karbate” Series 70 Heat Exchanger. Karbate” Cascade Cooler Absorber. Karbate” Mixer. "Karbate” Centrifugal Pump. Karbate” Globe Valve-:. Division Sales O ffices: Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Kansas City, New Y ork, Pittsburgh, San Francisco. 17 A.

(18) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 39, No. 4. you get FULL CORROSION RtSISTANCt plus CASItR FABRICATION with ( jiip e n te r STAINLESS TUBING! N itric acid c o o lin g coils made from 12 g a u g e , 3 “ O .D . C arpen ter Stainless T u b in g —T ype 347.. x o u d o n o t h a v e t o s a c r ific e a n a ly sis w h e n y o u o r d e r th is S ta in le s s T u b i n g . B e c a u s e o f th e m a n u fa c t u r in g m e t h o d s C a r p e n te r u s e s, y o u g e t th e fu ll c o r r o s i o n r e s is t a n c e r e q u ir e d f o r y o u r j o b . A n d e a c h le n g t h o f th is t u b in g is 1 0 0 % h y d r o s t a t ic a lly te s te d . T o sa v e m o n e y w it h le s s e q u ip m e n t d o w n - t i m e , f e w e r tu b e r e p l a c e m e n ts , b e s u re y o u r S ta in le ss T u b i n g o r d e r s s p e c if y Carpenter.. Easy to clean and keep clean, Carpenter Stainless Tubing is ideal fo r jobs where sanitary requirements are rigid. The tubing in this food dispenser is % " x 16 gauge.. Engineering Data to Help You Select Stainless Tubing . . . A note on your com pany letterhead is needed to start your Carpenter Stainless T u b in g Slide Chart o n its way to your desk. A lo n g with Physical Properties o f various types, the chart gives in form ation o n V elocity Constants and Mass V elocity Constants, as w ell as data o n sq. ft. inter nal and external surface p er lineal fo o t o f tube. W rite fo r your Carpenter Stainless T u b in g Slide Chart today.. TH E C A R P E N T E R S TEEL C O M P A N Y • Welded Alloy Tube Division • Kenilworth, N . J ..

(19) A D V E R T I S E M E N T - ™ , e n tir e M M j s a M id a d v e r tis e m e n t. p rc p a r e d. M onM y by ^. $. ;. #. I. CHEMICAL NEWS April. ★. A Monthly Series for Chemists and Executives of the Solvents and Chemical Consuming Industries. Chemical Russian ‘Made Easy’ at Last If the Russian language has proved a stumbling block to your understanding of the latest chemical developments in the Soviet Union, a current series of articles designed to help you teach your self chemical Russian may be just the thing you’re looking for. Translation is far easier than you think, according to the author. For example, he states that in naming organic compounds, the Rus sians make very extensive use of terms having English cognates. As a conse quence, English-speaking chemists need do little more than learn the Russian alphabet in order to understand Russian organic chemical nomenclature.. Prevents Foaming of Many Hydrocarbon Oils Foaming can be suppressed in hydrocarbon oils and oil compositions containing them ac cording to the claims made in a recent pat ent. The process is described as producing a liquid organo-germanium oxide condensa tion 'product substantially insoluble in the oil and having a low interfacial tension to ward the oil. This is said to decrease the normal foaming tendency of the oil without altering any of its desirable properties.. THE M ONTH IN FUELS A report in dicates that a co llo id al m ixlure of coal a n d fuel oil g ive s better com bustion than either ingredien t a lo n e . . . “ Sm okeless fu e l" is m arketed . . . A sta n d ard unit for testing fuel oils is d e ve lo p e d . . . G o vern m ent sources urge the use of lignite for syn th esizin g oil . . . A new "com bustion con trol" is claim ed to give more econom ical starting of oil fu rn aces . . . A m icro sp herical cracking ca ta ly st is invented w h ic h is s a id to resist attrition • . . U. S. crude rese rve s reach a ll-tim e peak . . . A n e w motor fuel a d d itiv e is said to inhibit gum m y dep osits, rem ove deposits a lre a d y form ed, a n d lu bricate w orking parts in the com bustion zone . . . The Bureau of M in es requests an a d d i tional thirty m illion d o lla rs for synthetic liquid fuel research . . . Tw o com m ercial plants a re under construction to p lace the Fischer-Tropsch process in op eration.. ‘Chemische Berichte ’ Is Published Again The “ Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft,” one of the most prominent German chemical journals, which ceased publication after 1944, has now been revived under the name “ Chemische Berichte.” Cop ies of the journal are available beginning with the January 1947 issue.. Map of Mildew Areas A map showing the areas of the United plates that are vulnerable to mildew and rot >s now available. The map is expected to be of special interest to textile, paper, and other manufacturers whose products are. v n l n e r .. *. New Uses for Ethanol Found in Photography, Medicine, Food E m p lo y e d in R a p id P h o t o g r a p h ic D r y in g , E x tr a c tio n o f R u t in , T re a tm e n t o f D ise a s e d C o w s, P r e p a r a tio n o f S o y B e a n O ils Ethyl alcohol, familiar stand-by of industry, and raw material for many final products, including anti-knock agents, synthetic rubbers, and organic. Urethan Treats Dog’ s Leukemia — Derivative Seen as Aid to Surgery Spectacular improvement in a dog suffer ing from leukemia as a result of urethan therapy, and the use of a urethan derivative to combat after-effects of surgery are de scribed in two papers published recently. The treatment for leukemia consisted of daily doses of urethan in syrup. At the time the treatment was started, the dog was not expected to live more than a day. Within 24 hours, however, after the commencement of urethan therapy, the dog is said to have come energetic and ravenously hungry, number of leukocytes in the blood decreased, and the dog’s weight returned to normal, it is claimed. Improvement lasted for nearly two months but was not retained, the paper states. Leukemia, known as “ cancer of the blood,” is an abnormal proliferation of white corpuscles.. acids, is now an essential component of many new industrial and scientific methods. Uses for ethanol now include the rapid drying of photographic materials, the treatment of anaplasmosls in cattle, the preparation of rutin from buckwheat, and the extraction of soy bean oils.. Restores Gastric Peristalsis Following operations on the vagus nerve to relieve pain of gastric ulcers, a heta-methylcholine derivative of urethan is claimed to RA PID D R Y IN G h ig h lig h ts recent progress In have restored gastric peristalsis and motility. p h otog rap hy m ad e p o ssib le b y use of ethanol. This form of surgery sometimes causes loss New M edicinal Uses of muscle tone of the stomach, resulting in gastric distress, loss of appetite, nausea, Two new processes have heen developed re vomiting and malnutrition. cently to extract the drug, rutin, from dried huckwheat-leaf meal. In one process the ex tractant is alcohol. In the oilier, it is boiling N eed Research H elp ? water, but alcohol is used in the purification phase. Evidence of the therapeutic value of If you need outside help in working out rutin for reducing the tendency of the capil your current industrial headache, a new book lary blood vessels to rupture, with consequent let may help you. It’s an 80-page government hemorrhage, in some persons having high directory listing research laboratories and blood pressure, continue to accumulate, a technical facilities available to industry in recent government report slates. New York State. There’s no charge. ( C o n tin u ed on n e x t p a g e ).

(20) A D V E R T IS E M E N T — This entire page is a paid advertisement. U.S.I. C H E M IC A L N EW S New Alcohol Uses. TE CHNI CAL DE VE L OP ME NTS. (Continued from page on e). The serious cattle disease, anaplasmosis, caused by a micro parasite which lives in and destroys the red blood cells, is now said to be treated successfully by a dye metal com plex whose active ingredients consist of alco hol, crystal violet, and lactic acid. Another new pharmaceutical — a combina tion of alcohol, dextrose, and the vitamin B complex — is claimed to be a substitute for morphine. It is applied intravenously to give relief from post-operative pains. Using in travenous alcohol is claimed to increase the respiratory rate and give protection against pulmonary complications. The action of this drug is said to be slower than morphine, but it is reported to last longer and to be non habit forming. Aids in P h otography Outstanding aid to photography is the use of ethanol to accelerate the drying of mate rials. A recent study has shown that the ac celeration of drying by ethyl alcohol is due to the penetration of the alcohol into the gelatin layer and replacement of part of the water to nearly equilibrium conditions. Ethanol is also used in the preparation of emulsions of low setting point and high wet ting power, particularly suitable for applica tion to irregular surfaces by means of a spray gun. A typical gelatin-silver emulsion of this type contains ethyl alcohol plus a solution. of a long-chain sodium alkyl sulfate. It has also been found, according to a re cent patent, that the adhesion of photo graphic gelatin layers to plastics such as polystyrene is improved by using one or more substrata containing maleic acid. The maleic acid substrata is prepared by dissolving the acid in an acetone-ethanol mixture contain ing dispersed gelatin.. Further information on these items may be obtained by ivriting to US.I. .. A 100% v u lca n iz e d starch ca n b e c o o k e d in boil in g w a te r or 5 % a lk a li w ithout increasing its g ra n u le d iam eter m ore than 5 m icrons, the man u fa ctu rer states. (No. 179) USI A heat-resistin g synthetic fib e r ca n b e heated to 200 d e g r e e s C. w ithout a p p r e c ia b le discoloration, a c c o r d in g to the m an u fa ctu rer's cla im s. (No.180) USI T o p rev en t " c r e e p in g " p recip itates, a n anti-creep fluid is n o w b e in g m arketed. A fe w drops of this fluid in the w a s h solu tion is s a id to prevent the " c r e e p " o f p recip itates o n the filter paper a n d fa cilita te the transfer o f the insolu bles from the p recip itation v e s s e l. (No. 181) USI A n o n -h y g ro s co p ic s o d a lim e, reported to be c a p a b le o f a b s o rb in g 25-40% o f its o w n weight o f d ry C O 2 is s a id to h a v e uniform absorption | throughout its w h o le a ctiv e life . (No. 182) USI To c r e a s e therm oplastics fla w le s s ly , a new ma ch in e is s a id to m ak e p o ss ib le therm al creasing of sheet p lastics in eith er ru bb er or m etal die and elim ination o f u n d e r-o r-o v e rcre a sin g . (No. 183) USI H igh -tem p eralure, high-stren gth p orcela in s, said to h a v e e x ce p tio n a l m e ch a n ica l a n d dielectric strength u p to 2,000 d e g . F., h a v e b e e n developed. T h e y a re s a id to b e p a rticu la rly usefu l in avia tion sp a rk p lu g s a n d ra d a r transform ers. (No. 184) USI W a x - a n d o il-so lu b le d yestu ffs, cla im e d to be u n a ffe cte d b y h ig h tem peratures required to m elt certa in w a x e s , a re rep orted to b e equally s o lu b le in v e g e t a b le a n d m in eral oils and also p ro d u c e c le a r s h a d e s in resins a n d plastics. (No. 185) USI. Extracts Soybean O il Industrial application of a new continuous alcohol extraction process of soy bean oils is expected to lead to lower cost of oil extrac tion, higher quality of oil, and a more palat able soybean meal suitable for making soy bean flour or for use in various food products. In this process, the alcohol is recovered for reuse by chilling rather than by the more familiar method of distilling the alcoholic solution of oil. Ethanol is also employed in the manufac ture of insecticidal compounds of the type HO-CH,-CHrNHR where R is an alkyl or alkenyl radical containing at least six carbon atoms according to a recent patent. The Noctyl and N-dodecyl compounds are reported to be toxic to houseflies in a five per cent concentration of kerosene. The compounds may be used in solution, in water emulsion, or in dust with inert carriers such as talc.. Do You Know How It Works? What makes that toy bird keep dipping his beak into a glass of water without any mechanical aid is a se cret no longer. The answer is acetone. As described in a recently-issued patent, the bird is actually a hermeti cally-sealed, balanced still. Here’s how it works: At room temperature, vaporization of acetone in a bulb concealed in the tail of the bird, causes the liquid acetone to rise.in a tube which projects into that bulb and connects with another bulb in the head. The liquid rising to the head, overbalances the bird and dips its bill into the water. When the bill is in the water, absorption and evap oration of water on the outside fuzzy surface, condenses the vapor in the head. The excess liquid then flows to the tail, making it heavier and raising the beak.. U. Ç. I n d u s t r i a l. H : WHV B H. .. Am yl A lco ho l Butanol (Norm ol Butyl A lco ho l) Fusel O i l —Refined. Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol) S p e c ia lly D enatured —a ll re g u la r and anhydrous form ulos C om pletely D e n atu red —a ll re g u la r ond anhydrous form ulas P u re —190 p ro o f, C .P . 9 6 % Absolute •S u p e r Pyro A n ti-free ze •S o lo * p ro p rieto ry Solvent. ♦ANSOLS Ansol M Ansol PR. C h e m i c a l s ,. In c.. ^. 4 0 E A S T 4 2 N D ST., N EW Y O R K 1 7 , N. ALCOHOLS. To p rev en t ultra-violet burn s, a n e w plastic, s a id to filter out harm ful ra d ia tio n in sunlight, is o ffe re d for u se in p rotective sunglasses, ca n o p ie s , aircra ft e n clo su re s, a n d sim ilar items. (No. 186) USI C om m ercia l G rign a rd re a ge n ts m a y n o w be ob tain ed in quantities o f 500 gram s o f solution to drum lots, the m an ufacturer states. Formerly, e a ch m an ufacturer h a d to m an ufacture his own G rig n a rd rea gen ts. (No. 187) USI To insulate high-tem perature eq u ip m en t and pip in g , a n e w m aterial is o ffe re d w h ic h ca n also be u s e d as a filtration m edium w h e re chemical resista n ce a n d inertness is re q u ire d , according to the m ak ers. (No. 188) USI T ight-shrinking bottle ca p s w h ic h a re alleged to shrink in p la c e to form tight fit a re n o w avail a b le for u se as s e a lin g ca p s , a s c a p s to apply o v e r co rk or g la s s stop p ers, a n d a s sleev es to s e a l co n ve n tio n a l closu res. T h ey a re described as b e in g resistant to a c id , a lk a li, a n d moisture. (No. 189). Y.. ACETIC ESTERS A m yl A cetate Butyl A cetate Ethyl A cetate. O X A LIC ESTERS D ibutyl O x a la te D iethyl O xa la te. PHTHALIC ESTERS D iam yl Phfhalate D ibu tyl P hthaloie D iethyl Phtholote. OTHER ESTERS •D iato l Diethyl C arbonate Ethyl C hloroform afe Ethyl Form ate. (U.S.!.). BR B RA AN NC CH H EE SS. INTERMEDIATES A c e fo a c e ta n ilid e A cctoacet-orfho -anisid id e A cetoacet-ortho-chtoronilide Acetoacet-ortho-toluidide A cefoo cet-p ora-ch toranilide A tp ho -acetytbutyro laclone 5-Chloro-2*pentanone 5-D iethylam ino-2-pentanone Ethyl A cetoocetate Ethyl B e n zo yla ceta te Ethyl A lp h o -O xo lp ro p io nate Ethyl Sodium O xo la c e ta fe M ethyl C yclo p ro p yl K elo n e. ETHERS Ethyl Ether Ethyl Ether A b so lu te—A .C .S .. IN IN. A L A LLL. PR NC IP A P R IIN C IP A LL. C I T IIE ES C IT S. FEED CONCENTRATES R iboflavin Concentrates 'V a c a to n e 40 *C u rb a y B-G *C u rb a y S p e cia l Liq uid. ACETONE C h e m ica lly Pure. RESINS Ester G u m s—a ll types Congo G u m s—ra w , fused & esterifled ‘ A ro p lo z —a lky d s and a llie d m oteriols “ A ro fe n e —pure p henolics ».•A rochem —m odified types N a tu ra l R esins—a ll stand ard g ra d es. OTHER PRODUCTS Co llod ions Ethylene G ly c o l N itro cellulo se Solutions. Ethylene U rethon * d/-M ethionine.

(21) g B B cl. IIM I »• W Ë Ë tëïêi.

(22) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 39, No. 4. To this screen, April 7,1927, came the first pictures by long-distance television IMPORTANT BELL SYSTEM DATES IN TELEVISION A P R IL 7, 1S>27 First transmission of television over wire circuit, Washing ton, D. C., to New York City, and by radio from Whippany, N. J., to New York City.. Dr. IT. E. Ives explains to guests o f the Am erican Telephone and Telegraph Company the principles o f th e fo r t h c o m in g te le v is io n demonstration, made possible by himself and his associates.. JU N E 27, 1929 First public demon stration of color television, at Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York City. A P R IL 9, 1 9 3 0 T w o-w ay television d em on strated p u b lic ly betw een A. T . & T . building and Bell Labora tories building in New York City. N O V . 9 , 1 9 3 7 C oa xial cable first transmitted visual images for 240 line television pictures from New York City to Philadelphia. M A Y 2 1 , 1 9 4 0 441 -lin e television transmitted over coaxial cable from New York City to Philadelphia and return. M A Y 1 2 , 1 9 4 1 4 4 1 -line television transmitted over coaxial cable for a distance of about 800 miles. A U G U S T 2 0 , 1 9 4 6 A model micro wave system to transmit television over a line-of-sight path was demon strated from Hollywood to the top o f M t. Wilson.. C-y. said a newspaper next day, “ as if a photo. Television is the idea, not o f one mind, but o f many. graph had suddenly com e to life and begun to smile,. minds at work on the one subject. A t Bell Telephone. talk, nod its head and look this way and that.”. Laboratories the ideas were first put together to create. I. t was ,”. For the first time in history, television apparatus, developed by Bell Laboratories for the Bell System, had. a successful television system. T oday our laboratories are developing television. publicly transmitted sight over a long wire and radio. transmission facilities. The promise o f things to come. circuit. Large-scale images were flashed from Whippany,. is bright, because the knowledge being applied is. JV. J ., and Washington, D . C., to a public demonstration. diverse, co-ordinated, and eager to advance a great. in New York City.. art to the point o f wide public usefulness. SUSHI. E X P L O R IN G. AND. IN V E N T IN G ,. D E V IS IN G. AND. P E R F E C T IN G ,. FO R. C O N T IN U E D. IM P R O V E M E N T S. AND. E C O N O M IE S. IN. TELEPH O N E. S E R V IC E.

(23) April 1947. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. A Fa m i l y O f H a r d - W o r k in g C h e m i c a l s F o r In d u s t r y. CALCINED ALUMINAS TABULAR ALUMINAS LOW SODA ALUMINAS. A L C O A. A L C O A A LU M IN A S are versatile c h e m icals. They are used as h ard-biting a bra sives . . . high-tem perature refractories . . . catalyst carriers . . . used for d ryin g gases and liquids . . . m aking both ru b b e r and ceram ics tough and strong.. A L C O A FLU O R ID ES are u sed in the p ro d u ctio n o f glass, alum i n u m , -v itre o u s e n a m e ls a n d ch em ica ls . . . for lau n dry c o m p ou n d s . . . p reserv in g w o o d . . . plating and heat treating metal.. W e shall b e glad to tell y ou m ore about this fam ily o f ch em icals, and h o w they m ight b e useful in you r business. C all you r nearest A lc o a sales office, or write ALUM INUM C O M P A N Y O F AM ERICA, CH EM ICALS DIVISION , 1911 G u lf B uilding, Pitts b u rg h 19, Pennsylvania..

(24) 24 A. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 39, No. 4. PROCESS ENGINEERING.

(25) April 194?_____________________ I N D U S T R I A L. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. 25A. FOR EVERY INDUSTRY Badger experience is broad. It covers many industries. Yet it is specialized in that it deals chiefly with manufacturing by modem chemical engineering process methods. Cutting through industry at the processing level, Badger experience serves not only the petroleum, chemical and petro chemical industries, but also such fields as brewing, distilling, food processing, pharmaceuticals and others. Badger’s experience in one industry is often applicable to another apparently unrelated field. For instance: Through extensive association with petroleum refining, Badger's engineering experience has been utilized in designing and con structing plants for the production of new synthetic chem icals. Experience in fermentation, beer brewing, and alcohol distilling w a s of substantial help in enabling Badger to pioneer in the design and c o n stru ctio n of p la n ts fo r the p ro d u ctio n of p e n ic illin an d streptomycin.. These are just two of the many cases in which Badger has drawn on experience in one field to help to design a plant in another field. Perhaps Badger’s experience can be profitably applied to y o u r problems.. E. B.. Badger PRO CESS. E N G IN E E R S. AND. CO N STRU CTO RS. FO R. TH E. & SONS CO. • Established 1841 BOSTON 14 LOS. PETRO LEU M ,. ANGELES. C H E M IC A L ,. • •. NEW YORK LONDON. AND. • •. SAN FRANCISCO RIO. DE J A N E I R O. P E T R O - C H E M IC A L. IN D U S T R IE S.

(26) 26 A. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 39, No. 4. A Shovel is. IT M A Y N OT SEEM TO BE—-Bui every time you use a n y m anual tool to unload hopper cars . . . it costs you m oney! It costs you time! It costs you production! Yes . . . a shovel or a n y sim ilar m anual tool j s a luxury!. BUT WHE N R O B I N S C A R S H A K E O U T S A R E PUT TO W O R K — They do your job cheaper. F or exam ple, tw o m en can do the w ork o f six or m ore men. A n d no expensive installations are needed. They do your job faster. P acked h opper cars can be unloaded in minutes— not hours. This means cars and locom otives are released sooner. They do your job better. R obins car shakeouts em pty cars “ broom clean.” There’s no clean-u p shovel w ork needed. So solve y ou r h opper car unloading problem s . . . cut you r costs w ith a R obins Car Shakeout. W rite today for com plete inform ation.. " Job-Engineered" to solve your problem C H E A P E R . . . FA S T E R . . . BETTER. Robins Conveyors Division, Hewitt-Robins Incorporated— P a s s a ic , New Jersey.

(27) April 1947. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. NOW TWICE AS G 0 0 D THE NEW SARCO THERNÍOSTATIC STEAM TRAP. mm H. M. COATING. Whenever a better therm ostatic steam trap is m ad e, it will still be ca lle d " S a rc o N o. 9 .” The latest im prove ment, a fte r y e a rs o f developm ent spurred on b y the tremendously e xp a n d e d use o f this tra p in the w a r effort, is now re a d y fo r you in the new 9- 1 2 5 series. No larg er— not much change in a p p e a ra n c e —but the valve orifices a re la rg e r and the ca p a c ity fo r discharge of condensate or air is doubled over the entire range of sizes. HERE A R E. SOME. OF. THE. ADVANTAGES:. 1. In p ro c e ss w o rk , co o k in g tim e is g o v e rn e d m ore b y a ir ven tin g than tra p c a p a c it y o r s p e e d . A c tu a l output o f co o k in g an d sim ilar eq u ip m e n t w ill be g re a tly in c re a s e d . 2, The n e w N o . 9 w ill o p e ra te alm o st a s fa s t a s a b u cket t r a p — but h a v e fu ll c a p a c it y a t co n d e n sa te te m p e ra tu re s w ithin 2 0 d e g re es o f the ste a m . It is th e rm o static tra p e ffic ie n c y w ith bucket tra p c a p a c it ie s —a w h o le n ew fie ld o f a p p lic a tio n s fo r the N o . 9 . 3. Like o th er N o . 9 's , this tra p is w id e o p e n w h en co ld . It c a n 't fre e z e . It re q u ire s no s e a t c h a n g e w h en p re ssu re s ch a n g e . It is sm all, in e x p e n s iv e a n d e a s y to in s ta ll. A sk fo r B u lletin N o . 2 5 0 .. SARCO 9-125. SARCO COMPANY, INC. Representad in Principal Cities. 475 FIFTH AVE., NEWYORK 17, N. Y. SARCO CAN AD A, IT D ., TO RO N TO 1, O N TA RIO.

(28) 28 A. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 39, No. 4. T h e M cCarthy O il & Gas C orp. gasolin e absorption plant at W in n ie, Texas, uses ten 8 -cylin der (8 0 0 B H P ) Clark R A C om pressors. After natural gasolin e is ex tracted, residue gas is furnished to nearby com panies.. Ju st west of Beaum ont, Texas . . . Just 2 5 m iles southw est o f Beaumont,. Texas, after a th orou g h field investigation to determine. Texas, is the ga solin e a bsorp tion plant. the unit that was m ost applicable to their particular. o f the M cCarthy O il and Gas C orp ora . p rob lem , especially in relation to:. tion. H ere natural gas is gathered. 1. Reliability of operation. 2 . Low installed cost per. from the field, com pressed and then put th rou gh an. h o rsep o w er.. absorp tion plant w here the natural ga solin e is ex. m aintenance cost.. tracted. In this plant, ten 8-cylin der (8 0 0 B H P ) Clark R ig h t. A n g le. Gas-E ngine-D riven. C om pressors. are. equipped with •the p ro p e r com p ressor cylinder’s to give three stages o f com pression . M cC arthy O il and Gas C orp ora tion selected these Clark units for their absorp tion plant at W in n ie,. 3 . Low operating. cost, and 4 . Low. For com plete inform ation on Clark Com pressors and Clark en gin eerin g service fo r any type o r size of installation, write, w ire o r p h on e:. CLARK BROS. C O ., IN C., OLEAN , NEW YORK N e w Y o rk. •. Los A n g e le s. T u lsa. •. • London. Houston. •. C h icag o. •. • C a r a c a s , V e n e z u e la. Boston. SETS THE PACE IN COMPRESSOR PROGRESS O N E O F T H E D R E S S E R I N D U S T R IE S. • W ashington. • B u charest, Roum anie.