Technik und Kultur : Zeitschrift des Verbandes Deutscher Diplom-Ingenieure, Jg. 23, Nr 5

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Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Ingenieurschaffens, der Kultur und der Wirtschaft

A m 1. A u g u s t 1832 e rö ffn e te d ie „ E r s te Ö s te rre ic h is c h e E is e n b a h n - G e s e lls c h a ft“ d ie le tz te T e ils tr e c k e L e s t L in z d e r E is e n b a h n L in z — B u d w e is. I h r e n B au h a t t e F r a n z J o s e f v. G e r s t n e r 1808 z u e r s t a n g e re g t. 1824 e r h ie lt s e in S o h n F r a n z A n t o n v. G e r s t n e r e in k a is e r lic h e s P r iv ile g iu m f ü r d en B au e in e r „ H o lz- u n d E is e n b a h n ‘ von M a u th a u s e n n a ch L inz. D e r B a u b e g a n n u n t e r d e s jü n g e r e n G e r s t n e r L e itu n g 1825 u n d w u r d e u n t e r d e r L e itu n g s e in e s N a c h fo lg e rs S c h ö n e r e r 1832 v o lle n d e t. W ä h i'e n d d e s B au es w u rd e die u r s p r ü n g lic h in A u s s ic h t g en o m m e n e s ü d lic h e E n d s ta tio n M a u th a u s e n a u fg e g e b e n u n d s t a t t ih r e r L in z g e w ä h lt. G le ic h z e itig n a h m m a n a u c h d e n B a u e in e r s ü d lic h e n F o r ts e tz u n g in s S a lz k a m m e r g u t (L in z — G m u n d e n ) in A n g riff, d e r 1836 v o lle n d e t w u rd e .

D ie B a h n w a r s c h m a ls p u r ig (1106 m m ) u n d w u r d e m it P f e r d e n b e tr ie b e n . 1854 f ü h r te m a n a u f d e r G m u n d e n e r L in ie L o k o m o tiv b e trie b e in ; s ie w u r d e in d e r T e ils tr e c k e L in z — L a m b a c h n a c h E rö ffn u n g d e r W e s tb a h n W ie n — S a lz ­ b u rg a u fg e la s s e n , in d e r S tr e c k e L a m b a c h — G m u n d e n 1903 auf V o lls p u r u m g e b a u t. D ie L in ie L in z — B u d w e is b lie b im u r s p r ü n g lic h e n Z u s ta n d b is z u ih re m U m b a u a u f V o lls p u r u n d D a m p f b e tr ie b im J a h r e 1872, a n lä ß lic h d e s s e n a u c h die V e r b in d u n g n a c h S ü d e n ü b e r M a u th a u s e n h e r g e s te llt w u rd e .

D iese E is e n b a h n w a r d ie e r s t e , di e i n Ö s t e r r e i c h u n d au f dem G e b ie te d e s D e u ts c h e n B u n d e s e r b a u t w u rd e . Sie h a tte a u f d em F e s tla n d n u r e in e V o r g ä n g e r in in F r a n k ­ reich, St. E tie n n e — A n d re z ie u x , ü b e r tr a f a b e r m it ih r e r L änge von 129 k m n ic h t a lle in d ie s e um d a s S e c h s fa c h e , s o n ­ d e rn w a r a u ch v ie l l ä n g e r a ls a lle b is d a h in in E n g la n d e rb a u te n B ah n en e in s c h lie ß lic h L iv e r p o o l—M a n c h e s te r (58 km ). S ie w a r s o m it f ü r d ie d a m a lig e Z e it e in g e w a ltig e s B a u w e rk u n d v e rd ie n t, in d e r E r in n e r u n g n a m e n tlic h d e r In g e n ie u r w e lt w e ite rz u le b e n .

D ie s e r A n s p ru c h w i r d d a d u r c h n ic h t w e s e n tlic h v e r ­ rin g e r t, d a ß s ie ja h r z e h n te la n g m it t ie r i s c h e r Z u g k r a f t a r ­ b e ite te ; e r w ir d a b e r d a d u r c h e r h e b lic h v e r s t ä r k t , d a ß ih re E n ts te h u n g u n d d e r e n F o lg e n f ü r d ie E n tw ic k lu n g d e s E is e n b a h n w e s e n s z u b e d e u ts a m e n B e tr a c h tu n g e n A n la ß geben. D ie te c h n is c h - k o n s tr u k tiv e n E in z e lh e ite n d ie s e s I n ­ g e n ie u rw e rk e s s in d w ie d e r h o lt u n d a u s f ü h r lic h v e r ö f f e n t­

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1 D e r V e r f a s s e r v e r ö ff e n tlic h te a u f G r u n d d e r z a h lre ic h e n im Ö s te r r e ic h is c h e n V e r k e h r s a r c h iv v o rz ü g lic h e r h a lte n e n e in s c h lä g ig e n A k te n u n d U r k u n d e n a u s d e m A n f a n g d e s n e u n z e h n te n J a h r h u n d e r t s e in e S tu d ie „D ie H o lz - u n d E is e n ­ b a h n B u d w e is — L in z, d a s e r s t e W e r k d e u ts c h e r E is e n b a h n ­ b a u k u n s t “ — B e itr. G e sc h . T e c h n . In d . 16 (1926) 13— 64. — D e r A r b e it i s t a u c h e in V e r z e ic h n is e in s c h lä g ig e r Q u e lle n u n d D r u c k s c h r if te n b e ig e g e b e n .

D ie n a c h fo lg e n d e D a r s te llu n g g ilt v o r w ie g e n d d e r te c h ­ n is c h -g e s c h ic h tlic h e n , k u l tu r - u n d w ir ts c h a f ts g e s c h ic h tlic h e n B e d e u tu n g d ie s e r B ahn.

W a r u m e n t s t a n d d ie e r s t e d e u t s c h e E i s e n b a h n g e r a d e in Ö s t e r r e i c h ?

A u f d em F e s tla n d h e r r s c h te n am B e g in n d e s n e u n z e h n te n J a h r h u n d e r t s im a llg e m e in e n — u n d b e s o n d e rs in Ö s te r ­ re ic h — no ch w ir ts c h a f tlic h e V e r h ä ltn is s e , d ie in E n g la n d d u rc h d e n W ir t s c h a f t s f o r t s c h r i t t s c h o n um ein p a a r J a h r ­ z e h n te ü b e r h o lt w a r e n . In m a ß g e b e n d e n d e u ts c h e n K re is e n w a r d ie M e in u n g w e it v e r b re ite t, d a ß m a n g u t tä te , d ie i n d u s tr ie lle T ä t i g k e i t d e n E n g lä n d e r n z u ü b e r la s s e n u n d ih n e n f ü r d ie g e w e rb lic h e n E rz e u g n is s e d ie e ig e n e n R o h ­ s to f f e u n d la n d w ir ts c h a f tlic h e n E rz e u g n is s e z u lie fe rn . S ic h e rlic h la g in Ö s te rre ic h w e n ig e r G r u n d v o r, vo n s o lc h e n A n s c h a u u n g e n a b z u g e h e n a ls e tw a in N o r d w e s td e u ts c h la n d , w o s ic h s c h o n V o rb o te n d e r s p ä te r e n s tü r m is c h e n E n tw ic k ­ lu n g d e r I n d u s t r i e z e ig te n . D ie a llg e m e in e n W ir t s c h a f t s ­ v e r h ä ltn is s e w a r e n e s a ls o n ic h t, d ie Ö s te rre ic h n ö tig te n , a u f d e m G e b ie t d e s E is e n b a h n b a u e s v o ra n z u g e h e n .

Ö s te r r e ic h fü h lte sic h a ls V o rm a c h t d e s D e u ts c h e n B u n ­ d e s u n d w a r e if e r s ü c h tig b e s tr e b t, d ie s e S te llu n g z u e r ­ h a lte n . T r o tz d e m w a r die f r ü h z e itig e E is e n b a h n b a u tä tig k e it n ic h t a u f „ P r e s t ig e “ - G rü n d e z u r ü c k z u f ü h r e n ; so lc h e R ü c k ­ s ic h te n p f le g te n s ic h n u r in m ilitä r is c h e n R ü s tu n g e n u n d in in n e n - u n d a u ß e n p o litis c h e n R ä n k e n a u s z u d rü c k e n . D ie k ü n f tig e m ilitä r is c h e B e d e u tu n g d e r E is e n b a h n e n k a m a b e r k e in e m d e r d a m a lig e n m a ß g e b e n d e n S ta a ts m ä n n e r zu m B e ­ w u ß ts e in .

M a n k ö n n te a u c h a n e in e b e s o n d e re B e g a b u n g d e r s ü d ­ d e u ts c h e n S tä m m e d e n k e n , a n ih r e re ic h e A u s s ta ttu n g m it P h a n ta s ie , d a u n t e r d e n e r s t e n d e u ts c h e n V o r k ä m p fe r n f ü r d ie E is e n b a h n e n d ie S ü d d e u ts c h e n a u f fa lle n d ü b e r w ie g e n : w ir f in d e n d e n D e u ts c h b ö h m e n F r a n z J o s e f v. G e r s t ­ n e r u n d d e n B a y e rn J o s e f v. B a a d e r , e tw a s s p ä t e r d ie Ö s te r r e ic h e r F r a n z A n t o n v. G e r s t n e r u n d F r a n z X a v e r R i e p l , d e n B a y e rn J o h a n n e s S c h a r r e r u n d d e n S c h w a b e n F r i e d r i e h L i s t . A b e r a u c h d a s w a r g e w iß n ic h t a lle in a u s s c h la g g e b e n d . D e n n a lle d e u ts c h e n R e g ie r u n g e n je n e r Z e it, a u c h d ie s ü d d e u ts c h e n , w a r e n d u r c h a u s n ic h t g e n e ig t, sic h m it „ P h a n ta s t e r e i e n “ a b z u ­ g eb en , u n d a ls so lc h e b e tr a c h te te n sie m e is t d ie E is e n b a h n ­ p lä n e ih r e r „ U n te r ta n e n “ .

W ie f a s t im m e r in d e r G e s c h ic h te d e s I n g e n ie u r ­ s c h a ffe n s , s o h a t a u c h h i e r d a s Z u s a m m e n tr e f f e n z w e ie r U m s tä n d e d e n F o r t s c h r i tt h e r b e i g e f ü h r t : e s la g e in z w i n ­ g e n d e s B e d ü r f n i s v o r u n d e s f a n d s ic h d e r M a n n , d e r d ie W e g e z u s e in e r B e f r ie d ig u n g a n z u g e b e n w u ß te .

B ö h m e n b e s itz t k e in K o c h s a lz u n d m u ß d ie s e s e in ­ fü h re n . V o m S a lz k a m m e rg u t, d em s a lz b u r g is c h - o b e r ö s te r - 69

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r e ic h is c h - s te ie r is c h e n G r e n z g e b ie te , g in g d a s S a lz a u f dem T r a u n f l u ß b is z u r D o n a u , d a n n v o n M a u th a u s e n a u f d e r L a n d s tr a ß e ü b e r d e n K e r s c h b a u m e r S a t te l (707 m ü. M .) z w is c h e n B ö h m e r w a ld u n d G r e in e r w a ld n a ch B u d w e is , von w o a u s w i e d e r d e r W a s s e r w e g d e r M o ld a u z u r V e rfü g u n g s ta n d . E s h a n d e lte sic h n a c h d a m a lig e n V e r k e h r s b e g r if f e n

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tig e n S a lz v e r k e h r z u v e r b e s s e r n , z u v e r b illig e n u n d zu s ic h e rn , w o b e i sie , d e m S t a n d d e s V e r k e h r s w e s e n s e n t ­ s p r e c h e n d n u r a n e in e n S c h i f f a h r t s k a n a l z w is c h e n D o n a u u n d M o ld a u d e n k e n k o n n te n . 1807 e n ts ta n d in P r a g eine

„ B ö h m is c h -h y d ro te c h n is c h e P r i v a tg e s e l ls c h a f t “, d ie e in e n D o n a u -M o ld a u -K a n a l s c h a ff e n w o llte .

I n d ie s e m e n ts c h e id e n d e n A u g e n b lic k f a n d s ic h a u c h d e r M a n n , d e r d e n r i c h t i g e n W e g z u r B e f r ie d ig u n g d e s b e ­ s te h e n d e n B e d ü r f n is s e s z e ig te . D ie s w a r F r a n z J o s e f R. v. G e r s t n e r , P r o f e s s o r d e r M a th e m a tik u n d D ir e k to r d e r 1806 e r ö f f n e te n „ b ö h m is c h - s tä n d is c h e n te c h n is c h e n L e h r a n s t a l t “ in P r a g . D ie H y d r o te c h n is c h e G e s e lls c h a f t b e ­ a u f tr a g te ih n , d ie b e s te L in ie f ü r e in e n s o lc h e n K a n a l zu e r m itte ln . F ü r d e n te c h n is c h e n F o r t s c h r i t t w a r d ie s e W a h l ü b e r a u s g lü c k lic h .

D a s e n g lis c h e E is e n b a h n w e s e n w a r e b e n in E n ts te h u n g b e g r if f e n u n d a u f d e m F e s t l a n d e w id m e te n ih m n u r W e n ig e a u f m e r k s a m e B e o b a c h tu n g . U n te r d e n a ll e r e r s t e n V o r k ä m p ­ f e r n d e s E is e n b a h n w e s e n s in D e u ts c h la n d m ü s s e n w i r n e b en G e r s t n e r a u c h d e n k g l. B a y e r is c h e n O b e r s a lin e n r a i J o s e f v. B a a d e r n e n n e n , d e r m e h r e r e J a h r e la n g in E n g la n d g e a r b e it e t h a tt e . E r h a t 1807 e in e n „ V o r s c h la g zu e in e r n e u e n k o m m e r c ie lle n V e r b in d u n g d e s R h e in s m it d e r D o n a u d u r c h e in e S t r a ß e m it E is e n b a h n e n “ g e m a c h t.

G e r s t n e r s t u d i e r t e a lle b is h e r b e k a n n tg e w o r d e n e n K a n a lp lä n e u n d d a s G e lä n d e u n d b e r ic h te t e a m 31. M ä r z 1808 in d e r H a u p tv e r s a m m lu n g d e r H y d r o te c h n is c h e n G e S e ils c h a ft ü b e r d a s E r g e b n is , w o n a c h k e i n K a n a l w i r t ­ s c h a f tlic h e n E r f o lg v e r s p r e c h e ; e r s c h lu g e in e E is e n b a h n v o r. M a n m u ß te d ie S tic h h ä l ti g k e it d ie s e r A n s ic h t a n e r- O Ö r u u b t i f ^

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u m b e d e u te n d e M e n g e n ; 1806 z. B. um f a s t 17 000 M e te r - T o n n e n S a lz , z u d e r e n B e f ö r d e r u n g s t e ts d u r c h s c h n ittlic h 300 z w e is p ä n n ig e W a g e n a u f d e r R e is e s e in m u ß te n . A c k e r ­ b e s te llu n g , A u s s a a t , E r n te , W a l d a r b e i t, H o lz a b f u h r , s c h le c h ­ t e s W e t t e r u sw ., w ä h r e n d d e r e n d ie L a n d le u te k e in e G e ­ s p a n n e s te ll e n k o n n te n , v e r u r s a c h te n s t a r k e S c h w a n k u n g e n d e s V e r k e h r s . M a n m u ß te a ls o in M a u th a u s e n u n d B u d ­ w e is s e h r b e d e u te n d e S a lz m e n g e n v o r r ä t i g h a lte n .

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k e n n e n . M it d e n K a n a lp lä n e n w a r e s v o r b e i; d ie G e s e ll­

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H ä tte s ie ir g e n d e in e n a n d e r e n S a c h v e r s tä n d ig e n a ls G e r s t n e r o d e r — w a s s c h o n m it R ü c k s ic h t a u f d ie r ä u m ­ lic h e E n tf e r n u n g a u s g e s c h lo s s e n g e w e s e n w ä r e — B a a d e r m it d ie s e r U n te r s u c h u n g b e tr a u t, so h ä tt e sic h d e r je w e i­

lig e G u ta c h te r s tr e n g a u f d ie g e s te llte F r a g e b e s c h r ä n k t u n d e n tw e d e r ir g e n d e in K a n a lp r o je k t a ls b a u w ü r d ig b e z e ic h ­ n e t o d e r n u r f e s tg e s te llt, d a ß ü b e r h a u p t k e in K a n a l e in en w ir ts c h a f tlic h e n E r f o lg e rh o ffe n la s s e . Im e r s te r e n F a lle w ä r e e in r i e s ig e s K a p ita l n u tz lo s v e r p u lv e r t w o rd e n , im le t z te r e n g a r n ic h ts g e s c h e h e n u n d in b e id e n e in e g ü n s tig e G e le g e n h e it v e r s ä u m t u n d d ie E n tw ic k lu n g d e r d e u ts c h e n E is e n b a h n te c h n ik v e r z ö g e r t w o rd e n .

N a c h G e r s t n e r s B e r ic h te r s ta ttu n g w a r d a s P r o je k t e in e r E is e n b a h n z w is c h e n D o n a u u n d M o ld a u g r u n d s ä tz -

b e i d e n G e r s t n e r , d ie fä h ig w a r e n , d ie g e s te llte A u f ­ g a b e z u lö s e n .

Z w e i J a h r z e h n te s p ä t e r h a t s ic h ü b r ig e n s in Ö s te rre ic h e in v o llk o m m e n ä h n lic h e r F a ll n o c h e in m a l e r e ig n e t: E s la g d ie N o tw e n d ig k e it v o r, e in e E is e n b a h n — w a s no ch n ir g e n d s v e r s u c h t w o r d e n w a r ■— d u r c h H o e h g e b irg s - g e lä n d e , n ä m lic h ü b e r d e n S e m m e rin g p a ß , zu fü h re n . In F r a n z R. v. G h e g a f a n d s ic h z u r r e c h te n Z e it d e r M e is te r, d e r d ie A u f g a b e lö s te .

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lie h fe s tg e le g t. S e in e A u s f ü h r u n g w u r d e a lle r d in g s no ch la n g e d u rc h K r ie g s w ir r e n u n d W ir t s c h a f t s n o t u n m ö g lic h g e m a c h t.

E n d lic h k a m e in n e u e r A n s to ß . D ie S c h if f a h r ts k o m m is s io n d e r E lb u f e r s ta a te n in D re s d e n , a u s d e re n V e rh a n d lu n g e n die E lb s c h if f a h r ts a k te vom 1. M ä rz 1822 h e r v o rg e g a n g e n ist, r ic h te te im J u n i 1819 a n d ie ö s te r r e ic h is c h e R e g ie r u n g d ie E in la d u n g , d ie M o ld a u b is B u d w e is s c h if f b a r z u m ac h e n u n d v o n d o r t a u s m it d e r D o n a u d u rc h e in e n K a n a l „ o d e r ein e E is e n b a h n “ z u v e rb in d e n . D e r P r ä s i d e n t d e r „C om - m e rz -H o f-C o m m iss io n “ g in g a u f d ie s e E in la d u n g ein . D a a b e r F r a n z J o s e f v. G e r s t n e r u m d ie s e Z e it (1820) s c h o n v ie ru n d s e c h z ig J a h r e a lt u n d k r ä n k lic h g e w o rd e n w a r , so w a n d te s ic h d e r P r ä s i d e n t a n G e r s t n e r s S o h n F r a n z A n t o n , P r o f e s s o r d e r M a th e m a tik am k. k. P o ly ­ te c h n is c h e n I n s t i tu t e in W ie n , m it d e r A u f f o r d e r u n g , die A n re g u n g s e in e s V a t e r s z u v e rw irk lic h e n . D e r j ü n g e r e G e r s t n e r h a t s ic h d ie s e r A u fg a b e u n te r z o g e n u n d ih re L ö su n g e in g e le ite t.

D a s fr ü h z e itig e E in tr e te n Ö s te r r e ic h s in d ie R e ih e d e r E is e n b a h n lä n d e r e r k l ä r t s ic h a ls o le d ig lic h a u s d em B e s ta n d e in e s z w in g e n d e n B e d ü r f n is s e s u n d d em A u f tr e te n d e r

G e s u c h e s um e in e K o n z e s s io n f ü r e in e E is e n b a h n M a u t- h a u s e n — B u d w e is h a t d e r „ O b e r s tb u r g g r a f vo n B ö h m en “ , d a s H a u p t d e r b ö h m is c h e n L a n d e s r e g ie r u n g , d ie A n s ic h t a u s g e s p ro c h e n , d a ß d ie s e E is e n b a h n „ w e g e n d e r B e w irk u n g e in e r u n m itte lb a r e n H a n d e l s s t r a ß e z w is c h e n d e r N o rd s e e , d em M itte llä n d is c h e n u n d d em S c h w a r z e n M e e r a ls M itte l z u r H e b u n g d e s H a n d e ls d e r M o n a rc h ie “ a n g e s e h e n w e r ­ d e n k ö n n e .

A u c h J o h a n n e s S c h a r r e r , d e r g e is tig e V a t e r d e r N ü r n b e r g — F ü r th e r B a h n h a t d ie s e a ls K e im z e lle f ü r e in e n S c h ie n e n w e g H o lla n d — S c h w a r z e s M e e r b e tr a c h te t. 1829 t r a t F r a n z X a v e r R i e p l , P r o f e s s o r a m k. k. P o ly ­ te c h n is c h e n I n s t i t u t in W ie n , m it d em R ie s e n p la n a n die Ö ffe n tlic h k e it, d ie ö s te r r e ic h is c h e R e ic h s h ä lfte m it e in e r E is e n b a h n v o n B ro d y —W i e n — T r i e s t a u s z u s ta tte n . 1833 h a t F r i e d r i c h L i s t s e in e b e r ü h m te S c h r if t ü b e r e in a ll ­ g e m e in e s d e u ts c h e s E is e n b a h n s y s te m v e r ö ff e n tlic h t.

D ie Z e r s p li t te r u n g D e u ts c h la n d s in e in p a a r D u tz e n d S t a a t e n u n d K le in s ta a te n m it e in e r je d e r w ir ts c h a f tlic h e n V e r n u n f t H o h n s p r e c h e n d e n G r e n z z ie h u n g h a t d ie V e r w i r k ­ lic h u n g d e r L i s t ’ s e h e n P lä n e f ü r la n g e Z e it u n m ö g lic h g e m a c h t. D ie p o litis c h e u n d w ir ts c h a f tlic h e A b r u n d u n g d e s

72 v. E n d e r e s : Die Eisenbahn Linz— Budweis Technik u. K u ltu r

H a b s b u r g e r r e i c h e s b o t g ü n s tig e r e V o r a u s s e tz u n g e n f ü r R i e p 1 s A n re g u n g e n . S c h o n 1841 s t e l l t e d ie R e g ie r u n g d a s e r s t e u m f a s s e n d e E is e n b a h n p r o g r a m m f ü r e in e p la n m ä ß ig e A u s g e s ta l tu n g d e s ö s te r r e ic h is c h e n E is e n b a h n n e tz e s a u f.

F r e ilic h h a b e n s ic h d ie A n r e g e r d e r e r s t e n d e u ts c h e n E is e n b a h n e n h in s ic h tlic h d e r B e d e u tu n g i h r e r b e s o n d e re n P lä n e f ü r d e n k ü n f tig e n W e l t v e r k e h r zu m T e il g e tä u s c h t.

D ie B a h n e n „ B u d w e is — L in z “ u n d „ N ü r n b e r g — F ü r t h “ h a b e n im m e r f a s t a u s s c h lie ß lic h ö r tlic h e V e r k e h r s b e d ü r f n is s e b e ­ f r ie d ig t. S o g a r d ie vo n L i s t a n g e r e g te B a h n „ L e ip z ig — D r e s d e n “ s t e h t — vom S t a n d p u n k t d e s W e l t v e r k e h r s a u s b e tr a c h t e t — n ic h t in d e r e r s t e n R e ih e d e r B a h n e n d e s R e ic h e s . A m b e s te n h a t s ic h d ie V o r a u s s ic h t R i e p l s b e ­ w ä h r t. D ie v o n ih m e m p fo h le n e n L in ie n s in d w ir k lic h W e l t ­ v e r k e h r s a d e r n g e w o rd e n .

E n g la n d s e l b s t n u r in d ie s e r , k e in e s w e g s in e r s t e r e r A r t b e n ü tz t z u w e r d e n p f le g e n ;

b) f ü r d e n S t a a t a u s e in e r s o lc h e n z u r H e b u n g d e s H a n d e ls z u k le in lic h e n A n s ta l t w e n ig N u tz e n , w a h r s c h e i n ­ lic h a b e r E in b u ß e v o r z u s e h e n i s t . . .“

D e r H o f b a u r a t s t e l l t e a u c h n o c h f e s t, d a ß ih m „ e i n i g e r ­ m a ß e n a u f g e f a lle n “ se i, d a ß d e r O b e r s t b u r g g r a f d ie g e ­ p la n te E is e n b a h n a ls M itte l z u r H e b u n g d e s H a n d e ls d e r M o n a r c h ie a n s e h e n k o n n te , d a „ d o c h s c h o n in d e r N ä h e d e r p r o j e k t i e r t e n . . . G e le is e b a h n . . . . e in e g u te h ä u f ig b e ­ f a h r e n e S t r a ß e . . . d a h e r e in e V e r b in d u n g b e s te h t, w e lc h e d u rc h d ie A n la g e e in e s k u r z e n G e le is e w e g e s n ie m a ls in d e r A r t v e r b e s s e r t w e r d e n k a n n , d a ß d e r H a n d e l z w is c h e n d e n g e d a c h te n d r e i M e e re n d u r c h d ie s e A n s ta l t e in e n b e ­ s o n d e r e n A u f s c h w u n g e r h a lte n s o l l te “ .

D ie E is e n b a h n z w is c h e n l.in z u n d Z a rtle s d o rf. N ach e in e r S k iz z e v o n H e rm a n n a n s „ lie b e r L a n d u n d M e er B ild

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D ie G e b u r ts s tu n d e d e s d e u ts c h e n E is e n b a h n w e s e n s w a r a u c h d ie G e b u r t s s t u n d e d e s S ta a ts b a h n g e d a n k e n s .

I n e in e r E in g a b e a n d ie „k. k. L a n d e s k o m m is s io n “ in P r a g v o m 26. J a n u a r 1823 s p r i c h t s ic h G e r s t n e r d. Ä.

d a f ü r a u s, d a ß d e r S t a a t d ie „ E i s e n s t r a ß e “ M a u th a u s e n — B u d w e is s e l b s t b a u e . A u c h d e r O b e r s tb u r g g r a f w a r d e r A n ­ s ic h t, d a ß „ d ie s e U n te r n e h m u n g n ic h t e in e r P r i v a tg e s e l l ­ s c h a f t o d e r e in e m e in z e ln e n U n te r n e h m e r ü b e r tr a g e n , s o n ­ d e r n v o m S t a a t e s e l b s t a u s g e f ü h r t “ w e r d e n s o llte . G e g e n ­ ü b e r d ie s e r v o r a u s s c h a u e n d e n A u f f a s s u n g e r s c h e in t d ie Ä u ß e r u n g d e s k. k . H o f b a u r a te s w e it w e n ig e r g e is tr e ic h , d a ß n ä m lic h

„ d e r S t a a t s ic h um s o m in d e r in d ie s e U n te r n e h m u n g e in la s s e n k ö n n e , a ls

a) s o lc h e i h r e r N a t u r n a c h sic h n ic h t z u g r o ß e n k o m ­ m e r z ie lle n V e r b in d u n g e n , v ie lm e h r n u r zu e in e r p a r tie lle n , d a h e r p r i v a t e n U n te r n e h m u n g e ig n e t, w ie s o lc h e a u c h in

Für und wider den technischen Fortschritt W i r e r le b e n e s j e t z t a lle T a g e , d a ß m a n f ü r d ie W e l t ­ k r is e , n ic h t n u r f ü r d ie w i r ts c h a f tlic h e , s o n d e r n a u c h f ü r d ie s o z ia le , p o litis c h e u n d k u l tu r e l le , g r o ß e n te il s d e n te c h ­ n is c h e n F o r t s c h r i tt , o d e r „ d ie T e c h n ik “ v e r a n tw o r tlic h m a c h t. D ie s e E r s c h e in u n g i s t n ic h t n e u , s i e t r i t t n u r w ie d e r e in m a l s c h ä r f e r in d ie E r s c h e in u n g a ls s o n s t.

I h r U r g r u n d l ie g t in d e r d e m m e n s c h lic h e n G e is t w e s e n ­ h a f t in n e w o h n e n d e n N e ig u n g , a m A lt h e r g e b r a c h t e n f e s t z u ­ h a lte n , je d e Ä n d e r u n g a ls V e r s c h le c h te r u n g a n z u s e h e n u n d

„ d ie g u te a lt e Z e i t “ z u r ü h m e n . D a s B u c h d e r G e s c h ic h te d e r T e c h n ik v e r z e ic h n e t a u f j e d e r S e ite , b e i je d e m a u f f ä l l i ­ g e n te c h n is c h e n F o r t s c h r i tt , B e w e is e d ie s e s K o n s e r v a tiv is ­ m u s, d e s g e is tig e n B e h a r r u n g s v e r m ö g e n s , d a s d ie N o tw e n ­ d ig k e it, s ic h n e u e n V e r h ä ltn is s e n a n z u p a s s e n , a ls l ä s ti g e m p fin d e t. V e r s t ä r k t w i r d d ie s e s B e h a r r u n g s v e r m ö g e n d a ­ d u rc h , d a ß j e d e r te c h n is c h e F o r t s c h r i tt a u c h N a c h te ile f ü r m a n c h e M e n s c h e n m it s ic h b r in g t, s ie in ih r e m E r w e r b b e e in tr ä c h tig t, j a s o g a r a n d e n B e tt e ls ta b b r in g t, u n d d a ­

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D ie s e s B e h a r r u n g s v e r m ö g e n w ü r d e je d e n te c h n is c h e n F o r t s c h r i tt f a s t u n m ö g lic h m a c h e n , w e n n n ic h t e in e a n d e r e e b e n s o w e s e n h a f te N e ig u n g d e s m e n s c h lic h e n G e is te s in d e r e n tg e g e n g e s e tz te n R ic h tu n g w ir k s a m w ä r e : d ie F r e u d e a n d e r V e r ä n d e r u n g , d ie d e m „ K o n s e r v a tiv is m u s “ d ie „ f o r t ­ s c h r i tt l ic h e G e s in n u n g “ g e g e n ü b e r s te llt.

W e n n d e r F o r t s c h r i t t d e r T e c h n ik g e r a d e j e t z t s e h r v iel B e d a u e r lic h e B e g le ite r s c h e in u n g e n a u s lö s t, s o i s t d a r a n n ic h t d ie T e c h n ik a ls so lc h e sc h u ld , s o n d e r n d ie u n v e r ­ n ü n f tig e A u s n ü tz u n g ih r e r E r r u n g e n s c h a f te n , j a d e r e n M iß ­ b r a u c h u n t e r d e m D r u c k in d iv id u e lle r o d e r n a tio n a le r , p o li­

tis c h e r u n d s o z ia le r S e lb s ts u c h t b e i f a s t v ö llig e m M a n g e l a m Ü b e rb lic k ü b e r d ie Z u s a m m e n h ä n g e in V o lk s - u n d W e l t ­ w i r t s c h a f t .

A u c h in d e n K in d e r ja h r e n d e s E is e n b a h n w e s e n s h a t es ä h n lic h e E rs c h e in u n g e n g e g e b e n . I n a lle n L ä n d e r n h a b e n n ic h t n u r d ie je n ig e n K r e is e , d ie v o n d e m A u fb lü h e n d e r E is e n b a h n e n S c h a d e n b e f ü rc h te n zu m ü s s e n g la u b te n , w ie

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z . B. d ie K a n a l- u n d S tr a ß e n e ig e n tü m e r in E n g la n d g e g en d ie s e N e u e ru n g g e w e tte r t, s o n d e r n s ie h a b e n a u c h d ie G e ­ f o lg s c h a f t w e ite r K r e is e g e fu n d e n , die g a r n ic h t, w ie e tw a v ie le A b g e o rd n e te d e s e n g lis c h e n P a r la m e n te s z u r Z e it d e r B e r a tu n g d e r G e s e tz v o rla g e f ü r d ie B a h n L iv e rp o o l— M a n ­ c h e s te r v o n d e n K a n a le ig e n tü m e r n b e s to c h e n w a r e n , s o n ­ d e r n ih re S te llu n g g e g e n ü b e r d e n E is e n b a h n e n e h r lic h s e lb s t w ä h lte n .

S o m it i s t es k e in W u n d e r , d a ß a u c h d ie A b s ic h t, e in e E is e n b a h n von d e r D o n a u z u r M o ld a u z u e rb a u e n , h e f tig e G e g n e r s c h a f te n a u s lö s te . D a w a r e n z u n ä c h s t d ie B a u e rn d e r U m g e b u n g , d ie s e it J a h r h u n d e r te n die Z u g tie r e f ü r d ie S a lz fu h re n b e ig e s te llt, u n d a lle d ie je n ig e n , d ie d a r a n m it t e l ­ b a r v e r d ie n t h a tte n . W a s d ie F u h r le u te a n b e la n g t, so v e r ­ lo re n sie a lle r d in g s d e n V e r d ie n s t a n ih re n P f e r d e n ; a b e r d a s w a r w o h l e h e r e in S e g e n a ls e in F lu c h f ü r s ie ; d e n n es t r i f f t zu, w a s G e r s t n e r d. J . d a r ü b e r 1826 s c h r i e b :

„ E s i s t b e k a n n t, d a ß e in g r o ß e r T e il d e r B e w o h n e r d e s B u d w e is e r K r e is e s v o n d e r F r a c h t d e s K o c h s a lz e s le b t.

D ie se F r a c h t b e tr u g v o r m e h r e r e n J a h r e n d ie a lljä h r lic h e S u m m e vo n m e h r e r e n h u n d e r tt a u s e n d G u ld e n K o n v e n tio n s ­ m ünze, s ie i s t je d o c h d u rc h d ie g e g e n w ä r tig e in g e f ü h r te n L iz ita tio n e n b is a u f d e n B e tr a g v o n 160 000 b is 170 000 G u l­

d e n C.-M . (288 000— 306 000 R M ) v e r m in d e r t w o rd e n . U n t e r d ie s e n U m s tä n d e n i s t e s e in e . . . T a ts a c h e , d a ß d ie

. S a lz v e k tu r a n te n . . . g e g e n w ä r tig n u r v e r lie r e n s t a t t z u g e ­ w in n e n , u n d in d ie s e r H in s ic h t e r k lä r e n a lle g e b ild e te n B e ­ a m te n , d a ß d ie E n tz ie h u n g d e s S a lz f u h r w e r k e s a u s d e n H ä n d e n d e r L a n d le u te d u r c h d ie E is e n b a h n f ü r d ie V e r ­ b e s s e r u n g d e r L a n d e s k u ltu r n u r w o h ltä tig e in w ir k e n w e rd e . D ie s e lb e G e s in n u n g h e r r s c h t e je d o c h n ic h t b e i d e m L a n d ­ v o lk e, w e lc h e s d e r a lte n G e w o h n h e it h u ld ig e n d s ic h l a u t g e g e n d ie U n te r n e h m u n g a u s s p r a c h .“

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S e tzu n g v o n L in z b is G m u n d e n , d ie d e n T r a u n s c h if f e r n j e g ­ lic h e n V e r d i e n s t e n tz o g . S o h a tt e d ie g a n z e G e m e in d e S ta d e l b e i L a m b a c h s e i t J a h r h u n d e r t e n f a s t a u s s c h lie ß lic h v o n d e r S a lz s c h if f a h r t g e le b t. D u rc h d ie G m u n d e n e r B a h n w u r d e n ih r e 1927 E in w o h n e r m it e in e m S c h la g e r w e r b s lo s . J a h r e l a n g m u ß te d e r S t a a t d e n L e u te n d u rc h N o t s t a n d s ­ b a u te n u n d d e r g le ic h e n z u H ilfe k o m m e n , b is s ie n e u e re g e lm ä ß ig e V e r d ie n s tq u e lle n fa n d e n . F a s t e b e n s o b e g r e if ­ lic h w a r d e r W i d e r s t a n d d e r L in z e r L o h n f u h r w e r k e r .

W e i t w e n ig e r v e r s tä n d lic h is t a b e r d ie H a ltu n g d e s B ü r ­ g e r s ta n d e s , d ie a u f d e s s e n w ir t s c h a f t li c h e E in s ic h t z u r d a ­ m a lig e n Z e it e in r e c h t u n g ü n s tig e s L ic h t w ir f t. D ie m e is te n s ta n d e n s o lc h e r N e u e ru n g g a n z g le ic h g ü ltig g e g e n ü b e r, m a n c h e , w ie z. B. d ie B ü r g e r s c h a f t v on B u d w e is , g e r a d e z u fe in d lic h .

D a g e g e n f ä l l t au f, d a ß d e r A d e l v iel m e h r w ir ts c h a f tlic h e V o r a u s s ic h t b e w ie s . S c h o n d a s V e r z e ic h n is d e r M itg lie d e r d e r H y d r o te c h n is c h e n G e s e lls c h a f t vo n 1807 d e u te t d a s a n . D ie 46 M itg lie d e r s e tz te n s ic h z u s a m m e n a u s 40 A n g e h ö r i­

g e n d e s H o c h a d e ls , 5 d e s n ie d e r e n A d e ls u n d d e r k g l. u n ­

74 v. E n d e r e s : Die Eisenbahn Lin z— Budweis Technik u. K u ltu r

g a r is c h e n K a n a l- u n d S c h i f f a h r t s g e s e ll s c h a f t; w i r f in d e n d a r u n t e r k e in e n e in z ig e n B ü r g e r lic h e n ! F e r n e r h a b e n d ie g r o ß e n G r u n d b e s i t z e r d a s Z u s ta n d e k o m m e n d e r B a h n d u r c h w e itg e h e n d e s E n tg e g e n k o m m e n b e i d e r G r u n d e in lö s u n g , s o ­ w ie b e i L ie f e r u n g v o n B a u s to f f e n , z. B. d e s H o lz e s g e f ö r ­ d e r t. U n d g a n z in d e r s e lb e n L in ie lie g t d ie T a ts a c h e , d a ß d a s v o n G e r s t n e r d . Ä. b e g r ü n d e te P r a g e r P o ly te c h n ik u m n ic h t v o m S t a a t , s o n d e r n v om L a n d B ö h m en e r h a lte n w u r d e , d a ß e s n ic h t e in e „k . k .“ A n s ta l t w a r , s o n d e r n e in e

„ s t ä n d i s c h e “ u n d d a ß d e r A d e l, d e r in d e n b ö h m is c h e n L a n d s tä n d e n d ie e r s t e G e ig e s p ie lte , s ic h e r a u c h b e i d e r B e w illig u n g d e r M itte l f ü r d a s P o ly te c h n ik u m d a s e n ts c h e i ­ d e n d e W o r t g e s p r o c h e n h a t.

Im Z u s a m m e n h a n g d a m it s t e h t a u c h d ie E r b a u u n g e i n e r B a h n v o n L in z n a c h G m u n d e n . F ü r e in e s o lc h e b a t t e d e r a u s Z a r a g e b ü r tig e I n g e n ie u r F r a n z Z o la , a l s d e s s e n S o h n s p ä t e r in F r a n k r e i c h d e r D ic h te r E m il Z o la g e b o r e n w o r d e n is t, im J a h r 1829 e in k a is e r lic h e s P r iv ile g iu m e r h a l te n , a u s G e ld m a n g e l a b e r v e r f a lle n la s s e n . 1832 e r b a t u n d e r h i e l t d ie E r s t e Ö s te r r e ic h is c h e E is e n b a h n g e s e lls c h a f t e in g le ic h e s P r iv ile g iu m u n d e r b a u t e 1832 b is 1836 d ie G m u n d e n e r L in ie , d ie s ie in L in z ü b e r d e n D o n a u s tr o m h in ü b e r m it d e r B u d ­ w e i s e r L in ie in u n m it t e l b a r e S c h ie n e n v e r b in d u n g b r a c h te . D ie e in s e itig e E in s te llu n g a u f d e n S a l z v e r k e h r b r a c h t e e s m it sic h , d a ß m a n g a r n ic h t d ie M ö g lic h k e it in s A u g e f a ß te , d a ß v o n B u d w e is u n d L in z a u s e ig e n e E is e n b a h n -

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W a h l d e r L i n i e . D e m V o r s c h la g G e r s t n e r s a u f E r ­ b a u u n g e in e r E is e n b a h n la g le d ig lic h d ie A b s ic h t z u g ru n d e , d e n S a lz v e r k e h r z u v e r b e s s e r n . D ie u r s p r ü n g lic h e A u fg a b e d e r B a h n w a r a ls o g e n a u d ie s e lb e w ie d ie je n ig e d e r L a n d ­ s t r a ß e . E s l a g k e in G r u n d v o r, e in e a n d e r e L in ie z u w ä h ­ le n . D e r j ü n g e r e G e r s t n e r h a t 1823 s e in e m A n s u c h e n um d i e K o n z e s s io n g e n a u d ie v o n s e in e m V a t e r 1808 a n g e ­ g e b e n e L in ie z u g r u n d e g e le g t u n d d e n B a u n a c h d ie s e m P l a n b e g o n n e n .

E s w a r e in w e n ig k u r z s ic h tig , n u r d e n S a lz v e r k e h r in s A u g e z u f a s s e n . S c h o n b a ld n a c h B e g in n d e s B a u e s s in d Z w e if e l in d i e s e r H in s ic h t a u f g e ta u c h t u n d h a b e n in d e r G e n e r a lv e r s a m m lu n g d e r E is e n b a h n g e s e lls c h a f t v o n 1827 z u r E r ö r te r u n g d e r F r a g e g e f ü h rt, o b e s n ic h t b e s s e r w ä r e , d a s l e t z te ( s ü d lic h s te ) V i e r te l d e r B a h n v o n L e s t n ic h t n a ch M a u th a u s e n , s o n d e r n n a c h L in z z u f ü h r e n . 1830 e r w i r k t e d ie G e s e lls c h a f t d ie k a is e r l i c h e B e w illig u n g z u d i e s e r P l a n ­ ä n d e r u n g .

V e rb in d u n g e n m it W ie n e n ts te h e n k ö n n te n , d ie d ie B e d e u ­ tu n g d e r D o n a u f ü r L in z v e r r in g e r n , f ü r B u d w e is a b e r voll­

k o m m e n v e r n ic h te n u n d d e n V e r k e h r z w is c h e n L in z und B u d w e is s c h w e r b e e i n t r ä c h ti g e n m ü ß te n . A b e r d a s i s t le ic h t b e g r e if lic h ; d e n n 1823 k o n n te w o h l n ie m a n d d ie s tü r m is c h e E n tw ic k lu n g d e s W e l t e i s e n b a h n n e t z e s v o r a u s s e h e n — m it A u s n a h m e G e o r g S t e p h e n s o n s , v o n d e m p r o p h e ­ tis c h e A u s s p r ü c h e s o lc h e r A r t g l a u b h a f t ü b e r l i e f e r t sin d . Ü b rig e n s h a t d e r d e m A u fk o m m e n d e r E is e n b a h n e n f o lg e n d e W i r t s c h a f t s a u f s c h w u n g d e n V e r k e h r s o u n g e h e u e r v e r ­ d ic h te t, d a ß a u c h n a c h E r r ic h tu n g d e r L in ie n W i e n — B u d ­ w e is u n d W i e n — L in z d ie L in z — B u d w e is e r B a h n n o c h g e ­ n ü g e n d b e s c h ä f t ig t b lie b .

N e i g u n g s v e r h ä l t n i s s e . G e r s t n e r d. J . e r ­ k a n n te s c h o n a u f e in e r la n g e n S tu d ie n r e is e in E n g la n d 1822, d a ß d e r e n g lis c h e G r u n d s a tz , s t e i l e r e N e ig u n g e n a ls 1 : 200 (5 v o m T a u s e n d ) z u v e r m e id e n u n d G e lä n d e s tu f e n , d ie s o lc h e u n v e r m e id lic h e r s c h e in e n lie ß e n , m it t e l s „ S c h ie f e r E b e n e n “ z u ü b e r w in d e n , ü b e r d ie d ie Z ü g e vo n f e s t s t e h e n d e n D a m p f ­ m a s c h in e n a n S e ile n a u f- u n d a b b e f ö r d e r t w u r d e n , f a ls c h

23 (1932) Nr. 5 v. E n d e r e s : Die Eisenbahn Linz— Budweis 75

s e i. E r b e r ic h te t s e lb s t, d a ß ih m k e in M e n s c h in E n g la n d r e c h t g a b . D a s i s t n ic h t v e r w u n d e r lic h ; d e n n s e l b s t d e r g e n ia le S t e p h e n s o n h i e l t n o c h z u r Z e it d e s B a u e s d e r S e m m e rin g b a h n , a ls o z w a n z ig J a h r e s p ä te r , a n d ie s e r L e h r- m e in u n g f e s t. G e r s t n e r a b e r w ä h l te f ü r s e in e B a h n S te i­

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v o n ih m e r b a u te n T e ils tr e c k e d ie N e ig u n g e n d e r B a h n m e h r a ls v e r d o p p e lt — b is 1 : 46 (21,8 v. T .) — u n d m e h r a ls e in V ie r te l d e r L ä n g e in G e g e n s te ig u n g e n v o n z u s a m m e n 88 m H ö h e g e le g t.

U n t e r b a u . M a n k a n n b e i a lle n E is e n b a h n e n d e r Z e it n a c h 1820 b e o b a c h te n , d a ß m a n n ir g e n d s v o r g e w a ltig e n B a u w e rk e n im U n te r b a u z u r ü c k s c h r e c k te . D ie L iv e rp o o l—

M a n c h e s te r-B a h n h a tt e ih r e n E d g e h ill-T u n n e l u n d d ie ü b e r ­ a u s s c h w ie rig e Ü b e rq u e ru n g d e s C h a tm o s s , d ie L e ip z ig — D r e s d e n e r d e n O b e r a u e r T u n n e l u n d g e w a ltig e B rü c k e n , d ie N o r d b a h n ih re D o n a u b rü c k e n u n d r ie s ig e V ia d u k te . A u c h d ie b e s c h e id e n e L in z — B u d w e is e r B a h n e r f o r d e r t e n a c h G e r s t n e r s B a u w e is e s e h r b e m e r k e n s w e r te E r d a r b e ite n . D ä m m e v o n f a s t 20 m H ö h e u n d E in s c h n itte v o n 9 m T ie f e .

E s f ä l l t au f, d a ß b e i d e r E in z e la u s b ild u n g d ie s e r E r d ­ b a u te n b e tr ä c h tlic h e M iß g r if f e v o rk a m e n . E in e r s e its w ä h lte G e r s t n e r d ie B ö sc h u n g e n z u s te il, s o d a ß k o s ts p ie lig e N a c h ­

a r b e ite n n ö tig w u r d e n . A n d e r e r s e i t s v e r s a h e r d ie B a h n b e i d e r s e i t s d e r E in s c h n itte u n d D ä m m e m it S e ite n ­ g r ä b e n , d ie s te lle n w e is e a n d e r B e r g s e ite a u c h n o c h v e r ­ d o p p e lt w u r d e n .

A ll d a s s c h o n k o s t e te u n n ö tig v ie l G e ld ; a b e r g a n z v e r ­ h ä n g n is v o ll f ü r G e r s t n e r w u r d e s e in u n d s e in e s V a t e r s M iß ­ tr a u e n g e g e n d ie in E n g la n d ü b lic h e H e r s te llu n g d e r D ä m m e a u s e in f a c h e r E r d a n s c h ü ttu n g o h n e S ta m p fu n g . G e r s t n e r h a tt e d e r a r t ig e s o e b e n e r s t g e s c h ü tte te D ä m m e g e s e h e n u n d d a r a n s t a r k e S e tz u n g e n b e m e r k t. U m d ie s e n u n d d e n d a r ­ a u s e r w a c h s e n d e n N a c h a r b e ite n v o r z u b e u g e n , s c h lu g G e r s t ­ n e r d. Ä. e in e g a n z n e u e B a u w e is e v o r. I n n e r h a l b je d e s D a m m e s w u r d e n z w e i T r o c k e n m a u e r n v o n 1 F u ß (31,6 cm ) K r o n e n b r e ite a u f g e m a u e r t, d e re n in n e r e S e ite l o t r e c h t u n d d e r e n ä u ß e r e S e ite u n t e r 1 : 12 g e n e ig t w a r e n . J e d e M a u e r s o llte e in e n d e r G le is b a u m s tr ä n g e v e r lä ß lic h u n d u n v e r ­ ä n d e r lic h s tü tz e n . S e lb s tv e r s tä n d lic h w a r e s u n m ö g lic h , so lc h e M a u e rn in n e r h a lb d e r g le ic h z e itig s tu f e n w e is e e m p o r ­ w a c h s e n d e n D a m m s c h ü ttu n g p la n m ä ß ig a u s z u fü h r e n . A ls s ic h V e r d r ü c k u n g e n z e ig te n , d ie d e n Z w e c k d e r M a u e r n v ö llig v e r e ite lte n , d a d ie G le is b ä u m e w e it s e i t w ä r t s d e r M a u e rk r o n e z u lie g e n k a m e n , lie ß m a n n ic h t e tw a d e n u n g lü c k lic h e n G e d a n k e n f a lle n , s o n d e r n m a n g in g d a z u ü b e r, d ie b e id e n g e tr e n n te n M a u e r n z u e in e r m a s s iv e n z u v e re in ig e n , d e r m a n g a r n u r m e h r e in e n b e id e r s e itig e n A n ­ z u g v o n 1 : 24 g a b . A u c h d a s m iß g lü c k te v o lls tä n d ig . G e r s t ­ n e r b e z if f e r t s e lb s t d ie M e h r k o s te n d i e s e r u n g ü c k s e lig e n M a u e rn m it e tw a 200 000 G u ld e n (360 000 R M ). N a c h G e r s tn e r s S tu r z h a t S c h ö n e r e r d a s G a n z e a u fg e g e b e n .

D a ß z w e i s o h o c h g e b ild e te I n g e n ie u r e w ie d ie b e id e n G e r s t n e r e in e n s o lc h e n v e r h ä n g n is v o lle n F e h le r b e g e h e n k o n n te n u n d d a ß s ta a tlic h e u n d m ilitä r is c h e S a c h v e r s tä n ­ d ig e s ie in d ie s e m B e g in n e n n o ch b e s tä r k te n , k a n n ic h m ir n u r d a r a u s e r k lä r e n , d a ß s ie a lle w e n ig o d e r k e in e p r a k ­ tis c h e E r f a h r u n g in g r o ß e n E r d a r b e it e n b e s a ß e n u n d d a ß ih n e n l it e r a r i s c h e Q u e lle n d e r B e le h r u n g n ic h t z u r V e r ­ fü g u n g s ta n d e n , d a j a d e r E r d b a u d a m a ls n o c h la n g e n ic h t G e g e n s ta n d w is s e n s c h a f tlic h e r B e a r b e itu n g g e w e s e n is t.

W i r m ü s s e n b e d e n k e n , d a ß a lle V o r k ä m p f e r d e r E is e n b a h n ­ b a u k u n s t u n t e r d e r u n g e h e u r e n S c h w ie r ig k e it litte n , d a ß a lle w is s e n s c h a f tlic h e n V o r a u s s e tz u n g e n f ü r i h r e A r b e i t n o ch in d e n K in d e r s c h u h e n s ta k e n , d a ß B a u - u n d M a s c h i­

n e n b a u w e s e n n o c h g a n z u n d g a r H a n d w e r k w a r e n . O b e r b a u . G e r s t n e r b e tr a c h t e te e in e E is e n b a h n n a c h s e in e r e ig e n e n A u s s a g e n u r a ls e in e b e s o n d e r s g u te K u n s t­

s t r a ß e u n d le g te d e n g r ö ß te n W e r t a u f ih r e A n la g e v e r h ä lt­

n is s e . D e r O b e rb a u w a r ih m n u r e in e A r t B e w e h ru n g d e r S tr a ß e . F ü r d ie s e n Z w e c k g e n ü g te e s je d e n f a lls , a u f d em U n te r b a u h ö lz e rn e L a n g b ä u m e in v e r lä ß lic h g e s ic h e r te m A b ­ s t a n d z u v e r le g e n u n d s ie m it E is e n z u b e s c h la g e n . D ie L a n g b ä u m e la g e n d e r g a n z e n L ä n g e n a c h a u f, w a r e n a ls o n ic h t a u f B ie g u n g b e a n s p ru c h t. A u c h v o n d e r S c h ie n e g ilt d a s . A lle r d in g s h a t G e r s t n e r d ie M ö g lic h k e it v o r a u s ­ b e d a c h t, d a ß m a n b e i E in f ü h r u n g d e s L o k o m o tiv b e tr ie b e s

„ r a i l s “ v e r w e n d e n w e r d e m ü sse n , d a s h e iß t S c h ie n e n , d ie a ls t r a g e n d e s G lie d w ir k e n . E r b e to n t in e in e r s e in e r S c h r if ­ te n , d a ß m a n d ie e in g e b a u te n F la c h s c h ie n e n in d ie s e m F a ll le ic h t p r e i s w e r t v e r ä u ß e r n k ö n n e , d a s ie d e n Q u e r s c h n itt d e r ü b lic h e n R a d r e if e n d e r S t r a ß e n f u h r w e r k e h a tte n !

A l s m a n 1854 z u r E in f ü h r u n g d e s D a m p f b e tr ie b e s s c h r e i ­ t e n w o llte , e r w ie s s ic h d ie s a u f d e r B u d w e is e r S tr e c k e a ls v ö llig u n m ö g lic h , a u f d e r G m u n d e n e r S tr e c k e a b e r, d ie g ü n ­ s t i g e r e A n la g e v e r h ä ltn is s e b e s a ß , w a r e in e A u s w e c h s e lu n g d e s O b e r b a u e s n ö tig . D o r t k a m e n in e in e m e in z ig e n M o n a t a u f d e r 70 k m la n g e n B a h n f a s t 4000 S c h ie n e n b r ü c h e v o r.

Ü b r ig e n s h a b e n a u c h s p ä t e r e D a m p f b a h n e n n o c h d e n

„ a m e r ik a n is c h e n “ O b e r b a u m it s c h w a c h e n F la c h s c h ie n e n v e r le g t, z. B. d ie L e ip z ig — D r e s d e n e r u n d d ie K a is e r- F e r - d in a n d s - N o r d b a h n , m u ß te n ih n a b e r s o f o r t g e g e n „ m a s s i­

v e n “ O b e r b a u a u s w e c h s e ln .

76 v. E n d e r e s : Die Eisenbahn L in z— Budweis Technik u. K u ltu r

Bedeutung der Budweiser Bahn für die Entwicklung der deutschen Eisenbahntechnik

Ic h s e h e d ie s e B e d e u tu n g n ic h t in d e r T a ts a c h e , d a ß s ie d a s e r s t e d e u ts c h e B a u w e rk d ie s e r A r t w a r ; d a s b e r ü h r t e h e r d ie s e n tim e n ta le S e ite . T e c h n is c h - g e s c h ic h tlic h v iel w i c h ti g e r is t, d a ß s ic h s c h o n b e i d ie s e m e r s t e n W e r k d e r E is e n b a h n b a u k u n s t a u f d e u ts c h e m B o d e n d ie N e ig u n g z e ig t, s ic h v o n k r i ti k l o s e r N a c h a h m u n g e n g lis c h e r V o r b ild e r f r e i ­ z u m a c h e n .

E s w a r e in e m u tig e T a t , d a ß s ic h G e r s t n e r g e g e n d ie ,,S c h ie fe n E b e n e n “ w a n d t e u n d e r h a t d a m it z w a n z ig J a h r e v o r G h e g a d ie s e m f ü r d e n S e m m e rin g w ic h tig e V o r a r b e i t g e le is te t. D e r K e im je n e r ö s te r r e ic h is c h e n E rfo lg e a u f d em G e b ie t d e s G e b ir g s b a h n w e s e n s , d ie m it d e r S e m m e r in g b a h n ih r e e r s t e g lä n z e n d e E in le itu n g u n d d a n n m it d e n A lp e n ­ b a h n e n ü b e r d e n B re n n e r , d u r c h d a s P u s te r t a l , ü b e r d e n A r lb e r g , m it d e r T a u e r n - , K a r a w a n k e n - , W o c h e in e r - , P y h r n - u n d K a r s t- B a h n w ü r d ig e F o r ts e tz u n g e n f a n d e n , d ie d u r c h d ie u n s te r b lic h e n N a m e n G h e g a , E tz e l, L o tt u n d W u r m b g e k e n n z e ic h n e t w e r d e n , l ie g t in d e r b e s c h e id e n e n S c h m a l­

s p u r b a h n v o n L in z n a c h B u d w e is .

A u c h d ie P r a x i s v e r d a n k t L in z — B u d w e is v ie l. D o r t h a b e n s ic h d ie e r s t e n ö s te r r e ic h is c h e n E is e n b a h n in g e n ie u r e h e r a n g e b ild e t, v o n d e n e n S c h ö n e r e r n a c h m a ls e in e b e ­ s o n d e r s g lä n z e n d e L a u f b a h n d u r c h m a c h te . A u f s ic h ts p e r s o n a l, A r b e i te r u n d e in s c h lä g ig e I n d u s t r i e n e r h ie lte n ih r e e r s t e S c h u lu n g , d ie s p ä t e r e n E is e n b a h n b a u te n z u g u te k a m . A u c h d ie G e ld g e b e r w u r d e n a n d a s E is e n b a h n g e s c h ä f t g e w ö h n t.

D a s H a u s R o th s c h ild , d a s s c h o n b e i L in z — B u d w e is e in e w ic h tig e R o lle s p ie lte , w a r s p ä t e r d a s f ü h r e n d e I l a u s bei B e s c h a f f u n g d e s K a p i ta l s f ü r d ie N o r d b a h n u n d a n d e r e w ic h tig e H a u p tb a h n e n .

Die Verdienste der Beteiligten

W o ll e n w i r d ie M ä n n e r p e r s ö n lic h w ü r d ig e n , d ie am Z u ­ s ta n d e k o m m e n d e r L in z — B u d w e is e r B a h n h e r v o r r a g e n d b e ­ t e i l ig t w a r e n , s o g e b ü h r t d e r e r s t e P l a tz F r a n z J o s e f R . v. G e r s t n e r. E r h a t d e n u n a u s f ü h r b a r e n K a n a lp lä n e n r e c h t z e i ti g d a s E is e n b a h n p r o je k t g e g e n ü b e r g e s te llt; e r h a t d ie z w e if e llo s g a n z in d e m K a n a lg e d a n k e n b e f a n g e n e Ö ffe n t­

lic h k e it v o n d e r S tic h h ä l ti g k e it s e in e r A n s ic h te n ü b e r z e u g t;

a n d e r S c h w e lle d e s G r e is e n a lte r s , g e b e u g t vo n d e r L a s t d e r J a h r e u n d s e i n e r K r ä n k lic h k e it h a t e r sic h n o ch le b h a f t d u r c h R a t u n d T a t a n d e r s e in e m S o h n e ü b e r tr a g e n e n D u r c h f ü h r u n g d e s W e r k e s b e te i li g t u n d s ic h e r lic h d u rc h s e in g r o ß e s p e r s ö n lic h e s A n s e h e n v iel d a z u b e ig e tra g e n , d a ß d ie d a m a ls r e c h t ä n g s tlic h e n K a p ita lis te n d ie e r f o r d e r ­ lic h e n G e ld m itte l b e s c h a f f te n . A u ß e r d e m s ta m m t vo n ihm d ie e r s t e A n r e g u n g d e s S ta a ts b a h n g e d a n k e n s in Ö s te rre ic h .

D a m it i s t a b e r G e r s t n e r s B e d e u tu n g a ls I n g e n ie u r noch n ic h t e r s c h ö p f t. E r i s t n ä m lic h — w a s s tr e n g g e n o m m e n n ic h t h i e r h e r g e h ö r t — a u c h d e r B e g r ü n d e r d e s d e u ts c h e n te c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u lw e s e n s . Ih m i s t d ie G r ü n d u n g d e s s t ä n d is c h e n p o ly te c h n is c h e n I n s t i t u t e s in P r a g im J a h r e 1806 z u d a n k e n . D ie s e L e h r a n s t a l t w a r d ie e r s t e te c h n is c h e H o c h s c h u le , d a d ie e tw a s f r ü h e r (1794) g e g r ü n d e te P a r i s e r E c o le P o ly te c h n iq u e a u s s c h lie ß lic h d e r H e r a n b ild u n g t e c h ­ n i s c h e r O f f iz ie r e u n d B e a m te n d ie n te . D a s te c h n is c h e H o c h ­ s c h u lw e s e n d e r d e u ts c h e n L ä n d e r s ta m m t v o n d ie s e r G r ü n ­ d u n g G e r s t n e r s ab. D ie g e s a m te d e u ts c h e T e c h n ik n im m t d a h e r g e is tig t e i l a n d e r G e d e n k f e ie r , d ie d ie d e u ts c h e n I n g e n ie u r e d e r S u d e te n lä n d e r m it d e r 9. I n g e n ie u r ta g u n g in K o m o ta u v o m 25. b is 27. J u n i 1932 v e rb in d e n .

G e r s t n e r w u r d e am 22. F e b r u a r 1756 in K o m o ta u a ls S o h n e in e s H a n d w e r k e r s g e b o r e n u n d s t a r b a m 25. J u n i 1832.

S e in T o d e s ta g f ä l l t a ls o f a s t m it d e m T a g d e r V o lle n d u n g d e r B a h n L in z — B u d w e is z u s a m m e n u n d j ä h r t s ic h s o e b e n zu m h u n d e r ts te n M a le . A u s d ie s e m A n la ß e r r i c h t e n ih m s e in e L a n d s le u te u n d F a c h g e n o s s e n in K o m o ta u e in w ü r d i ­ g e s D e n k m a l.

S e in S o h n F r a n z A n t o n R. v. G e r s t n e r h a t s ic h u m d a s d e u ts c h e E is e n b a h n w e s e n s c h o n d a d u r c h h o c h v e r ­ d ie n t g e m a c h t, d a ß e r d e n V o r s c h la g s e in e s V a t e r s v e r w i r k ­ lic h te . S e in H a u p t v e r d i e n s t lie g t a b e r m e in e s E r a c h te n s d a r in , d a ß e r d e r d e u ts c h e n E is e n b a h n te c h n ik v om e r s t e n S c h r i tt a n W e g e w ie s , d ie s ie a u s d e r A b h ä n g ig k e it v o n e n g lis c h e n V o r b ild e r n h e r a u s lö s te n . L e id e r h a b e n s e in M a n ­ g e l a n p r a k t i s c h e r E r f a h r u n g , E n g h e r z ig k e it d e r G e ld g e b e r u n d a n s c h e in e n d a u c h R ä n k e s e in e s S c h ü l e r s u n d M i t ­ a r b e i t e r s S c h ö n e r e r d a z u g e f ü h r t, d a ß e r s e in W e r k n i c h t

B ild

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s e l b s t z u E n d e f ü h r e n k o n n te . D a d u r c h s c h e it e r t e s e in e A b ­ s ic h t, a u f d e r n e u e n B a h n D a m p f b e tr ie b e in z u f ü h r e n , e r s e l b s t u n d s e in V a t e r l a n d k a m e n u m d e n R u h m , d ie e r s t e f e s tlä n d is c h e L o k o m o tiv b a h n e r r i c h t e t z u h a b e n .

M a t h i a s S c h ö n e r e r , s p ä t e r in d e n R i t t e r s t a n d e r ­ h o b e n , t r a t a ls a c h tz e h n jä h r ig e r J ü n g lin g , n a c h d e m e r a m W ie n e r P o ly te c h n ik u m G e r s t n e r s d. J . S c h ü le r g e w e s e n w a r , a u f d e s s e n E in la d u n g 1825 in d ie D ie n s te d e r E r s t e n Ö s te rr. E is e n b a h n g e s e lls c h a f t. A ls G e r s t n e r u m N e u ja h r 1829 s e in e S te llu n g a ls B a u le i te r a u f g a b , w u r d e S c h ö n e r e r s e in N a c h fo lg e r. E r ä n d e r t e d ie B a u w e is e d u r c h A n n a h m e s e h r s c h a r f e r N e ig u n g e n u n d K r ü m m u n g e n u n d m a c h te d a ­ d u rc h d e n L o k o m o tiv b e tr ie b z w is c h e n L in z u n d B u d w e is u n m ö g lic h , w a s ih m s c h w e r e V o r w ü r f e in d e n s p ä t e r e n S c h r if te n G e r s t n e r s e in tr u g . A b e r w i r m ü s s e n g e r e c h te r ­ w e is e a n e r k e n n e n , d a ß e r s ic h d a d u r c h a u c h e in g r o ß e s V e r d i e n s t e r w o r b e n h a t: s e i n e r S p a r s a m k e i t a lle in i s t e s z u d a n k e n , d a ß d ie G e ld g e b e r n e u e s V e r t r a u e n in d a s U n t e r ­ n e h m e n f a ß te n u n d e s n ic h t g a n z im S tic h lie ß e n . E r h a t a ls o d a s U n te r n e h m e n g e r e t te t , w e n n a u c h in b e s c h e id e n e r e r A u s g e s ta ltu n g . J e d e n f a l ls i s t ih m a b e r a u c h d a s V e r d i e n s t d e r Ä n d e r u n g d e r L in ie n f ü h r u n g m a c h L in z s t a t t n a c h M a u t ­ h a u s e n u n d d e r r e c h tz e itig e n E r b a u u n g d e r F o r t s e t z u n g s ­ lin ie L in z -G m u n d e n g u tz u s c h r e ib e n .