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View of Economic voting in Poland from the perspective of declaration of voters

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Political Preferences

Preferencje polityczne

6/2013

Redakcja naukowa:

Robert Alberski

Waldemar Wojtasik

Katowice 2013

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CONTENTS

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(11)

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:VND]DQLD QD NRQG\FMĊ JRVSRGDUNL MDNR QD ZDĪQ\ HOHPHQW SU]\ SRGHMPRZDQLX GHF\]ML SRFKRG]Lá\ RG SRWHQFMDOQHJR HOHNWRUDWX 3ODWIRUP\ 2E\ZDWHOVNLHM  RUD]3ROVNLHJR6WURQQLFWZD/XGRZHJR  ±ZVND ]DQLH ÄUDF]HM WDN´:ĞUyG RVyE NWyUH QLH PLDá\ ]GDQLD FR GR VXJHURZDQLD VLĊ V\WXDFMą JRVSRGDUF]ą ]DUyZQR Z HOHNWRUDWDFK 3ODWIRUP\ 2E\ZDWHOVNLHM MDN L 3UDZD L 6SUDZLHGOLZRĞFL ZVNDĨQLN E\á WDNL VDP   1DMZ\ĪV]\ QDWRPLDVWZĞUyGRVyENWyUHQLHJáRVRZDá\  DQDMQLĪV]\ZĞUyGSRSLH UDMąF\FK3ROVNLH6WURQQLFWZR/XGRZH   Tabela 2. *áRVXMąFZZ\ERUDFK]ZUDFDPXZDJĊQDSURJUDPJRVSRGDUF]\ NDQG\GDWDSDUWLLSROLW\F]QHMíUR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]L ZGHNODUDFMDFKZRGQLHVLHQLXGRZ\ERUyZGRVHMPXJG\E\RGE\ZDá\VLĊ ZQDMEOLĪV]ąQLHG]LHOĊ =GHF\GR wanie tak 5DF]HM tak 1LHPDP ]GDQLD 5DF]HMnie =GHF\GR wanie nie 5D]HP 3ODWIRUPD 2E\ZDWHOVND LORĞü 90  30  1 247 SURFHQW       3ROVNLH 6WURQQLFWZR /XGRZH LORĞü 12 47 10 7 0 76 SURFHQW       3UDZRL 6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü LORĞü 90 102 26  2  SURFHQW       5XFK3DOLNRWD LORĞü 25 25 9 4 1 64 SURFHQW       6RMXV]/HZLF\ 'HPRNUDW\F]QHM LORĞü  56 11 3 0  SURFHQW       Inne LORĞü 56 41  3 2 110 SURFHQW       1LHJáRVRZDáHP SURFHQWLORĞü 61 103 57 16  255 3\WDQLD GRW\F]ąFH ZDĪQRĞFL SURJUDPX JRVSRGDUF]HJR NDQG\GDWD ZQDMEOLĪV]\FKZ\ERUDFKGR6HMPXSRND]XMąZ\VRNLVWRSLHĔ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD SURJUDPHP JRVSRGDUF]\P SDUWLLNDQG\GDWD 1DMZ\ĪV]H ZVND]DQLD GRW\F]ą

RGSRZLHG]L Ä]GHF\GRZDQLH WDN´ L ÄUDF]HM WDN´ ZH ZV]\VWNLFK HOHNWRUDWDFK =DUyZQR ZĞUyG Z\ERUFyZ GHNODUXMąF\FK SRSDUFLH GOD GDQHJR XJUXSRZDQLD MDN UyZQLHĪ ZĞUyG QLHJáRVXMąF\FK : HOHNWRUDWDFK SDUW\MQ\FK QDMZLĊNV]H ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLH SURJUDPHP JRVSRGDUF]\P Z\ND]XMą V\PSDW\F\ 3ROVNLHJR 6WURQQLFWZD /XGRZHJR  ÄUDF]HM WDN´ L  Ä]GHF\GRZDQLH WDN´  :SU]\SDGNX5XFKX3DOLNRWDOLF]EDZVND]DĔÄ]GHF\GRZDQLHWDN´LÄUDF]HMWDN´ E\áDWDNDVDPD=DUyZQRZĞUyG]ZROHQQLNyZ3ROVNLHJR6WURQQLFWZD/XGRZHJR RUD] 6RMXV]X /HZLF\ 'HPRNUDW\F]QHM QLH PD RVyE NWyUH GRNRQDá\E\ ZVND ]DQLDLĪÄ]GHF\GRZDQLHQLH´]ZUDFDMąXZDJLQDSURJUDPJRVSRGDUF]\SDUWLL NDQG\GDWD:SU]\SDGNXRVyENWyUHÄUDF]HMQLH´QLH]ZUDFDMąXZDJLQDSURJUDP JRVSRGDUF]\ QDMQLĪV]H ZDUWRĞFL ZVND]XMą QD SRSLHUDMąF\FK 6RMXV] /HZLF\ 'HPRNUDW\F]QHM  RUD]RVRE\Z\ELHUDMąFHLQQHXJUXSRZDQLD  

1DMOLF]QLHMV]ą JUXSą ZĞUyG QLH PDMąF\FK ]GDQLD RND]DOL VLĊ EDGDQL NWyU]\QLHZ\UD]LOLFKĊFLSDUW\F\SRZDQLDZZ\ERUDFK   *áRVXMąFZZ\ERUDFKELRUĊSRGXZDJĊV\WXDFMĊJRVSRGDUF]ąZNUD íUR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]LZGHNODUDFMDFKZRGQLHVLH QLXGRSRJOąGyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FK =GHF\GR 5DF]HMWDN 1LHPDP]GDQLD 5DF]HMQLH =GHF\GR 5D]HP /HZLFD LORĞü  SURFHQW       &HQWUXP LORĞü SURFHQW       3UDZLFD LORĞü  SURFHQW       1LHZLHP QLHSRWUD¿Ċ RNUHĞOLü LORĞü SURFHQW      

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6\WXDFMD JRVSRGDUF]D NUDMX Z\GDMH VLĊ E\ü ZDĪQ\P HOHPHQWHP ZSRGHMPRZDQLXGHF\]MLZ\ERUF]\FKZĞUyGEDGDQ\FKÄ=GHF\GRZDQLHWDN´ NRQG\FMąJRVSRGDUF]ąNUDMXVXJHUXMąVLĊRVRE\RQLHVSUHF\]RZDQ\FKSRJOą GDFK SROLW\F]Q\FK   ]ZROHQQLF\ 5XFKX 3DOLNRWD   QDVWĊSQLH 3UDZDL6SUDZLHGOLZRĞFL  6RMXV]X/HZLF\'HPRNUDW\F]QHM   3ROVNLHJR6WURQQLFWZD/XGRZHJR  3ODWIRUP\2E\ZDWHOVNLHM   RUD]RVRE\NWyUH]DGHNODURZDá\DEVHQFMĊZ\ERUF]ą  

:VND]DQLD QD NRQG\FMĊ JRVSRGDUNL MDNR QD ZDĪQ\ HOHPHQW SU]\ SRGHMPRZDQLX GHF\]ML SRFKRG]Lá\ RG SRWHQFMDOQHJR HOHNWRUDWX 3ODWIRUP\ 2E\ZDWHOVNLHM  RUD]3ROVNLHJR6WURQQLFWZD/XGRZHJR  ±ZVND ]DQLH ÄUDF]HM WDN´:ĞUyG RVyE NWyUH QLH PLDá\ ]GDQLD FR GR VXJHURZDQLD VLĊ V\WXDFMą JRVSRGDUF]ą ]DUyZQR Z HOHNWRUDWDFK 3ODWIRUP\ 2E\ZDWHOVNLHM MDN L 3UDZD L 6SUDZLHGOLZRĞFL ZVNDĨQLN E\á WDNL VDP   1DMZ\ĪV]\ QDWRPLDVWZĞUyGRVyENWyUHQLHJáRVRZDá\  DQDMQLĪV]\ZĞUyGSRSLH UDMąF\FK3ROVNLH6WURQQLFWZR/XGRZH   *áRVXMąFZZ\ERUDFK]ZUDFDPXZDJĊQDSURJUDPJRVSRGDUF]\ NDQG\GDWDSDUWLLSROLW\F]QHMíUR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]L ZGHNODUDFMDFKZRGQLHVLHQLXGRZ\ERUyZGRVHMPXJG\E\RGE\ZDá\VLĊ ZQDMEOLĪV]ąQLHG]LHOĊ =GHF\GR 5DF]HM 1LHPDP ]GDQLD 5DF]HM =GHF\GR 5D]HP 3ODWIRUPD

2E\ZDWHOVND SURFHQWLORĞü       3ROVNLH 6WURQQLFWZR /XGRZH LORĞü SURFHQW       3UDZRL

6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü SURFHQWLORĞü       5XFK3DOLNRWD LORĞü

SURFHQW       6RMXV]/HZLF\

'HPRNUDW\F]QHM SURFHQWLORĞü      

LORĞü 

SURFHQW       1LHJáRVRZDáHP SURFHQWLORĞü      

3\WDQLD GRW\F]ąFH ZDĪQRĞFL SURJUDPX JRVSRGDUF]HJR NDQG\GDWD ZQDMEOLĪV]\FKZ\ERUDFKGR6HMPXSRND]XMąZ\VRNLVWRSLHĔ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD SURJUDPHP JRVSRGDUF]\P SDUWLLNDQG\GDWD 1DMZ\ĪV]H ZVND]DQLD GRW\F]ą

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Tabela 3. *áRVXMąFZZ\ERUDFKELRUĊSRGXZDJĊV\WXDFMĊJRVSRGDUF]ąZNUD

ju íUR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]LZGHNODUDFMDFKZRGQLHVLH

QLXGRSRJOąGyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FK

=GHF\GR

wanie tak 5DF]HMWDN 1LHPDP]GDQLD 5DF]HMQLH =GHF\GRwanie nie 5D]HP /HZLFD LORĞü  112 34 19 6 257 SURFHQW       &HQWUXP LORĞü 72 90 31 10 3 206 SURFHQW       3UDZLFD LORĞü  137 55 26 9 355 SURFHQW       1LHZLHP QLHSRWUD¿Ċ RNUHĞOLü LORĞü 74 100 56 26 14 270 SURFHQW      

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wanie tak 5DF]HMWDN 1LHPDP]GDQLD 5DF]HMQLH =GHF\GRwanie nie 5D]HP /HZLFD SURFHQWLORĞü  125 25  1 257 &HQWUXP LORĞü  103 25  2 206 SURFHQW       3UDZLFD LORĞü 147 150 42 13 3 355 SURFHQW       1LHZLHP QLHSRWUD¿Ċ RNUHĞOLü LORĞü 69 104 59 20  270 SURFHQW      

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