T e c h n i k u n d K u ltu r
p H ! I b d I
Z E I T S C H R I F T D E S V E R B A N D E S
D E U T S C H E R D I P L O M - I N G E N I E U R E □ □ □ □
S c h r i f t l e i t e r : © i p ( . » 3 n 9 - K . F . S t e i n m e t z
23. J A H R G A N G B E R L I N , 25. A P R I L 1 9 3 2 Nr.
4, S.5 3 - 6 8
2)ipl.=2>n9> W l L H E L M v. P A S I N S K I in D ü s s e l d o r f :
I N G EN I K
A u s d e m I n h a l t : „Ingenik“ — ,,H erv o rrag en d e t e c h n i s c h e Leistung“ und „geistesw issenschaftliche T a t“ — „Philologengrenze"
— V erschiedenartige B eurteilung d er Technik im A ltertum und der Technik d er N euzeit — R eform bestrebungen der Technischen Hochschule — Keine Ingenieur-Philologen — Die drei F ak to re n des heutigen Zustandes der Technischen Hochschule: Industrie / Professoren / Diplom-Ingenieure,
— D rei G ruppen von Ingenieuren : Techniker ✓ W irtsch aftsfü h rer / A ußenseiter — B e r u f o h n e R a u m — S tellung d er Technik in Gesellschaft un d S ta a t — D as 19. Jah rh u n d ert eine A usnahm e — Die französische R evolution als G rundlage für die Stellung d er Technik als A ußenseiter von S ta a t u n d G esellschaft — D ie Technik d er Führung und L eitung des S taates entglitten — Die Technik als Lebensfunktion d er Gesellschaft, als
„T aktik des L ebens" — „ V e rrat an der Technik" (O sw ald Spengler) — Die Folgen der S onderstellung — Die Technische Hochschule und die S onderstellung — Die Technische Hochschule und die U niversität, Technik und G eistesw issenschaften (R. P 1 a n k — K arl H o l l - A. S t o d o l a )
— V ersäum tes im A ufbau der Technischen H ochschule — S taa t, Technik, G esellschaft — Zusam menbruch und Ausblicke.
K u l t u r u n d T e c h n i s c h e H o c h s c h u l e
„E s em p fieh lt sic h s e h r , d ie T ä t i g k e i t d e s I n g e n ie u r s n i c h t a ls T e c h n i k , s o n d e r n a ls I n g e n i k zu b e z e ic h n e n . D an n k ö n n e n w ir d a s W o r t T e c h n ik d e r A llg e m e in h e it u n d d e r P re s s e f ü r d ie je n ig e n T ä t i g k e i te n ü b e r la s s e n , d ie m it -der A rb e it d es In g e n ie u r s n ic h ts z u t u n h a b e n . K e in e s f a lls a b e r is t es ric h tig , a u f h ö c h s te g e is tig e L e is tu n g e n vo n hohem K u ltu r w e rt u n d a u f r e in k ö r p e r lic h e G e s c h ic k lic h k e ite n d ie s e lb e B e z e ic h n u n g a n z u w e n d e n .“ S o s c h r e ib t E. W . K ö s t e r 1, e in In g e n ie u r , d e r s e in g a n z e s L e b e n in .a u fb a u e n d e r I n g e n ie u r a r b e it u n d in d e m E in tr e te n f ü r In g e n ie u r in te r e s s e n z u g e b r a c h t h a t. K ö s te r s p r i c h t f ü r v ie le , d e n n sc h o n la n g e h a b e n v ie le e r k a n n t, d a ß d ie B e ze ic h n u n g T e c h n ik f ü r h ö c h s te g e is tig e A u s b ild u n g , L e istu n g u n d S c h a ffu n g vo n K u l t u r w e r t e n d o ch n ic h t die r ic h tig e B e ze ic h n u n g is t. E in k l a r e r s p r a c h lic h e r U n te r s c h ie d m uß g e m a c h t w e r d e n ; e r s t d a n n k a n n s ic h a u ch d e r JV ic h t-In g en ieu r ein e k la r e V o r s te llu n g v o n d e r w is s e n s c h a ftlic h e n G e is te s a r b e it m a c h e n , d ie in d e r S c h a ffu n g h e u tig e r K u ltu r g ü te r a n g e le g t is t, u n d d e r G e g n e r je d e r I n g e n ie u r a r b e it k a n n n ic h t m e h r a u s d e r V ie ls in n ig k e it d es W o r te s T e c h n ik d ie M in d e r w e r tig k e it d e r I n g e n ie u r a r b e it k r itik lo s e n L a ie n V o rred en . M a g e s n u n m it d e r E in b ü r g e ru n g d e s W o r te s I n g e n ik la n g e d a u e r n , m a g e s s c h n e ll g e h en , e in s is t s ic h e r, d a ß d ie Z e it e r f ü l l t is t, d a ß e s a lle
\ \ e it a ls U n sin n e m p fin d e t, w e n n m a n h ö c h s te g e is tig e L e is tu n g e n a u f dem G e b ie te d e r W is s e n s c h a f t u n d in d e r p r a k tis c h e n B e ru fs a u s ü b u n g m it T e c h n ik b e z e ic h n e t, w ä h r e n d d ie s e lb e S p ra c h e v o n d e n b e w u n d e r n s w e r te n t e c h n is c h e n F e r tig k e ite n e in e s d r e s s i e r t e n A ffe n s p r ic h t, o d e r e in i l l u s t r i e r t e s B la tt u n s e r z ä h lt, d a ß b e i d e r H e r s te llu n g e in e s T o n f ilm s a u f z w e i S c h a u s p ie le r z e h n b is z w ö lf T e c h n ik e r k o m m e n . W e lc h e v e r h ä n g n is v o lle R o lle a b e r d ie s e r i r r lic h te ln d e S p r a c h g e b r a u c h in u n s e r e m g a n z e n L eb en , im g a n ze n 19. J a h r h u n d e r t , g e s p ie lt h a t, s o ll n o c h a n e in ig e n B e isp ie len d a r g e le g t w e rd e n .
D er B a u d e s d e u ts c h e n P a n z e r k r e u z e r s w i r d a l s „ h e r v o rra g e n d e L e is tu n g d e r T e c h n ik “ b e z e ic h n e t. H ie r b e i l ä ß t m a n o ffen , ob m an m it d i e s e r „ L e is tu n g “ d a s Z u sa m m e n - schw ’e iß e n u n d Z u s a m m e n n ie te n d e s K a s te n s g e m e in t h a b e n w ill, o d e r d ie U n s u m m e g e is tig e r P l a n a r b e it d a m it k e n n z e ic h n e n m ö ch te . J e d e r k a n n s ic h h e r a u s s u c h e n , w a s e r w ill.
1 Köster. E. W .: Ingenik. — Technik und K ultur 23
<1932) 21— 36
D ie P h ilo s o p h ie K a n ts b e z e ic h n e n w i r a ls e in e „ h e r v o r ra g e n d e g e is te s w is s e n s c h a f tlic h e T a t “ — o b g leic h u n s d ie s e a u c h e r s t d u r c h d ie te c h n is c h e F e r tig k e it d e s S c h re ib e n s u n d D rü c k e n s v e r m itte lt w rnrde. O hne te c h n is c h e F e r tig k e i
te n w ü r d e n w i r w e d e r d ie K a n t se h e P h ilo s o p h ie n o c h d en P a n z e r k r e u z e r k e n n e n g e le r n t h a b en . A b e r n u n b e g in n t d e r S p ra c h u n fu g : D ie h e r v o rr a g e n d e L e is tu n g „ P a n z e r k r e u z e r “ b e z e ic h n e n w ir a ls t e c h n i s c h , a ls o n a ch d e r A r t d e r S ic h tb a rm a c h u n g , d e r Ü b e rm ittlu n g , w ä h r e n d K a n ts c h e P h i lo s o p h ie a ls G e i s t e s a r b e i t g e w e r te t w ird .
D e r P a n z e r k r e u z e r k a n n in d e n F lu te n v e rs c h w in d e n , n a ch u n s e r e r A u f f a s s u n g i s t d a n n d a s W e r k v e rn ic h te t.
W e n n w i r a b e r K a n ts W e r k e n e b s t D r u c k s tö c k e n v e r b r e n nen, so b le ib t n a c h u n s e r e r A u f f a s s u n g K a n ts c h e P h ilo s o p h ie a ls G e is te s ta t b e s te h e n . S ie m ag v e ra lte n , m ag g a n z b e d e u tu n g s lo s f ü r u n s e r e a u g e n b lic k lic h e Z e it w e r d e n ; es is t g a n z g le ic h g ü ltig , d ie K a n ts c h e P h ilo s o p h ie b le ib t B e s t a n d te i l u n s e r e r K u ltu r , u n s e r e r G e is te s b ild u n g u n d b le ib t s e lb s t a ls A n tiq u u m n o ch le b e n d ig . D a h in g e g e n d e r „ P a n z e r k r e u z e r “, u n d m it ih m a lle W e r k e d e r T e c h n ik , s in d u n te rg e g a n g e n , v e r r o s te t, v e r n ic h te t, a u s u n s e re m B e w u ß t
s e in g e tilg t.
D ie s e r Z u s ta n d i s t in d e r S a c h e s e lb s t g a r n ic h t b e g r ü n d e t, s o n d e r n le d ig lic h in d e r a n g e w ö h n te n F o rm u n s e r e s D e n k e n s , d ie w ie d e r im S p r a c h g e b r a u c h ih re n A u s d r u c k f in d e t, w e il w i r d a s e in e W e r k s p r a c h lic h a ls G e is te s t a t w e r te n , w ä h r e n d w ir d a s a n d e r e W e r k a ls te c h n is c h e L e is tu n g b e z e ic h n e n . In e in e v e rg le ic h e n d e W e r tu n g d e r G e is te s ta t K a n ts m it d e n G e is te s ta te n , d ie sic h in d e r I n t e g r a tio n „ P a n z e r k r e u z e r “ s c h lie ß lic h v e r k ö rp e r n , m ö c h te ich g a r n ic h t e in tr e te n , w e il A u ß e n s te h e n d e d o ch k a u m e in e V o r s te llu n g d a v o n h a b e n u n d in w e n ig e n S ä tz e n a u c h n ic h t b e k o m m e n k ö n n e n , w e lc h e U n su m m e a lle r h ö c h s te r G e is te s a r b e i t s ic h in ein e m W e r k e v e r k ö rp e r t, d a s w ir s p r a c h lic h a ls „ h e r v o r r a g e n d e t e c h n i s c h e L e is tu n g “ z u b e z e ic h n e n g e w o h n t s in d , w ä h r e n d a n d e r e r s e it s je d e r T e r t i a n e r s c h o n d a v o n ü b e r z e u g t is t, d a ß K a n t u n d s e in W e r k u n s e r e g a n z e K u ltu r b e h e r r s c h t. A n d e r e r s e its i s t u n s e r e r B ild u n g w ie d e r g a n z u n g e lä u fig , d a ß d ie te c h n is c h e n L e i
s tu n g e n e in e s G u t e n b e r g , e in e s J a m e s W a 1 1 , e in e s J u s tu s L i e b i g d ie W e lt, d a s L eb e n d e r M e n sc h e n , m eh r u m g e s ta lte t h a b e n a ls e in B ü c h e r s c h r a n k v oll s o g e n a n n te r G e is te s w is s e n s c h a f t, a ls A l e x a n d e r d e r G r o ß e , al s C ä s a r o d e r N a p o l e o n . U n s e re g a n z e B ild u n g i s t a n d ie
„ P h ilo lo g e n g r e n z e “ g e b u n d e n , e in tr e f f e n d e s W o r t vo n O s w a ld S p e n g le r ; I n g e n i e u r - P h i l o l o g e n s in d u n s
54 W i l h e l m v. P a s i n s k i : Ingenik Technik u. Kuätuir
n o c h u n b e k a n n t. U n s e r n I n g e n ie u r e n u n d I n g e n ie u r - P r o f e s s o r e n i s t d e r S in n f ü r P h ilo lo g ie d e r I n g e n ie u r w is s e n s c h a fte n , d e r I n g e n ik , n o c h n ic h t a u fg e g a n g e n . D ie U n iv e r s i t ä t e n h a b e n s e i t J a h r h u n d e r t e n in j e d e r F a k u l t ä t „ P h ilo lo g e n “ . V ie lle ic h t l ie g t e s a u c h m it h ie r a n , d a ß d e r I n g e n ie u r s e in e T ä t i g k e i t u n d A u s b ild u n g im m e r n o c h a ls
„ T e c h n i k “ b e z e ic h n e t. E r h a t sic h u m d ie S p r a c h e n ic h t g e k ü m m e r t, u n d „ s p o t te t s e in e r s e lb s t, u n d w e iß n ic h t w ie “ . N o ch e in a n d e r e s s a r k a s t is c h e s W o r t M e p h is to s m ö c h te ich a u f d e n I n g e n ie u r a n w e n d e n :
„ Ih m h a t d a s S c h ic k s a l e in e n G e is t g e g e b e n , D e r u n g e b ä n d ig t im m e r v o r w ä r ts d r in g t, U n d d e s s e n ü b e r e i lt e s S tr e b e n
D e r E r d e F r e u d e n ü b e r s p r i n g t. “
A u s d ie s e n w e n ig e n Z e ile n g e h t s c h o n g e n ü g e n d h e rv o r, d a ß d ie B e z e ic h n u n g e n „ g e is te s w is s e n s c h a f tlic h e T a t “ u n d
„ te c h n is c h e L e is tu n g “ n u r in d e r h e r r s c h e n d e n S p r a c h - g e p f lo g e n h e it, n u r in d e r B lic k r ic h tu n g u n s e r e r g e g e n w ä r tig h e r r s c h e n d e n B ild u n g , e in e n W e r t u n te r s c h i e d V o rtä u sc h e n , d e r e r s t e r e a ls e tw a s d a u e r n d k u l tu r e l l W e r t v o ll e s , le t z t e r e a ls e tw a s E p h e m e r e s e r s c h e in e n lä ß t. I n W ir k l i c h k e i t lie g t e s g a n z a n d e r s , n u r d ie b e r ü h m te „ P h ilo lo g e n g r e n z e “ i s t d a r a n s c h u ld . D a n n a b e r a u c h d e r I n g e n ie u r s e lb s t, d e r in s e in e m „ ü b e r e ilte n S t r e b e n “ n a c h T o n n e n p r o d u k tio n d e r
„ E r d e ( K u ltu r - ) F r e u d e n ü b e r s p r i n g t “ , s ic h s e in e r a u f b a u e n d e n K u l t u r a r b e it n o c h g a r n ic h t b e w u ß t g e w o r d e n i s t u n d s e in e T ä t i g k e i t s e l b s t a ls t e c h n i s c h , a ls o a l s e p h e m e re F e r tig k e it, a ls A u g e n b lic k s a r b e it b e z e ic h n e t u n d b e z e ic h n e n lä ß t. D a s i s t w i r k l ic h n u r m ö g lic h , w e n n m a n s ic h s e l b s t d e r G e i s t e s a r b e it n o c h n ic h t b e w u ß t g e w o r d e n is t, w e n n m a n s e l b s t in d e r t e c h n i s c h e n FI e r S t e l l u n g e in e s W e r k e s d ie H a u p t a r b e it e r b lic k t, w e n n m a n sic h , w ie k e in a n d e r e r a k a d e m is c h e r B e r u f s s ta n d , g e f a lle n lä ß t, d a ß a u f b a u e n d e K u l t u r a r b e i t n u r n a c h d em z u f ä llig e n M a r k t w e r t d e r h e r g e s t e ll t e n S a c h e b e w e r t e t w ir d , w e n n m a n s e lb s t n o c h in d e r i r r ig e n V o r s te llu n g g e fa n g e n is t, d a ß I n g e n ie u r s c h a ff e n e tw a s a u ß e r h a lb d e s K u ltu r le b e n s L ie g e n d e s ist, g e r a d e g u t g e n u g , um p r iv a te G e w in n s u c h t z u b e frie d ig e n .
D ie s e i r r ig e A u f f a s s u n g vom I n g e n ie u r s c h a f f e n i s t e in K in d d e s 19. J a h r h u n d e r t s u n d w e i te r n ic h ts . D a s s o ll s p ä t e r n o c h n ä h e r d a r g e l e g t w e r d e n . I n W ir k l i c h k e i t h a n d e lt e s s ic h a b e r um e in e B ild u n g s e n g e , d ie d u r c h d e n s p r a c h lic h e n A u s d r u c k n o c h u n t e r s tr i c h e n w ir d . D a s m ö c h te ich a n e in ig e n B e is p ie le n h i e r z e ig e n : W e n n e in e „ h e r v o r r a g e n d e t e c h n i s c h e L e is tu n g “ in d ie H ä n d e v o n A r c h ä o lo g e n u n d H i s t o r i k e r n g e r ä t, d a n n w e r d e n a u s s o lc h e n te c h n is c h e n „ E i n t a g s w e r k e n “ m it e in e m M a le K u ltu r z e u g e n , d ie u n s d ie G e is te s v e r f a s s u n g vo n V ö lk e r n u n d S ta a te n , von J a h r h u n d e r t e n u n d J a h r t a u s e n d e n v e r m itte ln . A u s d e n te c h n is c h e n L e is tu n g e n d e r a lte n Ä g y p te r h a b e n w i r n ic h t n u r i h r g e s a m te s S ta a ts w e s e n , s o n d e r n a u c h d ie g a n z e G e is te s v e r fa s s u n g , ih r e g e s a m te K u l t u r k e n n e n g e le r n t. A u s z e r b r o c h e n e n S ä u le n a u f g r ie c h is c h - r ö m is c h e m B o d e n e r s te h e n d e m b e g e i s t e r t e n H i s t o r i k e r G r ie c h e n la n d u n d R o m , G r ie c h e n u n d R ö m e r, ih r G e is t, ih r e K u l t u r ; a h e r d e r E iffe l- T u r m , e in e L o k o m o tiv e , . e in W o lk e n k r a t z e r o d e r o b ig e r P a n z e r k r e u z e r s a g e n d e n L e u te n g le ic h e r G e is te s r ic h tu n g g a r n ic h ts , s ie s e h e n n u r a n g e s tr ic h e n e s o d e r p o lie r te s E is e n . D a ß a u c h d ie s e W e r k e e in e S e e le h a b e n , d a ß s ie G e is t a tm e n u n d K u ltu r s c h ö p f u n g e n s in d , d a s k lin g t in d e n O h r e n s o g e n a n n te r G e i s t e s w i s s e n s c h a f t l e r w ie B la s p h e m ie . E s s in d t e c h n i s c h e L e is tu n g e n , d ie v o n T e c h n ik e r n u n d H a n d w e r k e r n a u s g e f ü h r t w e r d e n . B e i d e n m e is te n s o lc h e r D in g e b r a u c h t m a n w e d e r T e c h n ik e r n o c h H a n d w e r k e r , d a s m a c h e n d ie M a s c h in e n s c h o n g a n z a lle in . U n d d a n n , s e l b s t v e r s tä n d lic h , d ie E le k t r iz it ä t! W a s h a t d e n n d e r I n g e n ie u r m it R a d io z u t u n ? D ie e in z e ln e n T e i l e w e r d e n vo n M a s c h in e n z u T a u s e n d e n d u r c h e in e n D r u c k g e s ta n z t u n d je d e r A r b e i t e r o d e r z e h n jä h r ig e J u n g e b a s t e l t s ic h e in e n A p p a r a t z u s a m m e n . S im p e ls te s H a n d w e r k ! W o s o ll d a K u ltu r s te c k e n ? D e r s e lb e S p r e c h e r k a n n s ic h a b e r v o r e in e m g r i e c h is c h e n S ä u le n k o p f in tr ä n e n d e B e g e is te ru n g v e r s e tz e n . D ie s e e d le n g e s c h w u n g e n e n L in ie n , d ie s e F o rm e n s c h ö n h e it,
d ie s e s K a p ite ll i s t d ie v e r k ö r p e r t e S e e le G r ie c h e n la n d s , i s t d e r v o lle n d e te A u s d r u c k d e r g r ie c h is c h e n K u ltu r . —
„ D u g le ic h s t d em G e is t, d e n d u b e g r e i f s t ! “
D ie s e g ä n z lic h v e r s c h ie d e n e B e u r te ilu n g v o n W e r k e n d e r a n tik e n T e c h n ik u n d d e r h e u tig e n T e c h n ik is t e r s t a u n l i c h , a b e r in u n s e r e r B ild u n g , r i c h t i g e r V o r b ild u n g , t i e f b e g r ü n d e t. W e s e n t li c h i s t a b e r , d a ß d e r I n g e n ie u r d ie s n ic h t n u r tr a u m v e r lo r e n d u ld e t, s o n d e r n n o c h m itm a c h t, in d e m e r s e in e B e r u f s a u s b ild u n g , s e in e T ä t i g k e i t, s e in e n v e r e i n s g e s e lls c h a f tlic h e n Z u s a m m e n s c h lu ß a ls T e c h n ik b e z e ic h n e t- A u c h d a s i s t n u r v e r s t ä n d l i c h d u r c h s e in „ u n g e b ä n d ig te s . u n d ü b e r e i lt e s V o r w ä r t s s t r e b e n “ in T o n n e n p r o d u k tio n , d i e ihm k e in e Z e it lä ß t, ü b e r s e in e K u l t u r v e r b u n d e n h e i t n a c h z u d e n k e n ; s e l b s t d ie w e n ig e n K o lle g e n , d ie s ic h u m d i e P h ilo s o p h ie u n d P h ilo lo g ie s e in e s A r b e i ts g e b i e t e s b e m ü h e n , w e r d e n k a u m g e h ö r t, w e n ig v e r s t a n d e n u n d a ls A u ß e n s e i t e r a b g e ta n . I n s e i n e r E in f a lt i s t e r s to lz d a r a u f , e in T e c h n i k e r z u se in , e in h e r v o r r a g e n d e r T e c h n ik e r g a r , u n d e r m e r k t g a r n ic h t, w ie d ie W ir t s c h a f t s p e i t s c h e ü b e r ih m g e s c h w u n g e n w ir d , w ie e r e ig e n tlic h K n e c h t e in e r f r e m d e n M a c h t i s t , d e r e n I n t e r e s s e n e b e n d e m d e r G e s e lls c h a f t u n d d e m S t a a t e lie g t, d ie in P e k in g , N e w Y o rk , P a r i s , L o n d o n e b e n s o w i r k s a m i s t u n d e b e n s o k u l t u r i n t e r e s s e l o s w ie in B e r lin o d e r M ü n c h e n . A u s d ie s e m G r u n d e d i c h t e t m a n ih m n o c h K u ltu r - l o s ig k e it an , h ä lt ih n f ü r f a r b l o s u n d j e d e r E in f ä r b u n g z u g ä n g lic h , s c h lie ß lic h m a c h t m a n ih n n o c h f ü r K r is e n u n d W i r t s c h a f t s - K a t a s t r o p h e n v e r a n t w o r t li c h u n d s p r i c h t v o r
„ E x z e s s e n 2 d e r T e c h n ik “ . D a s i s t d e r F lu c h d e r b ö s e n T a t , d e r i r r e f ü h r e n d e n B e z e ic h n u n g T e c h n ik .
„ A b e r w ie s o ll m a n d ie K n e c h te lo b e n , K o m m t d o c h d a s Ä r g e r n is v o n o b e n .“
S e it J a h r z e h n t e n r e d e n w i r v o n e in e r R e f o r m d e r T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le . A u s d e n z a h lr e ic h e n S c h r i f te n u n d R e d e n , d ie n a c h g e r a d e zu m e is e r n e n B e s tä n d e j e d e r J a h r e s v e rs a m m lu n g o d e r ir g e n d e in e s I F o c h s c h u le r e ig n is s e s g e h ö re n , k a n n m a n n u r d ie T a t s a c h e e n tn e h m e n , d a ß v e r s c h ie d e n e S te lle n e in e R e fo rm f ü r n o tw e n d ig e r a c h te n ; w ie a b e r r e f o r m i e r t w e r d e n so ll, d a r ü b e r g e h e n d ie M e in u n g e n w e i t a u s e in a n d e r . D ie e in z ig e n b e a c h tlic h e n V o r s c h lä g e s t a m m en v o n G e h e im r a t R o m b e r g 3, d ie e in e V e r tie f u n g in d e n W is s e n s c h a f t e n u n d e in e g a n z b e d e u te n d e B e s c h n e id u n g ; in d e r O b e r f lä c h e v o r s a h e n . D ie g e p la n te A n g lie d e r u n g a r t e in e U n iv e r s itä t, a n d e r d ie d u r c h a u s n o tw e n d ig e n a n d e re n : F ä c h e r s c h o n v e r tr e te n s in d , w a r e b e n f a lls e in a u f d e n K e r r t e in e r R e fo rm v o r s t o ß e n d e r G e d a n k e .
S e it v ie r z ig J a h r e n i s t d ie I n d u s t r i e d e r m ä c h tig s te ; F a k t o r d e r H o c h s c h u lg e s ta ltu n g . S ie w ü n s c h t t ü c h tig e F a c h le u te , d ie m it a lle m W is s e n d e s F a c h e s v o llg e s to p f t sin d ,, d ie s o f o r t in d e n P r o d u k t i o n s p r o z e ß e in g r e if e n k ö n n e n u n d v o n d e n e n m a n i n d u s t r ie l l g r o ß e n N u tz e n e r w a r t e n k a n n - B ild u n g , A llg e m e in b ild u n g i s t b e i d ie s e n s a c h lic h e n , e g o is ti s c h e n G e s ic h ts p u n k te n N e b e n s a c h e , P r iv a ts a c h e . A lle J a h r e s c h ic k e n d ie H o c h s c h u le n s o u n d s o v ie le D ip lo m - I n g e n ie u r e h in a u s , a u s d e n e n m a n s ic h d ie g e e ig n e ts te n a u s s u e h e it k o n n te . D a s i s t Z w e c k u n d A u f g a b e d e r T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le . U n d e s g ib t w e ite u n d e in f lu ß r e ic h e K r e is e , d en en , a n d e r e G e s ic h ts p u n k te v ö llig u n g e lä u f ig s in d . R e f o r m d e r T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le b e d e u te t f ü r d ie s e K r e i s e n u r V e r v ie lf ä ltig u n g , 'S p e z ia lis ie r u n g , o d e r w ie m a n h e u te s a g e n k ö n n te , r e in e S a c h lic h k e it, n ie V e r tie f u n g . V o n ih r e m S t a n d p u n k te h a b e n d ie s e K r e is e v o llk o m m e n r e c h t. W e n n m a n d e n Z w e c k d e s M e n s c h e n le b e n s im i n d u s t r ie l le n A r b e ite n u n d im G e ld v e r d ie n e n a ls v o ll e r s c h ö p f t a n s ie h t, d a n n i s t d ie T e c h n is c h e H o c h s c h u le a ls K u l t u r s t ä t t e U n s in n . A uel*
d ie s e E in s te llu n g h ä n g t m it d e m W o r t e T e c h n ik e n g z u sa m m e n , w o m it m a n v o r h u n d e r t J a h r e n e in e d e r w i c h ti g s te n Ä u ß e r u n g e n m e n s c h lic h e n G e s e lls c h a f ts le b e n s z u r P r i v a ts a c h e e r k lä r te .
2 B e r n h a r d , G e o r g : E x z e s s e d e r T e c h n ik . — M a g a z in d e r W i r t s c h a f t 6 (1930) 1844— 1846; v g l. a u c h : T e c h n ik u n d K u l t u r 22 (1931) 5 — 6
s Technik und K u ltur 18 (1927) 26— 33, 12 3-12 8 , 203— 208;
vgl. auch: Jahrb. Verb. Deutsch. D ipl.-Ing. 1928/1929, 3 1 - 3 6
23 (1932) Nr. 4 W i l h e l m v. P a s i n s k i : Ingenik 55
E in w e i te r e r F a k t o r d e r H o c h s c h u lre f o r m s in d d ie P r o f e s s o r e n . Z u m T e il s in d s ie a u s d e r i n d u s tr ie lle n P r a x i s h e r v o rg e g a n g e n , h a b e n b is zu m O b e r in g e n ie u r o d e r D ir e k to r T o n n e n p r o d u z ie r t u n d s te h e n d em i n d u s tr ie lle n S c h a ffe n v ie l n ä h e r a ls d e m a k a d e m is c h e n K u ltu r le b e n . A lle R e fo rm e n a u s d ie s e n K r e is e n z ie lte n a u f V e r b r e ite r u n g , E r w e ite r u n g , S p e z ia lis ie r u n g a b ; a lle s T e c h n ik , Z iv ilis a tio n , k e in e K u ltu r . A lle V o r s c h lä g e , d ie a u f w is s e n s c h a f tlic h e V e r tie f u n g u n d Z u s a m m e n z ie h u n g a b z ie lte n , e tw a n a c h dem G r u n d s a tz : m u ltu m , no n m u lta , f a n d e n h ie r W id e r s t ä n d e o d e r T e iln a h m lo s ig k e it; m a n w o llte d ie F a c h h o c h s c h u le u n d n ic h t d ie K u l t u r a n s ta l t. V o n K u ltu r w u r d e n u r g e le g e n tlic h g e r e d e t u n d g e s c h rie b e n , v ie lfa c h w a r m a n d a n n a u c h n ic h t m e h r a m tie r e n d e r P r o f e s s o r .
D e r d r i t t e F a k to r in d e r I lo c h s c h u lr e f o r m b e w e g u n g sin d d ie D ip lo m -In g e n ie u re s e lb s t. V ie le g e h e n in d ie P r a x is un d v e r s in k e n , n o le n s v o le n s , in d e r M a s s e d e r T e c h n ik e r. S ie e m p fin d e n n ie d ie E in s e itig k e it ih r e s S tu d iu m s , w e il sie s ic h um n ic h ts a n d e r e s k ü m m e rn : n u r d a s F ach , d a s W e r k , d ie T o n n e n z a h l. A u c h in a n d e r e n a k a d e m is c h e n B e ru fe n g ib t es so lc h e „ F a c h te c h n ik e r “ . D e r p e d a n tis c h e M itte l- s c h u lp ro fe s s o r i s t b e k a n n t, d e r in s e in e m F lo m er a lle S te lle n r o t a n s tr e ic h t, w o d ie s e r g e g e n d ie R e g e ln d e r g rie c h is c h e n G ra m m a tik v e r s to ß e n h a t. E b e n s o i s t d e r J u r i s t b e k a n n t, d e s s e n W e l t d a a n f ä n g t u n d a u f h ö rt, w o sie in P a r a g r a p h e n g e f a ß t is t, d e r b e i je d e r B e g e b e n h e it z u e r s t a n d ie R e c h ts lag e , d ie Z u s tä n d ig k e it, d e n I n s ta n z e n w e g u n d d ie M e in u n g d e s O b e r g e r ic h ts d e n k t. A b e r d ie s e E rs c h e in u n g e n s in d d o c h s e l te n e r u n d w e r d e n v o r a lle m d u rc h e in e g r ö ß e r e Z a h l s e h r v ie ls e itig o r ie n t i e r t e r K o lle g e n re ic h lic h a u s g e g lic h e n , s o d a ß sie f a s t n ie d ie F o rm e n s t u p i d e r I g n o r a n z a n n e h m e n . D a h in g e g e n f i n d e t m a n u n t e r d e n In g e n ie u r e n r e c h t h ä u f ig L e u te , d ie a llg e m e in e n F r a g e n d e s L e b e n s, d e r P o litik , d e r G e s c h ic h te u n d s e lb s t d e r W i r t s c h a f t z ie m lic h f r e m d g e g e n ü b e r s te h e n . V ie le I n g e n ie u r e s in d s o g a r s to lz d a r a u f , d a ß s ie v o n P o litik g a r n ic h ts v e rs te h e n , s in d g l ü c k lich, d a ß ih re T e c h n ik n e u tr a l is t, w o r u n te r v e r s ta n d e n se in s o ll, d a ß d ie T e c h n ik o h n e A n s e h e n d e r P e r s o n o d e r d e s Z w e c k e s K a p ita lis te n u n d K o m m u n is te n , N a tio n a lis te n u n d I n t e r n a ti o n a li s t e n d ie n s tb a r is t. V e r s te h t m an u n te r P o litik d ie L e b e n s ä u ß e r u n g d e s S t a a t e s u n d d e r G e s e lls c h a f t, so z e ig t so lc h e E in s te llu n g , d a ß sic h d ie s e K r e is e b e w u ß t a u ß e r h a lb d ie s e r L e b e n s ä u ß e r u n g b e fin d e n o d e r s te lle n . V e r h ä n g n is v o ll i s t a b e r, d a ß d ie Ö ffe n tlic h k e it vo n d ie s e r E in s te llu n g sc h o n la n g e N o tiz g e n o m m e n h a t, w ie e in A u f s a t z von H o r s t G r u e n e b e r g 1 ü b e r „ I n g e n ie u r u n d P o li
t i k “ e r s c h r e c k e n d z e ig t. A u c h d a s i s t e in e F o lg e d e s S p r a c h g e b r a u c h e s „ T e c h n ik “ .
E in e a n d e r e G r u p p e vo n In g e n ie u r e n g e la n g t n a c h j a h r z e h n te la n g e r F a c h a r b e it z u l e ite n d e r S te llu n g , w i r d D ir e k to r, G e n e r a ld ir e k to r u n d g ilt s c h lie ß lic h a ls W ir t s c h a f l s - iü h r e r . D a fe h lt n u n s e h r viel. D e r S c h u lr a n z e n i s t u n z u r e ic h e n d u n d v e r s ta u b t, d ie T e c h n is c h e H o c h s c h u le w a r e r s c h r e c k e n d e in s e itig , noch e in s e itig e r w a r d ie b is h e r ig e T ä tig k e it, a lle s la g g le ic h s a m n e b e n d e m e ig e n tlic h e n L eb en , n e b e n d em L eb e n d e r G e s e lls c h a ft, n e b e n d e r P o litik . D a h i lf t n u r m a r k ie r e n u n d a u f K rü c k e n g e h e n ; d e r t ie f e r e E in b lic k in d ie P ro b le m e d e r p o litis c h e n G e s c h ic h te , d e r W ir ts c h a f ts g e s c h ic h te , d e r R e c h ts o rd n u n g , d e r P o litik b le ib t d o ch e in B u ch m it s ie b e n S ie g e ln . A b e r m an h a t g r o ß e W e r k e m it T a u s e n d e n vo n A r b e ite r n g e le ite t, h a t in D u tz e n d e n von A u f s ic h ts r ä te n b is h e r g e s e s s e n , m a n i s t f o r s c h u n d a n B e fe h le n g e w ö h n t — u n d , w a s je d e r G e w e r k s c h a f ts f ü h r e r k a n n , k a n n m an s c h lie ß lic h a u ch . S o l ä u f t d e r
„ W i r ts c h a f t s f ü h r e r “ a u f d e n K r ü c k e n e in e s S y n d ik u s vo n e in e r S a c k g a s s e in d ie a n d e r e , b e g e is te r t s ic h n a c h e in a n d e r f ü r „ P l a n w ir t s c h a f t “ , f ü r A m e r ik a s „ la u f e n d e s B a n d “, f ü r
„ R a tio n a lis ie r u n g “ u n d h e u te f ü r d ie „ U m s ie d lu n g d e r I n d u s t r i e a r b e i t e r a u f s L a n d “ . M a n i s t so m e c h a n is c h , s o te c h n isc h im g a n z e n D e n k e n g e w o rd e n , d a ß m a n n ic h t a n s te h t, d ie M e th o d e n d e r S u b lim a tio n u n d T r a n s f o r m a tio n u n d N o r m u n g a u f M e n s c h e n a n z u w e n d e n . J e d e d ie s e r „ S a c k g a s s e n “ 4 G r u e n e b e r g , H o r s t: D e r I n g e n ie u r u n d d ie P o litik . — D ie T a t 23 (1931/1932) 1000— 1004
k o s te t d ie V o lk s w ir ts c h a f t, d a s N a tio n a lv e rm ö g e n , H u n d e r te v o n M illio n e n . W ie s a g te d o c h A x e l O x e n s t j e r n a :
„ W e iß t d u n ic h t, m ein S o h n , m it w ie w e n ig V e r s t a n d d ie W e l t r e g i e r t w i r d ? “- —
E in G e n e ra l, d e r im K rie g e e in e m h o h e n G re m iu m von W i r t s c h a f t s f ü h r e r n v o r s a ß , r ie f e in m a l ä r g e r lic h a u s : „ W a s s o ll ich m it d ie s e n H e r r e n m a c h e n ? J e d e r g la u b t, h ie r z u sitz e n , um f ü r s e in W e r k o d e r s e in e G r u p p e e in e b e s s e r e W a g g o n g e s te llu n g , b e s s e r e K o h le n - u n d R o h s to f f b e lie fe r u n g o d e r s o n s t e in e n V o r te il h e r a u s z u s c h la g e n , f ü r G e m e in s in n i s t k e in e r z u g ä n g lic h .“ W a l t e r R a t h e n a u , d e r d ie s e K r e is e s ic h e r g u t k a n n te , h a t s ic h in s e in e n W e r k e n g a n z ä h n lic h a u s g e d rü c k t. V o m G e m e in s in n d e r T e c h n ik e r z ä h lt u n s e r e T e c h n is c h e H o c h s c h u le a u c h w e d e r e x p lic ite n o c h im p lic ite . A u c h d a s i s t e in e F o lg e d e s S p r a c h g e b r a u c h e s T e c h n ik , d e r n u r a n N e b e n s ä c h lic h e s u n d P r i v a te s e r in n e r t.
N u n g ib t e s n o ch e in e d r i t t e G ru p p e vo n I n g e n ie u re n , d ie vo n v o rn h e re in d ie E n g e d e s te c h n is c h e n S tu d iu m s , u n d w ie e s b e tr ie b e n w ir d , e r k a n n t h a b e n u n d i h r W is s e n n a c h a lle n S e ite n e r w e ite r te n . N a tü r lic h m u ß te n s ie e in e H o c h s c h u le a u fs u c h e n , w o m an d ie Z e ic h e n a r b e it n ic h t n a c h K ilo g ra m m m aß . D a s g e la n g , a b e r n u n w o h in ? D ie T e c h n is c h e H o c h sc h u le i s t j a d e r U n iv e r s itä t g le ic h g e s te llt, s o s t e h t w e n ig s te n s in g ro ß e n S ta a ts d o k u m e n te n z u le s e n . S t a a t s d i e n s t o d e r K o m m u n a ld ie n s t. J a , d ie ü b lic h e L a u fb a h n z u m B a u r a t s t e h t fr e i, a b e r in d ie V e r w a ltu n g , n e in , d a w e r d e n n u r J u r i s t e n z u g e la s s e n . N a, d a n n v ie lle ic h t z u r I n d u s t r i e - u n d H a n d e ls k a m m e r, d a w e r d e n s ic h e r D ip lo m -In g e n ie u re g e b r a u c h t, d ie a u c h n o ch V o lk s w ir ts c h a f t u n d J u s s t u d i e r t h a b e n . A u c h d a s g e lin g t d a n e b e n , d e n n d ie I n d u s tr ie - u n d H a n d e ls k a m m e rn , w ie a u c h d ie H a n d w e r k s k a m m e r n k ö n n e n n u r J u r i s t e n u n d V o lk s w ir te g e b r a u c h e n ; a b e r, w e n n m an e in S p e z ia lfa c h b e h e r r s c h t, k a n n m an a ls S a c h v e r s tä n d ig e r v e r e id ig t w e rd e n . A u c h d e r n eu e B e ru f d e s W i r t s c h a f t s p r ü f e r s i s t f ü r D ip lo m -In g e n ie u re s o g u t w ie v e rs c h lo s s e n . N u n z u d e r I n d u s t r i e u n d ih r e n g r o ß e n V e rb ä n d e n . D o r t m ü ß te n d o ch D ip lo m -In g e n ie u re m it u m f a s s e n d e n w i r t s c h a ftlic h e n u n d ju r is tis c h e n K e n n tn is s e n g e s u c h t w e rd e n . W e i t g e fe h lt, a u ch h ie r s i t z t d e r J u r i s t u n d V o lk s w ir t in g r o ß e r Z a h l u n d a ls s e c o n d m an d e r In g e n ie u r a ls R e f e r e n t e in e s F a c h g e b ie te s , in dem e r s e it J a h r z e h n te n T o n n e n p r o d u z ie r t h a t.
N u n z u r R e d a k tio n e in e r Z e itu n g o d e r Z e its c h rif t, s ic h e r e in f r e ie r B e ru f, w o e s n u r a u f K ö n n e n a n k o m m t; a b e r a u c h h ie r w i r d d e r D ip lo m -In g e n ie u r n u r in d e r R e d a k tio n d e r T e c h n is c h e n B e ila g e v e rw e n d e t, f ü r e in e a n d e r e S p a r te f e h lt ih m d e r ö f f e n tlic h e G la u b e . W e n n S ie s ic h A rn o W . M ü lle r n e n n e n , k ö n n e n w i r S ie in d e r k o m m u n a lp o litis c h e n u n d w ir ts c h a f tlic h e n R e d a k tio n g e b ra u c h e n , a b e r a ls S ip l.= 3 n 9- W . M ü lle r s in d S ie e in e g la tte U n m ö g lic h k e it.
U n d n u n g in g d e r Sipl.=2sng. W . M ü lle r in d a s p o litis c h e G e tr ie b e , w u r d e M . d. R. u n d d e r e r s t e S p r e c h e r s e in e r P a r t e i in W ir t s c h a f t s - u n d F in a n z s a c h e n .' A b e r, je e r f o lg r e ic h e r e r w ir k te , d e s to m e h r m u ß te m an sic h h ü te n , ihn a ls D ip lo m -In g e n ie u r z u b e z e ic h n e n , e r h ä t t e je d e s ö f f e n t
lic h e V e r t r a u e n v e rlo re n , d e n n m a n k a n n sic h w o h l in D e u ts c h la n d v o r s te lle n , d a ß e in M a n n , d e r n a c h ein em S tu d iu m vo n s e c h s S e m e s te r n e in e D o k to r a r b e it ü b e r d ie
„ O r g a n is a tio n d e s F la s c h e n b ie r h a n d e ls “ g e m a c h t h a t, K a n z l e r u n d A u ß e n m in is te r w ir d , a b e r n ic h t, d a ß e in D ip lo m i n g e n ie u r ü b e r e tw a s a n d e r e s s p re c h e n k a n n a ls T e c h n ik , w o r u n te r m a n d a s H a n tie r e n m it Z ir k e l u n d L in e a l, m it E is e n u n d S te in e n v e r s te h t.
A u c h d a s lie g t a n d em S p r a c h g e b r a u c h T e c h n ik u n d a n d e r m it ih m v e rb u n d e n e n V o r s te llu n g . E r s t u d i e r t T e c h n ik , d ie In g e n ie u r v e r b ä n d e r e d e n n u r vo n T e c h n ik , f e ie r n F e s te d e r T e c h n ik , e r r i c h te n H ä u s e r d e r T e c h n ik u s w . N o ch e in m a l: „ S p o tte t s e i n e r s e lb s t u n d w e iß n ic h t w ie .“
D e r B e r u f d e s D ip lo m -In g e n ie u rs i s t w ir k lic h e in B e ru f o h n e R a u m .
I s t d a s n u n im m e r s o g e w e s e n ? I s t d a s n a tu r b e d in g t u n d g e w o llt? D ie s e F r a g e n w e r d e n 99 % m it e in e m g l a t t e n J a b e a n tw o r te n , d e n n d ie G e g e n w a r ts b ild u n g g e s t a t t e t k a u m e in e a n d e r e A n tw o r t. A u c h d ie H i s t o r i k e r d e r T e c h n ik ,
56 W i l h e l m v. P a s i n s k i : Ingenik Technik u. K u ltu r
w e n n m a n s o s a g e n d a r f , g e b e n u n s k e in e A n tw o r t, a u c h ih n e n i s t d ie T e c h n ik H a n d w e r k s k u n s t, P r iv a ts a c h e . S ie e r z ä h le n u n s, w e lc h e h a n d w e r k lic h e n F e r t ig k e i te n d ie a lte n A s s y r e r , B a b y lo n ie r u n d Ägy p t e r s c h o n g e h a b t h a b e n , o d e r w e lc h e E r f in d e r , E r f in d u n g e n o d e r I n d u s t r i e l l e e r fo lg r e ic h g e w e s e n s in d , a b e r d ie T e c h n ik a ls L e b e n s ä u ß e r u n g d e r G e s e lls c h a f t, d e s S ta a te s , d e r R a s s e , i s t a u c h ih n e n u n b e k a n n t.
N u r H o u s to n S t e w a r t C h a m b e r l a i n 5 u n d O s w a ld S p e n g l e r 6, b e id e k e in e I n g e n ie u r e , f a s s e n d ie T e c h n ik a l s L e b e n s f u n k tio n d e r G e s e lls c h a f t, a ls A u s d r u c k d e r R a s s e , a ls p o litis c h e F u n k tio n , a ls T a k t i k d e s L e b e n s a u f.
A u c h W a l t e r R a t h e n a u ! a h n t e tw a s d a v o n , w e n n e r e r k l ä r t , d a ß W i r t s c h a f t e n n ic h t P r iv a ts a c h e , s o n d e r n S t a a t s s a c h e se i. I n n e u e r e r Z e it h a t a u c h S ie g f r ie d H a r t m a n n d e n S a tz a u s g e s p r o c h e n : ,,D ie s ta a ts m ä n n is c h e L e itu n g u n d F ü h r u n g d e r te c h n is c h e n A r b e i t f e h lt h e u te .“ D a m it m e in t e r n ic h t e in e b ü r o k r a tis c h e R e g le m e n tie r u n g o d e r g a r S o z ia lis ie r u n g , s o n d e r n e r v e r m iß t L e itu n g u n d F ü h r u n g d u r c h d e n S ta a t.
B lic k e n w i r n u n in d ie G e s c h ic h te h in e in , s o f in d e n w ir, d a ß d ie A u s ü b u n g d e s H a n d w e r k s im m e r P r i v a ts a c h e g e w e s e n is t, d a ß a b e r d a s , w a s w i r h e u te T e c h n ik n e n n e n , im m e r S t a a t s s a c h e w a r . A lle g r o ß e n te c h n is c h e n W e r k e d e s A lte r tu m s , a lle B a u te n , K a n ä le , V e r k e h r s w e g e , Be- w ä s s e r u n g s - u n d E n tw ä s s e r u n g s - A n la g e n , k u r z u m a ll e r B e d a r f d e r A l l g e m e i n h e i t , s e i e s z u f r ie d lic h e n o d e r k r ie g e r is c h e n Z w e c k e n , w u r d e le ite n d u n d f ü h r e n d v o m S t a a t e h e r g e s te llt. W e n n w i r v o n 1 b is 2 J a h r h u n d e r t e n s p ä tr ö m is c h e r G e s c h ic h te a b s e h e n , d ie u n s a ls A u f- lö s u n g s - u n d V e r f a l l z e i t b e k a n n t is t, s o i s t e s a u c h in W e s t e u r o p a b is z u r f r a n z ö s is c h e n R e v o lu tio n so g e w e s e n . E r s t a u f d e r G r u n d la g e d e r E r r u n g e n s c h a f te n d e r f r a n z ö s is c h e n R e v o lu tio n ( G e w e r b e f r e ih e it, F r e iz ü g ig k e it d e s K a p ita ls u n d d e r P e r s o n , P r i v a tb e s i t z vom S t a a t e b e s s e r g e s c h ü tz t a ls d a s A llg e m e in w o h l) e n tw ic k e lte s ic h d a s G e b ie t d e r T e c h n ik z u m T u m m e lp la tz p r i v a t e r B e tä tig u n g u n d z u e in e r G e le g e n h e it, u n t e r d e m S c h u tz e d e s S t a a t e s d ie A llg e m e in h e it a u s z u b e u te n . D em z u k ü n f tig e n G e s c h ic h ts s c h r e ib e r w i r d d a s 19. J a h r h u n d e r t a ls e in g r o ß e r A u s n a h m e z u s ta n d e rs c h e in e n , in d em d a s P r iv a te ig e n tu m u n d p r i v a t e r N u tz e n vom S ta a te b e s s e r g e s c h ü tz t w u r d e a ls G e m e in w o h l u n d G e m e in e ig e n tu m . D e r s o g e n a n n te F o r t s c h r i tt , d ie ü b e r a u s le b h a f te E n t
w ic k lu n g , u n s e r e M o n o p o ls te llu n g W e s te u r o p a s d e c k te d ie s e n G r u n d f e h le r le id lic h zu. D ie T e c h n ik w a r d e r L e itu n g u n d F ü h r u n g d e s S t a a t e s e n tg litte n , w u r d e z u r N e b e n e r s c h e in u n g d e r K u ltu r , z u e in e r B e tä tig u n g , d ie g le ic h s a m n e b e n d e m L e b e n d e r G e s e lls c h a f t u n d d e s S t a a t e s la g u n d d e n S t a a t e ig e n tlic h n u r a ls A u f tr a g g e b e r u n d S te u e r z a h le r b e r ü h r te . E s e n ts ta n d e in W i r t s c h a f t s s t a a t n e b e n u n d im S t a a t e , u n d b e id e k ä m p f te n s o g a r u m d ie p o litis c h e M a c h t im S ta a te . „ D ie S t a a t e n u n s e r e r T a g e s in d tie f v e r s c h u ld e te B e t t l e r “ , s a g t W a l t e r R a t h e n a u , v e r s c h u ld e t e in e m p r i v a te n K a p ita l, d e s s e n B e s itz d e r s e lb e S t a a t s c h ü tz t u n d g a r a n t i e r t . —
M it d e r T e c h n ik n a h m m an a u c h d e n I n g e n ie u r m it s e in e r A u s b ild u n g u n d s e in e m g a n z e n S c h a f fe n a u s d e m K u l t u r l e b e n d e s S t a a t e s u n d d e r G e s e lls c h a f t h e r a u s u n d v e r e in n a h m te ih n f ü r e in p r i v a t e s N e b e n u n te rn e h m e n . D ie se I s o lie r u n g i s t s o w e it d u r c h g e f ü h r t, d a ß I n g e n ie u r e s ic h g lü c k lic h fü h le n , d a ß s ie in e in e r v ö llig n e u tr a le n T ä t i g k e i t e in g e f a n g e n s in d u n d s ic h um p o litis c h e n K ra m n ic h t zu k ü m m e rn b r a u c h e n . U n te r d e n 397 A b g e o r d n e te n d e s D e u t
s c h e n R e ic h s ta g e s d e r V o r k r ie g s z e it w a r k e in e in z ig e r I n g e n ie u r ! 8 E r s t w e n n m a n d ie s e w id e r n a tü r lic h e I s o lie r u n g 8 C h a m b e r la in , FI. S t.: D ie G r u n d la g e n d e s 19. J a h r h u n d e r ts . 14. A u fl. — M ü n c h e n : B r u c k m a n n 1922
6 S p e n g le r , O s w a ld : D e r M e n s c h u n d d ie T e c h n ik . — M ü n c h e n : B e c k 1931
7 R a th e n a u : W .: V o n k o m m e n d e n D in g e n . — B e rlin : S . F is c h e r 1918
8 B a ch , C .: B e m e rk u n g e n z u r w is s e n s c h a f tlic h e n A u s b ild u n g d e r I n g e n ie u r e u n d z u r F r a g e d e s w e ite r e n A u s b a u e s d e r T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le n . — Z. V e r. D e u ts c h . In g . 5 2 1 (1912) 299— 305, b e s. 302a, A n m . 2).
u n d ih re E n tw ic k lu n g e r k a n n t h a t, k a n n m a n ü b e r W e l t a n s c h a u u n g d e s I n g e n ie u r s , ü b e r P h ilo s o p h ie d e r T e c h n ik u n d ä h n lic h e s s c h r e ib e n . D ie b is h e r b e k a n n te n A u t o r e n lie g e n a lle d a n e b e n , w e il s ie d e n g e g e n w ä r tig e n Z u s ta n d a ls n a tu r g e g e b e n h in n e h m e n . D e s h a lb h a b e n d ie s e S c h r i f te n a u c h a u s n a h m s lo s e tw a s G e w a lt t ä t i g e s a n s ic h , m a n w ill e tw a s b e w e is e n u n d e s g e lin g t d o c h n ic h t. I n g a n z ä h n lic h e r L a g e b e f in d e n s ic h d ie H i s t o r i k e r d e r T e c h n ik . W e r d i e T e c h n i k d e s I n g e n i e u r s n i c h t e b e n s o w i e d i e T e c h n i k d e s J u r i s t e n a l s L e b e n s f u n k t i o n d e r m e n s c h l i c h e n G e s e l l s c h a f t a u f f a ß t , k o m m t n i e z u m Z i e l . D a n n e r g ib t s ic h d ie K u l t u r v e r b u n d e n h e i t d e r T e c h n ik g a n z v o n s e l b s t u n d b r a u c h t n ic h t in g e w a g te n G e is te s s p r ü n g e n g e s u c h t zu w e r d e n .
O s w a ld S p e n g l e r h a t d a s W e s e n d e r T e c h n ik , u n d z w a r j e d e r T e c h n ik , n ic h t n u r d e r T e c h n ik d e s I n g e n ie u r s , w o h l a ls E r s t e r r i c h t i g e r k a n n t a ls „ T a k t i k d e s L e b e n s “ . Ü b e r d e n A u s d r u c k m a g m a n s t r e it e n , d ie S a c h e i s t r ic h tig . D a n n s p r i c h t S p e n g l e r v o m „ V e r r a t a n d e r (In g e n ie u r ) - T e c h n ik “ , a u c h d a s i s t r ic h tig , o b g le ic h e s k e in V e r r a t w a r, d e n n v e r r a t e n k a n n m a n n u r e tw a s , w a s g e h e im zu h a lte n w a r . D ie T e c h n ik d e s I n g e n ie u r s w a r im g a n z e n 19. J a h r h u n d e r t u n d i s t n o c h h e u te f r e i e s P r iv a te ig e n tu m , e in N e b e n g e b ie t a u ß e r h a lb v o n S t a a t u n d G e s e lls c h a f t. D a ß m an d ie I n g e n ie u r te c h n ik d a z u g e m a c h t h a t, d a r in l ie g t d a s S t a a t s v e r b re c h e n ; d a ß d e r S t a a t s ic h d e r L e itu n g u n d F ü h r u n g b e g e b e n h a t, d a r ih la g d ie s ta a t s m ä n n is c h e U n k lu g h e it. W e r S p e n g le r n ic h t v e r s t a n d e n h a t, w i r d a u c h d ie s w u n d e r lic h fin d e n . Z u r O r ie n tie r u n g s e i d e s h a lb d a r a n e r in n e r t, d a ß d e r C h in e s is c h e S t a a t b e w u ß t a u s s t a a t s m ä n n is c h e r K lu g h e it d a s G e h e im n is d e r S e id e u n d d e s P a p i e r s ü b e r d r e i J a h r t a u s e n d e b e w a h r te u n d a u c h d ie a n d e r e n E r f in d u n g e n f ü r s ic h b e h ie lt; d o r t h a tt e d e r S t a a t d ie L e itu n g u n d F ü h ru n g d e r T e c h n ik , w ie e s S ie g f r ie d H a r t m a n n a u f f a ß t.
A u s A n la ß d e r 5 0 - J a h r - F e ie r d e s B e z ir k s - V e r e in e s K a r l s r u h e d e s V e r e in e s d e u ts c h e r I n g e n ie u r e h i e l t R u d o lf P 1 a n k 9 e in e n V o r t r a g : „ D ie S te llu n g d e r T e c h n ik im R a h m e n m o d e r n e r K u l t u r .“ D ie s e r V o r t r a g s t e h t a u f e in e r b e is p ie llo s e n H ö h e u n d g ib t e in e n Ü b e rb lic k a u f d e n g e g e n w ä r t ig e n S ta n d d e r N a tu r w is s e n s c h a f te n . A b e r z u m S c h lu ß w ill P l a n k d e r T e c h n ik u n d d e m T e c h n ik e r e tw a s A n g e n e h m e s s a g e n . E r h a t d ie „ I s o lie r u n g d e r T e c h n ik “ a u c h e r k a n n t u n d m ö c h te e in e „ g e s u n d e E in g lie d e r u n g d e r T e c h n ik in d a s n e u e w is s e n s c h a f tlic h e W e l t b i l d “ . „ D u r c h d ie T e c h n ik s o ll d ie Z iv ilis a tio n e in B e s ta n d te il d e r K u l t u r w e r d e n .“ M a n s ie h t h i e r d e u tlic h , w e lc h e g e w a g te n G e i s t e s s p r ü n g e u n te r n o m m e n w e r d e n m ü s s e n , u m a u s d e r o b e n g e s c h i ld e r t e n u n d v o n P la n k d u r c h a u s a n e r k a n n te n „ I s o lie r u n g d e r T e c h n ik “ z u r K u l t u r z u r ü c k z u f in d e n . A b e r d ie V e r g e w a ltig u n g e r s c h e in t in fo lg e n d e m S a tz n o c h d e u tl i c h e r :
„ E b e n s o w ie e s n e b e n e in e r h o c h s te h e n d e n P h y s ik a u c h n o ch e in e M e t a p h y s i k g ib t, d ie m a n n ic h t z u f ü r c h t e n b r a u c h t, w e n n m an sie , e tw a im S in n e E r ic h B e c h e r s , in r ic h tig e B a h n e n z u le n k e n u n d v o m m y s tis c h e n J e n s e i t s f e r n z u h a lte n v e r s te h t, s o s c h e u e n w i r u n s n ic h t, d e r T e c h n ik e in e M e t a t e c h n i k a n d ie S e ite z u s te lle n , d ie d en e n g s p u r ig e n F a c h te c h n ik e r zu m a llg e m e in g e b ild e te n , in d e r g e s a m te n g e is tig e n K u l t u r f e s t v e r w u r z e l te n , s c h a ff e n d e n I n g e n ie u r u n d M e n s c h e n w e i te r e n t w i c k e l t . “
T ie f e r s c h ü t t e r t s te h t m a n v o r e in e r s o lc h e n G e w a lt t a t . M a n f ü h l t s ic h in s 13. J a h r h u n d e r t z u r ü c k v e r s e tz t , in d em h o c h g e le h r te S c h o l a s ti k e r s ic h b e m ü h te n , d ie N a t u r le h r e d e s A r i s t o t e l e s m it d e r k ir c h lic h e n V o r s te llu n g v o n H im m e l u n d E r d e in E in k la n g z u b r in g e n , u n d s o b e m ü h t m a n s ic h h e u te , d ie „ is o lie r te T e c h n ik “ in d a s K u ltu r g e b ie t e in z u g lie d e r n . E in V e r s u c h m it u n g e e ig n e te n M itte ln am u n g e e ig n e te n O b j e k t , s o la n g e d a s O b je k t a u s s e i n e r k ü n s tlic h e n I s o lie r u n g n ic h t b e f r e i t w ir d . D ie s e k ü n s tlic h e u n d u n n a tü r l i c h e S t e l lu n g d e r I n g e n ie u r te c h n ik i s t a b e r s o f o r t b e s e itig t, s o b a ld w i r a u c h d ie s e T e c h n ik , w ie je d e a n d e r e T e c h n ik , d o r t e in -
9 P la n k . R .: D ie S te llu n g d e r I e c h n ik im R a h m e n m o d e r n e r K u ltu r . — Z. V e r. D e u ts c h . In g . 7 5 1 (1931) 641— 648
23 (1932) Nr. 4 W i l h e l m v . P a s i n s k i : Ingenik / K . F. S t e i n m e t z : Diplom-Baumeister 57
r e ih e n , w o h in s ie g e h ö r t: in d ie L e b e n s ä u ß e r u n g e n d e r G e s e lls c h a f t.
J e d e L e b e n s ä u ß e r u n g f ü h r t zu e in e r g e w is s e n H a n d h a b u n g , F e r t ig k e i t u n d s c h lie ß lic h z u e in e r T e c h n ik . E h e e s ein e W is s e n s c h a f t g a b , w a r e n a lle G e b ie te T e c h n ik e n , d ie o r d n e n d e l e c h n i k d e s R e c h ts , d ie b e le h r e n d e T e c h n ik d e r E rz ie h u n g , d ie 1 e c h n ik d e r H e r s te llu n g v o n G e g e n s tä n d e n z u r E r le ic h te r u n g d e s L e b e n s, a ls o d a s G e b ie t, d a s w ir s p r a c h g e b r ä u c h lic h a lle in no ch T e c h n ik n e n n e n . E r s t d u rc h S a m m lu n g u n d O r d n u n g e n ts te h t z u j e d e r T e c h n ik ein e W is s e n s c h a f t, a ls o J u r i s t i k, P ä d a g o g i k , I n g e n i k . V o n n u n a n e r le r n t m a n je d e T e c h n ik d u rc h d ie z u g e h ö rig e W is s e n s c h a f t u n d d ie T e c h n ik s e l b s t w ir d , w ie W ilh e lm O s t w a 1 d r ic h tig s a g t, z u r a n g e w a n d te n W is s e n s c h a f t.
W ie m an d e n In g e n ie u r, d e r s e in e W is s e n s c h a f t a m H o c h o fe n v e r w e r te t, e in e n B e tr ie b s te c h n ik e r n e n n t, s o i s t d e r R ic h te r , d e r A n w a lt, d e r L e h r e r im s e lb e n S in n e e in B e tr ie b s te c h n ik e r , d e r W is s e n s c h a f t a n w e n d e t, n ic h t neu e W is s e n s c h a f t s c h ü r f t. S e lb s tr e d e n d w i r d ein w is s e n s c h a f t
lic h d u r c h g e b ild e te r M a n n a u f k e in e m P o s te n o h n e F o r s c h e r tä tig k e it se in , d e r H o c h o fe n m a n n s o g u t w ie d e r R ic h te r u n d d e r L e h re r. L e id e r h a b e n w i r e s a b e r b is h e r g e ü b t u n d g e d u ld e t, d a ß n u r d e r I n g e n ie u r a ls T e c h n ik e r b e z e ic h n e t w ird , s e lb s t a ls P r o f e s s o r , w ä h r e n d d ie a n d e r e n a k a d e m i
sc h e n B e ru fe n ic h t n u r a ls w is s e n s c h a f tlic h , n e in , s o g a r a ls g e is te s w is s e n s c h a f tlic h im S p r a c h g e b r a u c h d a h e rg e h e n . D ie s e s f ü r c h te r lic h e W o r t e n ts ta n d , a ls m a n v o n T e c h n i s c h e n W is s e n s c h a f te n z u s p r e c h e n b e g a n n u n d s o llte o f f e n b a r a u s s p re c h e n , d a ß d ie s e a u c h o h n e G e is t b e tr ie b e n w e r d e n k ö n n e n .
E r s t w e n n m an v e r a lte te D e n k g e w o h n h e ite n w e g g e r ä u m t h a t, k a n n m an an d ie H o c h s c h u lre f o r m h e r a n tr e te n . W ie ich in e in e r R e d e von K a r l H o l l 10 ,,D ie T e c h n is c h e H o c h s c h u le : B ild u n g s a n s ta lt o d e r F a c h s c h u le “ e n tn e h m e , i s t an d e r K a r ls r u h e r H o c h s c h u le d ie R e fo rm s c h o n s e it fü n f J a h r e n d u r c h g e f ü h r t. A u s g e r e c h n e t in K a r ls r u h e , d e r ä lte s te n d e u ts c h e n H o c h s c h u le u n d d e r e in z ig e n , d ie v o n v o rn h e re in a ls w is s e n s c h a f tlic h e s I n s t i t u t g e g r ü n d e t u n d a u f b r e it e s t e r G r u n d la g e b e tr ie b e n w u rd e . W e r K a r ls r u h e n o ch um die W e n d e d e s J a h r h u n d e r t s g e k a n n t h a t, k o n n te fe s ts te lle n , d a ß h ie r g a r n ic h ts z u re fo r m ie r e n , s o n d e r n h ö c h s te n s a u s z u b a u e n w a r . D a m a ls w u r d e n s ä m tlic h e m a th e m a tis c h e n F ä c h e r , M e c h a n ik u n d N a tu r w is s e n s c h a f te n w ie a u f je d e r U n iv e r s itä t g e le s e n u n d n ic h t, w ie a u f a n d e r e n T e c h n is c h e n H o c h sc h u le n , z u g e s c h n itte n f ü r d ie e in z e ln e n F a c h r ic h tu n g e n d e s I n g e n ie u r s . F e r n e r w u r d e n s ä m tlic h e G e b ie te d e s p r a k tis c h e n R e c h ts , d a s g a n z e G e b ie t d e r V o lk s w i r t s c h a f t g e le s e n u n d d u rc h S e m in a re e r g ä n z t. W e i t e r g a b e s e in e P r o f e s s u r f ü r G e s c h ic h te u n d L it e r a t u r , e in e P r o f e s s u r f ü r P h ilo s o p h ie , f e r n e r L e k to r e n f ü r S p ra c h e n , V o rle s u n g e n ü b e r P ä d a g o g ik u n d V o rle s u n g e n ü b e r ö f f e n t lic h e u n d p r iv a te H y g ie n e . H ie r w a r n u r a u s z u b a u e n , n ic h t z u re fo rm ie re n .
N a ch dem J a h r e 1900 ä n d e r te sic h d a s. P r o f e s s o r e n , die a u f a n d e r e n H o c h s c h u le n s t u d i e r t h a tte n , k a m e n n a c h K a r l s r u h e u n d b e a n s ta n d e te n d ie v ie l zu b r e ite G r u n d la g e d e r 10 H o ll, K a r l: D ie T e c h n is c h e H o c h s c h u le : B ild u n g s a n s t a l t o d e r F a c h s c h u le . — K a r ls r u h e : C. F. M ü lle r 1931
m a th e m a tis c h e n u n d n a tu r w is s e n s c h a f tlic h e n F ä c h e r, d a s b r a u c h e d e r I n g e n ie u r n ic h t, e r m ü s s e v iel s c h n e lle r zu m e ig e n tlic h e n F a c h k o m m e n u n d v o r a lle m m e h r z e ic h n e n , die I n d u s t r i e v e r la n g e f e r tig e T e c h n ik e r . D a n n w a n d e r te d ie m it d e r H o c h s c h u le v e r b u n d e n e F o r s ta k a d e m ie w ie d e r a n d ie U n iv e r s itä t u n d d a m it v e r s c h w a n d e n d ie ju r is tis c h e n V o rle s u n g e n . S o e n ts ta n d a u s d e r B ild u n g s a n s ta lt d ie F a c h h o c h s c h u le . N u n v e r s u c h t m an , d e n W e g w ie d e r z u r ü c k z u g e h e n .
W ie d ie F a c h h o c h s c h u le b e u r te il t w ir d , d a z u n u r e in B e is p ie l: E in P a t e n t a n w a l t , d e r a u f d r e i n o r d d e u ts c h e n H o c h s c h u le n s t u d i e r t h a t, f a n d in s e in e m v ie ls e itig e n B e
ru fe , d a ß s e in e m a th e m a tis c h e n , m e c h a n is c h e n u n d n a t u r w is s e n s c h a f tlic h e n K e n n tn is s e m an c h m al n ic h t a u s re ic h te n , um in d ie T ie f e g e w is s e r P ro b le m e e in z u d rin g e n , w e il e r a u f d ie s e n G e b ie te n n u r V o rle s u n g e n a d u su ra d e lp h in i g e h ö r t h a tte . S e in e b e id e n S ö h n e , d ie a u ch P a t e n t a n w a l t w e r d e n s o lle n , s c h ic k t e r n u n z u e r s t a u f d ie U n iv e r s itä t, d a m it s ie g e r a d e in d ie s e n W is s e n s c h a f te n s ic h g rü n d lic h v o r b ild e n so lle n ! F ü r d a s F a c h s tu d iu m i s t d ie T e c h n is c h e H o c h s c h u le d a n n g u t g e n u g .
W i r s te h e n a n e in e r W e n d e , g e is tig i s t s ie s c h o n v o ll
zo g en , d ie P r a x i s w ir d fo lg e n u n d w i r m ü s s e n u n s d a r a u f e in s te lle n . W i r s in d d ie S a c k g a s s e z u E n d e g e g a n g e n , am E n d e w a r d e r Z u s a m m e n b ru c h . W i r h a b e n d ie I n g e n ie u r te c h n ik ü b e r 100 J a h r e a ls p r iv a te s U n te rn e h m e n n e b e n d em K u ltu r le b e n vo n S t a a t u n d G e s e lls c h a f t b e h a n d e lt, d a s h a t s ic h a u f d e r g a n z e n L in ie b i tt e r g e r ä c h t. D a b e i s in d d ie le tz te n S c h ä d e n n o ch n ic h t e in m a l o ffe n k u n d ig g e w o rd e n . W i r w e r d e n s ie n o ch a u s k o s te n m ü sse n . S o g a r A . S t o - d o 1 a11 s a g te n e u e r d in g s : „ E s i s t o ffe n k u n d ig , d a ß w i r ein er E p o c h e s c h w e r s te r s o z ia le r K ä m p fe e n tg e g e n g e h e n .“ D ie se K ä m p fe w u r d e n n o tw e n d ig , w e il w ir d ie T e c h n ik n ic h t a ls F u n k tio n d e s G e s e lls c h a f ts le b e n s u n te r „ L e itu n g u n d F ü h r u n g d e s S t a a t e s “ a u f g e f a ß t h a b e n , s o n d e r n s ie p r i v a t e r A u s b e u tu n g u n d V e r ä u ß e r u n g ü b e rlie ß e n .
B e a c h te n s w e r t s in d a u c h S to d o la s S c h lu ß fo lg e ru n g e n :
„S o i s t d e n n d ie V e re in ig u n g vo n N a t i o n a l i s m u s u n d S o z i a l i s m u s e ig e n tlic h e in e n o tw e n d ig e F o lg e n e u z e it
lic h e r E in s ic h te n u n d m u ß w ä r m s te n s b e g r ü ß t w e rd e n , f a lls d ie b e id e n B e d in g u n g e n e r f ü l l t w e r d e n : T ie f s t e A u f r ic h t ig k e i t u n d F ü h ru n g d u rc h e r le u c h te te G e is te r .“ — L e tz te r e s i s t a lle r d in g s e in u r a l t e r W u n s c h a lle r R e g ie r te n f ü r die R e g ie re n d e n . D en G la u b e n an W e l t w i r t s c h a f t h a t S to d o la v e r lo r e n u n d B i n n e n m a r k t ( A u t a r k i e ) u n d V e r g e s e l l s c h a f t u n g ( S o z i a l i s i e r u n g ) h ä lt e r f ü r d ie Z u k u n ft. B e a c h tlic h is t, d a ß e r g e g en S p e n g le r h e ftig p o le m is ie rt, a b e r a u s s e in e n E r f a h r u n g e n h e r a u s a u ch k e i n e n g r ö ß e re n O p tim is m u s a u f z u b r in g e n v e rm a g .
D a s H e e r d e r E r w e r b s l o s e n i s t d a u n d w ir d b le i
ben, d ie W i r t s c h a f t s f ü h r e r 12 s in d v e rs c h w u n d e n t e i l s f r e iw illig , te i l s e rz w u n g e n , d a s Z e i t a l t e r d e r T e c h n i k a l s P r i v a t u n t e r n e h m e n i s t z u E n d e g e d a c h t .
11 S to d o la , A u r e l: G e d a n k e n zu e in e r W e lta n s c h a u u n g vom S ta n d p u n k te d e s In g e n ie u rs . — B e rlin : S p r in g e r 1931
12 F rie d , F e r d in a n d : G e s ta ltu n g d e s Z u s a m m e n b ru c h s . — D ie T a t 23 (1931/1932) 957—986
D I P L O M - B A U M E I S T E R G e g en d ie B e s tr e b u n g e n d e r A b s o lv e n te n d e r H ö h e re n
B a u s c h u le in S t u t t g a r t n a c h E rla n g u n g d e r B e ze ic h n u n g
„ D ip lo m -B a u m e is te r“ h a tt e d e r V e r b a n d D e u ts c h e r D ip lo m in g e n ie u r e b e i d e r W 'ü r tte m b e r g is c h e n R e g ie ru n g u n d d e r T e c h n is c h e n H o c h s c h u le in S t u t t g a r t E in s p r u c h e rh o b e n . D a s W ü r tte m b e r g is c h e S ta a ts m in is te r iu m h a t d e n G rü n d e n , die g e g e n d ie V e rle ih u n g d e r B e ze ic h n u n g „ D ip lo m -B a u m e is le r “ v o r g e b ra c h t w u r d e n , in s o w e it R e c h n u n g g e tra g e n , a ls e s d ie s e B e z e ic h n u n g v e r s a g te u n d v e rfü g te , d a ß d ie A b s o lv e n te n d e r H ö h e re n B a u s c h u le S t u t t g a r t d ie B e ze ic h n u n g
„ s t a a t l i c h g e p r ü f t e r B a u i n g e n i e u r “ e rh a lte n .
E s i s t e rfr e u lic h , d a ß d ie R e g ie ru n g vo n d e r V e rle ih u n g e in e s „ D ip lo m - T ite ls “ a b g e s e h e n h a t, d e r d ie V e r w ir r u n g a u f d em G e b ie te d e r B e z e ic h n u n g e n im te c h n is c h e n B e ru fe n u r n o ch v e r m e h r t u n d z u r w e ite r e n E n tw e r tu n g d e s G r a d e s D ip lo m -In g e n ie u r b e ig e tra g e n h ä tte . A n d e r e r s e its g r e if t a b e r d ie s e V e rle ih u n g e in e r I n g e n ie u rb e z e ic h n u n g d e r e in h e itlic h e n R e g e lu n g v o r. D a r ü b e r w ir d d e m n ä c h s t noch e in g e h e n d e r d ie R e d e s e in m ü sse n , d a d ie F r a g e d e s S c h u tz e s d e r B e ze ic h n u n g „ I n g e n ie u r “ n u n m e h r w ie d e r in d e n V o r d e r g r u n d d e r E r ö r te r u n g t r e t e n w ird .
© ip l.= 3 n g . K . F . S t e i n m e t z .
