METALLURGICAL A B ST R A C T S
(G E N E R A L A N D N O N - F E R R O U S )
Y o lu m e 3 O C T O B E R 1 9 3 6 P a r t 10
I.— P R O P E R T IE S O F M ETALS
(Contlnued from pp. 337—3-1C.)
♦Contribution to O ur Knowledge of the D eform ability of Alum inium as a Function of Its P urity. W ern er H elling (A lu m in iu m , 1936,18, (7), 306-309).—
Tables a n d g rap h s a re giyen show ing th e m echanical p ro p ertie s of 99-29- 99-977% alu m in iu m a fte r deform ations of 0 -9 5 % red u ctio n . T he resu lts show t h a t th e stre n g th increases, th e d u c tility a n d m allcab ility deerease, a n d the h ard n ess changes re la tiv e ly slig h tly w ith inereasing c o n te n t of im purities.
In generał, th e h ig h er th e c o n te n t o f im p u rity th e g re a te r is th e h ardening produced b y cold-w ork, a n d therefore th e sm aller is th e cap acity of th e m e ta l to undergo severe d e fo rm a tio n ; th is is p a rtic u la rly m ark ed in th e tw is t te s t, and to a sm aller e x te n t in tho E rich sen te s t on h alf-h ard sh eet.—A. R . P .
♦Electrical Conductivity M easurem ents on W elded P ure A lum inium . P . Buser (A lu m in iu m , 1936, 18, (8), 364-366).— M easurem ents on c a s t a n d ro lled alum inium show t h a t th e th e o re tic a l loss in co n d u c tiv ity w ith a n infinite num ber of w elds sh ould n o t exceed 10% . T ests 011 a c tu a l w elded ro d s show ed losses of 4 % w h en th e w elds w crc b a d ly m ad e, b u t a ro d 1 m . long w ith 10 welds show ed a loss of c o n d u c tiv ity of 1-7% w ith 99-5% alu m in iu m a n d 1-1% w ith 99-9% alu m in iu m . A b us-bar (7 X 10 m m .) of puro alum inium w ith 11 w elds in 3 m. len g th show ed a deerease of 1-2% in co n d u ctiv ity . T he increase in resistance p ro d u ced b y w elding high-grade alum inium c a n be k e p t very sm ali b y m ain tain in g a 2 : 1 i r o n : S ilic o n ra tio in th e m etal, annealing the w eld a t 300° C. a n d h am m ering i t w h ilst lio t.-—A. R . P .
♦The R ate of Crystallization of A lum inium and Gold. Z ofja B eckerów na ( Wiadomości In s titu tu M elalurgi i Metaloznawstwa (W arszawa), 1934, 1, (1), 7-10).— [In P olish, w ith F ren ch a b s tra c t.] E x p erim en ts w ere carried o u t to determ ine th e lia b ility of alu m in iu m to supercooling. W ith alu m in iu m of 99-5% p u rity th e supercooling w as 25°. E x p erim en ts o n th e ra te of c ry s ta lliz a tion of a lu m in iu m a n d gold b y C zochralski’s m eth o d show ed t h a t alum inium is o b tain ed as a single cry sta l o r polycrystalline ro d , depending 011 tho rato of w ith d raw al from th e m olten b a t l i ; if th is ra te is less th a n 40 m m ./m inuto, under c ertain conditions, single c ry sta ls are o b tain ed . T h is v alu e m ay be considered th e m axim um lin ear ra te of c ry stallizatio n of single c ry s ta l a lu m inium . T h e re la tio n betw een d irectio n of g ro w th of th e c ry s ta l, th e te m peratu re of tho m e ta l, a n d th o spoed of w ith d raw al of tho ro d w ere obscrved.
Im purities dccreased th e ra te of cry stallizatio n . Gold single c ry sta ls w ere obtained as d e n d r ite s ; th e m axim um ra to of lin ear cry stallizatio n w as 24 m m ./m in u te.— L. A. O.
Calcium. A lfred Schulze (Chem .-Zeit., 1936, 60, (72), 733-735).— A review of th e p re p a ra tio n , p ro p ertie s, a n d uses of m etallic calcium .— A. R . P.
♦The M agnetic P roperties of Chrom ium . L . F . B atcs a n d A. B aq i (Proc.
Phys. Soc., 1936, 48, (5), 781-794).— P u re chrom ium w as p re p a re d from chrom ium am alg am , a n d its m agnetic su scep tib ility w as stu d ie d ov er the rangę 90°-620° IĆ. T h e m ass su scep tib ility is p ractically c o n sta n t ov er th is rangę, th e slig h t d e p a rtu re s from eo n stan cy being p a r tly explainable b y the effects of th e rm a l expansion on th e e x p erim en tal resu lts. T he m can su scep ti
bility is 3-08 X 10“® e.m .u. p e r grm . a t room te m p e ra tu re . T he effects of
♦ Denotes a paper describing tho results of original research.
f Denotes a first-class critical reyiew.
D D
386 Metallurgical A bstrads
Vol. 3 im p u rities on th e m agnetic b eh av io u r of chrom ium , w hich are v ery pronounced in th e case of sam ples p rep ared a t low er tem p eratu res, are considered in detaii, a n d th e th e rm a l a n d m agnetic d a ta for th is elem en t are discussed on th e basis of m odern theories of p aram ag n etism of m etals.— S. G.Columbium : F rom a L aboratory Curiosity to a W idely Used Commercial Product. Ja m e s H . C ritc h e tt (T rans. Electrochem. Soc., 1936, 69, 6 2 -6 5 ; a n d M et. I n d . (Lond.), 1936, 48, (25), 688).— S. G.
*The D ensity and Coefficient o£ Expansion of Liąuid G allium Over a Wide Rangę of Tem perature. W . H . H o a th c r (Proc. P hys. Soc., 1936, 48, (5), 699- 7 0 7 ; discussion, 707).—A ccurate m easurem ents of tho d en sity a n d coeff. of cxpansion of liąu id gallium a t 30°-1000° C. were m ade b y a d ilato m etric m ethod.
T he te m p e ra tu re w as m easu red w ith a p la tin u m resistance th erm o m eter. An c ą u a tio n expressing th e inerease in volum e as a fu n ctio n of th e te m p e ra tu re w as found, a n d from t h a t c ą u a tio n y alu es w ere c alc u lated fo r th e coeff. of cxpansion.— S. G.
*The E lectrical R esistance of Gold and Silver a t Low T em peratures. W . J . do H aas an d G. J . van d e n B erg (Physica, 1936, 3, (6), 440—149; a n d Conun.
K . Onnes Lab. Leiden, N o. 241d).— [In E nglish.] I n ag reem en t w ith previous m easurem ents (W . J . de H aas, J . de Boer, an d G. J . v a n d en Berg, M et. Abs., 1935, 2, 200), th e resistance curves of th e gold w ires m easured show a m inim um . T he “ id eał ” resistance c alc u lated b y m eans of M atth iessen ’s rule, w ith o u t ta k in g in to acco u n t th e p o in ts below th e te m p e ra tu re of th e m inim um , inereases p ro p o rtio n ally to T'1'2. T he m inim um shifts to h ig h er tem p eratu res, w hen th e resid u al resistance inereases. One of th e sam ples of silyer also show ed a m inim um . T h e “ ideał ” resistance, c alc u lated in th e sam e w ay as fo r gold, inereases p ro p o rtio n ally to T 1'1.— S. G.
*The R ate of Crystallization of Lead and of Its Alloy w ith M ercury. Ire n a M akow ska ( Wiadomości Institutu, M etalurgi i M etaloznawstwa ( Warszawa), 1934,1, (1), 14—16).— [I n P olish, w ith F re n e h a b stra c t.] T he eritical speeds of cry stallizatio n of lead a n d of le a d -m e rc u ry alloys w ere m easured by Czochral- sk i’s m eth o d . F o r lead, th is speed decreased th e higher th e te m p e ra tu re of the m olten m etal. T he m ax im u m speed o b tain ed a t 329° C. w as 170 m m ./m in u te.
T he speed of c ry stallizatio n of a n alloy containing 5% m ercury w as 100 m m ./
m in u tę a t 309° C.— L. A. O.
*The R ecrystallization D iagram of M agnesium . I . F e ld m a n (W iadomości In stitu tu M etalurgi i Metaloznawstwa, (W arszawa), 1934, 1, (1), 21-25).— [In P olish, w ith G erm an a b stra c t.] A re c ry sta lliz a tio n d iag ram for m agnesium w as c o n stru cte d , w hich does n o t differ ap p reciab ly from earlier diagram s. Tlic red u ctio n s of th e test-pieces on com pression w ere 3, 6, 9, a n d 1 2 % ; fu rth e r com pression caused fra c tu re . Tho tcst-picees w ere annealed a t yarious te m p e ra tu re s for 30 m in u te s ; com m ercial m agnesium w as used. T est-pieces of ehem ically-pure, rolled m agnesium , su b scąu en tly pressed to g eth er, showed d ifferent p ro p erties along different axes a fte r annealing a t 500° C. T h is was considered to be connected w ith th e fo rm atio n of g ra in s tru c tu r e due to rolling.
A new polishing a n d etching m eth o d fo r m agnesium is described, a n d inform a- tio n is giyen on th e m icroscopic s tru c tu re of th e m etal.— L. A. 0 .
* 0 n a New M agnetostriction Experim ent [Nickel]. J . L . Snoek (Physica, 1936, 3, (4), 205-206).— [In F ren eh .] P e rrie r’s ex p erim en t (Hc-lv. P hys. Acta, 1935, 8, 427) depends o n a film of oxido, a n d is a v a ria n t of th e W iedem ann effect.—S. G.
♦The R ate of Crystallization of Tin. H a n n a Ja b ło ń sk a (W iadom ości In stitu tu M etalurgi i M etaloznawstwa ( Warzsawa), 1934, 1, (1), 11-13).— [In P olish, w ith G erm an a b stra c t.] T in single-crystals w ere p re p a re d a t 236° a n d 238° C.
by C zochralski’s m eth o d a t different ra te s. T he critical speed w as 100-85 m m ./m in u te. T he relatio n sh ip w as d eterm in ed a t these te m p eratu res, betw een
th e m ean a rc a of cross-section a n d th e m ean vólum e ra to of cry stallizatio n a t th e ra to of draw in g .—L. A. 0 .
♦M easurem ents of the L aten t H eat of Tin in Passing from the Superconductive to the N on-Superconductive State. W . H . K eesom a n d P . H . v an L aer (Physica, 1936, 3, (6), 3 7 1-384; also Com m . K . Onnes Lab. Leiden, N o. 2 4 2 a; an d (sum m ary) Proc. K . A ka d . ]Vcl. A m sterdam , 1936, 39, (5), 573-574).— [In English.] T he re su lts a re given of som e la te n t h e a t m easurem ents on ti n in connection w ith tho tra n sitio n from th o superconductivo to th e non-super- conductivo s ta te w liile a c o n sta n t m agnetie field is being ap p lied . T ho rango of tho tra n sitio n region, as d o m o n strated by th e occurrence of th e tra n sitio n heat, agrees alm o st e x a c tly w ith w liat c a n be c alc u lated in connection w ith tho form of tlio błock. I t is concluded t h a t in tlio tra n sitio n , if p erform ed in th is way, no irreversible h e a t process tak es płaco. T h e w ay in w hich th o m agnetie field p o n o trated tlie błock is considcred. Som e m easurem ents of tlio la te n t licat wero m ade a t c o n sta n t te m p e ra tu re . Tho re su lts arc discussed.— S. G.
* 0 n the T ransition of a Tin Sphere from the N on-Superconductive State to the Superconductive State. W . J . de H aas a n d O. A. G uinau (Physica, 1936, 3, (6), 5 3 4 -5 4 2 ; a n d Comm. K . Onnes Lab. Leiden, N o. 241b).— [In E nglish.]
Cf. M et. A b s., th is vol., p. 240. Two cases wero stu d ie d in b o th of w hich a non-superconductive ti n sp h ere changes in to th e su p erco n d u ctiy e sta te . I t is show n t h a t th e changes of field s tre n g th a t theso tra n sitio n s show m uch analogy w ith those of th e opposite tr a n s itio n ; y e t th o p h en o m en a are certainly n o t e x a c tly rcversible. L ip p m an n ’s ru le is n o t v alid in th o body of th e sphere. T ho c u rre n ts w hich sh ould be responsiblo fo r th e d istrib u tio n of th e field stre n g th s found h ave directions opposite to thoso p red ictcd from L ippm ann’s ru le.— S. G.
♦Action of a Few Gases on M etallic T itanium and T itan iu m N itride. M asam i K obayashi (K inzoku no K e n k y u (J. S iu d y M etals), 1936, 13, (7), 291-299).—
[In Jap an ese.] .Metallic, tita n iu m (99-2% T i) a n d tita n iu m n itrid e (19-4% N ) were h e a te d a t high te m p e ra tu re s in a ir, oxygcn from b o m b (containing 97-7% 0 2), n itro g en from bom b (containing 1-0% 0 2), p u re c arb o n dioxidc and pure carb o n m onoxide. B o th tita n iu m a n d tita n iu m n itrid e w ere oxidized to T i0 2 b y a ll theso gases ex cep t c arb o n m onoxide. I t w as fo u n d t h a t carb o n m onoxido h a d no actio n on tita n iu m n itrid e a t 1000c-1 1 0 0 ° C., b u t th e re w as an actio n on tita n iu m a t 1000°-1180° C . ; th is w as show n b y a n increase in w eight an d b y to ta l carbon (by tho com bustion m eth o d ) in th e p ro d u c t.—S. G.
♦Tables of the Em issivity of T ungsten as a Function of W ave-L ength from 0-23-2 0 jx in the Region of T em perature 1600°-3000° I i. L . S. O rnstcin (Physica, 1936, 3, (6), 561-562).— [In E nglish.] R esu lts o b tain ed in 1934 by H . C. H a m a k e r fo r tlio region 0-23-1-00 |j. aro com bined w ith new re s u lts o btained by D . V erm eulen a n d J . J . Z aalbcrg v a n Z elst fo r th e region 0 -8 - 2-0 (x.— S. G.
The F undam ental E ąu atio n s of E lasticity w ith Special R eference to the Behaviour of Solids and Liąuids under E xtrem e Pressures. F . D . M urnaghan (Science, 1935, 81, (2105), 422).—R e a d before N a tio n a l A cadem y of Sciences, W ashington. F o r m edia u n d e r uniform (h y d ro static) pressuro, p , i t is found t h a t p is a fu n ctio n of e w here e = ( F 0/r)*f* — 1. B rid g m an ’s resu lts for lith iu m , sodium , an d potassium , te s te d w ith in th e pressure rangę of 2000 to 20,000 a tm ., agree w ith tho fo rm u ła p — ae + be2 + ce3 to w ith in Ą%. Tho values of th e co n stan ts w ere found to be, lith iu m : a = 179-11 X 103 ; b — 140-0 X 103 ; e = 145 X 101 ; sodium : o = 94-13 X 103 ; b = 251-8 X 103 ; c — A l x 103 ; p o tassiu m : o = 44-81 X 103 ; b — 124-72 X 103 ; c =
142-5 x 103.—J . S. G. T .
E lastic Structures under R apidly Applied Loading. A. M. R o b c rts (Mech.
World, 1936, 99, 441-444, 470-171, 495-496, 504).— T ho stress induced in a stru c tu re by su d d en ap p licatio n of a lo ad is twico th e stre ss p roduced by th e
388 Metallurgical Abstracts
Vol. 3sam o lo ad u n d e r s ta tic conditions. A d e tailed acco u n t is given of original w ork to d eterm in e w h a t h ap p en s fo r a large n u m b er of load in g conditions ly in g betw een these extrcm os a n d a c tu a lly en co u n te rcd in p ractice.— F . J .
Metals under H igh Pressure. --- (M etallurgist (S u p p t. to Engineer), 1936, 10, 125-127).—A n acco u n t of w ork by P . W . B ridgm an, P hys. R ev., 1935, [ii], 48, 825 ; see M et. A b s., th is vol., p. 2.— S. G.
*Physical Properties of Surfaces. II I .—The Surface T em perature of Sliding M etals. The Tem perature of L ubricated Surfaces. F . P . B ow dcn a n d K . E . W . R id le r [Proc. R oy. Soc., 1936, [A], 154, (883), 640-656).— A m eth o d is described fo r m easuring th e surface te m p e ra tu re of sliding m etals. T h e te m p e ra tu re reach cd depends on th e load, speed cooff. of frictio n , a n d th e rm a l co n d u ctiy ity of th e m etals, a n d is in good ag reem en t w ith t h e o ^ . W ith re a d ily fusible m etals th e surface te m p e ra tu re reaclied corresponds to th e m elting p o in t of th e m e ta l. W ith less fusible m etals th o local surfaco te m p e ra tu re m ay exceed 1000° C. E v e n w ith lu b ric a te d surfaces th o te m p e ra tu ro (under b o u n d a ry lu b ricatio n conditions) is high, a n d m ay exceed 600° C. T h is high surface te m p e ra tu re w ill cause a local y o latilizatio n a n d decom position of th e lu b ric a n t, an d is a cause of th e breakdow n of th e b o u n d a ry film .— S. G.
U ltrasonic W aves. E . H ied em an n (Stahl u. E isen, 1936, 56, (21), 600-603).
—T h e special p ro p ertie s of u ltraso n ic w aves w hich a re of use in th o iron in d u s try are d isc u sse d ; th e y h av e c e rta in g en erał applications. U ltraso n ic w aves are defined as thoso h av in g freąuencies g re a te r th a n 17 k H ;_. T he p ro d u c tio n of such w aves b y m ag n eto strictio n , piezoelectric effects, a n d tho G alto n pipo are described. T h e a p p lieatio n of tho transm ission of th e w aves th ro u g h large m etallic bodies to th o d etec tio n of cavities o r of foreign bodies liaying different tran sm issio n ch araeteristies is discussed. T h e o p eratio n of pow erful u ltrasonic w aves re s u lts in correspondingly stro n g m echanical stresses, w hich affect th e in te rn a l c ry s ta l s tru c tu re . B oyle has ap p lied th ese w aves to th e degassing of m olten m e ta l a n d W ood a n d Loom is to th e p re p a r a tio n of ex trem ely fine em ulsions.— W . A. C. N .
*Collective E lectron Specific H eat an d Spin P aram agnetism in M etals. E . C.
S to n er [Proc. Roy. Soc., 1936, [A], 154, (883), 656-678).—E xpressions are o b tain ed fo r th e sp in p aram ag n etism a n d electronic specific h e a t, a n d th e ir te m p e ra tu re y a ria tio n , as d ep en d en t o n th e n u m b er of s ta te s p e r u n it energy rangę, v (e), a t th o to p of th e F erm i d is trib u tio n in collective e lec tro n energy ban d s, a n d th e y a ria tio n of th is n u m b e r w ith energy, c. A sim ple m e th o d is dcveloped fo r d eterm in in g th e g en erał c h a ra c te r of th e effect of interchango in teractio n . T he m agnetic p ro p ertie s of th e elem ents in th e first tw o colum ns of th e periodic ta b le , a n d of th e tra n sitio n elem ents a n d raro e a rth s aro briefly considercd, a n d also th o specific h e a t of nickel a n d p la tin u m .— S. G.
fC rystal Structure and Ferrom agnetism of th e T ransition M etals. U lrich D ehlinger (Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 28, (5), 116-121).—T he follow ing aspects of th e su b je c t are critically review ed in th e lig h t of re c e n t w ork : relatio n s betw een c ry s ta l stru c tu re a n d physical p ro p erties, electronic principles of ferro m ag n et
ism , m axim um possible v alu e of th e sa tu ra tio n m ag n etizatio n , a c tu a l y alu e fo r th e tra n sitio n m etals a n d th e causes of th e difference betw een th o th eo retical a n d a c tu a l values fo r nickel, cobalt, a n d iron.—A . R . P .
*On th e A nti-Ferrom agnetic Interch an g e Problem a t Low Tem peratures.
L . H u lth e n (Proc. K . A ka d . Wet. Am sterdam , 1936, 39, (2), 190-200).— [I n G erm an.]— S. G.
*Note on M agnetic H ysteresis and Time Efieets in Superconductors. K . M endelssohn a n d R . B. P o n tiu s (Physica, 1936, 3, (5), 327-331).— [ I n E nglish.]
Two kinds of m agnetic hysteresis in superco n d u cto rs a re distinguishable.
T he first, w hich th e “ freezing in ” of a p a r t of th e flux of force produces, is ascribed to a supereonducting ring-shaped region of high th resh o ld yalue.
T his form of hysteresis ap p ears to occur especially in im pure polycrystallino
substanccs. T h e second ty p e can be considered as a super-cooling of a con- d itio n in tlie o th e r. T h is hysteresis w as observed in single cry stals o r speci- m ens w hich w ere v ery p u re a n d p ro b ab ly consisted of a few large crystals. In connection w ith th e settin g -in of supcrcooling, th o fa c t seem s to be t h a t a fte r a su d d e n change of th e y ariab le co n d itio n tho esta b lish m e n t of eąuilibrium betw een su p erco n d u ctin g a n d non-supereonducting m a te ria ł req u ires con- siderable tim e.— S. G.
* 0 n the Theory of M agnetic Fields in Superconductors. F . L ondon (P hysica, 1936, 3, (6), 450-462).— [In G erm an.] S ta rtin g from th o th e o ry of th e pu re su perconductiye sta te , a th e o ry of th e “ in te rm e d ia te ” s ta te is deyeloped, th e characteristic featu ro of w hich is th e ap p earan ce of a m acroscopic m agnetic in d u ctio n B . C onsidcring th e surface energy of th e p u re superconductiye s ta te , as p o stu la te d by C. J . G o rter a n d H . L ondon, th e energy d e n sity of
Z/7'1 such a n “ in te rm e d ia te ” s ta te is c alc u lated to be given b y U = --- =— (- I I r \B \. (|.B| w here / / T is th e m agnetic th resh o ld valu c.— S. G.
New P henom ena of Superconductivity. K a rl K . D arrow (Rev. S ci. In s tr u ments, 1936, [N .S.], 7, (3), 124-132).—-R ecent researches on su p erco n d u ctiv ity are briefly review ed, especially as reg ard s th o influence of m agnetic fields on superconductors. T he investigations of M eissner, M endelssohn, Sim on, an d th e ir collaborators are discussed in p a rtic u la r.— S. G.
R elaxation P henom ena in the T ransition from the Superconductiye to the N on-Superconductive State. W . H . K eesom a n d P . H . v an L a e r (Proc. K . A ka d . Wet. A m sterdam , 1936, 39, (2), 148-149).— [I n E nglish.] S u m m ary of a p a p e r p rin te d in fu li clsew here ; see M et. A b s. , th is vol., p . 245.—S. G.
Approxim ate Method for Calculating the W ork-F unction of M etals. E . H . B.
B a rte lin k (P hysica, 1936, 3, (4), 193-204).— [In G erm an.] M athem atical.
— tS. G.
II.— P R O P E R T IE S O F ALLOYS
(Continued from pp. 340-360.)
♦Magnetic Susceptibility and Change of State of the H ardenable System A lum inium -C opper. H e rm a n n A u er (Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 28, (6), 164—175).
—B y m easuring th e p aram ag n etic su scep tib ility (*) of e o p p er-alu m in iu m alloys in tho hom ogeneous ąu enched s ta te a n d d u rin g ageing i t is possible to follow th e p re c ip ita tio n of tho copper from solid so lution a n d to d eterm in e tho boundaries of th e a-phase a t high te m p e ra tu re s a n d th e position of tlie solidus in h y p o eu tectic alloys. I f th e yalues of x fo r yarious alloys quenched from different te m p e ra tu re s are p lo tte d ag a in st th e quenching te m p e ra tu re , tho curves a re a ll concave to th e origin u p to th e a-phase b o u n d ary , th e n p arallel to th o axis of te m p e ra tu ro u p to th e solidus, a fte r w hich th e y rise alm o st v e rtic a lly ; th e tw o infleetion p oints th u s established fo r yario u s cop p er con- te n ts are in close agreem en t w ith tho yalues fo r tho solid so lu b ility of copper in alum inium a n d th e solidus estab lish ed b y th e rm a l an d X -ra y analysis.
S u scep tib ility -tim e of ageing eurves fo r te m p e ra tu re s bolow 200° C. are s tra ig h t lines w hen tho tim e is p lo tte d on a logarithm ic scalę ; th is in d icates t h a t th e in erem en t (dc) in copper-rich c o n stitu e n t is a logarithm ic fu n etio n of tho te m p e ra tu re (T ) a n d tim e of annealing (t) a n d can be expressed as fo llo w s:
dc ~PiT D
— A . e . — . T he su scep tib ility is th u s p ro p o rtio n al to th e en rich m cn t of th e copper ato m s in th e la ttic e , a n d is n o t affected b y a reco n stru etio n of th e la ttic e a fte r rejectio n of th o copper ato m s. Tho th eo retical im plications of th ese re su lts in th e s tu d y of th e m eclianism of p re c ip ita tio n from a solid solution are discussed a t som e len g th .— A. R . P .
390 Metallurgical A bstracts
Yo l. 3*The Iron-A lum inium -C arbon S y s t e m . --- (M etallurgist (S u p p t. to E ngineer), 1936, 10, 148-149).— S u m m ary of p a p e r b y R . Vogel a n d H . M adcr, Arch. Eisenhiittenwesen, 1935-1936, 9, (7), 333 ; sec M et. A bs., th is vol., p. 1 4 7 .— S. G.
tA lu m in iu m Alloys w ith a MgZn2 Content as Casting Alloys. H . S c h m itt a n d P . B erg m an n (A lu m in iu m , 1936, 18, (8), 370-373).—C asting alloy G 54 w ith a b o u t 9 % MgZn2 has a d en sity of 2-84 (chill-cast) o r 2-79 (sand-cast), a shrinkago of 1-25%, a n d tensile s tre n g th of 13-6-14-2 (sand-cast), 16-1-17-6 (chill-cast a n d air-cooled from 300° C.), o r 23-8-26 k g ./m m .2 (h eat-hardencd) w ith corresponding B rinell h ard n ess of 75-86, 88-97, a n d 112-133. T he m e ta l gives good castings p ro v id cd t h a t i t is p ro te c te d from aecess of gas d u rin g m elting. H e a t-tre a tm e n t com prises quenching from 500° C. in oil an d rch eatin g a t 130° C. fo r 14 h rs. T h e c a s t alloy has a good resistance to c o rro sion, w hich can bo fu r th e r im proved b y th e E lo x a l tr e a tm e n t.— A. R . P .
R ecent Scientific and P ractical Inform ation on Silumin. E . Scheuer (Schweiz. A rch w angew. W iss. Tech., 1936, 2, (4), 85-96).—A g enerał p a p e r giving a su m m ary of d a ta o b tain ed w ith in re c e n t y ears o n th e v aricties of Silum in, th e ir c o n stitu tio n , casting p ro p ertie s, freedom from gaseous in clusions, th e influence of sm ali ad d itio n s of sodium a n d lith iu m a n d of p a rtia l undereooling, tho effect of m agnesium in giving in ereased hard n ess, tensile stre n g th , a n d fatigue stre n g th .—W . A. C. N.
Castings in Silum in G am m a. G. Sachs a n d E . S cheuer (M etal Treatm ent, 1936, 2, (6), 9 4 -9 8 ; a n d F ound. Trade ./., 1936, 55, (1048), 218-220).
— A bridged tra n sla tio n s fro m M etallwirtschaft, 1935, 14, (47), 937 ; (48), 97 2 ; see M et. A bs., th is v o l., p. 36.— J . C. C.
Contribution to the Knowledge of F aults in the W orking o£ H ardened Light Metals in Orthopsedia. H erm . A. J . S tclljes (A lu m in iu m , 1936, 18, (7), 3 0 2 - 305).— M ethods of p rev en tin g fra c tu re a n d corrosion of ag e-hardened a lu m inium alloys u sed in orthopa;dic a p p a ra tu s aro deseribed.—A. R . P .
*On the N aturę of the Peritectic R eaction [in th e System A ntim ony T in - Lead], and the M echanism of the G rain-Reflnem ent R esulting Therefrom . K eizo Iw asć, J u - n A sato, a n d N olm yuki N asu (K in zo ku no K en kyu (J. S tu d y M etals), 1936, 13, 213-222 (in Ja p a n e se , w ith E nglish s u m m a ry ); a n d N ip p o n K w agaku K w aishi (J. Chem. Soc. Japan), 1936, 57, (4), 310-317 (in Jap an ese)).
—T h e n a tu rę of th o peritcctie reactio n is stu d ie d in th e case of th o te rn a ry a n tim o n y -tin -le a d alloys.— S. G.
*The Iron-C hrom ium Alloy System. The B rittle Non-M agnetic Phase.
E rie R . J e t tc a n d F ra n k F o o te (M etals and. A lloys, 1936, 7, (8), 207-210).—
V ery pu re alloys w ith a 1 : 1 ato m ie ra tio of iron a n d chrom ium (electrolytic) undergo a tran sfo rm atio n a t 600 °-8 0 0 ° C., th e a-phase being co n v erted into th e b rittle , non-m agnetic S -p h ase. T his ta k e s place ex trem cly slowly if th e alloy is exeeedingly p u re a n d th o ro u g h ly hom egenized b y a prolonged anncal a t 1300° C., b u t is considerably accelerated b y cold-w orking a fte r annealing a t 1000° C., o r b y th e presence of sm ali quantities of Silicon (e.g. 0-09% ). Tho S -p h ase has a v e ry com plex X -ra y s tru c tu re , a n d ap p ears to be a secondary solid so lu tio n (H um e-R otliery nom cnelature).— A. R . P .
B eryllium -C opper-Cobalt Alloys [Trodaloy No. 1]. F . G. B en fo rd (M et.
In d . (Lond.), 1936, 49, (2), 40).— A brief d escrip tio n of th e p ro p e rtie s of T rodaloy N o. 1, co ntaining copper 97, b ery lliu m 0-4, co b alt 2-6% . I t is cheaper th a n th e b in a ry co p p er-b ery lliu m alloy, w ith a superior electrical co n d u ctiy ity , a n d is su itab le fo r electrodcs fo r w elding.— J . E . N .
♦Some M etallurgical Properties of Copper-Nickel (70 : 30) Condenser Tubes.
Jo se p h A. D u m a (J. A m er. Soc. N aval E ng., 1936, 48, (3), 397-410).— F a c to rs affecting tho cold-w orking of 7 0 : 30 copper-niekel alloy condenser tu b es a re h ard n ess, w hich should n o t have too w ide a n d too flu ctu atin g a r a n g ę ; eopper c o n te n t w hich should n o t be in excess of 7 0 % in s tra ig h t copper-niekel
tubes a n d should n o t exceed 8 0 % in tu b es containing sm ali pro p o rtio n s of o th e r e lem en ts; oxygen c o n ten t, w hich, if high, causes e m b rittle m e n t of th e tu b es w ith sp littin g in belling a n d expan d in g operatio n s ; a n d annealing tre a tm e n t, which should be a t 870° C. follow ed b y w a te r ąuenching. T ubes w hich lmve been cold-w orked too severely a n d n o t annealed aro w orthlcss a n d en tirely unsuitable fo r cold-foriliing unless annealed. F a c to rs d e trim e n ta l to th e corrosion-resistance of 7 0 : 30 tu b es aro th e m ercurous n itra te te s t, a n d boiling salt-w ate r in w hich tu b e s hav in g a B rinell h ardness of 4 0 -5 0 show tho m inim um corrosion.—J . W . D.
* 0n H ardenable Bronzes w ith a Copper-N iekel-Tin Basis. I.— Alloys for Sand Castings. E . F e tz (K orrosion u. Metallschutz, 1935,11, (10), 217-229).—
By a n a p p ro p ria te hom ogenizing h e a t-tre a tm e n t all alloys w ith u p to 10%
tin an d 4 0 % niekel ean be b ro u g h t in to a w orkable s ta te an d th e n h ard en ed by a p recip itatio n tre a tm e n t a t low er te m p e ra tu re s fo r a long period. Tho m axim um h ard en in g effect is o b tain ed w ith a n ie k e l: tin ra tio of 1 : 1 by weight, tho m axim um hard n ess rcach ed being d ire c tly p ro p o rtio n a l to tho degree of su p e rsa tu ra tio n . H ard en in g curvcs are given fo r a largo n u m b er of alloys, a n d a close relatio n sh ip has been estab lish ed betw een th e m elting-point and tho ra te of h ard en in g of sufficiently s u p e rsa tu ra te d a-alloys. N iekel considcrably im provea th e m echanical p ro p erties of a-bronze sand-castings, cspccially th e elongation an d lim it of p ro p o r tio n a lity ; a p a r t from th is, sub- stitu tio n of niekel fo r h a lf th e tin h as c e rta in eeonom ical ad y an tag es.
— A. R . P .
*On the A ge-H ardening of B rass. ICanzi T a m a ru (K in zo ku no K e n k y u (./.
Study M etals), 1936, 13, (4), 150-155).— [I n Jap an ese.] Sec M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 575.—S. G.
fH ig h Tensile Strength Brasses. A Review of T heir Properties and Uses.
H. J . M iller (M et. In d . (Lond.), 1936, 49, (9), 2 0 1 -2 0 0 ; (10), 229-233).—Tho effects of th e a d d itio n to th e 60 : 40 copp er-zin c ty p e of allo y of tin , m an ganese, iron, alum inium , lead , niekel, a n d Silicon, singly a n d in groups, on tho m echanical an d corrosion-resisting p ro p ertie s are roviowed. M any ta b le s of com positions w ith co rrelated physical p ro p erties are ą u o te d , a n d th e re is a useful bibliography of 65 references.— J . E . N.
Researches on T ungum Alloy. B. C. Lawa (Shipbuilder, 1936, 43, (320), 442-444).—T he s tre n g th of T u n g u m —a special brass— an d its high reaiatance to oxidation a t n o rm al an d elev a ted te m p e ra tu re s are discussed. Completo tests are given show ing its m echanical p ro p ertie s in th o so ft a n d h ard -ro lled , soft-forged, a n d cold-forged co n d itio n s. L a b o ra to ry corrosion te s ts in sea-w ater show a ra p id ly dim iniahing ra te of d e te rio ra tio n a fte r 25 d ay s, a t w hich th e w astage is 0-000413 g rm ./cm .2, a n d a n estim a te d m axim um loss of 0-00055 grm ./cm .2 a fte r 95 d ay s. T h e b reaking stress of T u n g u m w r e ropo before a n d after two y e a rs’ exposure in w ind a n d sea-w ater is given as 67-3 a n d 64-4 to ns/in.2. R eference is also m ade to re c c n t m arino usea of T u n g u m alloy for deck w inches, p ro p ellcr sh afts, a n d p ro p eller b rack ets.— J . W . D.
*The R ate of Crystallization of Lead and of Its Alloy w ith M ercury. (M akow ska.) See p. 386.
*Testing the R unning Properties of V arious New B earing Metals w ith Special Reference to the Lead B earing M etals. M. v on Schw arz [w ith F . K olb] (Z.
Metallkunde, 1936, 28, (5), 128-130).—Tho ru n n in g p ro p ertie s of various lead-baae bearing m etals containing arsenie, a n tim o n y , copper, tin , zinc, cadm ium , m agnesium , an d alum inium havo been te s te d in th e bearing testin g m achinę described b y S. in Z .Y .d .I ., 1928, 72, 1098. T h e resu lts show t h a t alloys w ith a relativ ely high tin c o n te n t (e.g. 2 0 -4 0 % ) are inferior to an ti- m onial-lead alloys w ith a am all percentage of copper. A d d itio n of 5%
cadm ium to th e 15% a n tim o n y -le a d alloy gives a n alloy auperior to t h a t produced b y a d d itio n of copper. Zinc, on th e o th e r h an d , produces a m uch
392 Metallurgical A bstracts
Vol. 3liard er alloy hav in g a tendency to ru n h o t. A rsenical lead o r lo ad -an tim o n y alloys m ake satisfacto ry bearings fo r co rtain purposes an d a 1-1% m ag n esiu m - lead alloy has exeellent ru n n in g p ro p erties e ą u a l to som e of th e b e st high tin -b ase alloys.— A. R . P .
♦W hite B earing M etals w ith a L ead-T in Base. (F rh r.) v o n G oler an d F.
S eheuer (Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 28, (5), 121-127; (6), 176-179).— S ta n d a rd G erm an specifications fo r len d -tin -b ase bearing m etals aro discussed, an d tho p ro p ertie s of such m etals containing an tim o n y 13—15-5 a n d copper 0 -5 % w ith v ary in g p ro p o rtio n s of tin a n d lead are show n grap h ically . T he stre n g th increases a n d th e cap acity fo r defo rm atio n decreases w ith increase in th o tin c o n te n t from 0 to 1 0 % ; fu rth e r increase of th e tin c o n te n t to 4 2 % h as little effect on th e stre n g th of tho alloys, b u t decreases tho end u ran ce lim it, capacity fo r deform ation, an d hardness a t elev a ted te m p eratu res. T he presence of sm ali am o u n ts of copper in th e alloys has little effect on th e ir m echanical p ro p erties, b u t is beneficial in p rcv cn tin g u n d u e segregation in th e castings.
T he re s u lts o b tain ed indicate t h a t alloys w ith a n in term ed iate tin c o n te n t are inferior to th e lead-rich alloys, as w ell as being m o st costly to produce. A bibliography of 65 references is appended.— A. R . P.
♦The M agnetic Properties of A m algam s. L. F . B ates a n d L. C. T a i (Proc.
P hys. Soc., 1936, 48, (5), 795-809).— T he m agnetic susceptibilities of a series of am algam s of know n co n cen tratio n s of b ism u th , chrom ium , copper, and m anganese w ith m ercu ry w ere stu d ied a t room te m p e ra tu re , tho G ouy m ethod of m easu rem en t being em ployed in a ll cases. A stu d y of tho drop-w eight m eth o d fo r m easuring susceptibilities show ed i t to be ą u ite unreliable for m easurem ents w ith am algam s. I n d ilu te am algam s, m anganese w as found to possess a n a p p a re n t ato m ie su scep tib ility of + 13,700 X 10"6, bism uth
+ 133 X 10"°, chrom ium + 23 x 10"°, a n d copper a b o u t — 7-3 X 10~6 e.m .u.
All m etals so fa r stu d ie d w hich are diam agnetic in th e solid s ta te are para- m agnetic in d ilu te am algam s, w ith th e possible exception of copper.— S. G.
♦Electrolytic Reductions of Organie Compounds a t Alloy Cathodes. I.—
R eduction of A liphatic K etones to H ydrocarbons a t Cadmium Am algam s.
Shcrlock Sw ann, J r ., H . J . R ead , an d F . C. H o w ard (Trans. Elecłrochem. Soc., 1936, 69, 3 4 5 -3 5 0 ; discussion, 350-352).— See M et. A b s., th is vol., p. 200.
— S. G.
♦The M agnetic Properties of H ardened B eryllium -N ickel Alloys. W alth er G erlach (Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 28, (7), 183-188).— G raphs arc givcn show ing tho re la tio n betw een tho m agnetic p ro p ertie s a n d th e te m p e ra tu re fo r b ery lliu m - nickel alloys in th e p recip itatio n -h ard en ed s ta te w ith an d w ith o u t cold-working in th e so ft s ta te . A lloys h ard en ed a fte r eold-w ork, a n d o rd in a ry h ard -d raw n alloys show a v ery steep increase in coercivity a t th e Curie p o in t, w hereas those h ard en ed d irectly from th e ąu en ch ed s ta te do n o t show th is a n o m a ly ; th is is considered to be evidence in s u p p o rt of th e th e o ry t h a t cold-working of th e ąuenched alloy produces p recip itatio n of p a r t a t le a st of th e Be in super- sa tu ra te d solid solution. T h e sh ap e of th e h ysteresis curves above an d bclow th e Curie p o in t indicates th e p ro b ab ility t h a t th e high coercivity is due to a new s ta te of th e alloy w hich is form ed b y h e atin g a t th e Curie p o in t.—A. R . P.
Inconel. R . H an el (Chem. Fabrik, 1936,9, (19/20), 217-220).— In fo rm atio n is given on tho physical p ro p ertie s, heat-rcsistance, w orking, h e a t-tre a tm e n t, surface tre a tm e n t, w elding, a n d uses of Inconel.— A. R . P .
♦The Volume Changes in th e M agnetization [of Iron-N ickel Alloys] and the In v a r Alloys. U lrich D ehlinger (Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 28, (7), 194-196).— T he deerease in volum e of iro n -n ick e l alloys w hich is caused by d cm ag n etizatio n as t he te m p e ra tu re approaches th e Curie p o in t ean be ca lc u la te d from th e exchange i n te g ra l curvo derived from m easurem ents of tho sa tu ra tio n m om ents. These purves show t h a t th is deerease in volum c is p a rtic u la rly g re a t w ith tlie I n v a r
alloya, a n d th u s a n ex p lan a tio n is affordod of tho p ecu liar m agnetic properties of these alloys.—A. R . P .
fPerm alloys and R elated Ferro-M agnetic Alloys. J . C. C h asto n (M etal Treatment, 1936, 2, (6), 58-66, 7 1 ; an d Elcct. C omm unication, 1936, 15, (1), 38-51).— A review . T he m agnetic ch a ra c te ristic s of tho easily-m agneti/.cd group of alloys are o u tlin ed a n d a n acc o u n t is given of th o p ro p ertie s of th e nickel-iron series a fte r vario u s h e a t-tre a tm e n ts. T he d eyelopm ent of tho nickel-iron-copper, n ick el-iro n -m o ly b d en u m , n ick el-iro n -ch ro m iu m , an d more com plex alloys, giving high values of re sistiv ity a n d in itial perm eability after a sim ple h e a t-tre a tm e n t, a n d of tho n ic k c l-iro n -c o b a lt alloys h aving a co n stan t v a lu e of p erm eab ility over a w ide rango of field stro n g th s, is described, and y arious th eo retical ex p lan a tio n s ou tlin ed . T he effects of c ry s ta l size, c ry stal o rien tatio n , cold-w orking (in th e p ro d u ctio n of “ Iso p erm ” ), h eat- tre a tm e n t in a m agnetic field, a n d im p u rities aro also d e a lt w ith a n d reference m ade to th e actio n of dissolved hydrogen. A bibliography of 36 references is appended.— J . C. C.
*The H ardness o£ Silver -Zinc Alloys in R elation to the Composition. G. I . P ctrenko an d E . E . T scherkaschin (Z. anorg. Chem., 1936, 227, (4), 415-416).—
The B rinell h ardness of silver-zinc alloys shows a feeble m axim um (35) a t 10% zinc in th e a-phase an d th e n falls to th a t of silver (30) a t th e lim iting solid solution. W ith fu rtb e r a d d itio n of zinc th e re is a steep inerease to 95 a t th o (a + P)-(3 b o u n d ary , follow ed b y a decrease to 85 a t A gZn, a sh a rp inerease to 200 a t A g2Z n 3, a sh arp decrease to 50 a t A g2Z n5, a n d a som ew hat less steep decrease to 25 a t th o 8-(& + £) b o u n d ary . T he curvo th e n rises to a m axim um of 35 a t th e (8 + e)-e b o u n d ary a n d finally falls to 25 fo r pu re zinc.— A. R . P .
* T an talu m -Iro n Alloys and T an talu m Steels. R . G enders a n d R . H arriso n (Iron Steel In s t. A d m n c e Copy, 1936, S ep t., 37 p p .).—T he in v estig atio n d e scribed com prises a stu d y of tho c o n stitu tio n of th e ta n ta lu m -iro n sy stem , nn ex am in atio n of th e effect of ta n ta lu m a n d niobium on th e stru c tu ro and properties of c arb o n steels a n d of 4 % nickel steel, a n d th e deyelopm ent of ta n ta lu m as a n alloy-steel elem en t in n itrid in g steels a n d to o l steels. T he ta n ta lu m -iro n sy stem co n tain s tw o outectics form ed by th e com pound F e 2T a w ith 8-iron a n d w ith ta n ta lu m a t com positions of ap p ro x im ately 2 0 % a n d 80%
of ta n ta lu m , respectively. Below a ta n ta lu m c o n te n t of 6-5% tho 8 solid solution is resolved, on cooling, in to a e u te c to id of y-iron a n d F e 2T a. Tho solubility in y-iron decreases w ith decrease in te m p e ra tu ro to th o y -iro n ->■
a-iron inyersion. T he so lu b ility of F e2T a in a -iro n is sm ali. T a n ta lu m - niobium m ild steels eonform m etallographically w ith th e m ain fc a tu re s of tho pu re alloys. T he effect of ta n ta lu m is to decom poso iro n carb id e, a n d w ith excess of ta n ta lu m th e carb o n steels consist essentially of ir o n -ta n ta lu m alloy w ith ta n ta lu m carbide, a com pound w hich is insoluble a n d in e rt to heat- tre a tm e n t. T a n ta lu m -iro n alloys n itrid e read ily in dissociated am m o n ia a t 500° C. a n d givo deep p en e tra tio n w ith inerease in hardness. E x tre m e ly high hardness of th e o rd e r o b tain ab le in com m ercial n itrid in g steels is a tta in c d , to g eth er w ith deep p en e tra tio n , b y th e ad d itio n of alu m in iu m to ta n ta lu m steels. T h e reactio n betw een ta n ta lu m a n d iro n carb id e p royides a m eans of producing steels co ntaining included carb id e p articlcs b y th e use of a high- carbon basis m a te ria ł, such as pig iron. B y m elting fe rro -ta n ta lu m in e o n ta c t w ith carbon, a p ro d u c t is o b tain ed from w hich tho carb id e m ay be iso lated by chem ical m eans fo r use as a n abrasivo o r sin tered c u ttin g m ateriał.— S. G.
*Investigations on Z inc-A lum inium Alloys w ith G erm an Electrolytic Z inc as the Basis Metal and Copper, M agnesium , Nickel, L ithium , and Lead as Addition Metals. W . G u ertler, F . K lew eta, W . Claus, a n d E . R ick ertsen (Z. M etall
kunde, 1936, 28, (5), 107-116 ; (6), 178-179).— A lloys m ado of G erm an elec tro lytic zinc (99-98% ) a n d 4 % alum inium w ith a n d w ith o u t ad d itio n s of one o r
394 Metallurgical A bstracts
Vot„ 3moro of th e follow ing: m agnesium (0-04 a n d 0-1), lith iu m (0-03), coppcr (0-4 o r 2-5), nickel (0-2), lead (0-5% ) w ere c a st in san d o r ehill m oulds an d th e ir m echanical, ageing, a n d corrosion-resistant p ro p erties exam ined in th e cast s ta te a n d a fte r ro llin g ; th e resu lts aro given in a series of ta b le s a n d briefly discussed. Tho elongation of c a s t 4 % alu m in iu m -zin c alloys is reduced by a d d itio n s of m agnesium , b u t th is dofoet is overcom e b y a d d in g copper. E v en traces of lith iu m reduco tlie tensile stre n g th , b u t lith iu m a n d m agnesium to g e th e r are n o t so deleterious as e ith e r m e ta l sep arately . Sm ali ą u a n titie s of nickel have no cffcct on tlie m echanical p ro p ertie s of castings, b u t if lead is also a d d ed tho alloy becom cs b rittlo a n d ąu ito usoless. T he b e st alloy for rolling is t h a t containing copper 0-4 a n d m agnesium 0-04% . Ageing te s ts a t 100° C. in a ir o r in a ir s a tu ra te d w ith steam show t h a t nono of th e a d d itio n m etals has a n y effect on tho b eh av io u r of th e c a st alloys, b u t t h a t copper + m agnesium p re v e n t d eterio ratio n of th e properties of rolled alloys, w hile lith iu m a n d lead cause a ra p id breakdow n of tho alloys u n d e r th ese conditions.
Tlie presence of nickel, lith iu m , o r lead in a n y of th e alloys resu lts iii severe corrosion in th o a lte m a te im m ersion te s t in sea-w ater, th e sa lt-sp ra y te s t, a n d tho oxidizing s a lt te s t. I n a n ap p en d ix th e m echanical p ro p erties of sand- and chill-cast an d rolled alloys w ith (a) 4 % alum inium a n d 0-4 a n d 2-5% copper, an d (b) 0-5% alum inium a n d 2 a n d 3 % copper are show n in tab les.—A. l t . P .
*The System Iro n -Z in c. J a k o b Schram m (Z. M etallkundc, 1936, 28, (7), 203-207).—Alloys w ith u p to 2 0 % iro n w ere p rep ared b y special m elting m ethods designed to oyercom e loss of zinc b y y o latilizatio n a n d breakage of th e erueiblo by th e high expansion, a n d alloys w ith m ore th a n 2 0 % iron w ere prep ared by m ethods of pow der m etallu rg y using c arb o n y l iro n a n d pow dored 15% iro n -zin c allo y an d e v en tu a lly hom ogenizing th e alloys b y prolonged annealing a t 750°-800° C. in ev acu atcd sealed tubos. T h e system w as exam ined b y X -ray , th e rm a l a n d m agnetic an aly sis, a n d b y m icrography.
F o u r pliases are stab le a t room te m p e ra tu re , v iz. : t\ (hexagonal zinc-rich solid solution), S (hexagonal, so-called F eZ n ,), T (cubic, so-called F eZ n3 w ith 52 ato m s in th o u n it celi), y- a n d a-iron-rich solid solutions. T he so lu b ility of iron in solid zinc is less th a n 0-03% a t th e eu tectic te m p e ra tu re a n d th e eu tectic p o in t is 0-09% iron, 419-4° C. T he hom ogeneous 8-field e s te n d s from 6-3 to 11-5% iro n a t 20° C. a n d from 5-8 to 11-5% iron a t 419° C. T he solidus e x ten d s in a sm o o th curvo concaye to tho axis of com position from 419-4° C.
a t 5-8% iro n to th e p eritectic horizontal a t 668° C., 11-5% i r o n ; th is horizontal term in ates a t 2 0 % iro n (bou n d ary of th e (F + 8)-field), a fte r w hich th e solidus again rises in a sm ooth concave eurye to m e e t th e p eritectic ho rizo n tal a t 780° C., 2 7% iron (boundary of th e hom ogeneous F -phase). T he b o u n d ary betw een tho (y + T) a n d y-fields is a s tra ig h t line joining 54% iron, 780° C. w ith 7 3% iron, 623° C. T he eu tec to id h o rizo n tal a t 623° C. ex ten d s from 80 to 27% iron, an d th e solid solubility of zinc in iro n deereasos from 2 0 % a t th is tem p e ra tu re to 10% a t 450° C. a n d to a b o u t 8 % a t 20° C. T he (a + y)-field is bo u n d ed b y concaye lines joining 900° C. 100% iron to th e 20 a n d 27% iro n p o in ts on th e e u tec to id horizontal. T he com position of th e 8-pliase is n o t e x a c tly F eZ n, a n d t h a t of th e T -phase is n e ith e r F eZ n3 n o r F e3Z n 10; no a ltc rn a tiy e s are suggested.—A. R . P .
*Cold D eform ation and Recovery of Alloys w ith an Ordered A tom ie D istri
bution. O. D alii (Z. M etallkujule, 1936, 28, (5), 133-138).— Curves are given show ing th e effect of eold-w ork on th e tensile stre n g th a n d electrical resistance of alloys of th e ty p e K i3F e, N i3Mn, a n d A uCu3 in th e ąu en ch ed s ta te (random ato m ie d istrib u tio n ) a n d in th e tem p ered s ta te (ordered atom ie distrib u tio n ).
T hese show t h a t cold-w orking of th e tem p ered alloys leads to th e d e stru c tio n of tho ordered atom ie d is trib u tio n ; th is, how ever, is n o t duo p rim arily to w ork-hardoning, sińce in th e case of N i3Mn a n d A uCu3 su b se ą u e n t annealing a t te m p e ra tu re s below th e recry stallizatio n te m p e ra tu re restores th e super-
stru ctu re in th e X -ra y pliotogram s w ith o u t rem oving th e w ork-hardness. I n these alloys, th ercfo re, tlić p ecu liar p ro p ertie s p ro d u ced b y th e su p e rstru c tu re can be com bined w ith th e enhaneed stre n g th p ro d u ced b y w 'ork-hardcning.
In c o n tra st w ith th e case of p recipitation-hardening, tho estab lish m en t of a n ordered s tru c tu re is n o t accelerated b y p rio r cold-w ork. In th o case of ir o n - nickel alloys cold-w orking th e tem p ered alloys com pletely rem oves th e d ro p in electrical resistance p ro d u ced by tho tem p erin g an d resto res th e resistance of the original ąu en ch ed a llo y ; śu b s e ą u e n t annealing below th e recry stallizatio n tem perature does n o t re s u lt in a fu r th e r fali in resistance, b u t im proves th e tensile stre n g th . S om ew hat sim ilar effeets are obseryed w ith N i3Mn an d N iA u3, but n e ith e r of th ese alloys undergoes a n inerease in specific resistance in tho ąuenched s ta te a fte r cold-w orking such as occurs w ith N i3F e. M uch fu r th e r work is considercd to bo n ecessary before a sa tisfa c to ry e x p lan a tio n of these phenom ena can be given.— A. R . P .
*The H eat Content and H eat of Form ation of M olten Alloys. H a n s O tto von S am son-H im m elstjerna (Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 28, (7), 197-202).— A sim ple m ethod is described by th e aid of w hich th e h e a t co n te n ts of le a d -b ism u th alloys a t 400°, 500°, an d 600° C., tin -b is m u th , le a d -tin , a n d lead -cad m iu tn alloys a t 500° C., lead -silv er alloys a t 1000° C., a n d le a d -tin -b is m u th alloys a t 500° C.
were determ ined. F ro m tho re su lts o b tain ed th e h eats of alloying h ave been calculated, a n d a re show n g ra p h ic a lly ; th e m axim um yalues are a t 500° C . : lead -b ism u th + 1000, b is m u th -tin + 530, le a d - tin — 250, lead -cad m iu m
— 480 ; a t 1000° C. : lead -sily er — 800 grm .-cal. p e r grm .-atom . T he heats of fo rm atio n of solid silver-zinc a n d copper-zinc alloys lie on tw o s tra ig h t lines w hich in to rsect a t com positions correspondiug to Ag2Z n 3 a n d Cu2Z n 3.
The h eats of fo rm atio n of liąu id alloys hav e been calcu lated from th e h e a t co n tents of m olten alloys a t 1000° C. an d th e h eats of form ation of th e solid alloys ; the resu lts show t h a t th e com pounds e x ist in th e liąu id s ta te b u t are stro n g ly dissociated unless a n excess of e ith e r com ponent is p resen t. T he h eats of alloying copper-nickel a n d iro n -n ick e l alloys a t 1500° a n d 1600° C. v a ry on ly slightly from th e h e a ts of fo rm atio n of th e corresponding solid solutions.— A. R . P .
*Properties of M etallic Solutions. W . K . S sem entschenko [Acta Physico- chimica U .R .S .S ., 1935, 3, (5), 7 4 9-752; Sci. A bs., 1936, [A], 39, 238).— [In English.] T he possible chem ical in teractio n s in m etallic solutions are sim pler th an those in d ielectric solutions a n d th e in terato m ic forcos aro m ore pow erful and m ore hom ogeneous. A s tu d y of m etallic solutions is u n d e rta k e n in o rd er to exam ino in a sim ple m an n er th e generał rolationships of th e dissolved sta te . The influence of th e so lu te on th e surface tension is d eterm in ed by th e difference in tho y alues, te rm e d “ generalized m o m en ts,” w hich a re given by th e expres- sion m = e z / r , w here s is 4-77 X 10-10, z is th e yalency of th e ion, an d r is th e radius of th e i o n ; th e u ltim a te y alu e of th e surface a c tiv ity O is giyen by G — R T 8 /1 0 0 0 X ey{m° “ ,ni), w here y is a c o n sta n t depending on th e p ro p e r
ties of tho so lv en t an d th e te m p e ra tu re , a n d m 0 a n d w , are generalized m om ents of th e solvent a n d th e solute. F ro m m easurem ents on a n u m b er of am algam s, i t is show n t h a t th e physico-chem ical p ro p ertie s of a m etal m ay be characterized by its generalized m om ents.— S. G.
*On G erlach’s T herm om agnetic Electrom otiye Force in Some Ferrom agnetic Alloys. N orie Y am an ak a (Sci. R ep. Tóhoku Im p . U niv., 1936, [i], 25, (2), 174-183).— [In E n g lish .] Y . found th a t tho therm o m ag n etic e.m .f., discovered by W . G erlach (M et. Abs. (J. In s t. M etals), 1931, 47, 197), ap p ears n o t on ly in nickel an d iro n b u t also in o th e r ferrom agnetic alloys. I t s dependence on th e m agnetic field a n d on th e te m p e ra tu re g ra d ie n t is fu lly in y estig ated .— S. G.
*T reatm ent in a T em perature G radient. --- (M etallurgist (S u p p t. to Engineer), 1936, 10, 133-134).— A review of w ork b y G. T am m an n a n d W . B oehm e,Ź . anorg. Chem., 1935,226,87 ; sec M et. A bs., th is vol., p. 116.— L . O,
396 Metallurgical Abstracts
Vo l. 3I I I .— STRU C TU R E
(M etallograpliy; M a cro g rap h y ; C ry stal S tru c tu re .)
(Continued from pp. 307-361.)
M etallograpliic A pplications of E lectron Beam s and Their Physical Basis.
I . R . P io n telli (M etallurgia italiana, 1935, 27, (12), 817-8 2 5 ; C .Abs., 1930, 30, 4390).—F ir s t of a series of articles on olectronic w aves. Tho th e o ry of wave niechanics is briefly reyiew ed, a n d tho electro n m icroscope a n d its uso aro described.— S. O.
*On the Anodic B ehaviour of Copper in A ąucous Solutions of Orthophosphoric Acid. P . A. J a c ą u c t (Trans. Electrochem. Soc., 1936, 69, 629-650 ; discussion, 651-655).— See M et. Al>s., th is vol„ p. 117.— S. G.
*The R ecrystalhzation D iagram of M agnesium . (F eldm an.) Sec p. 386.
Ind u strial A pplications of X -R ay D iffraction A nalysis. V icto r H icks (Instrum ents, 1936, 9, (5), 133-136).— S. G.
*The S tructure of Some Metallic Deposits on a Copper Single Crystal as D eterm ined by E lectron D iffraction. W illiam C ochrane (Proc. P hys. Soc., 1936, 48, (5), 723-735).—N ickel, copper, zinc, cadm ium , silyer, chrom ium , a n d co b a lt wero deposited olectrolytically on otched copper single cry stals, and th e s tru c tu re s of th e deposits w ero fo u n d b y electro n diffraction. A t sm ali c u rre n t densities th e layers are o rien ted ex cep t in th o caso of zinc a n d cadm ium . T he nickel a n d c o b a lt deposits givc p a tte rn s containing a d d itio n a l sp o ts, lines, a n d irra tio n a l sp o ts. I t is show n t h a t thoso a rc accoim ted fo r b y assum ing th e occurrenco of re p e a te d tw inning on (111) planes, th e a d d itio n al spots being duo to tw in n ed lattices a n d th e lines due to tw in planes. T h e tw in planes m u s t be considered sep a ra te ly a n d n o t sim ply as p a r t of th e la ttic e s on o ith er side of th e m . T he tw in sheets of lattico th u s form ed givo rise to th e irra tio n a l sp o ts observed. F in a lly , a discussion is given of th e facto rs deter- m ining th e o rie n ta tio n of a la y e r of m etal on th e copper c ry s ta l.— S. G.
*The Atom ie F acto r of Zinc. Cccilia Mossin K o tin a n d Josó L osada (Anales soc. e sp a il.fis. quim ., 1935, 33, 597-601 ; C. A bs., 1936, 30, 347).—Tlie sc a tte rin g fa c to r of zinc is d eterm in ed , th e first o b ta in e d from a n elem ent belonging to th e liexagonal sy stem . T h e p h o to m etric m ethod w as used to m easure th e in ten sities of tlie reflections, according to w hich a curve of relativ e yalues is draw n. In te n s ity of tho (101) reflection of zinc is com pared to th e in te n sity of th e (200) reflection of N aCl, a n d fo r sin S/A = 0-234, f,/a = 31-0, w hich p e rm itte d tho curvc of th e ex p erim en tal yalues to be draw n. Com
p ariso n of th e experim ental w ith th e th e o re tic a l curvo shows a g re a te r slopo for th e first, a n d tw o u n d u latio n s n o t fou n d in th e la tte r .— S. G.
*On the E nergy States of Valency E lectrons in Some M etals. I.— The Crystal E nergy Levels of Valeney Electrons in Zinc (1). M ituru S ató (Kinzoku, no K en kyu (J . S tu d y M etals), 1936,13, (3), 92-98).— [I n Ja p an ese.] F ro m the analysis of L -non-diagram lines a ', a " , (3', (3" a n d of Osgood’s lines tho c ry s ta l energy lcvcls of valency electrons in zinc w ere so u g h t a n d 6 levels wero determ in ed . T he energy distances from iT-level wero fou n d to bo 710-920, 711-040, 711-280, 711-297, 711-335, a n d 711-859 in R yd b o rg unifs. T he w ave-lengths corresponding to these yalues of ~ wero com pared w ith tho curyes of /ć-ab so rp tio n edges fo r zinc an d zinc oxide duo to B arnes (Phys.
Rev., 1933, [ii], 44, 141), a n d somo o th e r levels, th o existonco of w hich w as still in d o u b t, were d eterm ined.— S. G.
*On the E nergy States of Valency E lectrons in Some M etals. I.— The Absolute Values of Some X -R ay Levels of Zinc (2). M ituru S ató (Sci. Rep.
Tóhoku Jm p . U niv., 1936, [i], 25, (2), 197-201 (in Iin g lish ); a n d K in zo ku no K en kyu ( J . S tu d y M etals), 1936, 13, (4), 142-145 (in Japanese)).— F ro m the
L-non-diagrain lincs a n d /^-ab so rp tio n edges fo r th e solid a n d fo r th e y a p o u r of zine, th e absolute valuo of th e K -term w as determ ined a n d fo u n d to be K — 711-880 R y d b e rg u n i t s ; conseąuently, tho absolute yalues of tho cry stal lovels of th o valency electrons in zinc w ere d eterm in ed a n d fo u n d to be Fjy = 0-960, E 2 = 0-840, E 3 = 0-600, E 4 = 0-581, E R = 0-545, a n d E e = 0-021, all cxprcssed in tho c ry s ta l R y d b erg u n it.— S. G.
Simple N um erical Relationships in B inary E utectic M ixtures. D . Stockdalo (Trans. Faraday Soc., 1036, 32, (9), 1365-1369).—S. h as recen tly show n t h a t thero is a rcasonablo p ro b ab ility t h a t th e c o n stitu c n ts of m etal eutectics arc present in a co m p aratiy cly sim ple r a t i o ; in th e p re se n t p a p e r ho show s t h a t this is also tr u c for eu tec tics of s a lt m ix tu res w ith a com m on ion as w ell as for many eu tectics betw een organie com pounds.— A. R . P .
*Theoretical D iffraction P attern s Corresponding to Some Simple Types of Molecular A rrangem ent in Liąuids. J . A. P rin s a n d H . P e te rse n (Physica, 1936, 3, (3), 147-153).— [I n E nglish.] T h eo retical diffraction p a tte rn s arc com puted fo r liąu id arran g em en ts corresponding to th e follow ing stru c tu re s : A cubic a n d hexagonal closc-packed, B body-centrcd cubic, C sim ple cubic, and D diam ond s tru c tu re . T h e co-ordination n u m b ers of these stru c tu re s are, respectivcly, fo r A 12; fo r B 8 ; fo r G 6 ; fo r D 4. E x p e rim e n ta l con- firmation is found b y tak in g for : A in e rt gases a n d m ercu ry , B alk ali m etals, C antim ony, D silioa a n d w ater. T h e m eth o d of “ sm earing o u t ” a n ideał stru ctu re (cry stal lattice) to g e t th o corresponding lią u id a rra n g e m e n t is taken from a one-dim ensional m odel.— S. G.
*X-Ray Investigation of the M echanism of T ransform ation of Face-Centred Cubic into the H exagonal Close-Packed L attice. Z enji N ish iy am a (K inzoku no K en h ju (J. S iu d y M etals), 1936, 13, (7), 300-310).— [In Jap an ese.] T he mechanism of tra n sfo rm a tio n of face-centred cubic (y) into hexagonal close- packcd (h) la ttic e w as stu d ie d fo r a n allo y of c o b a lt containing 3 0% niekel.
I t was found t h a t th e chango ta k e s place in such a m an n er t h a t y ( l l l ) j / h (0001) and y [ 2 U ] //h [ l l 0 0 ] .— S. G.
The T herm al Theory of Cathodic Sputtering. n .—The E lem entary Process. N . D . M orgulis (Z h u m a l experim entalnoy i teoreticheskoy F iz ik i (•/. E xper. and Thcoret. Physics), 1935, 5, 588-594).— Cf. M et. A b s., 1935, 2, 101. T h e th e o ry of H ip p cl is fu r th e r deyeloped.— S. G.
IV .— CORROSION
(Contlnued from pp. 3G1-3G3.)
*Contribution to the Problem o£ the F orm ation of Protective Film s on Alum inium Containing M agnesium . W ern er G ellcr (Z. M etallkunde, 1936, 28, (7), 192-194).— T he rcsistance of alum inium a n d its alloys to corrosion depends chiefly o n th e fo rm atio n of a passive film an d its continuous rcncw al during tho slow dissolution of th e m e ta l. F ro m d eterm in atio n s of th e rato of dissolution of 99-98% alu m in iu m w ith ad d itio n s of 0 -0 5 -1 % of m agnesium in d ilu te reversed aqua regia a n d in 0-001, 0-01, a n d 2 0 % sodium hydroxido solution, it is show n t h a t m agnesium increases th e resistance of alum inium to atta c k by acids a n d y ery d ilu te alkalis, b u t a t alk ali co n cen tratio n s above a certain critical value a n d above a critical te m p e ra tu re i t produccs ru p tu re of th e passivo film a n d p re y e n ts healing so t h a t a yiolent a tta c k on th e m etal takes place.— A. R . P .
*0xide Film of Alloys Containing Smali Percentages of A lum inium . Ich iro Iita k a a n d Shizuo M iyake (Proc. Im p . A cad. (T okyo ), 1935, 11, (7), 2 5 6 - 257).— [In E nglish.] See M et. A bs., th is vol., p. 42.— S. G.
fT he Corrosion of H ardenable A lum inium and M agnesium Alloys. E . Sohnchen (Korrosion u. Metallschutz, 1936,12, (3), 41-46).— A lecturo dcliycred
398 Metallurgical A bstracts
Vo l. 3a t th o W in te r M eeting of th e F o u n d ry I n s titu te of th e T echnisehe H ochschule, A achen. R e c e n t w ork is review ed.—A. R . P .
Corrosion of P recipitation-H ardened Alloys by Acids. --- (M etallurgist (S uppt. to Engineer), 1936, 10, 143-144).— A brief, critical su m m ary of papers b y G. T am m an n a n d W . B oehm e, Z . anorg. Chem., 1935, 226, 82, a n d E.
Sohnchon, Korrosion w. Metallscliutz, 1936, 12, 4 1 ; see M et. A b s., th is vol., p . 120, a n d preeeding a b s tra c t.— L. A. O.
Corrosion. X .— Copper A llo y s: C onstitution and Properties. --- (Silk and R ayon, 1935, 9, 582, 584, 589).—T h e n a tu rę a n d p ro p ertie s of th e brasses are discussed, w ith p a rtic u la r reference to corrosion.— S. G.
♦Corrosion Tests on Tinplate. G. Gire (15me. Congr. chim . indust. (Bruxelles, 1935), 1 9 3 6 ,7 8 3 -8 0 0 ; C. A bs., 1936,30,5547).—A s tu d y of th e a tta c k of various g rades of tin p la te by acetic acid solutions of various concentrations. - F o r each g rad e of tin p la te th e so lution of tin a n d iron as a function of tim e w as m easured on th e sam e s a m p lc ; th is p e rm itte d th e draw ing of curves w hioh, if th e w eight of th e tin coating w as ta k e n in to co nsideration, show ed th e relativ e resistance of th e sam ples to th is ty p e of corrosion. S im ilar te s ts w ere c a rrie d o u t by p roducing elec tro ly tic su lp h u rizatio n of th e sam ple b y electrolysis in a sodium sulphide so lution w ith th e tin p la te to be corroded as a n o d o ; fro m th e to ta l su lp h u r d eposited a n d its d is trib u tio n as SnS a n d FeS, corrosion curves were o b tain ed w hich ch aracterizcd th e resistan ce of th e yario u s sam ples to this ty p e of corrosion. T he re s u lts o b tain ed in th e tw o series w ere absolutely com parable a n d b ro u g h t o u t th e p rim a ry im p o rtan ce of th e eondition of the tin p la te in its resistance to corrosion. M icroscopic e s a m in a tio n of the sam ples confirm ed th is.— S. G.
F acts A bout Dye V ats. G. H . P earso n (T eztile M ercury, 1935, 92, (2412), 509. Corrosion-Resisting Dye V ats. G. H . P earso n (T eztile M ercury, 1935, 93, (2420), 129; J . T extile In s t., 1935, 26, a528).— Tho a d v an ta g cs of stainless steel a n d o th e r re s ista n t m e ta ls ov er w ood in th e c o n stru ctio n of dyo v a ts is stressed a n d d etails are given of suitablo thiclm esses a n d m ethods of bracing a n d jo in tin g .— S. G.
Diseases of Steels an d O ther M etals an d T heir P revention. R o b e rt S.
W illiam s (A m er. D y e stu ff Reporter, 1935, 24, (13), 3 6 9 -373; J . T ew In s t., 1935, 26, a528).— A generał discussion of th e causes an d p revention of corrosion a n d th e corrosion-resistance of v arious m e ta ls a n d alloys su itab le for dyeing m achinery.— S. G.
*Corrosion from P roducts of Com bustion of Gas. I I I .— Tube E xperim ents (Contd.). --- (L ight M e ta ls ‘Rev„ 1936, 2, (14), 236-237).— Cf. M et. Abs., 1935, 2, 693. F ro m 36tli R e p o rt of th o J o i n t R esearch C om m ittee of the I n s titu tio n of G as E ngineers a n d L eeds U n iv ersity , N ovem ber 1935.— S. G.
R eport of the Corrosion Comm ittee [of th e E lectrochem ical Society]. --- (T rans. Electrochem. Soc., 1936, 69, 11-18).—A review of th e lite ra tu ro for th e y e a r 1935.— S. G.
The Aims an d W ork of the C entral Corrosion Committee. W . F . J . M.
K ru l (Chem. Wcekblad, 1936, 33, (22), 331).— R e a d before tho D elft Chemical Society. D escribes th e w ork of th e C om m ittee, w hich has pub lish ed th e . follow ing p a p e r s : “ T he E lectrochem ical T heory of C orrosion,” by H . v a n der V e e n ; “ F ir s t R e p o rt of Corrosion C om m ittee I I fo r th e S tu d y of th e Corrosion of P ip es b y Soil ” ; “ Second R e p o rt of Corrosion C om m ittee I I fo r th e S tu d y of th e Corrosion of P ipes by S o il: C orrosion of T ubes ” ; “ R e p o rt of Corrosion C om m ittee I I I fo r th e S tu d y of tho Corrosion of Cables b y SoUs.” — L . A. O.
fD eform ation, H eat-T reatm ent, Solubility [of N on-Ferrous M etals]. F ir s t R e p o rt of th e C om m ittee on N on-F errous M etals (Korrosion u . Metallscliutz, 1936,12, (1/2), 2-28).— F ro m a critical review of re c e n t w ork o n th e corrosion of non-ferrous m etals, espccially zinc-co p p er a n d nickel-copper alloys, an d
