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„unten h e r a u f “ z u im m e r g e w a ltig e r e n F ä h ig k e ite n u n d L eistu n g en e n tw ic k e lt. „ V o n u n te n h e r a u f “ — d a s h e iß t:

in ih r f o r m te n s ic h d ie u n g e h e u e r v ie le n A r b e ite n d e r z a h l­

losen E in z e le r f in d e r , d ie o h n e g ro ß e L in ie s c h a ff te n , d e re n A rb e it d a h e r zu m g r ö ß te n T e il n u tz lo s v e r p u f f te z u e in e r d en F o r t s c h r i t t e r s c h w e r e n d e n , k o s ts p ie lig e n V ie lg e s ta ltig ­ k e it. D e r V o r g a n g w a r n a tü r lic h : d ie e in z e ln e n A r b e i ts ­ b e w ä ltig u n g s o llte e r le ic h te r t, d ie z e r s p l i t te r te L e is tu n g je K o p f u n d H a n d v e r v ie lf a c h t w e r d e n . S o s in d d u rc h d ie s e G e s ta ltu n g e in e g a n z e R e ih e v o n te c h n is c h e n H ilf s m itte ln k ü r z e r e o d e r lä n g e r e Z e it u n te r u n g e h e u re n V e r lu s te n an K a p ita l, M ü h e u n d Z e it fe h lg e g a n g e n . M a n d e n k e a n die E n tw ic k lu n g u n s e r e r A u to m o b ile , d ie z w a r m it dem A u g e n ­ m aß g u te n te c h n is c h e n E in z e lw ir k u n g s g r a d e s , a n fa n g s a b e r n u r a ls S p o rt- u n d L u x u s g e r ä t e n tw ic k e lt w u r d e n , u n d d ie m an e r s t j e t z t m it v o lk s w ir ts c h a f tlic h w a c h s e n d e m A u g e n ­ m aß f ü r d ie v e r s c h ie d e n e n A u fg a b e n d e r e in z e ln e n W i r t ­ s c h a fts z w e ig e u n d B e ru fe z u r S te ig e r u n g i h r e r L e is tu n g s ­ fä h ig k e it m it d e n e n ts p r e c h e n d e n N u tz e ig e n s c h a f te n b a u t.

M a n h a t d e n T r a g p f lu g w e g e n s e in e s g ü n s tig e n E in z e lw ir ­ k u n g s g r a d e s , s e lb s t u n te r g ro ß e m A u f w a n d a n w i r t s c h a f t s ­ f r e m d e r w is s e n s c h a f tlic h e r A r b e it, d e r L a n d w ir t s c h a f t a ls g ü n s tig s te P flu g m a s c h in e a u f b ü rd e n w o lle n , o h n e z u b e ­ denken, d a ß ein A g g r e g a t von Z u g m a s c h in e u n d A n h ä n g e ­ g erät, e in s c h lie ß lic h a ll e r A r t e n v on P flü g e n , f ü r d ie B e ­ trieb e u n g leic h w i r t s c h a f t li c h e r s e in m u ß a ls d e r T r a g p f lu g mit se in er g e rin g e n J a h r e s v e r w e n d b a r k e i t .

D er W ir k u n g s g r a d e in e s g a n z b e s o n d e rs g ü n s tig g e s t a l ­ teten E lem en tes e in e r M a s c h in e b e s tim m t n ic h t d e r e n G e ­ s a m tw irk u n g s g rad , u n d e in e M a s c h in e k a n n d u rc h u n d d u rc h noch so g u t g e b a u t se in , s ie w i r d m it s c h le c h te m YV irk u n g s g ra d g e n u tz t, w e n n d ie E in h e it „ M e n s c h u n d M a ­ s c h in e “ v e rfe h lt z u s a m m e n g e s c h a lte t is t, w e n n e in e g u te M a sc h in e in fa lsch e H ä n d e g e g e b e n w u r d e . E in e a n sich au f g u te n W ir k u n g s g r a d z u g e s c h n itte n e M a s c h in e k a n n auch u n te r b e s te r F ü h ru n g f ü r e in e n V o lk s w ir ts c h a f ts z w e ig , ja, f ü r ein e g a n ze V o l k s w ir t s c h a f t e in e n u n g ü n s tig e n W i r ­ k u n g s g ra d — V o lk s w ir t s c h a f t l i c h k e it s g r a d — h a b e n , w e n n die M a sc h in e rie e in e s W ir t s c h a f t s z w e i g e s u n ö k o n o m is c h in die V o lk s w ir ts c h a ft e in g e s e tz t w ir d .

U ngleich k ü r z e r e W e g e zu E n tw ic k lu n g s z ie le n w u r d e n a b e r von s o lc h e n B e r u f s z w e ig e n d e r V o l k s w ir t s c h a f t e in ­ gesch lag en , d ie ih r e te c h n is c h e n G e s a m te in r ic h tu n g e n a u ch von „oben h e r “ e n tw ic k e ln k o n n te n , w ie d ie E is e n b a h n , die Post, d e r R u n d f u n k u s w ., d u r c h A u s s c h r e ib e n v on W e t t ­ bew erben u n d A n f o r d e r u n g e n vo n K o n s tr u k tio n e n , d ie g e ­ rade in d ie s e m A u g e n b lic k f ü r ih r g r o ß e s Z ie l g e b r a u c h t w u rd en .

E s i s t e r k l ä r l i c h , d a ß d ie so w e n ig g e s c h lo s s e n e L a n d ­ w i r t s c h a f t i h r e r te c h n is c h e n R ü s tu n g d e n g r ö ß te n W id e r s t a n d e n tg e g e n s e tz te . B ei ih r w u r d e no ch m e h r a ls irg e n d w o a n d e r s vo n „ u n te n h e r a u f “ e n tw ic k e lt, b e s o n d e rs

v ie l e rfu n d e n , b e s o n d e rs v iel h e r u m p r o b ie r t. H e r r s c h te doch b is v o r n ic h t la n g e r Z e it d ie A u ffa s s u n g , d a ß L a n d w ir t­

s c h a f t te c h n is c h ü b e r h a u p t n u r u n te r g e o r d n e te Z ie le k e n n e u n d n ic h t i n d u s tr ie m ä ß ig z u b e tr e ib e n s e i; d a s z e ig t d e r e r s t k ü r z lic h e B e g in n d e r A u s g e s ta ltu n g d e s L e h rg e b ie te s

„ L a n d te c h n ik “ a n e r s t e in ig e n T e c h n is c h e n H o c h sc h u le n s o w ie d ie B e s e tz u n g d e r la n d w ir ts c h a f tlic h e n B e h ö rd e n b is h e r a u f zu m R e ic h s la n d w irts c h a f ts m in is te r iu m . In d e r L a n d ­ w i r t s c h a f t s in d e tw a 43 o/o d e r d e u ts c h e n G e s a m tb e v ö lk e ­ r u n g b e s c h ä f tig t. M a n n e n n t s ie e in e n „ Z w e ig “ d e r V o lk s ­ w i r t s c h a f t ; s c h n e id e t m an a b e r d ie L a n d w ir ts c h a f t a u s d e r V o lk s w ir ts c h a f t, d a n n s t i r b t d a s V o lk in s e in e r G e s a m t­

h e it, w ie e in B au m , d em m a n W u r z e l u n d S ta m m w e g ­ s c h n e id e t. E s g ib t n u r z w e i S tä m m e in d e r V o l k s w ir t ­ s c h a ft, L a n d w ir t s c h a f t u n d B e rg b a u , d ie a u s d e m B o d en g r e if e n u n d g e s ta lte n , w a s d e r M e n sc h zu s e in e r m a te rie lle n K u ltu r b r a u c h t. F ü r b e id e b ra u c h e n w ir W e ite r v e r a r b e itu n g u n d V e r e d lu n g :— I n d u s tr ie . A lle s ü b rig e i s t m e h r o d e r w e n ig e r w ic h tig e s G e ä s t. W e n n m an vo n d ie s e m G e s ic h ts ­ k r e is e a u s d ie B e d e u tu n g d e r L a n d w ir ts c h a f t m iß t, d a n n m u ß m a n d ie in ih r B e s c h ä ftig te n n ic h t n u r a ls ein e g a n z b e s o n d e rs w e it a u s g e b re ite te G r o ß m a s s e d e r B e v ö lk e ru n g a n s e h e n , s o n d e r n au ch ih re p r im ä r e B e d e u tu n g v o r d e r

„ I n d u s t r ie “ in d e r V o lk s w ir ts c h a f t b e to n e n . — U n d w ie w ir d h e u te no ch a llg e m e in d ie W ir ts c h a f ts m a s c h in e r ie d e s V o lk e s th e o r e tis c h u n d p r a k tis c h z u s a m m e n g e s c h a lte t, tr o tz d e n a lle s u n g e m e in z e r s p litte r n d e n F o lg e n d ie s e r S c h a ltu n g !

W ie g in g n u n d ie E n tw ic k lu n g d e s L a n d b a u s u n d d e s B e rg b a u s ? D e r B e rg b a u h a tte e s le ic h te r , w e il e r n u r an w e n ig e n S te lle n — a b e r a n d ie s e n b e lie b ig g r o ß e M a s s e n von S c h ä tz e n a u s d em B o d en s c h ö p ft. D e r L a n d b a u d a g eg e n r a h m t n u r in g a n z d ü n n e r S c h ic h t — a b e r a u f d e r g a n z e n R e ic h s flä c h e ab, w a s W in d u n d W e t t e r ihm ü b rig la s s e n . D e r B e r g b a u e r b r a u c h t k e in e n G e is t m e h r a u f die B ild u n g d e r s c h w a rz e n , to te n K o h le zu v e rw e n d e n , d e r L a n d b a u e r m u ß d ie g rü n e , le b e n d ig e K o h le e r s t a lljä h r lic h d u rc h k o s t ­ s p ie lig e u n d g e is tv o lle A rb e it, d u rc h m ö g lic h s t g ü n s tig e B e e in flu s s u n g d e s T r a n s f o r m a tio n s e r g e b n is s e s von S o n n e n ­ k r a f t u n d P fla n z e n w u c h s e rz w in g e n . D e r B e rg b a u e r b ra u c h t n u r z u e r n te n ! — A lle r d in g s , d e r S o n n e n m o to r t r e i b t u n se re L a n d w ir ts c h a f t m it e in e r E n e rg ie , d ie u n g e fä h r h u n d e r t K ilo g ra m m K o h le a u f d e n Q u a d r a tm e te r B o d e n e n ts p r ic h t.

D ie g e s a m te j ä h r lic h e K o h le n fö rd e ru n g u n s e r e s B e rg b a u s i s t d e m g e g e n ü b e r n u r e in B ro c k e n . A b e r vo n d e r u n g e ­ h e u r e n E n e rg ie , d ie d ie S o n n e a u f d e n A c k e r s t r a h lt , d ie u n s e r e m L a n d w ir t g e s p e n d e t w ir d , w a n d e lt e r n u r e in e n s e h r k le in e n T e il, n ic h t v ie l m e h r a ls e in Z w e ih u n d e r ts te l, in d ie g rü n e K o h le um , a b h ä n g ig vo n d e r L e is tu n g s e in e r P f la n z e n k u ltu r e n u n d i h r e r P fle g e . E r h a t es n ic h t in d e r H a n d , s e in e g rü n e K o h le b e lie b ig s c h n e ll z u fö r d e r n , n u r die W a h l d e r S o r te n s t e h t ih m fre i. D ie B e rg b a u e rn s in d a u c h d a r in f r e ie r . D a h e r k o n n te s ic h a u c h d e r B e rg b a u s c h n e ll u n d g e s c h lo s s e n — g r o ß w ir ts c h a f tlic h vom H a n d w e r k zum 37

38 B. N a d o l n y : Technik und Land-Kultur Technik u. K u ltu r

R ie s e n u n te rn e h m e n e n tw ic k e ln . E r, d ie V e r a r b e itu n g s e in e r S c h ä tz e , w u r d e d ie „ I n d u s t r i e “ ! D ie L a n d w ir ts c h a f t, v i e r ­ e in h a lb M illio n e n g r o ß e , k le in e u n d k le in s te B e trie b e , vom M a r k t d u r c h e in u m s tä n d lic h e s z e itr a u b e n d e s u n d g e ld ­ r a u b e n d e s W e g e n e tz g e tr e n n t, m it E r z e u g n is s e n , d ie so le ic h t v e r d e r b lic h s in d , k o n n te ih r e I n d u s t r i e , ih r e W e t t ­ b e w e r b s f ä h ig k e it in F e r tig e r z e u g n is s e n n ic h t so s c h n e ll e n tw ic k e ln . S ie m u ß te a u f d e n M o to r w a r te n ! D a s P f e r d , d r e ie in h a lb M illio n e n T ie r e A n g e s p a n n , w a r v o ll b e la s te t, k o n n te n ic h t m e h r s c h le p p e n u n d n ic h t s c h n e lle r la u f e n ; u n d m e h r v o n ih n e n e in s te lle n k o n n te m a n n ic h t, w e il e s a n L a n d fe h lte , w e il s ie o h n e h in s c h o n m e h r a ls g a n z B a y e r n a ls F u tte r f lä c h e b r a u c h te n . W o b lie b e n d a d ie M e n s c h e n ? — D ie I n d u s t r i e a r b e i te t f a s t a u s s c h lie ß lic h m it M o to r e n u n d a u f s ie z u g e s c h n itte n e n A rb e its m a s c h in e n . S ie s c h le u d e r t ih re E r z e u g n is s e m it b e lie b ig e r G e s c h w in d ig k e it a u f d en M a r k t, w e n n s ie A b s a tz f in d e t. U n d w ie s ie h t e s in d e r L a n d w ir t s c h a f t a u s ?

A u f d e m F e ld e i s t n o ch so w e n ig m e c h a n is ie r t, d a ß d e r R h y th m u s d e r F e ld a r b e it n o c h f a s t v o llk o m m e n vo n Z u g ­ t i e r k r a f t u n d v om T i e r s c h r i t t b e s tim m t is t. D ie e tw a v ie r z ig ta u s e n d Z u g m a s c h in e n , d ie h e u te z u m g r ö ß e r e n T e il m e h r f ü r d ie L e is tu n g s s te ig e r u n g a ls f ü r d e n Z u g tie r e r s a tz , in d ie F e l d w i r ts c h a f t e in g e s p a n n t s in d , s p ie le n u n t e r d e r A n n a h m e , d a ß je d e Z u g m a s c h in e d ie K r a f t v o n s e c h s Z u g ­ t ie r e n h a t, n o c h k e in e R o lle g e g e n ü b e r d e r g e s a m te n Z u g ­ tie r a n s p a n n u n g .

D e r B e r g b a u g e h t b is e tw a 2000 m in d ie E r d e v o r, e in e k le in e S tr e c k e im V e r h ä l t n is z u d e n W e g e n , d ie d e r L a n d ­ b a u im F lin u n d H e r ü b e r d ie F e ld e r , vo n d e n F e ld e r n zu m H o f u n d z u r ü c k z u b e w ä ltig e n h a t. D ie A r b e its g e s c h w in d ig ­ k e it, d ie b e im B e r g b a u d u r c h d ie M ö g lic h k e ite n d e s F ö r d e r ­ s e ils , b e i d e r I n d u s t r i e d u r c h d a s F lie ß b a n d , b e i d e r V e r ­ te ilu n g — d e m H a n d e l — d u r c h L a s tk r a f tw a g e n u n d E is e n ­ b a h n d i k t i e r t w e r d e n , s t e h t a ls o b e im F e ld b a u h e u te no ch a u f d e m S ta n d p u n k t n a tü r l i c h e r T e c h n ik , d e r e n Z u f ä llig ­ k e ite n , U n b e r e c h e n b a r k e ite n u n d b e s c h r ä n k te N u tz b a r k e ite n F e l d in d u s tr i e n o c h a u s s c h lie ß t. D a s i s t f ü r d ie F e l d w i r t ­ s c h a f t u m s o h e m m e n d e r, a ls d ie W e t t e r e in f l ü s s e a u f ih r e n W ir t s c h a f t s p r o z e ß u n d d ie g r ö ß e r e V e r d e r b lic h k e it ih r e r E r z e u g n is s e im V e r h ä ltn is z u d e n e n d e r „ I n d u s t r i e “ g e r a d e e in e b e s o n d e re G e s c h w in d ig k e it i h r e s P r o z e s s e s f o r d e r n . N u r d ie H o f w ir t s c h a f t i s t a u f d e m L a n d e h e u te s c h o n m it d e r P r ä z is io n u n d d e r Ö k o n o m ie d e r I n d u s t r i e w ir t s c h a f t zu b e tr e ib e n , d a n k v o r a lle m d e r E le k tr if iz ie r u n g f a s t d e r g a n ­ z en L a n d w ir t s c h a f t d e s R e ic h e s . O h n e d a ß a lle r d in g s d ie s e M ö g lic h k e it v o ll a u s g e n u tz t w ir d , w e il d ie F löfe n o ch f ü r d ie a lt e n B e tr ie b s m e th o d e n a u f g e b a u t s in d , u n d s ie sic h m it d e r n e u e n M o to r is ie r u n g a u s n e h m e n , w ie d ie e r s t e n A u to ­ m o b ilm o d e lle : P f e r d e k u ts c h w a g e n m it e in g e b a u te m M o to r.

A u c h d ie E le k tr if iz ie r u n g k a n n n ic h t v o ll a u s g e n u tz t w e r ­ d e n , w e il d ie K o s ts p ie lig k e it d e s Ü b e r la n d - L e itu n g s n e tz e s d ie S tr o m p r e is e , b e s o n d e r s in N o r d d e u ts c h la n d , r e n t a b i l i ­ tä t s v e r n i c h t e n d v e r te u e r t. D ie L a n d w ir t s c h a f t i s t in i h r e r U m s te llu n g z u h ö h e r b e z a h lte r P r o d u k t i o n u n d in d e r L a n d - I n d u s t r i a l i s i e r u n g , g le ic h b e d e u te n d e in e r V e r d ic h tu n g d e r L a n d b e v ö lk e r u n g , d e r E le k tr if iz ie r u n g s o la n g s a m g e fo lg t, a u c h d u r c h d e n K r ie g s o w e i t z u r ü c k g e w o r f e n w o rd e n , d a ß s ie s ic h d e r V e r w e n d u n g d ie s e r E n e rg ie z u r z e it n u r u n te r I n k a u f n a h m e e r d r ü c k e n d e r f in a n z ie lle r L a s te n g e s ta tte n k a n n , d ie f a s t s o a u s s e h e n , a ls ob s ie d u rc h ü b e r m ä ß ig e n K o m f o r t h e r b e i g e f ü h r t s in d .

D e^ G e s p a n n s c h r it t s c h u f d a s h e u tig e B ild d e s L a n d b a u s u n d d e r L a n d in d u s tr ie , d e r I n d u s t r i e , d ie a lle R o h e r z e u g ­ n is s e d e s L a n d b a u s , d ie g e s a m te g r ü n e K o h le , d ie a u s dem B o d e n g e w o n n e n w ir d , a ls G r u n d la g e f ü r ih r e A r b e it, W e ite r f o r m u n g u n d V e r e d lu n g b is z u f e r t i g e n V e r b r a u c h s ­ p r o d u k t e n d e s M e n s c h e n , v e r w e r te t. L a n d in d u s tr ie n b a u e n s ic h a ls o a u f d e r N u tz u n g d e r g r ü n e n P f la n z e n s u b s ta n z , u n d n ic h t n u r d e r a ll j ä h r l ic h f r is c h e rz e u g te n , s o n d e r n a u c h d e r g r o ß e n , s c h o n im O x y d a tio n s p r o z e ß b e f in d lic h e n T o r f l a g e r u n d M o o r la g e r , a u f : z u r v e g e ta b ilis c h e n E r n ä h ­ ru n g , z u r B e k le id u n g , zu m B a u v on H ä u s e r n , M ö b e ln ,

B rü c k e n , S c h iffe n , F a h r z e u g e n , F lu g z e u g e n , u n d a n d e r e r ­ s e i ts ü b e r d ie tie r is c h e P r o d u k t i o n z u r a n im a lis c h e n E r ­ n ä h ru n g , z u r L e d e r-, K n o c h e n - u n d s a n i t ä r e n I n d u s t r i e . D ie h e u te n o c h a u s s c h lie ß lic h a ls L a n d p r o v in z e n h i n d ä m m e r n ­ d e n T e ile d e s R e ic h e s h a b e n a ls o n ic h t g e r in g e r e M ö g lic h ­ k e ite n i n d u s t r ie l le n A u f b a u s a ls d ie je n ig e n G e b ie te , d ie sich a u f d e r s c h w a r z e n K o h le h e u te s c h o n e in e w u c h tig e r e \ \ irt- s c h a f t a u f g e b a u t h a b e n .

U n s e r e L a n d w ir t s c h a f t m u ß ö k o n o m is c h in d e r L a g e sein , d e n F o r t s c h r i t t z u e r z w in g e n , ih m z u fo lg e n . D a s A u s la n d s ­ a n g e b o t u n d d a s E in d r in g e n a u s l ä n d i s c h e r L a n d e r z e u g n is s e , im jä h r l i c h e n B e tr a g e v o n 3,5 M il li a r d e n M a r k , ja , f ü r eine n o c h g r ö ß e r e S u m m e, w e n n m a n a lle E r z e u g n is s e l a n d w ir t ­ s c h a f t l i c h e r W e i t e r v e r a r b e it u n g e in b e z ie h t, — u n d vor a lle m d ie a lte in g e w u r z e l t e G e w o h n h e it u n s e r e r L a n d w ir t ­ s c h a ft, s ic h im m e r n u r in s ic h s e l b s t z u b e tr a c h t e n u n d nur in d i e s e r R ic h tu n g z u h a n d e ln , h a lt e n s ie n ie d e r . N a t ü r ­ lic h i s t d e m L a n d w ir t, v o r a lle m d e m K le in b a u e r n , in fo lg e s e in e r A b g e le g e n h e it v o n a lle n W e ltz u s a m m e n h ä n g e n , der B lic k in d ie T ie f e u n d in d e n F e in b a u d e r V o lk s w ir ts c h a f t e r s c h w e r t. A b e r h e u te , im Z e i t a l te r d e s R a d io , b l ic k t sein G e is t im m e r s c h ä r f e r , im m e r s c h n e lle r in d ie F e r n e , e r sieht d ie C o m b in e s d ie R ie s e n la n d f lä c h e n N o r d a m e r ik a s u n d S üd­

a m e r ik a s a b e r n te n , in im m e r g r ö ß e r e r A u s d e h n u n g W e ize n , n ic h t R o g g e n , m it d r e i M a r k E r z e u g u n g s k o s te n j e Z e n tn e r s t a t t z e h n M a r k , d ie e r a u f w e n d e t. E r f ä n g t an, in die Z u k u n f t z u se h e n . Im w e ite n R u ß la n d , in d e m n o c h w e ite ­ r e n S ib ir ie n , A s ie n , A f r ik a , A u s tr a l ie n , w e lc h e M ö g lic h ­ k e it e n d a f ü r d e n L a n d b a u d u r c h i n d u s t r ie l le n G r o ß b e trie b ! W e r u n t e r s u c h t ih m d e n s o w e it v e r b illig te n E r z e u g u n g s ­ p r o z e ß a ll e r e in g e f ü h r te n l a n d w ir t s c h a f t l ic h e n E r z e u g n is s e d e s A u s la n d e s , d a ß e r a n d e n B e is p ie le n s e in e U m s te llu n g s ­ n o tw e n d ig k e ite n e r k e n n t, w ie d e r I n d u s t r i e l l e e in e K o n ­ k u r r e n z m a s c h in e , d ie e r e in h o le n u n d ü b e r f lü g e ln w ill, z e r ­ l e g t u n d p r ü f t? D e r d e u ts c h e B a u e r w e iß , d a ß a u f d e r W e iz e n p r o d u k tio n d e r a u s lä n d is c h e n R ie s e n f lä c h e n k e in e K o s te n f ü r u n g e h e u e r lic h e W ir t s c h a f t s g e b ä u d e , f ü r e l e k ­ tr is c h e n S tro m , f ü r z e r s p l i t t e r t e K l e in a r b e i t v o m P f lu g e b is zu m M a r k t a u f d em H e k t a r la s te n . W e r u n t e r s u c h t ih m a lle d ie je n ig e n L e is tu n g u n d R e n ta b i li t ä t h e b e n d e n u n d s e n ­ k e n d e n F a k to r e n , b is h e r a u f z u d e r E in w ir k u n g d e r s o z ia le n u n d d e r d u r c h d e n v e r lo r e n e n K r ie g h e r v o r g e r u f e n e n L a s te n ? Im m e r s c h n e lle r r o l l t d a s te c h n is c h e R a d a u c h a u f d a s L a n d , i n d u s t r i a l i s i e r t s ic h d e r a u s lä n d is c h e L a n d b a u g r o ß w ir ts c h a f tlic h . D o c h im m e r n o c h r e n n t d e r d e u ts c h e B a u e r — e in z e ln — in s e i n e r v e r g it t e r t e n E n g e h in u n d h e r, w e iß n ic h t a u s, n ic h t e in . A ll d ie s c h ö n e n Z ü c h tu n g s e r g e b ­ n is s e , a ll d ie E r g e b n is s e d e r F o r s c h u n g k a n n e r d u r c h d a s G i t te r n ic h t la n g e n .

W e lc h e F o rm e n m u ß d e r d e u ts c h e L a n d b a u a n n e h m e n ? A u c h d ie d e u ts c h e L a n d w ir t s c h a f t h a t g r o ß e E n tw ic k l u n g s ­ f e h le r g e m a c h t, w ie d ie A u to m o b il- u n d d ie Z u g m a s c h in e n ­ i n d u s t r ie , h a t s ic h z. B. ü b e r m ä ß ig a u f d e n f ü r d e n le ic h te n B o d e n u n d d a s K lim a b e q u e m e r e n R o g g e n b a u e in g e s te llt.

A b e r d ie B e v ö lk e ru n g g e h t n ic h t m it, z ie h t d e n a u s lä n d i­

s c h e n W e iz e n v o r. D ie Z u k u n f t w i r d z e ig e n , d a ß der d e u ts c h e L a n d w ir t a u c h a n d e r s k a n n , w e il e r m u ß ! E r b r a u c h t s ic h n u r d ie E in f u h r s ta t is ti k a n z u s e h e n , u m z u e r ­ k e n n e n , w a s e r in d e r E r z e u g u n g v o n p f la n z lic h e n u n d tie r is c h e n R o h p r o d u k te n u n d F e r t ig e r z e u g n i s s e n v e r s ä u m t h a t.

W ie e in e v e r a l te t e F a b r ik , d ie s ic h in J a h r z e h n t e n A n b a u um A n b a u z u g e s c h a c h te lt h a t z u e in e m M o n s tr u m v o n te c h ­ n is c h e r E in h e it u n d Ö k o n o m ie, h a t s ic h d ie B e tr i e b s g r ö ß e n ­ a u f te ilu n g v om B r u c h te il e in e s H e k t a r s b is h e r a u f z u m e h ­ r e r e n t a u s e n d H e k t a r u n d d ie V e r z e tte lu n g d e r S t ü c k e u n d S c h lä g e s o w ie d ie B e s e tz u n g m it M a s c h in e n , b e s o n d e r s in d e n D ö r f e r n , in e in a b s u r d e s D u r c h e in a n d e r g e s c h ic h tlic h g e s t a l t e t . W ie s o ll d ie s e s M o n s tr u m v o n P r o d u k t i o n s b e tr i e b m it d e n e in h e itlic h e n , ö k o n o m is c h - r a d ik a lg e s c h n itte n e n R ie s e n b e tr ie b e n m o d e r n s te r M e c h a n is ie r u n g , b illig s te n B o d e n s m itk o m m e n ? K a m e n d ie v e r a l te t e n I n d u s t r i e w e r k e m it F o r d m it, e h e s ie s ic h a u f g le ic h e L e i s t u n g s b e s c h l e u ­ n ig u n g u n d V e r b illig u n g e in g e s te llt h a tte n ?

23 (1932) Nr. 3 B. N a d o l n y : Technik und Land-Kultur 39

D ie l a n d w ir t s c h a f t l ic h e S ie d lu n g b e s o n d e rs im O s te n , an d e n G re n z e n d e s R e ic h s , s t e h t h e u te im V o r d e r g r u n d d e s p o litis c h e n I n t e r e s s e s d e r A llg e m e in h e it, d ie B a u e r n s ie d lu n g n a tü rlic h . W i d e r s p r i c h t d ie s e r G e d a n k e n ic h t d e n Ö k o n o ­ m ie g e se tz e n , n a c h d e n e n d ie W i r t s c h a f t s k r a f t — L e is tu n g s ­ b e s c h le u n ig u n g u n d L e is tu r ig s v e rb illig u n g — d e s G r o ß b e ­ tr ie b e s d ie d e r K le in b e trie b e a u f g le ic h e r L a n d f lä c h e ü b e r ­ t r if f t , w ie e in e G r o ß m a s c h in e e in e S u m m e vo n K le in ­ m a s c h in e n a n W ir k u n g s g r a d ? S in d d ie m it d e m E in s a tz so r ie s ig e r ö f f e n tlic h e r M itte l, m it e in e m so g ro ß e n T e il d e r A rb e it d e s g a n z e n V o lk e s e in g e r ic h te te n u n d n o ch e in z u ­ ric h te n d e n b ä u e r lic h e n S ie d lu n g e n n ic h t d em W i r t s c h a f t s ­ to d a u s g e lie f e r t? K a n n m it d e r h e u tig e n F lic k a u f te ilu n g u n s e r e r l a n d w ir ts c h a f tlic h e n B e trie b e ü b e r h a u p t ein M ech a- n is ie ru n g s - u n d L e is tu n g s -N iv e a u e r r e i c h t w e rd e n , d a s dem d e r l a n d w ir t s c h a f t l ic h e n G r o ß b e tr ie b e d e s A u s la n d e s in je d e r Z u k u n f t d a s G le ic h g e w ic h t h a lte n w ir d ? K a n n u n s e re I n d u s tr ie , v o n d e r e in f a c h s te n F e ld m a s c h in e , d e r E g g e, b is z u r e le g a n te s te n S c h u h p u tz m a s c h in e im H o te l, d e r d e u t­

s c h e n L a n d w ir ts c h a f t z u m L e is tu n g s s ie g e in d e r W e l t v e r ­ h elfen , s ie s ic h s e l b s t z u r la n d m a s c h in e n in d u s tr ie lle n F ü h ­ ru n g in d e r W e l t a u f ra f f e n ? — C o m b in e s! — Z u s a m m e n ­ s c h lu ß ! — D ie d e u ts c h e G r ö ß e n a u f te ilu n g d e r B e trie b e k a n n d e n b ö s e n F o lg e n e in e r Z e r s p li t te r u n g d e r L a n d m a s c h in e n ­ e in h e ite n d u r c h w ir ts c h a f tlic h e Z u s a m m e n s c h lü s s e d e r für- h o c h w e r tig e M a s c h in e n b e a r b e itu n g z u k le in e n B e trie b e , d e r S ie d lu n g e n , b e g e g n e n ! D a s R e i c h s k u r a t o r i u m f ü r T e c h n i k i n d e r L a n d w i r t s c h a f t h a t s c h o n 1927 m it d e r w e its ic h tig e n , b e is p ie ls w e is e n P r ü f u n g d e r U m s te l­

lu n g s n o tw e n d ig k e ite n u n d d e r B e w ir ts c h a f tu n g s te ilu n g z u ­ s a m m e n lie g e n d e r b ä u e r lic h e r B e trie b e zu g r ö ß e re n W i r t ­ s c h a f ts e in h e ite n b e g o n n en , o h n e d ie A b s ic h t, d e n B a u e rn s e in e ö k o n o m is c h e F r e ih e it u n d V e r a n tw o r tu n g z u n eh m en . E s i s t fr a g lo s , d a ß sic h a u f d ie s e m W e g e s c h o n h e u te , z u in B e is p ie l d u rc h g e m e in sa m e B e n u tz u n g d e s K r a f tp f l u ­ g e s, d e r S a a tg u t- B e re ilu n g s m a s c h in e , b e i z w e c k e n ts p r e c h e n ­ d e r F e ld z u s a m m e n le g u n g u n d g e m e in s c h a f tlic h e r B e s te llu n g u n d E rn te , v ie l e r re ic h e n lä ß t. A b e r w i r d d a s a lle in s c h o n g e n ü g e n ? S in d w i r ü b e r h a u p t n u r d a z u d a , u m m itz u k o m ­ m en in d e r W e l t ? I s t d e r A n g r if f n ic h t d e r b e s te S c h r i t t ­ m a c h e r f ü r d ie S e lb s te r h a ltu n g u n d d e n A u fs tie g ?

Z u sa m m e n g e s c h lo s s e n e b ä u e r lic h e B e trie b e w e r d e n d ie ­ s e lb e W ir t s c h a f t s l e is tu n g a u fb rin g e n k ö n n e n w ie e n t ­ s p r e c h e n d g ro ß e e in h e itlic h e L a n d w ir ts c h a f ts b e tr ie b e . S ie w e r d e n n o ch in ih r e n K le in b e trie b e n d e n V o r te il in d iv id u e ll b e s s e r e r P f le g e h a b e n , v o r a lle m bei d e r T ie r h a ltu n g , w e r ­ d e n v ie lle ic h t d a z u b e itr a g e n , d e n d e u ts c h e n V ie h b e s ta n d von n e u n M illio n e n a u f d ie n o tw e n d ig e V e rm e h ru n g um 50 o/0 zu b rin g e n , v o r a lle m w e n n ih r h ö h e r e s P fe r d e a n g e - s p a n n v om K r a f ts c h le p p e r a b g e lö s t w ir d . W a r u m s o llte m an a ls o n ic h t s ie d e ln ? D ie B a u e r n s in d im m e r d ie le b e n ­ d ig e K r a f tr e s e r v e d e s V o lk e s g e w e s e n ! D e m g e g e n ü b e r h a t d e r e in h e itlic h e g r ö ß e r e B e tr ie b w ie d e r V o r te ile i n d e r P r o d u k tio n a u f a n d e r e n G e b ie te n , z. B. in d e r s t r a f f e r e n Z u ­ s a m m e n z ie h u n g d e r W ir t s c h a f t .

W i r b r a u c h e n h e u te in D e u ts c h la n d K le in b e trie b e u n d G r o ß b e trie b e , um so m e h r G r o ß b e trie b e , je m e h r u n d jo g rö ß e re S t ä d te l a n d w ir t s c h a f t l ic h v e r s o r g t w e r d e n m ü s s e n ; d en n d e r K le in b e trie b l ie f e r t um s o w e n ig e r E rz e u g n is s e an d ie S t ä d te a b , je k le in e r e r is t, b is z u m k le in s te n B e ­ trie b , d e r — g e r a d e n o ch d ie E ig e n n a h ru n g b ie te n d — n ic h ts an die S t ä d te lie f e r t. A b e r la n g t d ie W i r t s c h a f t s k r a f t b e id e r a u s, d e r a u s lä n d is c h e n P r o d u k tio n d ie S tir n zu b ieten ?

N ic h t n u r d ie e in z e ln e n B e tr ie b e d e r L a n d w ir ts c h a f t, s o n ­ d e rn d a s g a n z e L a n d s c h a f ts b ild is t d u r c h d e n P f e r d e s c h r itt, d u rc h d ie P f e r d e t a g e s r e i s e b e s tim m t w o rd e n . S o s in d u n s e re L a n d s tä d tc h e n m it 15 k m la n g e m V e r k e h r s r a d iu s e n ts ta n d e n , n ä h r e n s ic h a u s e in e m B o d e n k re is e von e tw a 700 q k m d u rc h la n g s a m e n Z u s a m m e n flu ß u n d V e rk a u f, te ilw e is e a u c h d u rc h W e i t e r v e r a r b e it u n g d e r R o h e r tr ä g e i h r e s K r e is e s , a u c h o h n e a lle g r o ß w ir ts c h a f tlic h e G e s ic h ts ­ w in k e l. M it d em K r a f tw a g e n e r r e i c h t m an e in e n V e r k e h r s ­

r a d iu s v o n 50 k m , f a ß t m a n e in A n b a u g e b ie t v o n 7000 q k m z u sa m m e n . B e i d e r G e w in n u n g d e r g rü n e n K o h le d e s g a n ­ z e n G e b ie te s , f ü r 150 M illio n e n M a r k u n d m e h r a n R o h w e rt, k a n n m an d a n n e b e n s o w ie b ei d e r W e ite r v e r a r b e d tu n g , V e r e d lu n g u n d b e im V e r tr ie b a ll d e r v ie le n E r z e u g n is s e m it g r o ß w ir ts c h a f tlic h e n M e th o d e n u n d M ittp ln , a ls o m it e in e r S t o ß k r a f t v o rg e h e n , d ie d ie g r ö ß te n b e r g in d u s tr ie lle n U n ­ te r n e h m e n n u r je a u f b rin g e n k ö n n e n . U n d d ie s e s s o g a r bei K le in b e trie b e n ; d e n n g e n o s s e n s c h a f tlic h e o d e r L o h n -E n t­

w ä s s e r u n g d u rc h m a s c h in e lle G r a b e n r e in ig u n g o d e r D r a i ­ n a g e, L o h n -P flü g e n a u f H o c h k u ltu r tie f e , L o h n -S ä e n d u rc h M a sc h in e n , L o h n -H a c k e re i, L o h n -R e g n e re i, L o h n -E rn te n . L o h n -T ro c k n e n — a lle s m it d em g e r in g s te n V e r l u s t u n d d em k le in s te n R is ik o , d u r c h d ie am w e ite s te n f o r t g e s c h r i tt e ­ n e n M a s c h in e n , s t e h t d a n n a u c h je d e m K le in b e trie b , T a g u n d N a c h t, z u r V e rfü g u n g . D e r B a u e r k a n n s ie r e c h n u n g s ­ m ä ß ig in s e in e J a h r e s w i r ts c h a f t e in s e tz e n , d a s n im m t ih m n ic h ts v o n s e in e r W ir t s c h a f t s f r e i h e i t, im G e g e n te il s t ä r k t es s e in e W i r t s c h a f t s k r a f t z u je d e r L e is tu n g s f ä h ig k e it, d ie die m o d e r n s te n M a s c h in e n d e r W e l t b ie te n ; d e n n g e n o s s e n ­ s c h a f tlic h e r u n d L o h n -M a s c h in e n p a rk z e ig e n d ie h ö c h s te J a h r e s n u tz u n g , v ie lfa c h h ö h e re J a h r e s n u tz u n g a ls d ie M a ­ sc h in e d e s B a u e rn , u n d sie a r b e ite n d e s w e g e n n ic h t n u r am b illig s te n , s o n d e rn , w e g e n d e r ö f te r e n E r n e u e r u n g d u r c h d ie le tz te r s c h ie n e n e n M a s c h in e n m o d e lle , am p r o d u k tiv s te n . N u r d ie la u f e n d d a s J a h r ü b e r d u r c h z u f ü h r e n d e n , n ic h t m e c h a ­ n is ie r b a r e n , g e is tig e r e n A r b e ite n , v o r a lle m d ie P f le g e ­ a r b e it a n G ro ß v ie h , K le in v ie h u n d F e d e rv ie h u n d d ie S a m m ­ lu n g vo n M ilch , E ie rn , W o lle u sw . w e r d e n d a n n d e n H a u p t ­ te il d e r Z e it d e s B a u e rn in A n s p ru c h n e h m e n d ü rfe n . D e r W e t t b e w e r b d e r L o h n -M a s c h in e n h a lte r, d ie z u g le ic h a u ch A r b e ite r k o lo n n e n b e r e it h a lte n , u n te r e in a n d e r u n d m it d e r G e n o s s e n s c h a f t s o r g t f ü r p r e is w e r t e A rb e it. D e r B a u e r i s t d a n n ö k o n o m is c h so f r e i u n d e la s tis c h , d a ß e r viel s c h n e lle r a ls f r ü h e r s e in e W ir t s c h a f t s r i c h tu n g n a c h dem M a r k tb e d ü r f n is , h in a u f b is zu m g ä r tn e r is c h e n B e trie b , e in ­ s te lle n k a n n . D e r K r a f tw a g e n w i r k t k o n z e n tr ie r e n d , R a u m u n d Z e it s p a r e n d , w ie F ö r d e r s e il, F lie ß b a n d u n d E is e n b a h n in d e r B e r g in d u s tr ie , v e r b in d e t a lle B e tr ie b e e in e s A n b a u ­ g e b ie te s z u e in e r s t a r k e n E in h e it. N ic h t m e h r d ie M e ile n ­ zah l, s o n d e r n d ie M in u te n z e it b e s tim m t d a n n d ie w i r t s c h a f t ­ lic h e n D is p o s itio n e n im A n b a u g e b ie t. A lle r d in g s m u ß m an m it W e g v e r h ä ltn is s e n a u f d em L a n d a u frä u m e n , b e i d en en m o n a te la n g a u f a u fg e w e ic h te n W e g e n v ie r s p ä n n ig e F u h re n n o tw e n d ig s in d , um e in ig e M ilc h k a n n e n m it ein p a a r L ite rn I n h a lt in e in e r T a g e s r e is e z u r S t a d t z u b rin g e n .

D ie g r o ß z ü g ig e B e w ä s s e r u n g u n d E n tw ä s s e ru n g d e r A n ­ b a u g e b ie te , d e r A u s b a u d e s V e r k e h r s n e tz e s , d e r S tr a ß e n , W e g e , K a n ä le , B r ü c k e n u sw . k a n n n u r m it S ta a ts h ilf e d u r c h g e f ü h r t w e rd e n . E in e u n g e h e u re A r b e it w a r te t!

A lle te c h n is c h e n E in ric h tu n g e n , a u c h d ie w ir ts c h a f tlic h ­ ste n , b e d ü r fe n b is z u r v o lle n E in fü h ru n g e in e r A n la u fs z e it.

D ie E in r ic h tu n g e n s in d n ä m lic h a n fa n g s s e l b s t n o ch n ic h t v o ll e n tw ic k e lt, ih r e F e r tig u n g i s t n o ch u n v o llk o m m e n un d no ch n ic h t g e n ü g e n d v e rb illig t, u n d ih re w ir ts c h a f tlic h e N u tz u n g i s t n o ch n ic h t in F le is c h u n d B lu t ü b e rg e g a n g e n , so b e is p ie ls w e is e b ei d e r k ü n s tlic h e n B e re g n u n g . A m s c h w ie ­ r ig s te n lie g t d ie F ra g e b e i d e r k ü n s tlic h e n B e re g n u n g m it H o c h d r u c k s tr a h le n a u s u n te r ir d is c h v e rle g te m R o h rn e tz . I h r e A n la g e v e r h ä lt s ic h h in s ic h tlic h d e r A r b e ite n u n d K o s te n ä h n lic h w ie d ie A n la g e v o n W a s s e r k r a f t w e r k e n . D e n n o c h b a u t m a n W a s s e r k r a f t w e r k e , w e il m an w e iß , d a ß sie a u f J a h r z e h n te , J a h r h u n d e r t e a n g e le g t s in d u n d la n g s a m a m o r t i s i e r t w e r d e n k ö n n e n . A u c h d ie o r t s f e s t e k ü n s tlic h e B e re g n u n g lo h n t, w e n n s ie a u s d e r s e lb e n Ü b e rle g u n g in d e n d a f ü r lo h n e n d s te n G e b ie te n d e s R e ic h s g e b a u t, u n d a ls V o r ­ lä u f e r in f ü r d ie V e r b illig u n g u n d V e r b e s s e r u n g k ü n f tig e r A n la g e n m it d e r d a n n n o tw e n d ig e n U m s te llu n g d e r L a n d ­ w i r t s c h a f t a u f in te n s iv s te W i r t s c h a f t e in g e s e tz t w ir d . A u c h b e i i h r e r H e r s te llu n g v e r te u e r n d ie u m f a n g r e ic h e n E r d ­ a r b e ite n d ie A n la g e k o s te n so s e h r , d a ß d e r B e tr ie b in d e n n ä c h s te n J a h r e n zu s e h r b e la s te t u n d s e in e E x is te n z g e f ä h r ­ d e t is t. A b e r E r d a r b e it e n k ö n n e n , w ie b e i d e n W a s s e r -

40 B. N a d o l n y : Technik und Land-Kultur — K. F.. S t e i n m e t z : Hochschulreform Technik u. K u ltu r

k r a f t w e r k e n , vo n u n g e le r n te n A r b e ite r n d u r c h g e f ü h r t w e r ­ d en , s ie s in d im m e rh in b e s s e r in d ie V o l k s w ir t s c h a f t e in ­ g e s e tz t a ls d ie m e is te n , o f t a n d e n H a a r e n h e rb e a g e z o g e n e n N o ts t a n d s a r b e i te n ; w e il s ie d ie E r g ie b ig k e it u n d S ic h e r ­ h e it d e r la n d w ir t s c h a f t l ic h e n E rz e u g u n g f ü r a lle Z u k u n f t s t a r k e rh ö h e n , b is z u r Q u a l it ä ts e r n ä h r u n g e in e s S tü c k G ro ß v ie h s d u r c h w e n ig e r a ls e in e n M o rg e n L a n d . — E s i s t b e k a n n t, d a ß d ie N u tz u n g je d e s K u b ik m e te r W a s s e r s z u r p f la n z lic h e n E rz e u g u n g v ie lfa c h h ö h e re W e r t e s c h a ff t, a ls z u r E rz e u g u n g vo n m e c h a n is c h e r K r a f t. D a s e le k tr is c h e P u m p e n d e s B e r e g n u n g s w a s s e r s w ü r d e d e n Ü b e r la n d - K r a f t- w e r k e n e in e w e s e n tlic h e E rh ö h u n g ih r e s jä h r lic h e n B e ­ l a s tu n g s g r a d e s , v o r a lle m d u r c h N a c h ts tr o m , b ie te n u n d sie d a d u r c h b illig e r a r b e ite n la s s e n .

E in s o lc h e r Z u s a m m e n s c h lu ß e in e s A n b a u g e b ie te s v e rm a g a u ch „v o n o b en h e r “ m it s tä n d ig a u f d e n n a tio n a le n u n d a u f d e n W e l t m a r k t g e r ic h te te m A u g e r ic h tu n g g e b e n d d ie u n ­ w ir t s c h a f t li c h e M a n n ig f a ltig k e it, u n lo h n e n d e E rz e u g u n g u n d V e r a r b e itu n g a u s z u s c h a lte n , n e u e A n b a u r ic h tu n g e n , V e r ­ a r b e itu n g s m e th o d e n , n e u e P r o d u k tio n s z ie le , n e u e Q u a l it ä ­ te n , n e u e W ir k u n g s g r a d e e in z u s c h a lte n . E r v e rm a g a u ch d ie h o r iz o n ta le R a tio n a lis ie r u n g ü b e r d a s A n b a u g e b ie t h in u n d d ie v e r ti k a l e R a tio n a lis ie r u n g vom B o d e n b is zum M a r k t in d e n v o r s te llb a r e n G re n z e n n a c h G e s a m tb e tr ie b s ­ u n d G e s a m tw ir t s c h a f t l ic k e i t s g r a d k u r v e n a u s z u b a u e n . D u rc h d e n w i r t s c h a f t li c h e n Z u s a m m e n s c h lu ß e in e s A n b a u g e b ie te s m it a lle n M itte ln , d ie d ie T e c h n ik h e u te b ie te t, k a n n w e it m e h r a ls b e im b e r g b a u lic h e n R ie s e n u n te rn e h m e n d e r K a p i­

ta l- u n d G e ld v e r b r a u c h , s e in L e e r g a n g e in g e s c h r ä n k t w e r ­ d en , w e il d e r T a u s c h : E r z e u g n is s e g e g e n P r o d u k tio n s m itte l u n d R ü c k s tä n d e , d e n g r ö ß te n T e il d e r Z a h lu n g e n u n n ö tig m a c h t.

D ie L a n d in d u s tr ie h a t e s d a n n in d e r H a n d , d ie P r e i s ­ s c h e re , d ie s ie m it d e r B e r g in d u s tr ie b ild e t, p la n m ä ß ig zu b e e in f lu s s e n . S c h lä g t d o ch o h n e h in sc h o n d e r Z e ig e r d e r W a a g e J a h r z e h n t u m J a h r z e h n t m e h r u n d m e h r z u g u n s te n d e r L a n d in d u s tr ie p r e is e a u s, w e il d ie E r n te f lä c h e d e r L a n d ­

w i r t s c h a f t im m e r m e h r b e g r e n z t w ir d , g e g e n ü b e r d e n S t o f f ­ v o r r ä te n , d ie d ie B e r g in d u s tr ie s c h n e ll a u s s c h ö p f e n k a n n ; d ie B e r g in d u s tr ie , d ie m it S o n n e , m it T a g u n d N a c h t u n d m it s o g r o ß e n u n d s o g e b u n d e n e n D im e n s io n e n n ic h t zu re c h n e n h a t.

D ę r U n te r n e h m e r g e is t m a c h t h e u te S c h a c h z ü g e m it a lle n te c h n is c h e n M ö g lic h k e ite n , d ie ü b e r d e n g a n z e n E r d b a ll g r e if e n , f ö r d e r t a u c h d ie g r ü n e K o h le a u s d e n b illig s te n , a u s g e d e h n te s te n u n d f e tt e s t e n Q u e lle n , a ls o b e r Ö lla g e r e r b o h rt. S o ll d e r d e u ts c h e B a u e r — a lle in — im a lt e n h a n d ­ w e r k lic h e n T r o t t — a u f s e in e m le ic h te n , so s c h w e r b e la s t e ­ te n B o d e n d em W e l t m a r k t g e g e n ü b e r s te h e n ? u n d d a m it a lle s , w a s e r f ü r d ie d e u ts c h e K u l t u r a u f s e in e n S c h u lte r n ( rü g t, d e r im m e r k ü h n e r e n L a n d b a u in d u s t r i a li s i e r u n g d e s A u s la n d e s a u s g e li e f e r t b le ib e n ? M ü s s e n n ic h t a lle , d ie die tie f e n U r s a c h e n d e s Z u r ü c k w e ic h e n s u n s e r e r B a u e r n s c h a f t v o r d em a u s lä n d is c h e n W e t t b e w e r b u n d ih r e n w i r t s c h a f t ­ lic h e n N ie d e r g a n g s c h o n la n g e se h e n , d a f ü r s o r g e n , d a ß e n d ­ lich m it a ll e r W u c h t a u c h „ v o n o b e n h e r “ g r o ß lin ig d e r Z u ­ s a m m e n s c h lu ß u n s e r e s L a n d b a u s te c h n is c h u n d ö k o n o m is ch , in h o r iz o n ta le r u n d v e r t i k a l e r R ic h tu n g , m it a lle n u n s e re n h e u tig e n te c h n is c h e n , p r a k ti s c h e n u n d g e is tig e n H ilfs ­ m itte ln , r a s c h e r f o lg t? W e r f a ß t „ v o n o b e n h e r “ d e n A u fb a u s ic h e r u n d w u c h tig , w o h lb e r e c h n e t, n a c h E in z e lg r u p p e n — u n d V o l k s w ir t s c h a f t l i c h k e it s g r a d e n — v o n d e r P r o d u k t i o n s ­ m it t e l h e r s t e l lu n g ü b e r d ie I n d u s t r i a l i s i e r u n g d e r L a n d ­ p r o v in z e n b is z u r M a r k t a n a ly s e z u s a m m e n ? W e r f a ß t z u ­ sa m m e n ? — a b e r n ic h t n u r n a c h d e n „ G e s e tz e n “ d e r K o n ­ j u n k tu r f o r s c h u n g a u s d e n Z a h le n d e s S t a ti s t i s c h e n R e ic h s ­ a m ts , s o n d e r n n a c h m a te r ie lle n F o r s c h u n g e n — z u N e u ­ w e r te n , z u n e u e r Ö k o n o m ie — z u Ü b e rle g e n e m ! N u r g e is tig e T e c h n ik v e rm a g n ic h t n u r u n s e r e n L a n d b a u z u dem w i r t s c h a f t li c h e n S c h w u n g h o c h z u r ic h te n , d e r d e r „ I n ­ d u s t r i e “ e ig e n is t, s o n d e r n a u c h d ie K ö p fe z u s c h a lte n , d ie d e n B a u d u rc h fü h r e n .

T e c h n ik i s t V o r a u s s c h a u — V o r a u s b a u ; s ie i s t d ie G e ­ s t a l t e r i n u n s e r e r Z u k u n f t, u n s e r e s S c h ic k s a ls !

S )ip l.=

3

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X V I

M e h rfa c h i s t s c h o n f e s tz u s te lle n g e w e s e n , d a ß b e a c h ­ t e n s w e r t e A n tr ie b e f ü r d ie N e u g e s ta ltu n g d e r T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le n vo n d e r ä lte s te n T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le D e u ts c h la n d s , v o n K a r l s r u h e , f r ü h e r u n d a u c h j e t z t a u s g e g a n g e n s in d . D e n D a r le g u n g e n v on P 1 a n k u n d S t o c k , d ie a b e r a lle m A n s c h e in n a c h b is h e r in d e r F a c h ­ w e lt u n d b e s o n d e rs b e i d e n T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le n n ic h t d ie a llg e m e in e B e a c h tu n g g e f u n d e n h a b e n , d ie s ie u n te r a lle n U m s tä n d e n v e rd ie n e n , i s t je tz t ein e n e u e S tim m e g e ­ f o lg t: K. H o l l .

A n lä ß lic h d e s R e k to r a t s w e c h s e l s am 5. D e z e m b e r 1931 s p r a c h d e r n e u e R e k to r , D r. K a rl H o l l , o rd l. P r o f e s s o r d e r d e u ts c h e n L ite r a tu r g e s c h ic h te , ü b e r d a s T h e m a : „ D i e T e c h n i s c h e H o c h s c h u l e : B i l d u n g s a n s t a l t o d e r F a c h s c h u l e “ . D ie s e R e d e , d u r c h ih r e T h e m a ­ s te llu n g s c h o n g e k e n n z e ic h n e t, v e r d ie n t d ie g r ö ß te B e a c h ­ tu n g , n a m e n tlic h d u r c h d ie „ F a c h “ - P r o f e s s o r e n , v on d e n e n e s — e in e m on d it z u fo lg e — n o ch e in e g e n ü g e n d e A n z a h l g e b e n so ll, d ie d e r „ F a c h s c h u le “ u n b e d in g t d e n V o rz u g g ib t.

F ü r d ie D ip lo m - I n g e n ie u r e u n d ih r e n N a c h w u c h s i s t d ie s e R e d e 2 a u c h d e s h a lb vo n s t a r k e m I n te r e s s e , w e il h ie r ein

1 T e c h n ik u n d K u l t u r 21 (1930) 93—96, 140— 143;

23 (1932) 22— 24.

2 K a r l s r u h e r A k a d e m is c h e R e d e n , 10. — K a r l s r u h e : C. F.

M ü lle r 1931

V e r t r e t e r d e r „ G e is te s w is s e n s c h a f te n “ zu d em P r o b le m S t e l ­ lu n g n im m t; d e n n b is h e r h a b e n d ie I n g e n ie u r e v o n d e n V e r t r e t e r n d ie s e r W is s e n s c h a f t e n w e n ig V e r s t ä n d n i s v e r ­ z e ic h n e n k ö n n e n . A u f d ie B e z ie h u n g e n z u d e n „ G e i s te s ­ w is s e n s c h a f te n “ h a t d e r V e r f a s s e r in e in e m V o r t r a g in d e r A u la d e r U n i v e r s i t ä t K i e l 2 s c h o n v o r 3 J a h r e n e in ­ m a l h in g e w ie s e n . H o l l z e ig t n u n in s e i n e r R e d e d ie A u f ­ g a b e d e r a llg e m e in b ild e n d e n F ä c h e r a n d e n T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le n u n d w i d e r le g t u. a. a u c h d ie A n s ic h t d e r b a d i ­ s c h e n „ S p a r k o m m is s io n “ , w e lc h e d ie L e h r s tü h le d e r a l l ­ g e m e in b ild e n d e n F ä c h e r a ls e in e e tw a s k o s t s p i e li g e A u s ­ s c h m ü c k u n g e in e r T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le b e z e ic h n e te 1.

Ü b e r d ie t i e f e r e n G r ü n d e , w e lc h e d e n R u f n a c h d e r R e fo rm d e r 1 e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le n e r z e u g te n , f ü h r te II o 1 1 e tw a f o lg e n d e s a u s :

D ie B e s c h r ä n k u n g d e r T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le n a u f n u r f a c h l i c h e D i s z i p l i n e n b e d e u te t b i l ­ d u n g s th e o r e tis c h d ie A u s w ir k u n g d e r r e a l i s t i s c h e n B i l d u n g s t h e o r i e g e g e n ü b e r d e r h u m a n is tis c h e n , b e ­ g r ü n d e t vom E n g lä n d e r B a c o n u n d d em F r a n z o s e n D e s - c a r t e s . W ä h r e n d d e r e r s t e r e a ls E m p ir ik e r d a s P r o b le m d e r N a t u r vo n i h r e r E r s c h e in u n g s s e ite h e r a n z u g r e if e n s u c h t u n d so d a s E x p e r i m e n t z u e in e r G r u n d la g e d e s F o r-

3 Die Technik im Reiche der Geisteswissenschaften. _ Technik und K u ltu r 20 (1929) 3— 5

* Technik und K ultur 23 (1932) 32

23 (1932) Nr. 3 K. F. S t e i n m e t z : Hochschulreform 41

s c h e n s m a c h t, s u c h t D e s c a r t e s a ls R a tio n a lis t d ie g e s e tz ­ lic h e n B e z ie h u n g e n f e s tz u s te lle n u n d fü g t d em E x p e rim e n t d ie M a t h e m a t i k a ls F o r s c h u n g s g r u n d la g e bei. B e id e r S tr e b e n g i lt e in e m o b je k tiv e n m a th e m a tis c h - p h y s ik a lis c h e n W e ltb ild . E in e r s e its i s t d ie s e s W is s e n s s t r e b e n u t i l i t a ­ r is tis c h ( B a c o n : „ W is s e n i s t M a c h t“ ), a n d e r e r s e it s h a t e s e in e f o r m a le B e d e u tu n g , in d e m d ie c a r te s ia n is c h e D e n k ­ m e th o d e d a s W is s e n s g e b ie t in e in z e ln e D is iz p lin e n a u f s p a l­

te t. D ie E n tw ic k lu n g d ie s e r ( e n g lis c h -fra n z ö s is c h e n ) B il­

d u n g s th e o rie f in d e t in D e u t s c h l a n d im 18. J a h r h u n d e r t ein e V e r tie f u n g u n d z u g le ic h V e r e d e lu n g : d a s o b je k tiv e w e s te u ro p ä is c h e A u f k lä r u n g s id e a l w i r d zu m s u b j e k ­ t i v e n k l a s s i s c h - d e u t s c h e n H u m a n i t ä t s ­ i d e a l . D ie s e s f ü h r t d e n M e n s c h e n a u s d e m O b je k ts e in m a th e m a tis c h - p h y s ik a lis c h e r, m a te r ia lis ie r e n d e r N a tu r- un d W e lta u f f a s s u n g h e r a u s u n d e r k e n n t d e n M e n sc h e n — u n te r b e w u ß te r B e to n u n g d e s P r o m e th e u s s y m b o ls — a ls s c h ö p ­ f e ris c h e s S u b je k t. D e r M e n sc h is t n ic h t in L eib u n d S e e le z e r r is s e n ( c h ris tlic h e s L e b e n s id e a l), e r is t n ic h t n u r L eib ( m a te r ia lis tis c h e s A u f k lä r u n g s id e a l) , s o n d e r n : E in h e it von L eib u n d S e e le . D ie se E r k e n n tn is g ib t d e r h u m a n is tis c h e n B ild u n g s th e o rie d ie A u f g a b e : F o rm u n g d e r u n a b h ä n g ig e n , s e lb s ts ic h e r e n E in h e it vo n L eib u n d S e e le , h a rm o n is c h e A u s ­ b ild u n g d e r L e ib e s - u n d S e e le n k r ä f te d e s f r e ie n M e n sc h e n m it d em Z ie le s e in e r u m fa s s e n d e n T o ta l it ä t . P h ilo s o p h is c h e G r u n d la g e d ieses- H u m a n itä ts id e a ls : d e r d e u ts c h e I d e a l is ­ m u s ; s e in e l it e r a r i s c h e G e s ta ltu n g : D ic h tu n g u n s e r e r K la s s ik u n d R o m a n tik . D ie E rn e u e ru n g d e r d e u ts c h e n U n i­

v e r s i tä t e n am A n fa n g d e s 19. J a h r h u n d e r t s u n d n o ch die G rü n d u n g d e r e r s t e n T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le n w a r e n von d ie s e r h u m a n is tis c h e n B ild u n g s th e o r ie g e tra g e n . D och w a r ih re E in w ir k u n g a u f d ie T e c h n is ch e n H o c h s c h u le n sch o n s e h r a b g e s c h w ä c h t (le tz te g ro ß e V e r t r e t e r d e s d e u ts c h e n I d e a lis m u s : H e g el f 1831, G o e th e f 1832; G r ü n d u n g d e r e r s t e n T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le — K a r ls r u h e — 1825). Z u ­ d e m b e e in f lu ß te d a s V o r b ild : E co le P o ly te c h n iq u e ( P a r is ) ; d ie s e a b e r e n ts p r a c h g a n z d em von d e n E n z y k lo p ä d is te n e n d g ü ltig m a t e r ia lis ie r te n A u f k lä ru n g s id e a l.

D ie w ic h tig s te n E n tw ic k lu n g s ja h r z e h n te d e r T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le n w a r e n a b e r g e is te s g e s c h ic h tlic h b e s tim m t von d em in D e u ts c h la n d s ic h e n tw ic k e ln d e n P o s itiv is m u s (d ie k o n s e q u e n te U m fo rm u n g d e r fra n z ö s is c h e n A u f k lä r u n g s ­ id e e n — C o m t e), d e r in d e n M a te r ia lis m u s ü b e rg in g . In P a r a ll e l e d a m it b ild u n g s g e s c h ic h tlic h b e s tim m t v o n d e r r e a lis tis c h - p o s itiv is tis c h e n B ild u n g s th e o rie , d e re n S in n is t:

A n h ä u fu n g d e s W is s e n s zu m Z w e c k s e in e r N u tz b a r ­ m a c h u n g ; E n tw ic k lu n g d e r I n te llig e n z u n d te c h n is c h e n F e r tig k e ite n ; S c h a ffu n g m a te r ia le r W e r t e d u rc h A n w e n ­ d u n g e r w o r b e n e n W is s e n s .

B e w u n d e rn s w e r t b le ib t, w e lc h e e r s ta u n lic h e n L e is tu n g e n m it d ie s e r T h e o r ie h e r v o r g e b r a c h t w u r d e n , w ie d a s n a t u r ­ w is s e n s c h a f tlic h - m a th e m a tis c h e W is s e n r a s t lo s v e r m e h r t w u r d e u n d w ie d ie T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le n s ic h „ in u n ­ g e s tü m e m A n g r if f d ie la n g e g e n e id e te G le ic h b e re c h tig u n g m it d e n a lte n b e n e id e te n U n iv e r s itä te n “ e rra n g e n . U n d die T e c h n ik s e lb s t: vo n „ h u m a n is tis c h e n E p ig o n e n u n s e r e r K l a s s i k “ a ls a k u ltu r e ll, im b e s te n F a lle n u r a ls z iv ilis a to ­ ris c h g e w e r t e t; d a n n vo n d e n „ m a te r ia lis tis c h e n N ü tz lic h ­ k e its a p o s te ln “ v e r g o tte t; n e u e r d in g s f a s t e in e S e lb s tv e r ­ s tä n d lic h k e it ih re V e rd a m m u n g , ih r e V e r a n tw o r tlic h k e it f ü r die W ir t s c h a f t s k r i s e , w o b e i n ic h t g e f r a g t w ir d , ob es n ich t an d e r A n w e n d u n g d u rc h d e n M e n sc h e n , a n d e r u n ­ z u lä n g lic h e n E in fü g u n g in d e n W ir t s c h a f t s b e t r ie b lie g t. D ie

„ Z a u b e r le h r lin g e “ s in d d ie S c h u ld ig e n . „ U n d ich w e rd e d a b e i d e n V e r d a c h t n ic h t lo s, d a ß g e r a d e je n e Z a u b e r le h r ­ lin g e am u n b e d in g te s te n T e c h n ik f ü r L y rik , M a r in e f ü r M a le re i, P o litik f ü r E r k e n n t n i s k r i ti k e in g e ta u s c h t h a tte n . Im 19. J a h r h u n d e r t e n ts ta n d d a s S c h la g w o r t vo n d em w e lt- un d le b e n s f r e m d e n P r o f e s s o r . J e d e r vo n u n s d ü r f te a b e r au ch s c h o n s o g e n a n n te n F ü h r e r n vo n W i r t s c h a f t o d e r I n ­ d u s t r i e b e g e g n e t se in , d ie in ih re m F a c h e von u n b e s tr itte n e r A u t o r i tä t , in A n g e le g e n h e ite n , d ie d a r ü b e r h in a u s d ie A ll­

g e m e in h e it a n g e h e n , v o n g e r a d e z u n a iv e r V e r s tä n d n is lo s ig ­ k e it w a r e n . D a s s in d a lle s R e in k u ltu r p r o d u k te p o s itiv is ti­

s c h e n S p e z ia lis te n tu m s , w ie es, g e tr a g e n von je n e r r e a l i s t i ­ s c h e n B ild u n g s th e o r ie , im 19. J a h r h u n d e r t g e z ü c h te t w o r ­ d e n i s t .“ D i e s e E r k e n n tn is f ü h r te zu d e n R e f o r m r u f e n d e r H o c h s c h u le rz ie h u n g .

In s e in e n w e ite r e n A u s f ü h r u n g e n s e t z t s ic h H o l l m it d e r F r a g e a u s e in a n d e r , in w e lc h e r B e z ie h u n g d ie „ G e is te s ­ w is s e n s c h a f te n “ z u d e n „ N a tu r w is s e n s c h a f te n “ s te h e n . Im G e g e n s a tz zu a n d e r e n (z. B. P 1 a n k ) b e to n te H o l l „ b e ­ w u ß t d ie s e s c h a rf e G r e n z e “ z w is c h e n „ G e is te s w is s e n s c h a f ­ t e n “ u n d „ N a tu r w is s e n s c h a f te n “ u n d s t ü t z t e s ic h d a b e i —

„um n u r z w e i c h a r a k te r i s t is c h e N a m e n zu n e n n e n “ — a u f d e n P h ilo s o p h e n H e in r ic h R i c k e r t u n d d e n I n g e n ie u r G e o rg vo n H a n f f s t e n g e l 5. D a b e i g e b r a u c h t H o l l an S te lle d e s B e g riffe s „ G e is te s w is s e n s c h a f te n “ , d e r s o n s t a ls G e g e n s a tz z u d e n N a tu r w is s e n s c h a f te n u n d te c h n is c h e n W is s e n s c h a f te n g e b r a u c h t w ir d , d e n B e g r if f „K u l t u r - w i s s e n s c h a f t e n“ , a ls d e r e n V e r t r e t e r e r s ic h b e k e n n t.

Z u d e r F r a g e s te llu n g d e s T h e m a s s e in e r R e d e f ü h r t FI o 1 1 w e ite r h in a u s, d a ß d ie T e c h n is c h e H o c h s c h u le , g e r a d e w e il s ie in ih r e r B ild u n g s a r b e it v o n d e r F a c h b ild u n g a ls ih re m p r im ä r e n Z ie le a u s g e h e n m uß, n e b e n d ie s e s s a c h lic h ­ r e a le L e is tu n g s m o m e n t d a s id e e lle G e s in n u n g s m o m e n t in ih re n E r z ie h u n g s p la n e in o r d n e n m u ß , s o f e r n d ie 1 e ch n is c h e H o c h s c h u le n ic h t ih r e r B ild u n g s a u fg a b e e n ts a g e n u n d F a c h ­ sc h u le b le ib e n w ill. A u f g a b e d e r s o g e n a n n te n a l l g e ­ m e i n b i l d e n d e n F ä c h e r a n d e r T e c h n is c h e n H o c h ­ s c h u le i s t A n l e i t u n g z u r P e r s ö n l i c h k e i t s ­ g e s t a l t u n g u n d n ic h t V e r m ittlu n g v o n M e h r - W is s e n z u r S c h lie ß u n g m a n c h e r S c h u lb ild u n g s lü c k e n . Z w a r : die B ild u n g s w e r te d e r m a th e m a tis c h - n a tu r w is s e n s c h a f tlic h - te c h n is c h e n F ä c h e r s in d u n b e s tr itte n , a b e r : „ n u r m i t H i l f e d e r k u l t u r w i s s e n s c h a f t l i c h e n D i s ­ z i p l i n e n k a n n d i e T e c h n i s c h e H o c h s c h u l e e i n e B i l d u n g s a n s t a l t s e i n i m S i n n e j e n e s n e u h u m a n i s t i s c h e n B i l d u n g s i d e a l s d e r P e r s ö n l i c h k e i t s g e s t a l t u n g i n L e b e n s g e ­ s i n n u n g u n d L e b e n s f ü h r u n g “ .

X V I

Vo n B r e s l a u k a m d ie N a c h ric h t, d a ß z w is c h e n d e r T e c h n is c h e n H o c h sc h u le B r e s la u u n d d e r U n iv e r s itä t B r e s ­ la u V e rh a n d lu n g e n g e p f le g t w e r d e n m it d e m Z ie le , ein e V e r e i n i g u n g d e r b e i d e n H o c h s c h u l e n h e r ­ b e i z u f ü h r e n , d ie T e c h n is c h e H o c h s c h u le a ls „ F a k u lt ä t fü r I n g e n ie u r w is s e n s c h a f te n “ in d ie U n iv e r s itä t e in z u ­ g lie d e rn .

E s is t in u n s e re m K re is e im m e r d a r a u f h in g e w ie s e n w o r ­ den , d a ß d ie T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le n d u rc h ih re L o s lö s u n g von d e n a lte n U n iv e r s itä te n z w e ife llo s d en V o r te il d e r f r e ie r e n u n d r a s c h e r e n E n tw ic k lu n g d e r a n g e w a n d te n N a tu r w is s e n s c h a f te n g e h a b t h a b e n , d a ß d e r te c h n is c h - in d u s tr ie lle A u fs c h w u n g in D e u ts c h la n d s t ä r k e r u n d n a c h ­ h a ltig e r vo n d e n T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le n b e e in f lu ß t w u r d e . A b e r, n a c h d e m d ie F u n d ie r u n g d e r m a th e m a tis c h - n a tu r ­ w is s e n s c h a f tlic h - te c h n is c h e n D is z ip lin e n , d e r „ I n g e n ie u r ­ w is s e n s c h a f te n “ e r r e i c h t w a r, m u ß te d ie T e c h n is c h e H o c h ­ s c h u le w ie d e r a n d ie U n iv e r s itä t h e r a n g e f ü h r t w e rd e n . V ie lle ic h t w a r d ie le tz te J a h r h u n d e r tw e n d e d e r r ic h tig e Z e itp u n k t d a z u ; e r i s t v e r s ä u m t w o rd e n , u n d d a m it n ah m d ie w e ite r e E n tw ic k lu n g d e r T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le n z w a r e in e n ä u ß e r lic h g lä n z e n d e n V e r la u f , f ü h r te a b e r zu dem h e u tig e n Z u s ta n d , d e r d rin g e n d d e r R e fo rm b e d a rf.

B ei d e r E r ö r te r u n g d e s P la n e s , e in e I n g e n ie u r f a k u l t ä t d e r U n i v e r s i t ä t M ü n s t e r a n z u g lie d e r n , s in d d ie G r ü n d e re ic h lic h d a r g e le g t, d ie f ü r d ie Z u s a m m e n fü h ru n g d e r T e c h n is c h e n H o c h sc h u le n u n d d e r U n iv e r s itä te n

5 R i c k e r t , H e in r ic h : D ie G re n z e n d e r n a tu r w is s e n ­ s c h a ftlic h e n B e g riffs b ild u n g . E in e lo g is c h e E in le itu n g in d ie h is to r is c h e n W is s e n s c h a f te n . — T ü b in g e n : J . C. B.

M o h r 1921. — H a n f f s t e n g e l , G e o rg v o n : T e c h n is c h e s D e n k e n u n d S c h a ffe n . E in e le ic h tv e r s tä n d lic h e E in f ü h r u n g in d ie T e c h n ik . — B e r lin : J . S p r in g e r 1927