METALLURGICAL A B ST R A C T S
(G E N E R A L A N D N O N -F E R R O U S )
Yolume 3 FEBRUARY 1936 Part 2
I — P R O P E R T IE S O F M ETALS
(Continued Irom pp. 1-3.)
*The Electrical R esistance o£ A lum inium a t Low T em peratures. H . A.
Boorso an d H . N iew odniczański (Proc. B oy. Soc., 1936, [A], 153, 463-475).—
Tho electrical resistance o f six p o ly cry stallin e alum inium w ires was, m easurcd a t 0° C. a n d a t th e te m p e ra tu re s o f liq u id n itrogcn a n d lią u id h y d ro g e n ; m easurem ents a t th e te m p e ra tu ro o f lią u id helium w ere m ado on fo u r o f th e wires w hich were d raw n from v e ry pu re alu m in iu m (99-995% p u rity ). Tho resistances o f these four w ires w ere found to be c o n sta n t betw een 4-2°
an d 2-2° K . R cduced resistiv ities o f th ese w ires w ere calculated b y th e M at- th iessen -N ern st form uła a n d com pared w ith yalues deduced from G riineisen’s oxpression. S atisfacto ry agreem en t w as fou n d fo r th e yalues corresponding to th e tem p eratu ro o f lią u id n itro g en b u t n o t fo r th o se a t lią u id hydrogen tem p eratu res.—J . S. G. T.
*On the D iflerent B ehaviour o! Single Crystals of A lum inium of D ifierent Purities Prepared fro m the M olten M etal a n d by R ecrystallization. F . G isen (Z . M elallkunde, 1935, 27, 256-261).— Single cry stals o f alum inium o f 99-5, 99-8, 99-87, a n d 99-998% p u rity w ere p rep ared b y m ain tain in g th e m e ta l in a m olten State a t 800°-820° C. u n til all nuclci b a d disap p eared a n d th e n cooling y ery slowly. T he tensile properties o f theso c ry sta ls w ere com pared w ith those o f single c ry sta ls p rep ared from tho sam e g rades o f alum inium b y recrystallization a fte r critical extension. L arg e single cry stals o f th e p u re s t grade w ere o b tain ed b y draw ing 8 m m . ro d to 4-5 m m ., annealing a t 250° C.
for 15 hrs. to o b ta in a hom ogeneous fine-grained s tru c tu re , stre tc h in g 0-5-1% , an d th en slowly h eatin g from 430° to 480° C. over a period o f 45 hrs. L o a d - reduction in cross-section curyes for th o y ario u s grades show ed t h a t single crystals o f alum inium p re p a re d b y recry stallizatio n h av e a well-defined critical sh ear s tre n g th w hich stead ily decreases w ith decreasing p u rity to a b o u t 70 g rm ./m m .2 fo r th e p u re m e ta l; fo r single c ry s ta ls o f alu m in iu m p rep ared from th e m e lt th is y alu e is certain ly less th a n 20 g rm ./m m .2 fo r a ll g rades from 99-5 to 100% . T h is diiference is a ttr ib u te d to tho m ore pronounced mosaic s tru c tu re of cry stals p re p a re d b y recry stallizatio n , a th e o ry w hich is confirmed b y in te n s ity m easurem ents o f th e reflections o b tain ed in ro ta tin g c ry sta l X -ra y photogram s.—A. R . P .
*The Change of R esistance of B ism uth Single Crystals in a M agnetic Field a t Low Tem peratures. W . J . de H aas, J . W . B lom , a n d L . Schubnikow (Physica, 1935, 2, 907-914).— [In G erm an.] M easurem ents o f th e change o f resistance o f b ism uth single cry stals in m agnetic fields w ith in th e te m p e ra tu re rangę a ttain ab le w ith lią u id helium show t h a t th e effect o f th e m agnetic field a t 4-22° K . is g re a te r th a n t h a t a t 14-15° K . a n d alm o st th e sam e as t h a t a t 1-35° K . T he dependence o f th e resistance o f a single c ry s ta l on th e orienta- tio n o f th e bin ary erystallograpliic axes in relatio n to th e lines o f m agnetic force is m uch more com piicated in eh a ra c te r a t 1-35° a n d 4-22° K . th a n a t 14-15° K .
—J . S. G. T .
*Crystalline Properties an d M agnetic A nisotropy of Distilled B ism uth. A.
Goetz, O. S tie rs ta d t, a n d A. B . F ocke (Z. P h ysik, 1935, 98, 118-127).—
A p p aratu s for d istilling an d condensing b ism u th in a hig h yacu u m is described.
* D enotes a paper describing th e results of original research.
t Denotes a Łrst-class critical reviow.
D
30 MetaUurgical Abstracts
Vol. 3 The condensato is found to consist o f a m icrocrystallinc film o f tkickness 0 5 to 0-1 m m ., u p o n w hich a m acrocrystalline d ep o sit o f sim ilarly oricnted crystallites, w ith th e ir [ l ll ] - a x e s arran g cd ap p ro x im ately parallel to th e direotion o f g row th, is deposited. Theso cry stals are ch araeterized b y an ap p ro x im ately e ą u id is ta n t stratificatio n o f thickncss 0-5 jx. T he m agnetie an iso tro p y , B , i.e. th e ra tio o f th e m agnetie susceptibilities m easured norm al to , a n d parallel to [111], is m easured fo r single cry stals p rep ared from th e condensato. T he effect o f lead im p u rities, p resen t in th e b ism u th a t an atom ie concentration N , on th e yalue o f l i is found to be giyen by l i = l i 0 + A . N&, w here /? yaries considerably w ith te m p e ra tu rę a n d is > 0-5 a n d < 1.D istillation does n o t ap p e a r to bo a suitable process for p u rifying bism uth.
— I. S. G. T.
*X -Ray Investigation of th e Therm al Expansion of Cadmium. G. F . Kos- solapow a n d A. K . T rapesnikow (Z. K risl., 1935, 91, 410-423).— [In G erm an.]
T he lattice c o n sta n ts (o a n d c) o f cadm ium h ave been d eterm in ed for th e tem p e ra tu re rangę 26°-189° C. T he yalues a t 26° C. agree well w ith those o f Stenzel a n d W eerts a n d w ith those o f K o żin a a n d R ow insky. T he yalue o f c/o inereases w ith increase o f tem p eratu re. V alues o f th e coefficicnt o f linear expansion respectively p erpendicular (ax) a n d parallel (o,,) to th e hexagonal axis were found as follows w itliin th is tem p eratu re rangę : a±, 1-7-2-2 X 1 0 '5 ; o,, 4-8 X 1 0 '5. V alues o f th e yolum etrie coeffieient o f expansion, fi, cal- cu lated from theso yalues are /3S1. = 8-33 X 1 0 '5 ; /J85» = 8-75 X 1 0 '5, a n d
£ 107” = 9-25 X 1 0 '5. These yalues aro in ag reem ent w ith those found b y
"Uffelmann b y a n optical m ethod.— J . S. G. T.
fOxygen in Copper. H . J . Miller (M etal Treatment, 19 3 5 ,1 ,1 9 1 -1 9 4 , 201).—
T he relatio n betw een th e oxygen a n d h ydrogen co n ten ts o f m olten copper a n d th e “ fiet ” an d soundness o f th e ingots p ro d u c e d ; th e pro d u ctio n o f deoxidized a n d oxygen-free high-conductiyity c o p p e r; th e solubility a n d d istrib u tio n o f euprous oxide in copper an d its effect on softening te m p e ra tu ro ; tensile properties before a n d a fte r d raw in g ; im p a c t a n d fatigue p ro p e rtie s; an d Mability o f th e copper to “ gassing ” are d c a lt w ith in th is reyiew . A biblio- grapliy o f 22 references is appended.—J . C. C.
*The Adsorption of H ydrogen and D euterium on Copper a t Low Pressures.
R a lp h A. Beebe, George W . Low, J r ., E d w in Lincoln W ildner, a n d Seymoro G oldwasser (J. A m er. Chem. Soc., 1935, 57, 2527-2532).—A t — 78° C. th e r a tę o f ad so rp tio n o f deuterium on copper is less th a n t h a t o f hydrogen, b u t a t eąuilibrium e ą u a l am o u n ts o f th e tw o isotopes are adsorbed. B etw een 0°
a n d 125° C. th e ra tio H 2/D 2 adsorbed undergoes a n inversion, h ydrogen being m orę stro n g ly adsorbed a t th e low er te m p eratu res an d less stro n g ly adsorbed a t th e higher.—A. R . P .
♦Perm eability to Hydrogen of Copper, Iro n , Nickel, A lum inium , an d Some Alloys. W . B aukloh a n d H . ICayser (Z. M elallkunde, 1935, 27, 281-285).—
N o hydrogen diffuses th ro u g h draw n copper tu b e s or draw n alum inium tu b es a t te m p eratu res alm ost u p to th e m elting p o in t, b u t diffusion occurs through iron, nickel, nickel-iron, an d copper-nickel alloy tu b es a t tem p eratu res aboye a b o u t 550° C., p u re nickel being th e m o st perm eable m etal. I n th e case o f th e alloy tu b es th e perm eability inereases w ith th e nickel c o n te n t a n d tem p e ra tu re a n d decreases w ith a n increase in w ali thickness. N ickel is im perm eable to helium , argon, neon, a n d k ry p to n .—A. R . P .
*M agnetism of Copper. S. R a m a c h a n d ra R ao (Naturę, 1935, 136, 436).—
T he m agnetie susceptibility o f copper inereases w ith th e degree o f com m inution o f th e m etal. A critical stag e is reached a t 0-8 [/., below w hich d iam eter th e su scep tib ility undergoes a ra p id increase.— E . S. H .
Copper D ata. --- (Copper Development Association Publ. N o. 12, 1935, 64 p p.).—D eals w ith th e properties o f copper (m ech an ical; p h y sic a l; elec- t r i c a l ; corrosion-resistance), tr e a tm e n t an d w orking (refin in g ; oxygen in
1936
I .— Properties o f M etals 31
copper an d deoxidized c o p p e r; ad d itio n s o f otlicr e le m e n ts; w orking an d a n n e a lin g ; tin n in g ; jo in in g ; m achining), com m ercial gradcs a n d applications (grades an d fo r m s ; sem i-m anufactured—sizes, tolerances o f p late, strip , tu b e, & c .; engineering a n d in d u stria l applications). A n ap pendix giyes a g rap h showing average m etal priees for copper a n d ce rta in o th e r m etals for th e period 1924-1934, a lis t o f B ritis h S ta n d a rd Speeifications relatin g to copper, an d w eight tab les.—S. G.
Therm o-E.m .f., Peltier H eat, and P hoto-E.m .f. in the Celi Copper-Cuprous Oxide-Copper. G. M oneh (Physikal. Z ., 1935, 36, 755-757).— Theoroticul considerations relatin g to th e calculation o f values o f tho therm o-e.m .f., th e P eltier effect, a n d th e photo-e.m .f. in a cireu it com prising tw o m e ta l con- ductors, e.g. o f copper, u n ite d by a scm i-conductor, such as cuprous oxide, are discussed briefly.—J . S. G. T.
*Observations on the R are E arth s. XLVI.— The Atomie W eight of Gado- linium . C. B . N aeser -with B . S. H opkins (J. Am er. Cherii'. Soc., 1935, 57, 2183-2184).—T he value found w as 156-85 ± 0-011.— L. A. O.
*Revision of the Atom ie W eight of G erm anium . I .—Analysis of G erm anium Tetrabromide. O. H onigschm id a n d B . Schlee (Z. anorg. Chem., 1935, 225, 81-89).—The value found w as 72-59.— A. B . P .
♦Mercury in Powder Form . A. G alatz k y (B uli. Soc. cliim. France, 1935, [v], 2, 1801-1807).—M ercury can be o b tain ed in th e form o f a n activ e, lig h t grey pow der, w hich coalesces to dro p lets only on heatin g to 150° C. o r on grinding in a m o rtar, b y red u ctio n o f a n aąueous suspension o f m ercurous oxide w ith hydrazine, liydroxylam ine, o r form aldehyde. T he pow der consists o f m inutę spheres o f th e m etal coatcd w ith a very th in film o f m ercurous o x id e ; owing to its largo surface area ev ap o ratio n is relatiy ely ra p id a n d a stro n g m etallic sm ell m ay be observed even some d istan ce aw ay. M ercury pow der am algam ates instantaneously w ith gold o r tin .— A. R . P .
*The Form ation of [Diatomic] Mercury Moleeules. F . L. A rn o t a n d J . C.
Milligan (Proc. Boy. Soc., 1936, [A], 153, 359-378).— T he existence o f diatom ic m olecular ions of m ercury h as been established, for th e first tim e, b y m agnetic analysis o f ions produced in m ercury v a p o u r b y electron im p act. T he m echanism of th e ir pro d u ctio n is discussed.—J . S. G. T.
*The Volume M agnetostriction Effect in Nickel and M agnetite. M. K ornetzki (Z. Pliysik, 1935, 97, 662-666).—T he volum e m ag n eto strictio n effects o f th ree sam ples o f nickel are m easured an d com pared w ith re su lts to be an ticip ated from a knowledge o f tho th e rm a l expansion o f nickel. T he resu lts are contra- dictory for th e higher field stre n g th s em ployed.—J . S. G. T.
*Investigation of the Change of the A lternating-C urrent Resistance of Nickel in Longitudinal Magnetic Fields. M. M. Sen G u p ta , H . B. M ohanti, a n d S.
Sharan (Z. P hysik, 1935, 98, 262-266).— The h ysteresis effect found in th e case o f th e a.c. resistance o f nickel in a lo ngitudinal m agnetic field is less th a n t h a t characterizing th e d.c. resistance. Moreover, no rem an en t resistance is found, a n d th e mode o f dependence o f th e resistance on th e field s tre n g th is diflerent in th e tw o cases. T he a.c. resistance-field s tre n g th curve is free from m any o f th e irreg u larities found w hen d.c. is used.—J . S. G. T.
M agneto-Resistance Change of Nickel Studied w ith A lteraating Current.
M. SI. S. G upta, H . M olianty, a n d S. S h aran (Current S ci., 1935, 3, 35 1 ; B rit.
Chem. A bs., 1935, [A], 567).— Cf. preceding a b s tra c t. E ffects w ith a.c.
and d.e. are com pared. H ysteresis is n o t found w ith a.c.— S. G.
♦Influence of Phosphorus and Sulphur on the M echanical Properties of P latinum and Palladium . A. Jed ele (Z. M etallkunde, 1935, 27, 271-275).—
Smali ą u a n titie s o f phosphorus in p la tin u m or palladium a n d sm ali ą u a n titie s of sulphur in palladium increase th e liardness, yield-point, a n d tensile stren g th , b u t decrease th e d u e tility a n d w orking properties. B o th m etals become unw orkable a t 850° C. (hot-short) w ith a b o u t 0-005-0-006% phosphorus, an d
32 M etallurgical Abstracts
Y o u 3 palladium becomes lio t-sh o rt w ith a b o u t 0 02% s u lp h u r ; these effeots are due to th e fo rm atio n o f read ily fusible b rittle com pounds w hich a re cjuite insoluble in th e solid m etal. T he presence o f su lp h u r in p latin u m has n o t n early th e sam e iii effeots a t high te m p e ra tu re s ; even w ith 0-15% su lp h u r th e m etal is read ily w orkable a t 850° C., sińce th e sulphide form ed h as a lim ited solubility in th e m etal. T he tensile properties o f alloys w ith u p to a b o u t 1% o f th e non-m etal are ta b u la te d an d characteristic photom icrographs o f th e ir stru c tu re are show n.— A. R . P .*Alkali Films of Atomie Thickness on P latinum . H e rb e rt M ayer (P hysikał.
Z ., 1935, 36, 845-848).— A m ethod is described for p rep arin g alk ali films o f atom ie thickness, em ploying atom ie ra y s, a n d th e m eth o d is em ployed to in v estig ate th e photoelectric p ro p ertie s o f p la tin u m co ated w ith such deposits o f potassium .—J . S. G. T.
*The Emission of Positiye Ions by P latinum w hen H eated in Oxygen. T . B.
R y m e r (Proc. lioy. Soc., 1936, [A], 153, 422-442).—T he v a ria tio n w ith tem p eratu re o f th e positive ion em ission from p la tin u m h e a te d in oxygen is exam ined experim entally a n d th e resu lts are satisfacto rily in te rp re te d in term s o f S ah a’s theory.—J . S. G. T.
♦On th e K ineties of the Precipitation of Silver by M etallic Lead from Silver N itrate Solution. S. K rzy żań sk i (Z. anorg. Chern., 1935, 225, 151-161).—
Tho silver p recip itated in u n it tim e p e r u n it are a o f a lead sh eet im m ersed in silver n itra te solution is e o n sta n t despite th e progressive red u ctio n in th e eo n cen tratio n o f silyer in solution.— A. R . P .
*Revision of the Atomie W eight of T antalum . Analysis of T antalum P en ta- chloride. O. H onigschm id an d 11. Schlee (Z. anorg. Chern., 1935,225, 64-68).—
Cf. M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 500. T he value found w as 180-88 ± 0-01.—A. R . P . fln tercry stallin e F ailure of Metals. J . C. C haston (M etal Treatment, 1935, 1, 186-190).—In tercry stallin e fractu res in m etals a n d alloys are surveyed.
These are classified as caused b y (1) failure o f w eak in tercry stallin e im p u ritie s;
(2 ) w eakness o f th e b o u n d ary cem ent a t tem p eratu res im m ediately below th e m elting p o in t; (3) ereep failu/e a t th e boundaries o f stiffened alloys a t te m p e ra tu re s in th e recry stallizatio n ra n g ę ; (4) selective b o u n d ary corrosion;
(5) in tercry stallin e corrosion resulting from th e sim ultaneous actions o f stress a n d a specific corrosion a g e n t; (6) im perfectly u n d ersto o d phenom entt, some o f w hich possibly invohTe th e p roduction o f in ten se b o u n d ary stress coneen- tra tio n s. T here is a bibliography o f 24 references.— J . C. C.
fT h e R elation of F atigue to M odem E ngine Design. R . A. M acG regor, W . S. B u rn , a n d F . B acon (T rans. N .E . Coast In s t. E ng. S h ip ., 1934- 1935, 51, 161- 22 8 ; discussion, d99-d136; a n d (review) M elallurgist (S uppt. to Engineer), 1935, 10, 18- 19).—A p a p er in th ree d istin c t p arts. I n P a r t I a n u m b er o f cases o f failure in m arinę engine p a rts —principally cra n k sh a fts a n d ta ils h a fts—are d e a lt w ith , a n d i t is show n t h a t th ese failures are in itia te d by im p a c t a t a stress raiser, corrosion-fatigue, h eavy im p act, o r stress concen- tr a tio n resu ltin g from yarious causes. Tho researeh w ork o n th e effeet o f discontinuities is also review ed. P a r t I I deals w ith a m arinę engine designer’s problem s espeeially th e ayoidance o f stress raisers a n d o f corrosion-fatigue.
I n P a r t I I I th e evolution o f e e rta in m odern views on e lasticity a n d fatigue a re diseussed, an d i t is p o in ted o u t t h a t th e desirable properties, “ notch- to u g h n e s s” in fatig u e a n d “ high in te m a l dam ping ” te n d to be related.
R eference is also m adę to inyestigations on crack speed. A n extended bibliography o f 221 references is included.—J . W . D.
*Crystal Plastieity. IV.— F u rth er F undam ental Considerations R elating to the D ynam ical Law of Plastieity. E . O row an (Z. P h ysik, 1935, 97, 573-595).—
I n co n tin u atio n o f preyious w ork (M et. A bs., 1934,1, 481) i t is show n t h a t th e extension lim it is p raetically u naflected b y relax atio n occurring during th e course o f th e experim ent, so t h a t its dependence on te m p e ra tu re a n d the yelocity o f deform ation can n o t, on a static- basis, be reg ard ed as a ttrib u ta b le to
1936
I .— Properties of M etals 33
re la s a tio n ; these effeets, m ore especially th e la tte r, euggest th e idea o f a dynam ical law o f p lasticity . Flow curves o btained w ith zinc cry stals aro giyen w hich, in accordance w ith B ecker’s form uła, indicate a y ery m arked dependence of th e flow on tem p eratu re, an d im m ediately suggest th e dynam ical ch aracter o f th e law o f deform ation. Tho characteristics o f elastic “ after- eflect ” are discussed.—J . S. G. T.
♦Crystal Plasticity. V.—Completion of the F orm uła for the Velocity of Slip.
E . O rowan {Z. P hysik, 1935, 98, 382-387).—Tho form uła for th e yelocity o f slip o f a stressed cry sta l previously deriyed [Z. P h ysik, 1934, 89, 642-645) is com pleted by tak in g into account fluctuations o f stress durin g th o deform ation.
T he ac tu a l yelocity o f slip now appears as th e jo in t algebraic sum o f a forw ard an d a backw ard slip. Tho eorrection in th e caso o f m ctallic cry stals is prac- tically nil, b u t can be o f significance moro especially in tho case o f organie crystals.—J . S. G. T.
The Variation of Plasticity w ith Tem perature. H . E k ste in (Z. K rist., 1935, 92, 253-274).— [In G erm an.] T he y a ria tio n o f th e p la stic ity o f tu n g ste n an d roek-salt w ith tem p eratu ro agrees w ith th a t found for cry stals preyiously exam ined, e.g. zinc a n d c a d m iu m ; in a ll cases tho p la stic ity characteristics v a ry yery littlo w ith tem p eratu re. I t is concluded t h a t tho phenom enon of p lasticity in cry stals is essentially o f a n a th erm al character. A m orphous B akelitc shows a y ery large change o f th e in itia l p lastic stress w itliin th e tem p eratu re rangę 16°-60° C.— J . S. G. T.
♦The Signiflcant E lasticity- and Deformation-Coefflcients of Crystals, w ith Application to Isotropy. P . B echterew (Z. K rist., 1935, 92, 1-29).— [In G er
m an.] A m ath em atical th eo ry o f c ry s ta l elasticity , applied principally to anisotropic bodies a n d contem plating four system s o f dim ensionless significant coefficients is deyeloped.—J . S. G. T.
♦Modulus of Elasticity of M aterials for Smali Stresses. R . H . E v a n s an d R . H . W ood (Phil. M ag., 1936, [vii], 21, 65-80).— Tho value o f Y oung’s modu- lus, E , o f Steel, cast iron, glass, an d o th e r m aterials in com pression is found to inerease very considerably as th e rangę o f applied stress is inereased from zero.
T k ereafter, in m ost cases, E deereases slightly, th e n inereases slightly beforo falling to its finał value. V alucs o f E for a cast-iron colum n in extension, u n d er sm ali loads, deerease continutfusly to th e finał yalue as th e load is inereased. T he resu lts are explained in term s o f a th eo ry w hich contem plates th e te s t colum n as com posed o f u n its som e o f w hich are in com pression, som e in tension.—J . S. G. T.
*The Frictional Oxidation a t Solid Joints of Two Metals and Its Im portance in F atigue F racture. A. T hum a n d F . W underlich (Z. M elallkunde, 1935, 27, 277-280).—F rictio n al ox id atio n a t m etal-to -m etal jo in ts is caused by th e fatigue o f th e m etal a n d th e conseąuent e n try o f oxygen in to th e surface layers. E vidence in su p p o rt o f th is is allorded b y experim ents on steels subjected to fatig u e te s ts in d ry an d oiled Steel clam ps.—A. R . P .
fGases in M etals. C. J . Sm ithells (M etal Treatment, 1935, 1, 165-171).—
C hairm an’s A ddress to th e London Local Section o f th e In s titu te o f M etals. A review is given o f th e factors w hich influence th e ad so rp tio n a n d diffusion of gases in m etals, p resen t theories are outlined, a n d tho relationship betw een these phenom ena a n d th e solubility o f gases in solid m etals is indieated.—J . C.
Metallic Surfaces and Thin Films. --- (Light M etals Research, 1935, 4, 189-194; a n d L ight M etals Rev., 1936, 2, 197-202).—S u m m ary o f B ritish A lum inium Co. Intelligcnce M em orandum I.D . 1/36. T h is is a reyiow of tho production, stru c tu re , an d properties o f th in m etal films, w ith special reference to alum inium .—-J. C. C.
Periodic Classification of th e R are E arth s. H erm an Y agoda (J. Am er.
Chem. Soc., 1935, 57, 2329-2330).—Som e reasons are ad vanced in su p p o rt o f B rau n er’s arran g em en t o f th e ra re e a rth elem ents in th e periodic system .
—A . R . P .
34 M etallurgical Abstracts
Yol. 3Electron Microscope Investigation of Electron Em ission from Cold Metals.
A. W elm elt a n d W . Schilling (Z . P h ysik, 1935, 98, 286-287).—T he electron m icroscope is applied to exam ine electron em ission from a “ cold ” cathode.
E lectro n s aro em itted from centres w hich ap p e a r su d d en ly from tim e to tim e a t diflerent p o in ts o f th e cathode surface.—J . S. G. T.
*Electron-Optical Photography of [E lectronJ-Em itting W ires. H . M ahl (Z . P h ysik, 1935, 98, 321-323).—T he electron-optical p h o to g rap h y o f electron- em ittin g w ires is briefly described a n d p h o to g rap h s o f em ittin g w ires o f tu n g sten , th o ria te d tu n g ste n , a n d m olybdenum are given.—J . S. G. T.
*Relation Between th e [Electron] Em ission Constants of Single- an d Poly- erystalline M ateriał. A. R ecknagel (Z. P h ysik, 1935, 98, 355-362).—V alues o f tho c o n sta n ts in th e R ich ard so n form uła for electron em ission from lieated m etals for polycrystalline, cubic, hexagonal holohedral cry stals are derived, a n d com pared w ith th e corresponding yalues for single crystals.— J . S. G. T.
The Sparking Voltage of Electrolytic Valve A ction. W ern er B ar (Z. P hysik, 1935, 98, 267-279).— C haracteristics o f th e valvo actio n o f electrodes o f ta n ta lu m , alum inium , an tim o n y , b ism u th , a n d tu n g s te n in solutions o f sulphuric acid, b orax, a n d boric acid are in vestigated.— J . S. G. T.
On th e Therm oelectric Effect According to the New E lectronic Theory.
Mizuho S ató (Sci. Rep. Tóhoku Im p . U niv., 1935, [i], 24, 523-536).— [In G erm an.] M athem atical considerations based on B loch’s th e o ry give values for tho therm oelectric pow er, a n d th e Thom son a n d P e ltie r effects w hich agree w ith those deduced from tho Somm orfeld th eo ry only a t Iow tem p eratu res b u t aro th ree tim es as g re a t a t high tem p eratu res. I n th e la tte r case th e therm o- electric properties aro d ependent on th e D ebye lim iting freąu en cy b u t a t Iow tem p eratu res such is n o t th e case.—A. R . P .
*The Electrical Conductivity of Compressed Metallic Vapours. W ern er B rau n b ek (Z. P h ysik, 1 9 3 5 ,9 7 ,4 8 2 -4 9 5 ; a n d P h ysika l.Z ., 1935,36,891-892).—
Tho dependenco o f th o electrical c o n d u c tm ty o f a m etallic v ap o u r on pressure can be calculated b y Blocli’s th e o r y ; i t appears n o t altogetlier unreasonable t h a t m etallic y apours u n d e r sufficiently hig h pressures m ay conduct electricity like m etals. M easurem ents w ith m ercu ry y ap o u r a t pressures u p to 35 atm ., a n d w ith p o tassiu m y ap o u r a t pressures u p to 10 atm . did n o t su p p o rt tliis suggestion. M etallic co n d u ctiy ity o f łn ercu ry y ap o u r w as less th a n 10' 12 oh m ."1 cm .-1; w hile t h a t o f p o tassiu m y ap o u r w as less th a n 10": ohm .-1 cm ."1.
— J . S. G. T.
Incandescence Electron Em ission and E lectron Conduction in th e Case of Solids. A. G eh rts (P hysikal. Z ., 1935,36, 764-767).— E lectro n em ission from a m etal coated w ith a m onatom ic ad so rp tio n lay er, e.rj. from th o ria te d tu n g ste n , is eonsidered as a p u rely surface phenom enon, a n d is discussed from th is p o in t o f yiew .—J . S. G. T.
*The Effect of H eat A bstraction on th e Electrical Characteristics of Resist- ances the Value of W hich Depends on Tem perature. H . L ueder a n d E . Spenke (Physikal. Z ., 1935, 36, 767-773).—E lectrical characteristics o f electrical resistances supplied w ith h e a t b y leads a n d cooled in yario u s m anners are described an d illustrated.— J . S. G. T.
The Change of Electrical Resistance and of Reflecting Pow er of Metallic M irrors Condensed a t Low Tem peratures. R . S u h rm an n an d G. B a rth (P h ysi
kal. Z ., 1935, 36, 843).—T he electrical resistances o f m irrors o f copper, silver, gold, cadm ium , th alliu m , a n d lead deposited a t 20°-80° K . deereaso on heatin g to room tem p e ra tu re , w hile th e reflection coeffs. sim ultaneously inerease. T he electrical resistance o f b ism u th m irrors deposited a t 80° Iv. inereases as th e te m p e ra tu re is raised to room tem p eratu re.— J . S. G. T.
The [Electrical] R esistance of Very Thin Film s of Foreign M atter in Contacts Between Metals. R . H olm an d B. K irsch stein (Physikal. Z ., 1935, 36, 8 8 2 - 888).—T he yalues o f c o n ta c t resistances betw een m etals are discussed. In
accordanoe w ith observations b y H olra an d M eissner, such resistances aro show n to bo independent o f tem p eratu re, a n d to obey O hm ’s law for values o f voltage applied across th e c o n ta c t u p to 0-5 v„—J . S. G. T.
An E lem entary Theory of th e Change of Resistance in a Longitudinal Magnetic Field. A. Som m erfeld a n d B. AV. B a rtle tt (Pliysikal. Z ., 1935, 36, 894-899).— A w ave-m cchanical th eo ry o f tho phenom enon o f tho change o f electrical resistance of a m e ta l in a longitudinal m agnetic field is developed.
— J . S. G. T.
Electron Conftguration in the Superconducting M etals. U . D ehlinger (Pliysikal. Z ., 1935, 36, 892-894).—I t is suggested th a t all those elem ents, an d only those, w ith cry stal lattices of high co-ordination num ber w ith n o t too sm ali yalues of th e ir ato m ie rad iu s, a n d w hich liave moro th a n 1 electron per atom in th o o u term o st shell are superconducting elem ents. T h is holds for all elem ents, including th e tra n sitio n elem ents b u t excluding some w eakly- superconducting elem ents in w hich case tlie presence of im purities possibly is o f im portance. T he law possibly also applies to th e superconducting alloys.
— J . S. G. T . A Refinem ent of th e Heisenberg Theory of Ferrom agnetism , Applicable to Simple Cubic Crystals. Charles H . F a y (Proc. N ał. Acad. S ci., 1935, 21, 5 37- 542).—Tlie m eth o d used in eom paring tho sim ple H eisenberg th eo ry w ith th e G aussian d istrib u tio n app ro x im atio n is especially applicable to cubic crystals, an d hence can be experim entally yerified only in th e case o f c e rta in alloys : th e m icro-crystal is regarded as consisting o f u n its larg er th a n tho ato m , b u t sufficiently sim ple to p e rm it th e ir u n p e rtu rb e d energy leyels to bo calculated.
The resu lts deduced on th is assum ption are in good agreem ent w ith th e sim ple H eisenberg th eo ry , a n d i t is suggested t h a t th e la tte r is preferable to th e G aussian ap proxim ation.—P . M. C. R .
*Analysis of the Process of Technical M agnetization. I.— Experim ents Re- lating to W eiss’s Theory of th e Technical M agnetization Curve. K . H . R . W eber (Z. P h ysik, 1935, 98, 155-180).—W eiss’s th eo ry o f m agnetization, pro- posed in 1907, is briefly review ed, a n d is confirmed b y resu lts ob tain ed w ith a niekel wire. T he th eo ry , how ever, reąu ires am en d m en t in th ree directions, w hich are briefly discussed.—J . S. G. T.
The Dependence of Volume M agnetostriction and the W eiss Factor on Tem perature an d the Lattice Constants. M. K o rn etzk i (Z. P h ysik, 1935, 98, 289-313).—A ferrom agnetic m ateriał exhibiting yolum o m agnetostriction in th e region o f technical sa tu ra tio n is found to be characterized b y a change of spontaneous m agnetization aceom panying a change o f pressure. To explain th is, i t is assum ed t h a t th e W eiss facto r a n d tho Curie p o in t o f tho m a te ria ł depend on its yolum e. A th eo ry , correlating displacem ent o f Curie p o in t w ith change o f volum e, is developed. T he change o f volum e is correlated w ith th e la ttic e c o n stan ts, a n d th e th e o ry indicates t h a t th e volum e m agneto
stric tio n effect in tho p aram ag n etic rango inereases w ith th e sąu are o f tho field stren g th . T h is effect is m easured for iron, iro n -n ick el alloys, a n d a nickel-copper alloy in th e te m p e ra tu re rango 20°-90° C., a n d th e th eo ry confirmed in som e respeets. S atisfacto ry agreem ent is ob tain ed betw een th e n um ber o f m agnetons p er a to m calculated from su scep tib ility d a ta an d th a t dcrived from sa tu ra tio n d a ta . T h e W eiss facto r, N , is found to be a b o u t 7000 in th e region o f th e Curie p o in t. Tho m agneto-caloric effect is discussed in connection w ith P o tte r’s resu lts (Proc. R oy. Soc., 1934, [A], 146, 362).
—J . S. G. T.
1936
I .— Properties of M etals 35
36 MetaUurgical Abstracts
Yo l. 3II.— P R O P E R T IE S O F ALLOYS
(Continued from pp. 3-7.)
*Magnetie Investigation o£ Precipitation-H ardening [o£ A lum inium -Copper Alloys]. H erm an n A uer (P hysikal. Z ., 1935, 36, 880-882).—T he changes o f param agnetic su scep tib ility o f alu m in iu m -co p p er alloys during th e im prove- m en t ( Vergiitung) process are in vestigated. A m arked decrease in th e yalue o f th e su scep tib ility (m easured a t 20° C.) occurs w hen tho alloys are ąuenched from a suitablo tem p eratu ro . T he yeloeity o f tran sfo rm atio n (u) a t te m p e ra tu re T follows th e law , u = B + A / T . Tho stoicheiom otric com position o f th e precip itated interm etallic com pound (CuA12) can be determ ined from th e susceptibility m easurem ents. T he dependence o f su scep tib ility o f pu re alum inium a n d o f tho alloys a fte r a tta in in g precipitation-eąuilibrium is in accordanco w ith a n ex ten d e d form o f Curie law .—J . S. G. T .
*Researches to D eterm ine th e Best H ardening T em perature for D uralum in Alloys. U . yon S ch eid t (Z. M etallkunde, 1935, 27', 275-277).— T he best ąuenching te m p e ra tu re for D u ralu m in containing copper 4-4-2, m agnesium 0-5-0-8, Silicon 0-2-0-4, an d m anganeso 0-35-0-65% is 510°-515° C .; these alloys b lister w hen h eate d a t a b o u t 530° C. a n d a fte r h eatin g a t 535° C. or higlier a serious red u ctio n in stre n g th a n d d u c tility occurs. D uralum in w ith copper 3-6, m agnesium 1*1, Silicon 0-6, an d m anganese 1-1% fails a t 520° C.
an d should thereforo n o t be h eate d above 505° C. durin g h e a t-tre a tm e n t.
— A. R . P .
*X -Ray Investigation of the E ąuilibrium D iagram of A lum inium -L ithium Alloys, and the Structure of th e AlLi Compound. G. K om ovsky an d A.
M aximow (Z. K rist., 1935, 92, 275-283).— [In G erm an.] T he eąuilibrium diagram o f alu m in iu m -lith iu m alloys containing from 0 to 20-5% o f lithium h as been in v estig ated b y X -ra y analysis ; th e existenco o f tw o phases (a a n d /}) is confirmed. T he (3-phase is c o n stitu ted o f a n interm etallic com pound, A lLi, haying a cubic c ry s ta l la ttic e w ith a = 6-37 A ., a n d a u n it celi con
ta in in g 16 ato m s. T he c h aracter o f th e a-phase w as n o t aceu rately ascer- ta i n e d ; th e la ttic e p aram eters o f th e a-phase are th e sam e as those o f pure alum inium .— J . S. G. T.
The Properties of Silumin Containing M agnesium . G. Sachs a n d E . Seheuer (Meiallwirtscliaft, 1935, 14, 937-941, 972-9 7 5 ; a n d (sum m ary) Light M etals lłev., 1935, 2, 187-190).—T he properties a n d uses o f c a st y-Silum in (Silicon 12, m anganese 0-4, m agnesium 0-5% ) are discussed. Com bined w ith excellent m echanical p ro p erties th e alloy h as good c a sta b ility w hich renders i t su itab le fo r large a n d com plicated castings o f high stre n g th . Quenehing a fte r casting in no w ay adversely afieets th e tensile properties. H in ts for casting a n d h e a t-tre a tm e n t are given a n d th e influenco o f fau lts in th e tr e a t
m en t is discussed.—v . G.
Cadmium-Nickel B earing Alloys. A. J . P hillips (M achinist ( E u r. E dn.), 1935, 79, 709-7 10e).— C adm ium -nickel bearing alloys consist essentially of p u re cadm ium w ith 1-3% of nickel a n d stiffening additions of copper, m agne
sium , silver, a n d even zinc. M icroseopically th e y resem ble a n o rd in ary tin - base bearing alloy. T h ey h av e a coeff. o f friction slightly low er th a n t h a t o f S.A .E. 12 B a b b itt, a fatigue stre n g th o f a b o u t 3800 lb ./in .2 (20 X 10° reyersals), an d a high m elting p o in t, tho in itia l softening te m p e ra tu re being 604° F . (318° C.).—J . H . W .
*The Modulus of Elasticity of Copper-Beryllium Alloys. L ćon G uillet (Com.pt. rend., 1935, 201, 960-962).— C opper-beryllium alloys containing 2-18-5% o f beryllium were c a st a n d annealed for 8 hrs. a t 800° C. Micro- esa m in a tio n confirm ed th e eąuilibrium diagram o f Masing a n d D ahl. D eter- m inations were m ade o f th e Rockw ell hardness B a n d th e m odulus o f elasticity
1936
I I . — Properties o f Alloys 37
in bending. T he h ardness increased linearly w ith th o beryllium co n ten t in tho 2-co n stitu cn t region, b u t tb e moduluB increased th ro u g h o u t th e whole rangę investigated. B eryllium appreciably increased th e m odulus of elasticity o f copper, a n alloy containing 15% berylhum having a m odulus e ą u a l to th a t o f steel. The high m odulus o f elasticity a n d th o Iow d en sity o f beryllium oxplains tho v a ria tio n o f th e ring (num ber o f tran sv erse yibrations/second) of these alloys w ith th e beryllium co n ten ts.— J . H . W .
Copper-Lead Bearings. D . E . A nderson (M acliinist (E u r. E dn.), 1935, 79, 723- 724e).— D escribes th e properties an d stru c tu re of copper-lead bearing alloys containing a b o u t 30% lead, an d th e reąuirem ents of these alloys for satisfacto ry perform ance.— J . H . W .
♦Tem per-Hardening of Commercial Nickel-Coppers Containing Phosphorus.
E . C. R ollason an d T. G. B am ford (M etals and Alloys, 1935,6,345-346,349).—
The presence o f sm ali am o u n ts o f phosphorus in alloys o f copper w ith 1 -3 % nickel produces precipitation-hardcning a fte r suitable h e a t-tre a tm e n t. Thus, when copper containing nickel 1-73 a n d phosphorus 0-11% is ąuenched from 750° to 800° C. a n d rc h e a te d a t 500° C. for 30 m inutes, th e tensile stre n g th in- creasesfrom 14-7 to 23 to n s/in .2, th e elastic lim it from 0-8 to 7 to n s/in .2, a n d th e B rinell hardness from 42 to 82. Curves are given show ing th e effects o f tim e a n d tem p eratu ro o f p recip itatio n tre a tm e n t on th e hardness obtained.-—A. R . P .
*Bronzes Form ed w ith a Copper-N ickel-Tin Base, Capable of Being Hardened.
VI.— The Addition of CoId[-Working] H ardening and Precipitation-H ardening.
E rich F e tz (Z. P hysik, 1935, 97, 690-698).— R esu lts w ith c o p p e r-tin alloys containing sm ali proportions o f nickel (2-5-3% ) su p p o rt th e hypothesis th a t cold-working influences th e ato m s thcm selycs as i t is found t h a t a n ad d itio n o f cold-working hardness an d p recipitation-hardness is possiblo even if th e la tte r is sm aller th a n th e form er. W ith inereasing s tra in th e additional p recip itatio n effects becom e le s s; th is is a ttrib u te d to a d irected diffusion an d a yectorial increase o f cry sta l nuclci. T he m axim um a tta in a b le stren g th of th e tin -b ro n ze s containing sm ali p roportions o f nickel, capable o f being hardened, is independent o f th e order in w hich hardening b y cold-working an d p recip itatio n is effected. A v e ry eonsiderable acceleration o f separation into com ponents o f th e a-solution is obseryed in th e cold-worked alloys, an d is associated w ith a n increase o f to ta l la ttic e energy.—J . S. G. T .
*Contribution to the Copper-Zinc [Eąuilibrium ] D iagram . J . Schram m (M etallwirtschaft, 1935,14, 995-1001, 1047-1050).—51ight m odifications o f tho phase boundaries in B auer an d H an sen ’s diagram are m ade as th e resu lt o f very e x a c t tem p eratu re m easurem ents.—v . G.
The M aillechorts (Nickel Silvers). --- (M achines, 1935, 12-13).—The com m ercially useful ranges o f th e te m a r y copper-nickel-zinc alloys are indicated on a co n stitu tio n al diagram , a n d briefly described. T he m eth o d o f p roduction is discussed, a n d su itab le p recautions regarding m ate ria ł,p ro te c tio n o f th e m elt, deoxidation, an d pouring are enum erated. M ethods o f cleaning th e c a st m ateriał are described.— P . M. C. R .
•O n the Diffusion of Carbon, Silicon, an d M anganese in Solid and Liquid Iron. M ax P asch k e a n d A lexander H a u ttm a n n (Arch. EisenhiiUenwesen, 1935-1936, 9, 305-309).—A t 1400° C. th e coeff. o f diffusion o f m anganese into solid iron is 0-83 X 10-2 cm .2/d a y , an d a t 1600° C. th e coeff. o f diffusion o f m anganese in to liąu id iron is 9-6 cm .2/d a y .—A. R . P .
*The Melting-Time of [Electric Circuit] Fuses. J . A. M. v a n L ie m p t an d J . A. dc V riend (Z. P h ysik, 1935, 98, 133-140).—I n co n tin u atio n o f previous w ork (M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 644). M eyer’s form uła for th e relatio n betw een tim e o f fusion (t) a n d cu rre n t stre n g th (I ) is estab lish ed for th in w ires o f Monel m etal a n d for yalues o f I u p to 20 tim es th e lim iting value. Tho form uła IH = c o n sta n t is also found to hołd for yarious form s o f fuses used in dom estic wiring system s.— J . S. G. T.
38 M etallurgical Abstracts
Vol. 3*The System N ickel-M anganese.— II. S. V alentiner (Z. P h ysik, 1935, 97, 745-757).— Cf. M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 421. T he change o f resistance o f n ick el- m anganese due to a m agnetic field is in v estig ated a t various te m p eratu res betw een 14° an d 300° C. V alues o f (Al i / l i 0) X 104 betw een — 25 a n d + 140 were found. Alloys containing u p to 20% m anganese show ed a norrnal behaviour up to a b o u t tho region o f th e Curie p o in t. A lloys containing 25 an d 30% m anganese, owing to th e effect o f spontaneous m agnotization, behayed abnorm ally, negative values o f A l ł / P 0 being found in m o d erate fields even well below th e Curie p o in t.—J . S. G. T.
tT h e M echanical Properties of Tin-Base Alloys. D . J . M acnaughtan an d B . P . H aigh (Tecli. Publ. Internat. T in I i es. Develop. Council, 1935, [A], (26), 12 p p . ; a n d M et. In d . (L ond.), 1935, 47, 441-444, 448).— R ead before tlie In te rn a tio n a l Congress on M ining, M etallurgy, a n d A pplied Geology, P aris, 1935. Tho effects o f th e tim e-factor on tensile, com pression, hardness, an d fatigue te s ts o f tin-base alloys are discussed, especially w ith reg ard to th e phenom ena o f creep a n d sclf-annealing. Published w ork on th e effect o f different alloying elem ents on th e properties o f tin is review ed.— E . S. H .
*Phase Changes D uring Ageing of Zinc-Alloy Die-Castings. n . — Changes in the Solid Solution of A lum inium in Zinc and Their R elation to D im ensional Changes. M. L. F u ller an d R . L. W ilcox (M etals Technology, 1935, 2, (D ec.);
A .I .M .M .E . Tech. Publ. N o. 657, 13 p p.).—Ageing a tr o o m te m p e ra tu re o f die- castings o f a n alloy o f zinc w ith 4 % alum inium a n d 0-04% m agnesium resu lts in a slow sep aratio n o f tho y-phase from th e a-solid solution due to th e change in solubility o f alum inium in zinc from 0-78% a t 375° C. to a b o u t 0-04% a t 20° C. T his sep aratio n resu lts in shrinkage, an d a sub seq u en t an n eal a t 150°-175° C. o f castings dim ensionally stabilized a t room tem p e ra tu re pro- duces a redissolution o f y a n d a corresponding expansion. S tab ilizatio n of die-castings a t 95° C. for 3 h rs. produces a more ra p id sep aratio n o f y and therefore a m ore ra p id shrinkage, b u t on storage a t room tem p eratu ro castings t h a t h ave received th is stab ilizatio n tr e a tm e n t undergo a fu rth e r sm ali shrinkage. T his w ork indicates t h a t all tho dim ensional changes t h a t occur in norrnal ageing aro duo to changes in tho a-phase a n d t h a t th e S-transform a- tio n co n trib u tes p ractically n o th in g to th e obscrved shrinkage.— A. R . P.
*The Constitution of Liąuid Z inc A m algam s. H erm an A. L icbhafsky (J . Am ar. Chem. Soc., 1935, 57, 2657-2662).— R e-exam ination o f e.m .f. d a ta for zinc am algam s affords stro n g in d ire c t evidenco th a t th e zinc is p resen t as Zn, Zn2, a n d Z n3 molecules in ra p id eąu ilib riu m w ith one an o th er.—A. R . P .
*The*Exact M easurem ent of the Specific H eats of Solid Substances a t H igher Tem peratures. XX.— On th e M olecular H eats of the Alloys of P alladium and A ntim ony in Comparison w ith th e Sum of the Atomie H eats of the Free Ele
m ents. XXI.— On the M olecular H eat of the Compound PbSb2 in Comparison w ith the Sum of the A tom ie H eats of the Free Composing Elem ents. X XH.—
The M olecular H eats of the Supposed B inary Compounds of Copper and P alla
dium . T . J . P oppem a a n d F . M. Ja e g e r (Proc. K . A ka d . Wet. Amsterdam , 1935, 38, 822-833, 833-836, 836-841).— [I n English.] (X X .— ) T he atom ie h e a t, Cp, o f palladium a t t° C. is given b y Cp — 6-2288 + 0-12862 x 10~2i + 0-27528 X 10_7i2. I n th e b in a ry system o f p allad iu m -an tim o n y alloys th ree sta b le com pounds, viz. P d S b (m elting p o in t 802° C.), P b S b 2 (m elting p o in t 676° C.), a n d P d 3Sb (m elting p o in t 1218° C.) occur. S tru c tu ra l d etails o f c ry stals o f these alloys aro given. T he tru o specific h eats, cp, o f g ra n u la te d a n tim o n y a t t° C. betw een 192° a n d 577° C. are given by cp — 0-048671 + 0-4832 X 1 0 '5i + 0-31179 x 10_:i'2. T he atom ie h e a t a t t° C. is given b y C = 5-8501 + 0-5808 X 10~3£ + 0-37477 X 10-5i2. V alues o f cp a n d Cp for m assivo a n tim o n y a re given b y : c„ = 0-050055 — 0-10004 X 10~6i -f- 0-40512 X 10-^2; Cp = 6-0952 - 0-12182 X 10~H + 0-49331 x 10-5i2. T here is no evidence o f a tran sfo rm atio n p o in t above 413° C. T he specific lieats of
1936
I I I . — Structure 39
antim ony depend on th e size o f grain. V alues o f c„ an d tho m oleeular h e a t Cp for th e com pound P d S b are given b y : cp — 0'0518615 + (H 71176 X 10~H;
C„ = 11-8484 0-39104 x 10~2i. These values aro fo r tem p eratu res betw een 190° a n d 600° C. V alues o f c a n d O ' for P d S b 2, betw een 200° a n d 600° C.
are given by c = 0-048460 + 0-25202 X 10~4i ; C J — 16-9716 + 0-88264 X 10"2Ć. Values o f cp a n d O J for P d ,Sb betw een 200° an d 940° C. are given by cp = 0-05169 + 0-3416 X lO ^f — Ó-61203 X lO' 7*2 + 0 - 5 3 7 2 - lO"1^ 3; C " =- 22-7591 + 0-01504U - 0-26947 X 10 ‘i" + 0-23653 X 10"7/:3. T he h e a t effect accom panying tho fi —> a. tran sfo rm atio n a t a b o u t 940° C. h as tho value
— 48S2 cal./grm . D eyiations from th e add itiv o law o f N e u m a n n -K o p p - R eg n au lt are only sm ali. T hey increase w ith tho percentage o f palladium in th e com pounds a n d th e corresponding increasing m elting p o in t; th e y are g re a te st (3—6% ) f o r P d 3Sb and n eg ativ e; th e y are sm allest (1-5-2% ) for P d S b 2 w ith a m asim u m a t 400° C. a n d a n oscillating algebraic sign. F o r P d S b th e y are negative a n d v a ry from 1 to 4 % . (X X I.— ) V alues o f cp an d Cp o f th e com pound P tS b 2 a t tem p eratu res, t, betw een 0° a n d 629° C. are given b y cp = 0-03820 + 0-132496 X 10**f - 0-78762 X 10-8i3; O J = 16-6400 + 0-577143 X 1 0 '2/ — 0-35108 X 10~5i2. D eyiations from th e N e u m a n n -K o p p - R egnault “ law ” aro y ery large, negatiye, a n d a function o f th e tem p eratu re.
T he largest deviation is — 19% . (X X II.— ) C rystal d a ta re la tin g to th e respectivc stru ctu res o f th e com pounds C uP d a n d Cu3P d are giyen. V alues o f c a n d C J for CuPd are giyen b y cp = 0-065396 + 0-41Ó82 X 10"4i — 0-266055 X
10-’«2; Cp‘ = 11-1346 + 0-699483 X lO ^i - 0-453 X 10-5i2. Tho yalues hołd fo r tem p eratu res, t° C., betw een 196° a n d 900° C. F o r th e com pound Cu3P d yalues o f c a n d C J a t tem p eratu res t° C. betw een 200° a n d 900° C. are giyen b y r,p = 0-07345 + 0-50164 X 10“ i — 0-208332 X 10-’i2; G / = 21-8445 + 0-14919 X 10_1i — 0-6196 X 10“5i2. V ariatio n s from resu lts calculated b y th e N eu m a n n -K o p p -R e g n a u lt law do n o t, in th e case o f each com pound, exceed
— 5-3% in th e case o f CuPd, an d + 5-7% for Cu3P d .—J . S. G. T.
Perm eability to H ydrogen o? Copper, Iro n , Nickel, A lum inium , an d Some Alloys. (B aukloh a n d K ay ser.) See p. 30.
On a P articular Phenom enon in T ransiorm ations W hich E xtend over a T em perature R angę. A. Schulze (Z. M etallkunde, 1935, 27, 251-255) — In syst-ems in w hich tran sfo rm atio n s occur o re r a tem p eratu ro rangę, e.g. m agnetic tran sfo rm atio n s o r th e change from reg u lar to ran d o m o rien tatio n , th e curves o f electrical resistance, tem p e ra tu re coeff. o f electrical resistance, a n d th erm al expansion all show deyiations from a lin ear course a t te m p e ra tu re s ju s t below th e beginning o f th e tran sfo rm atio n rangę. T his anom aly is illu stra te d by curyes fo r g o ld-copper, iron-nickel, a n d S-brass alloys a n d fo r th e m agnetic tran sfo rm atio n s in nickel a n d iron.— A. R . P .
On th e Theory of Transform ations in Metallic Solid Solutions.—H I. G.
Borelius (A n n . P h ysik, 1935, [v], 24, 489-506).—The su b je c t is discussed on thcrm o-dynam ical principlcs.— v . G.
I I I .— STRU C TU RE
(M etallography; M acrography; C rystal S tructure.)
(Continued irom pp. 7-8.)
Tentative Recom m ended Practice for M etallographic Testing of Ferrous and N on-Ferrous Metals (E 3 -35 T). --- ( Book o f A .S .T .M . Tentalive Standards, 1935, 1445-1477; a n d Proc. Am er. Soc. Test. M a t., 1935, 35, (I)).
—This is in effect a te n ta tiy e rovision of, a n d is in ten d ed to replace w hen adopted, th e p resen t S ta n d a rd M ethods (E 3 -24 a n d E 5-27). I t deals w ith iron a n d Steel, alum inium an d its alloys, copper a n d its alloys, lead a n d its
40 M etallurgical A bstracts
Yol. 3alloys, m agnesium a n d its alloys, niekel a n d its alloys, preeious m etals, tin an d its alloys, a n d zinc a n d its alloys, an d gives tab les o f etching reagenta,
■with rem ark s on th e ir use. A bibliography o f 94 references is appended.— S. G.
Preparing Metals for Microscopy. F . F . L ucas (Bell Lab. Iiecord, 1935,14, 116-120).—R ecom m ended proeedure involvcs grinding on A loxito p ap ers a n d polishing first w ith A lundum pow der an d w a te r on a horizontal broadcloth- coyered w heel a n d finally w ith m agnesium oxide a n d w a te r on a n o th er wheel covered w ith “ K itte n ’s e a r.” A n a ir se p a ra to r for p rep arin g su itab ly fino m agnesium oxide, h aving a n average p articie diam eter o f 0-176 {jt, is described.
—J . C. C.
Phase Contrasts Applied to Microscopic Observation. F . Z em ike (Physikal.
Z ., 1935,36,848-851).—A bbe’s th e o ry o f m icroscopic y is io n isb rie fiy explained.
A m ethod for im proving m icroscopic yision, em ploying a “ p h ase-p late ” device w hereby only th e d ire c t lig h t w ave is changed in phase, is described.
—J . S. G. T.
♦Researches on the D iffraction of Electrons by Metals and Organie Polym ers.
J . J . T rilla t a n d H . M otz (A n n . Physiąue, 1935, [xi], 4, 273-304).— C ertain abnorm alities in th e electron difEraction p a tte rn s ob tain ed w ith organie polym ers a n d m etals havc been inyestigated. T h in films o f gold (30-40 thick), p rep ared b y electrolysis using ey ery biological p recau tio n to exclude im purities o f a n y k in d , d id n o t show th o su p p lem en tary rings usually found.
These ap peared, how ever, on applying th in films o f paraffin, stearic acid, a n d sim ilar f a t ty bodies to th e surface o f th e gold. I t is concluded t h a t these
“ ab n o rm al ” diagram s are produced b y th e cry stallizatio n , m ore or less ra p id , o f y ery th in films o f f a tty m aterials having molecules w ith long carbon chains, a n d deriyed from th e im pure a ir o f th e lab o rato ry . T he films can be rem oved b y y ery careful w ashing w ith benzene or eth er, or, preferably, can be destro y ed b y allowing a sufficiently in ten se beam o f electrons to im pinge for 15-30 m in u tes on th e p o in t to be stn d ied . A bibliography o f 24 references is appended.— J . C. C.
*The D istortion of (3-Brass an d Iro n Crystals. C. F . E lam (Mrs. G. H . T ipper) (Proc. B oy. Soc., 1936, [A], 153, 273-301).—N o essential diilerence is found betw een th e d isto rtio n in ten sio n o f bod y -cen tred cubie cry stals o f iro n a n d (3-brass. A lthough slip-bands agreeing w ith possible cry sta l planes—
chiefiy {110} planes an d less freąu cn tly {112} planes—are usual, calculations o f th e d isto rtio n do n o t agree w ith th e occurrence o f slip on these planes th ro u g h o u t th e extension. T he direction o f slip is n o t alw ays a [111] direction, alth o u g h th is is th e m o st com m on found. I t is suggested t h a t deform ation does n o t ta k e place b y slip on a n y definite cry sta l piane, b u t t h a t d isto rtio n is efiected b y com plicated m oyem ents originally re la te d to th e stru c tu re b u t finally having no obyious connection w ith i t ; th e facts t h a t th e d isto rtio n cone usually consists o f tw o planes lim its th e possibilities. S tre ss-stra in curyes o f th e cry stals are giyen, a n d th e fractu re o f p-brass cry stals in tension a n d in rolling is described.— J . S. G. T.
*X -Ray D eterm ination of th e MgNi, Structure. E . F . B achm etew (M etali- wirtschaft, 1935, 14, 1001-1002).— T he com pound h as a = 4-802, c = 15-82 A.
Possible atom ie arran g em en ts are discussed.— v. G.
R em arks on the Foregoing P aper of E . F . Bachm etew : “ X -R ay D eter
m ination of the MgNi, S tructure.” F . L ayes a n d H . W itte (M etallwirischaft, 1935, 14, 1002).— Cf. preceding a b s tra c t. A dditional d a ta on th e su b je c t are giyen.—y. G.
Note on MgZn and MgZns. L . W . M cK eehan (Z. K rist., 1935, 91, 5 01- 503).— [In English.] M cK. suggests th a t th e c ry s ta l stru c tu re s o f MgZn an d MgZn5, giyen by T arschisch (M et. A bs., 1934, 1, 299), req u ire m ore experi- m en tal yerification before th e y can be regarded ag established.—J . S. G. T.
*The Law of M elting Points an d L attice S tructure. R o b e rt F o rre r (A n n . Physiąue, 1935, [xi], 4, 202-269).— B y su itab le choice o f yalues fo r th e n u m b er
1936
I I I — Structure 41
o f “ c o n tac ts ” N betw een c ertain ex terio r o rb its o f th e ato m , i t lias been found possiblo to use tho sam e facto r F (ab o u t 300° C.) in tho expression for tho Curio p o in t T — F V N , an d o b ta in th e ab so lu te m elting p o in t. M elting occurs w hen tho “ co n tac ts ” betw een tho electrons in theso o u te r o rb its are ru p tu re d . T he n u m b er o f electrons involved is 1 for L i, N a, K , R b , Cs, Ga, In , T l, Zn, Cd, B i, S n ; 2 for P b a n d M g ; 3 for Co, L a, Cu, Ag, a n d Au.
—J . C. C.
*Precision D eterm ination of th e L attice Constants of Silicon. M. C. N eu- burger (Z . K rist., 1935, 92, 313-314).— [In G erm an.] T he len g th o f edge (a) o f th e cubie c ry s ta l lattice o f Silicon a t 20° C. is found to bo 5-4173 ± 0 0005 A.
Values o f o th er la ttic e co n stan ts are derived b y calculation.—J . S. G. T .
*Investigations Relating to the D endritic Growth of Crystals. A. P ap ap etro u [Z. K rist., 1935, 92, 89-130).— [In G erm an.] Tho grow th o f den d ritic crystals of various chem icals from solutions a n d m elts is in v estig ated b y m eans o f th e microscope. T he results in d icate t h a t d en d ritic g row th is th e jo in t re s u lt o f an isotropy o f re lo c ity o f g row th a n d o f diffusion. E S ects duo to surface tension a t curved surfacos are observed a n d discussed.—J . S. G. T.
Relationships in the Hexagonal Atomie L attice and the Reciprocal L attice in the Case of Four-Co-O rdinate Systems of Symbols. Ingeburg S chaake (Z.
K rist., 1935, 91, 466-472).— [In G erm an.] T he four-co-ordinate system o f crystallographic description as applied to hexagonal cry stals is described.
T he tre a tm e n t is entirely m ath em atical.—J . S. G. T.
♦The Electron-O ptical Structure Im age and Its Evidence Concerning the Em ission-Characteristics of B arium -N ickel (Ineandescent) Cathodes. E . Briiche [Z. P hysik, 1935, 98, 77-107).—T he electron microscope is applied to stu d y th e ch aracteristics o f em ission o f electrons from incandescent cathodes.
I n th e case o f a bariu m -n ick el cathodo th e b ariu m is found to w ander a b o u t over th e surface o f th e nickel su p p o rt. T he energy o f electron em ission, electron-em ission m easurem ent eS ects considered as averages, th e S chrot an d sim ilar effects are briefly discussed.—J . S. G. T .
tT h e X -R ay Powder Photography of Alloys. A. J . B radley {Met. In d . (Lond.), 1935, 47, 611-613; discussion, 613-619).—A b stra c t o f a lecture to th e M idland M etallurgical Societies (B irm ingham Local Section of tho In s titu te of M etals, B irm ingham M etallurgical Soeicty, a n d S tafiordshire Iro n a n d Steel In s titu te ) an d th e M idland Section o f th e I n s titu te o f P hysics. See M et. A bs., th is to I ., p. 7.— J . H . W .
Calculation of the Intensities of Interference Lines on D ebye-R óntgen D iagram s. N . Zelljakoff, A. Stefanow sky, a n d J . H u rg in (Z. P hysik, 1935, 98, 66-71).—-It is show n th a t, in calculating th e intensities o f interference lines in X -ra y diagram s ob tain ed b y tho D ebye pow der m ethod, tho w id th o f tho beam refleeted m u s t bo ta k e n in to acco u n t before satisfacto ry agreem ent betw een experim ental a n d calculated values can be o b tain ed .—J . S. G. T .
A Back-Refłection Laue Method for D eterm ining Crystal O rientation.
A lden B. G reninger (Z. K rist., 1935, 91, 424-432).— [In E nglish.] T he basis of th e back-reflection L aue m ethod is as follows : a beam o f “ w hite ” X -ray s, lim ited b y a suitable pinhole system , passes norm ally th ro u g h a hole in a photographic film, strik es th e c ry sta l, a n d is diffracted b ack to th e film.
Ono p h otograph, w liich can be ta k e n in less th a n a n h o u r a n d in te rp re te d in a fow m inutes, com pletely establishes th o c ry s ta l o rien tatio n . T he m eth o d is particu larly applicable to th e stu d y o f m ost m etallic crystals. F o r m etals such as copper a n d iron, efficient filtering o f secondary X -rad iatio n is obtained b y arranging a sh eet o f alum inium 0-01 in. th ic k in c o n ta c t w ith th e film.
—J . S. G. T . Simplifled Technigue for Lattice P aram eter M easurem ents. J o h n J . N o rto n (M etals and Alloys, 1935, 6, 342-344).—D escribes a sim ple X -ra y a p p a ra tu s an d som e resu lts o b tain ed b y its use. T he original m u s t be consulted for d etails.—A. R . P .
42 M etallurgical A bstracts
Yó l. 3I V — CORROSION
CContinucd fro m p p . S -10.)
The Corrosion of Tinplate. T. P . H o a r (Proc. Swansea Tecli. Coli. M et.
Soc., 1936, (Ja n .), 13 pp.).— D iscusses th e corrosion of tin a n d steel alone, an d in g alvanie eouple. T he re la tio n o f th e ir actions to th e corrosion o f tin p la te is also in d ieated .—R . Gr.
*A L aboratory Study of th e A tm ospheric Corrosion of Metals, n . —I r o n : the P rim ary Oxide Film . H I.— The Secondary Product or R u st (Influence of Sulphur Dioxide, Carbon Dioxide, and Suspended Particles on the R usting of Iro n ). W . H . J . V ernon (Trans. Faraday Soc., 1935, 31, 1668-1700).— (I I.— ) M arked differences in tho p ro p erties o f th e oxide film on iro n are observed according to w h eth er th e film is form ed above or below a critical tem p eratu re of 200° C. T he w eight in erem en t-tim e euryes also show a p o in t o f infleetion a t th is te m p e ra tu re , th e e q u atio n TF2 = kt being applicable above 200° C. an d W 2's — kt below 200° C. As is th e case w ith zinc, th e o sid e first form ed is pseudom orphic w ith ir o n ; b u t w hen u n it celi dim ensions h ave been com pleted fu rth e r thickening procecds b y diffusion th ro u g h th e lattice. ( I I I .— ) D iffer
ences in th e behaviour o f iron a n d zinc in m o ist a ir eontaining traccs o f sulphur dioxide are ascribed to secondary critical lium idity p h e n o m e n a ; a t tho p rim ary c ritical h u m id ity th e m ag n itu d e o f tho change is alm o st th e sam o for b o th m etals, b u t a t th e secondary p o in t th ere is a rap id increase in tho ra to o f a tta c k fo r iron a n d only a trifling increase fo r zinc. Copper bchayes sim ilarly to zinc e x cep t t h a t a f te r th e secondary p o in t th e a tta c k on zinc is lin ear w hereas th a t on copper falls off rap id ly . T he presence o f am m onium su lp h ate particles in th e a ir h as littlo effect on th e corrosion o f zinc, b u t a profound effect, u n d er certain conditions, on th e corrosion o f ir o n ; th is difference is also ascribed to th e relativ e inertness o f zinc to secondary critical h u m id ity .—A. R . P .
*Corrosion Tests on Galvanized Sheet by Preece’s Im m ersion Method and by Schreiber’s Boiling Method. F ra n z Schreiber (Illtist. Zeit. Blechinduslrie, 1935, 64, 1446-1447).— Corrosion te s ts b y th ese m eth o d s w ere carried o u t on 3 ty p e s o f “ A lp la ta e r ” (galyanized) zinc sheet, p u re zinc sheet, a n d sheet galyanized w ith zinc eontaining ad d itio n s o f alum inium . Ono ty p e o f
“ A lp lataer ” resisted th e actio n o f boiling w a te r alm ost as well as pu re zinc;
th e alloy-coated slicet show ed ra p id d eterio ratio n u n d e r b o th m cthods of testin g . S. em phasizes th e danger o f including alum inium in tho galvanizing b a th .— P . M. C. R .
*Oxide Film of Alloys Containing Smali Percentages of A lum inium . Ichiró I ita k a a n d Shizuo M iyake (Naturę, 1935, 136, 437).—W hen copper alloys con
ta in in g morę th a n 2% alum inium were h e a te d for m an y hours a t 800°-900° C., no oxide scales w ere form ed. A lloys containing a b o u t 10 ato m ic-% alu m in ium , w hen h eate d in a n insuflicient su p p ly o f oxygen, becam e covered w ith a colourless film o f puro alum inium oxide.—E . S. H .
Methods of Investigating Corrosion. N ath alie Goldowski (La N aturę, 1935, (2957), 6 9 -7 2 ; and A n n . Postes, Tćleg. Teleph., 1935,24,1002-1010).— Corrosive a tta c k is considered m ainly in its re la tio n to a v iatio n an d m arinę construction.
S ea-w ater is here th e m ost im p o rta n t m edium o f a t t a c k : its y ariatio n s a n d th e m ethods o f reproducing th em artificially are considered. A n acco u n t is giyen o f m arinę exposure te s ts, a n d o f lab o rato ry m ethods (a lte m a te im m er
sion a n d drying, salt-sp ray , accelerated a tta c k b y o sy g en an d b y oxygenated w ater). M ethods o f estim atin g th e degree o f corrosion are briefly described.
— P . M. C. R .
