Political Preferences
Preferencje polityczne6/2013
Redakcja naukowa:
Robert Alberski
Waldemar Wojtasik
Katowice 2013,Q0HPRULDP5DGRVáDZ6RODU]SURIGUKDE$QGU]HM$QWRV]HZVNL 5DGRVáDZ6RODU]8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFODZ3RODQG 5LWXDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ"3ROLVKRSLQLRQVRQSROLWLFVDQGSROLWLFDOSDUWLHV 8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFODZ3RODQG 6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWKWKHDFWLYLWLHVRIUHHYHVPD\RUVDQGSUHVLGHQWVRIFLWLHV DQGHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHOHYHORIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHLQWHUHVWVE\ORFDO JRYHUQPHQWV $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND-RKQ3DXO,,&DWKROLF8QLYHUVLW\RI/XEOLQ3RODQG 7KH$WWLWXGHRIWKH(OHFWRUDWHWR6WDWXWRU\6ROXWLRQV*LYLQJ(TXDO 2SSRUWXQLW\WR0HQDQG:RPHQLQ)LOOLQJWKH3RVLWLRQVRQ(OHFWRUDO/LVWV àXNDV]7RPF]DN6]F]HFLQ8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 9RWHUVLQWKHIDFHRIHOHFWLRQPHFKDQLVPDQGVFRSHRIOHDGHUVDXWKRULW\ LQ3ROLVKSROLWLFDOSDUWLHV :RMFLHFK3HV]\ĔVNL1LFRODXV&RSHUQLFXV8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 3UHVLGHQWLDOLVDWLRQRIHOHFWRUDOEHKDYLRULQQRQHOHFWLRQ\HDU .DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND8QLYHUVLW\RI:DUPLDDQG0D]XU\LQ2OV]W\Q 3RODQG (FRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIGHFODUDWLRQRIYRWHUV :DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLD3RODQG (FRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGWKHHQGRIWUDQVLWLRQPRGHO 5(9,(:6 Rada Naukowa:
SURI GU KDE 5RPDQ %lFNHU 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] *RGOHZVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND SURI GU KDE ,ZRQD -DNXERZVND%UDQLFND 8QLZHUV\WHW:DUV]DZVNL 3ROVND SURI GU KDE 6ODYRPLU 0DJiO 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMDSURIGUKDE-R]HI0DW~ã8QLZHUV\WHW ĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMDSURIGUKDE/LERU3DYHUD:\ĪV]D6]NRáD+DQGORZD 3UDJD&]HFK\SURIGUKDE'DQD3HWUDQRYi8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH 6áRZDFMDSURIGUKDE2OJD3URNRSHQNR6XPVNL8QLZHUV\WHW1DURGRZ\8NUDLQDSURIGUKDE 7HUHVD6DVLĔVND.ODV8QLZHUV\WHW-DJLHOORĔVNLZ.UDNRZLH3ROVNDSURIGUKDE-HU]\6LHOVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVNDGU0DUFMDQQD$XJXVW\Q8QLZHUV\WHWZ+XOO$QJOLD .ROHJLXPUHGDNF\MQH GU$JQLHV]ND7XUVND.DZDUHGDNWRUQDF]HOQD GUKDE5REHUW$OEHUVNLUHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\L]DFKRZDQLDZ\ERUF]H SURI80.GUKDE'DQXWD3OHFNDUHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\LGHQW\¿NDFMHSROLW\F]QH GUKDEàXNDV]7RPF]DNUHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\SDUWLHSROLW\F]QH GU=ELJQLHZ:LGHUDUHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\PDUNHWLQJSROLW\F]Q\ GU:DOGHPDU:RMWDVLNUHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\SDUW\MQH PJU3U]HP\VáDZ*U]RQNDUHGDNWRUVWDW\VW\F]Q\ PJU-DURVáDZ:LFKXUDVHNUHWDU] Recenzenci: SURIGUKDEďXGPLODýiE\RYi8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMDSURI GUKDE1RUEHUW9UDEHF8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMDSURIGUKDE .U]\V]WRI *DMGND 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .DWRZLFDFK 3ROVND SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] *RGOHZVNL8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLX3ROVNDSURIGUKDE-DFHN:RMQLFNL 8QLZHUV\WHW :DUV]DZVNL 3ROVND SURI GU KDE 0LFKDá 6WU]HOHFNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLX3ROVNDGUKDE'DULXV]6NU]\SLĔNL8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND 3URMHNWRNáDGNL -DURVáDZ:LFKXUD Korekta: 7HUHVD7RNDUF]\Nà\V]F]DU] :HUVMDSLHUZRWQDF]DVRSLVPDSDSLHURZD &HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR Katowice 2013
3DWURQDW QDG SURMHNWHP VSUDZXMą 3ROVNLH 7RZDU]\VWZR 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK RUD] 7RZDU]\VWZR ,QLFMDW\Z1DXNRZ\FK :\GDZFąF]DVRSLVPDMHVW,QVW\WXW1DXN3ROLW\F]Q\FKL']LHQQLNDUVWZD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR RUD]&HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR ,6%1 ,661; 'UXN 5(0$5ZZZUHPDUVRVQRZLHFSOHPDLOZ\GDZQLFWZR#UHPDUVRVQRZLHFSO
CONTENTS
Introduction ... 9 ,Q0HPRULDP5DGRVáDZ6RODU]SURIGUKDE$QGU]HM$QWRV]HZVNL ... 11
5DGRVáDZ6RODU]8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFODZ3RODQG
5LWXDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ"3ROLVKRSLQLRQVRQSROLWLFVDQGSROLWLFDOSDUWLHV ... 13
Robert Alberski 8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFODZ3RODQG
6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWKWKHDFWLYLWLHVRIUHHYHVPD\RUVDQGSUHVLGHQWVRIFLWLHV DQGHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHOHYHORIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHLQWHUHVWVE\ORFDO JRYHUQPHQWV ... 33 $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND-RKQ3DXO,,&DWKROLF8QLYHUVLW\RI/XEOLQ3RODQG 7KH$WWLWXGHRIWKH(OHFWRUDWHWR6WDWXWRU\6ROXWLRQV*LYLQJ(TXDO 2SSRUWXQLW\WR0HQDQG:RPHQLQ)LOOLQJWKH3RVLWLRQVRQ(OHFWRUDO/LVWV .. 47 àXNDV]7RPF]DN6]F]HFLQ8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 9RWHUVLQWKHIDFHRIHOHFWLRQPHFKDQLVPDQGVFRSHRIOHDGHUVDXWKRULW\ LQ3ROLVKSROLWLFDOSDUWLHV ... 61 :RMFLHFK3HV]\ĔVNL1LFRODXV&RSHUQLFXV8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 3UHVLGHQWLDOLVDWLRQRIHOHFWRUDOEHKDYLRULQQRQHOHFWLRQ\HDU ... 75 .DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND8QLYHUVLW\RI:DUPLDDQG0D]XU\LQ2OV]W\Q 3RODQG (FRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIGHFODUDWLRQRIYRWHUV ... 91 :DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLD3RODQG (FRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGWKHHQGRIWUDQVLWLRQPRGHO ... 101 5(9,(:6
Darren G. Lilleker, Nigel A. Jackson Political Campaigning,
Elections and the Internet. Comparing the US, UK, France and Germany
SURI GU KDE 5RPDQ %lFNHU 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] *RGOHZVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND SURI GU KDE ,ZRQD -DNXERZVND%UDQLFND 8QLZHUV\WHW:DUV]DZVNL 3ROVND SURI GU KDE 6ODYRPLU 0DJiO 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMDSURIGUKDE-R]HI0DW~ã8QLZHUV\WHW ĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMDSURIGUKDE/LERU3DYHUD:\ĪV]D6]NRáD+DQGORZD 3UDJD&]HFK\SURIGUKDE'DQD3HWUDQRYi8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH 6áRZDFMDSURIGUKDE2OJD3URNRSHQNR6XPVNL8QLZHUV\WHW1DURGRZ\8NUDLQDSURIGUKDE 7HUHVD6DVLĔVND.ODV8QLZHUV\WHW-DJLHOORĔVNLZ.UDNRZLH3ROVNDSURIGUKDE-HU]\6LHOVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVNDGU0DUFMDQQD$XJXVW\Q8QLZHUV\WHWZ+XOO$QJOLD .ROHJLXPUHGDNF\MQH GU$JQLHV]ND7XUVND.DZDUHGDNWRUQDF]HOQD GUKDE5REHUW$OEHUVNLUHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\L]DFKRZDQLDZ\ERUF]H SURI80.GUKDE'DQXWD3OHFNDUHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\LGHQW\¿NDFMHSROLW\F]QH GUKDEàXNDV]7RPF]DNUHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\SDUWLHSROLW\F]QH GU=ELJQLHZ:LGHUDUHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\PDUNHWLQJSROLW\F]Q\ GU:DOGHPDU:RMWDVLNUHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\SDUW\MQH PJU3U]HP\VáDZ*U]RQNDUHGDNWRUVWDW\VW\F]Q\ PJU-DURVáDZ:LFKXUDVHNUHWDU] SURIGUKDEďXGPLODýiE\RYi8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMDSURI GUKDE1RUEHUW9UDEHF8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMDSURIGUKDE .U]\V]WRI *DMGND 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .DWRZLFDFK 3ROVND SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] *RGOHZVNL8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLX3ROVNDSURIGUKDE-DFHN:RMQLFNL 8QLZHUV\WHW :DUV]DZVNL 3ROVND SURI GU KDE 0LFKDá 6WU]HOHFNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLX3ROVNDGUKDE'DULXV]6NU]\SLĔNL8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND 3URMHNWRNáDGNL -DURVáDZ:LFKXUD 7HUHVD7RNDUF]\Nà\V]F]DU] :HUVMDSLHUZRWQDF]DVRSLVPDSDSLHURZD &HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR 3DWURQDW QDG SURMHNWHP VSUDZXMą 3ROVNLH 7RZDU]\VWZR 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK RUD] 7RZDU]\VWZR ,QLFMDW\Z1DXNRZ\FK :\GDZFąF]DVRSLVPDMHVW,QVW\WXW1DXN3ROLW\F]Q\FKL']LHQQLNDUVWZD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR RUD]&HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR ,6%1 ,661; 'UXN 5(0$5ZZZUHPDUVRVQRZLHFSOHPDLOZ\GDZQLFWZR#UHPDUVRVQRZLHFSO
/RQGRQ±1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJHV
5HYLHZHU.DWDU]\QD6WHOPDFK ... 119
0DáJRU]DWD)XV]DUDUHGKobiety, wybory, polityka,QVW\WXW6SUDZ
3XEOLF]Q\FK:DUV]DZDV
5HYLHZHU-RDQQD3RGJyUVND5\NDáD ...
Krzysztof Kowalczyk: Partie i ugrupowania parlamentarne wobec
.RĞFLRáDNDWROLFNLHJRZ3ROVFHZODWDFK:\GDZQLFWZR=DSRO 6]F]HFLQV 5HYLHZHU=X]DQQD2VPyOVND ... 135 5HSRUWRIWKH6HFRQG&RQJUHVVRIWKH'HSDUWPHQWVRI3ROLWLFDO6\VWHPV .DWDU]\QD.RELHOVND ... 139 6XPPDULHV ... 145 Annex ... 151 :VWĊS :VSRPQLHQLHGUD5DGRVáDZD6RODU]DSURIGUKDE$QGU]HM$QWRV]HZVNL 5DGRVáDZ6RODU]8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND 5\WXDOQDSDUW\F\SDFMD"2SLQLH3RODNyZRSROLW\FHLSDUWLDFKSROLW\F]Q\FK 8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND =DGRZROHQLH]G]LDáDOQRĞFLZyMWyZEXUPLVWU]yZLSUH]\GHQWyZPLDVW RUD]RFHQDSR]LRPXUHSUH]HQWDFMLLQWHUHVyZSU]H]ZáDG]HVDPRU]ąGRZH $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND.DWROLFNL8QLZHUV\WHW/XEHOVNL3ROVND 6WRVXQHNHOHNWRUDWXGRUR]ZLą]DĔXVWDZRZ\FKZ\UyZQXMąF\FKV]DQVH NRELHWLPĊĪF]\]QZREVDG]DQLXOLVWZ\ERUF]\FK àXNDV]7RPF]DN8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVND :\ERUF\ZREHFVSRVREXZ\ERUXL]DNUHVXZáDG]\OLGHUyZ SROVNLFKSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FK :RMFLHFK3HV]\ĔVNL8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLND3ROVND 3UH]\GHQFMDOL]DFMD]DFKRZDĔHOHNWRUDWXZURNXÄQLHZ\ERUF]\P´ .DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND8QLZHUV\WHW:DUPLĔVNR0D]XUVNL3ROVND *áRVRZDQLHHNRQRPLF]QHZ3ROVFH]SHUVSHNW\Z\GHNODUDFMLZ\ERUFyZ :DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNL3ROVND *áRVRZDQLHHNRQRPLF]QHZ3ROVFHNRQLHFPRGHOXWUDQ]\F\MQHJR" 5(&(1=-( /RQGRQ ± 1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJHV 5HFHQ]HQW.DWDU]\QD6WHOPDFK
63,675(ģ&,
/RQGRQ±1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJHV 5HYLHZHU.DWDU]\QD6WHOPDFK 0DáJRU]DWD)XV]DUDUHG ,QVW\WXW6SUDZ 3XEOLF]Q\FK:DUV]DZDV 5HYLHZHU-RDQQD3RGJyUVND5\NDáD .RĞFLRáDNDWROLFNLHJRZ3ROVFHZODWDFK:\GDZQLFWZR=DSRO 6]F]HFLQV 5HYLHZHU=X]DQQD2VPyOVND 5HSRUWRIWKH6HFRQG&RQJUHVVRIWKH'HSDUWPHQWVRI3ROLWLFDO6\VWHPV .DWDU]\QD.RELHOVND 6XPPDULHV :VWĊS ... 9 :VSRPQLHQLHGUD5DGRVáDZD6RODU]DSURIGUKDE$QGU]HM$QWRV]HZVNL .. 11 5DGRVáDZ6RODU]8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND 5\WXDOQDSDUW\F\SDFMD"2SLQLH3RODNyZRSROLW\FHLSDUWLDFKSROLW\F]Q\FK .. 13
Robert Alberski 8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND
=DGRZROHQLH]G]LDáDOQRĞFLZyMWyZEXUPLVWU]yZLSUH]\GHQWyZPLDVW RUD]RFHQDSR]LRPXUHSUH]HQWDFMLLQWHUHVyZSU]H]ZáDG]HVDPRU]ąGRZH ... 33 $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND.DWROLFNL8QLZHUV\WHW/XEHOVNL3ROVND 6WRVXQHNHOHNWRUDWXGRUR]ZLą]DĔXVWDZRZ\FKZ\UyZQXMąF\FKV]DQVH NRELHWLPĊĪF]\]QZREVDG]DQLXOLVWZ\ERUF]\FK ... 47 àXNDV]7RPF]DN8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVND :\ERUF\ZREHFVSRVREXZ\ERUXL]DNUHVXZáDG]\OLGHUyZ SROVNLFKSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FK ... 61 :RMFLHFK3HV]\ĔVNL8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLND3ROVND 3UH]\GHQFMDOL]DFMD]DFKRZDĔHOHNWRUDWXZURNXÄQLHZ\ERUF]\P´ ... 75 .DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND8QLZHUV\WHW:DUPLĔVNR0D]XUVNL3ROVND *áRVRZDQLHHNRQRPLF]QHZ3ROVFH]SHUVSHNW\Z\GHNODUDFMLZ\ERUFyZ ... 91 :DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNL3ROVND *áRVRZDQLHHNRQRPLF]QHZ3ROVFHNRQLHFPRGHOXWUDQ]\F\MQHJR" ... 101 5(&(1=-(
Darren G. Lilleker, Nigel A. JacksonPolitical Campaigning, Elections
and the Internet. Comparing the US, UK, France and Germany /RQGRQ ±
1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJHV
5HFHQ]HQW.DWDU]\QD6WHOPDFK ... 119
2GGDMHP\GRUąNF]\WHOQLNyZV]yVW\WRPF]DVRSLVPDÄ3ROLWLFDO3UHIHUHFHV´ Z NWyU\P XGDáR VLĊ QDP VLĊ ]JURPDG]Lü EDGDQLD SRĞZLĊFRQH NZHVWLRP SROVNLHJRV\VWHPXSROLW\F]QHJRLSDUW\MQHJR-HVWWRMHGHQ]WU]HFKZLRGąF\FK WHPDWyZ EDGDĔ SU]HSURZDG]RQ\FK SRG NRQLHF D NWyU\FK SR]RVWDáH UH]XOWDW\ ]DPLHV]F]RQH ]RVWDQą Z SR]RVWDá\FK WRPDFK 0\ĞOą SU]HZRGQLą QLQLHMV]HJR QXPHUX Vą UyĪQH REOLF]D UHSUH]HQWDFML L RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFL SROLW\F]QHM RUD] VSRáHF]QH SRVWDZ\ ZREHF UyĪQ\FK IRUP LFK SU]HMDZLDQLD VLĊ3UH]HQWRZDQ\WRPVNáDGDVLĊ]VLHGPLXWHNVWyZRUD]WU]HFKUHFHQ]MLRUD] ]DZLHUDVSUDZR]GDQLH],,=MD]GX.DWHGUL=DNáDGyZ6\VWHPyZ3ROLW\F]Q\FK NWyU\RGE\áVLĊZPDMXURNXZ7U]HEQLF\-DNFRURNXSUH]HQWRZDQH QDáDPDFKF]DVRSLVPDDUW\NXá\HPSLU\F]QHSRGHMPXMąZVZ\PSU]HGPLRFLH SUREOHPDW\NĊ SRVWDZ SROLW\F]Q\FK L ]DFKRZDĔ V]F]HJyOQLH F]\QQLNyZ GHWHUPLQXMąF\FK LGHQW\¿NDFMH SROLW\F]QH :V]\VWNLH WHNVW\ VWDQRZLą HPSLU\F]Qą DQDOL]Ċ SU]HGPLRWRZą GRW\NDMą VZ\P ]DNUHVHP REV]DUyZ SROLWRORJLF]QHJR SV\FKRORJLF]QHJR VRFMRORJLF]QHJR LGHRORJLF]QHJR NRPXQLNDF\MQHJR$UW\NXá\RSDUWHVąQDSURMHNFLHEDGDZF]\P]UHDOL]RZDQ\P SU]H]DXWRUyZQDRJyOQRSROVNLHMUHSUH]HQWDW\ZQHMSUyELHGRURVá\FK3RODNyZ PDMąF\FK F]\QQH SUDZR Z\ERUF]H 1 ] Z\NRU]\VWDQLHP VSHFMDOQLH VNRQVWUXRZDQHJR NZHVWLRQDULXV]D &DáRĞü RSUDFRZDQLD RGQRV]ąFD VLĊ GR DQDOL]\SRV]F]HJyOQ\FKMHJRF]ĊĞFLVWDQRZLGLDJQR]Ċ]DFKRZDĔSROLW\F]Q\FK SROVNLHJRVSRáHF]HĔVWZDZURNXDOHMHGQRF]HĞQLHZQLRVNLSá\QąFH]DQDOL] SR]ZDODMąSRVWDZLüZDĪQHLQVSLUXMąFHS\WDQLDEDGDZF]HNWyUHPRELOL]XMąGR GDOV]\FKSRV]XNLZDĔ
3LHUZV]\ ] SUH]HQWRZDQ\FK WHNVWyZ DXWRUVWZD 5DGRVáDZD 6RODU]D SRGHMPXMH SUREOHPDW\NĊ U\WXDOL]DFML SURFHGXU GHPRNUDW\F]Q\FK Z 3ROVFH SRGMąáVLĊZVZRLPDUW\NXOHDQDOL]\XZDUXQNRZDĔVSRáHF]QHM RFHQ\ ZyMWyZ EXUPLVWU]yZ L SUH]\GHQWyZ RUD] SR]LRPX UHSUH]HQWDFML LQWH UHVyZSU]H]ZáDG]HVDPRU]ąGRZH:NROHMQ\PWHNĞFLH$JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN
7XUHFND]EDGDáDRFHQĊZSURZDG]HQLDUR]ZLą]DĔNZRWRZ\FKZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FK
:67Č3
0DáJRU]DWD)XV]DUDUHGKobiety, wybory, polityka,QVW\WXW6SUDZ
3XEOLF]Q\FK:DUV]DZDV
5HFHQ]HQW-RDQQD3RGJyUVND5\NDáD ...
Krzysztof Kowalczyk: Partie i ugrupowania parlamentarne wobec
.RĞFLRáDNDWROLFNLHJRZ3ROVFHZODWDFK:\GDZQLFWZR=DSRO 6]F]HFLQV 5HFHQ]HQW=X]DQQD2VPyOVND ... 135 6SUDZR]GDQLH],,=MD]GX.DWHGUL=DNáDGyZ6\VWHPyZ3ROLW\F]Q\FK .DWDU]\QD.RELHOVND ... 139 6XPPDULHV ... 145 Aneks ... 151
tŽũĐŝĞĐŚWĞƐnjLJŷƐŬŝ
Ä3ROLWLFDO3UHIHUHQFHV´1R '2,P¿JVKDUH
/H'XF5LFKDUG1LHPL5LFKDUG1RUULV3LSSDUHG
DQG9RWLQJLQ*OREDO3HUSHFWLYHV7KRXVDQG2DNV/RQGRQ1HZ'HKOL6$*(
0XJKDQ $QWKRQ\ 0HGLD DQG WKH 3UHVLGHQWLDOL]DWLRQ RI 3DUOLDPHQWDU\ (OHFWLRQV 3DOJUDYH
0XVLDáRZVND (ZD .RPXQLNRZDQLH SROLW\F]QH DQDOL]D NRPSDUDW\VW\F]QD NDPSDQLL
Z3ROVFHL1LHPF]HFK>Z@-)UDVUHG6WXGLDQDGNRPXQLNRZDQLHPSROLW\F]Q\7RUXĔ
:\GDZQLFWZR$GDP0DUV]DáHN
1RZDN (ZD 3RG]LDá\ VWUXNWXUDOQH L DNVMRORJLF]QH SROVNLHJR HOHNWRUDWX :\ERU\
SDUODPHQWDUQHZUÄ$WKHQHXP3ROLWLFDO6FLHQFH´QU 3HV]\ĔVNL :RMFLHFK .DQG\GDW F]\ SDUWLD" : SRV]XNLZDQLX GHWHUPLQDQW ]DFKRZDĔ Z\ERUF]\FKHOHNWRUDWXÄ3UHIHUHQFMHSROLW\F]QH3RVWDZ\±LGHQW\¿NDFMH±]DFKRZDQLD´ QU 3HV]\ĔVNL:RMFLHFK3HUVRQDOL]DFMDSROLW\F]Q\FKSUHIHUHQFMLÄ3UHIHUHQFMHSROLW\F]QH´ QU 3HV]\ĔVNL:RMFLHFK3HUVRQDOL]DFMDNDPSDQLLSDUODPHQWDUQHMZ3ROVFHURNX Ä$WKHQDHXP3ROVNLH6WXGLD3ROLWRORJLF]QH´QU 3áXGRZVNL7RPDV].RPXQLNDFMDSROLW\F]QDZDPHU\NDĔVNLFKNDPSDQLDFKZ\ERUF]\FK :DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1
3RJXWQNH 7KRPDV 7KH 3UHVLGHQWLDOL]DWLRQ RI 3DUOLDPHQWDU\ 'HPRFUDFLHV
$&RQWUDGLFWLRQ,Q7HUPV"DUW\NXá]DSUH]HQWRZDQ\ZUDPDFKZDUV]WDWyZQD:VSyOQHM
6HVML (XURSHDQ &RQVSRUWLRP RI 3ROLWLFDO 5HVHDUFK Z NZLHWQLX Z .RSHQKDG]H KWWSSOVFULEGFRPGRFSRJXQWNH
3RJXQWNH 7KRPDV :HEE 3DXO 7KH 3UHVLGHQWLDOL]DWLRQ RI 3ROLWLFV LQ 'HPRFUDWLFV
6RFLHWLHV$)UDPHZRUNRI$QDO\VLV>Z@73RJXQWNH3:HEEUHG7KH3UHVLGHQWLDOL]DWLRQ RI3ROLWLFV2[IRUG1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
5RSHU-XOLHW+ROW]%DFKD&KULVWLQD0D]]ROHQL*LDQSLHWUR7KHSROLWLFVRIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ 1HZ<RUN3HWHU/DQJ
7RPF]DN àXNDV] 3U]\ZyGF\ SROVNLFK SDUWLL SROLW\F]Q\FK Ä3UHIHUHQFMH SROLW\F]QH QU
:LV]QLRZVNL5REHUW0DUNHWLQJZ\ERUF]\6WXGLXPNDPSDQLLZ\ERUF]\FKZV\VWHPDFK
SUH]\GHQFNLFKLVHPLSUH]\GHQFNLFK:DUV]DZD:URFáDZ3:1
:RMWDVLN :DOGHPDU )XQNFMH Z\ERUyZ Z ,,, 5]HF]SRVSROLWHM 7HRULD L SUDNW\ND .DWRZLFH:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR :RMWNRZVNLàXNDV]0HGLDW\]DFMDSROLW\NL$PHU\NDĔVNDNDPSDQLDSUH]\GHQFND 7RUXĔ:\GDZQLFWZR80.
.DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLęVND
8QLZHUV\WHW:DUPLęVNR0D]XUVNL3ROVND*â262:$1,((.2120,&=1(:32/6&(
=3(563(.7<:<'(./$5$&-,:<%25&Ð:
Abstract:
7KHSUHVHQWHGDQDO\VLVUHODWHGWRWKH3ROLVKVSHFL¿FLW\RISUHIHUHQFHV LQHFRQRPLFYRWLQJDQGWRWKHG\QDPLFVRIUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQHFRQRPLFVLWX DWLRQDQGSROLWLFDODVVHVVPHQW7KH DQDO\]HG VWXGLHV VKRZ FOHDUO\ WKDW YRWHUV WDNH LQWR DFFRXQW WKHHFRQRPLFVLWXDWLRQLQWKHFRXQWU\LUUHVSHFWLYHRIVXSSRUWLQJDSDUWLFXODU SDUW\±µGH¿QLWHO\\HV¶RUµUDWKHU\HV¶IURPIRU3DOLNRW0RYHPHQWWR IRU36/7KHLVVXHLVOHVVLPSRUWDQWWRWKRVHUHVSRQGHQWVZKRGHFODUHHOHFWRUDO DEVHQWHHLVP :KHQFRQVLGHULQJHFRQRPLFSURJUDPRIDFDQGLGDWHRUDSROLWLFDOSDUW\ WKLVLVWKHHOHFWRUDWHRIWKH'HPRFUDWLF/HIW$OOLDQFHZKRGH¿QLWHO\SD\WRLW DORWRIDWWHQWLRQ 5HJDUGOHVVRIGHFODUHGLGHRORJLFDOYLHZVDQGDSDUW\VXSSRUWWKHUHVSRQ GHQWVSD\PRUHDWWHQWLRQWRWKHHFRQRPLFSURJUDPRIDFDQGLGDWHDSDUW\WKDQ WRWKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKHQDWLRQDOHFRQRP\DQGLWHVSHFLDOO\UHIHUVWRWKRVHYRWHUV ZKR GHFODUH WKHPVHOYHV DV ULJKW ZLQJHUV WKH OHIW WKH FHQWUH WKHULJKW
7RVXPXSLWFDQEHVWDWHGWKDWUHJDUGOHVVRIDQDGRSWHGFULWHULRQRIHOHF WRUDWHVRISDUWLFXODUSDUWLHVRULGHRORJLFDOYLHZVDERXWôRIWKHYRWHUVGHFODUH WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH HFRQRPLF VLWXDWLRQ RI WKH FRXQWU\ RU WKH HFRQRPLF SURJUDPRIDFDQGLGDWHDSROLWLFDOSDUW\DVWKHIDFWRUZKLFKKDVDQLPSDFW RQWKHLUYRWHV
Key words
'ųŽƐŽǁĂŶŝĞĞŬŽŶŽŵŝĐnjŶĞǁWŽůƐĐĞnjƉĞƌƐƉĞŬƚLJǁLJĚĞŬůĂƌĂĐũŝǁLJďŽƌĐſǁ
<ĂƌŽůŝŶĂdLJďƵĐŚŽǁƐŬĂͲ,ĂƌƚůŝŷƐŬĂ
Wprowadzenie
: Z\QLNX NU\]\VX HNRQRPLF]QHJR ZLHOX EDGDF]\ ]DF]ĊáR LQWHQV\ZQLHM ]DVWDQDZLDü VLĊ QDG W\P MDNL ZSá\Z QD SURFHV\ SROLW\F]QH PD NRQG\FMD JRVSRGDUNL 2VWDWQL NU\]\V XND]Dá ERZLHP VLOQą ]DOHĪQRĞü SRPLĊG]\ ELHĪąFą V\WXDFMąJRVSRGDUF]ąDDOWHUQDFMąZáDG]\1LH]DGRZROHQLHRE\ZDWHOLSU]HáRĪ\áRVLĊ QD]GHF\GRZDQHREQLĪHQLHSRSXODUQRĞFLXJUXSRZDĔU]ąG]ąF\FKGRSURZDG]DMąF GR]PLDQXVWHUyZZáDG]\&KRüSU]\SDGHN3ROVNLZ\GDMHVLĊWXQLHZąWSOLZLH FLHNDZ\P JG\Ī Z VDP\P ĞURGNX NU\]\VX Z SDĔVWZDFK 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM SRUD]SLHUZV]\ZKLVWRULLZ,,,53SDUWLDU]ąG]ąFDXWU]\PDáDVZRMąSR]\FMĊ
.ODV\F]QD WHRULD JáRVRZDQLD HNRQRPLF]QHJR GRZRG]L LĪ Z SU]\SDGNX VWDELOQRĞFLRUD]GREUHMSR]\FMLJRVSRGDUF]HMSDĔVWZDZ\ERUF\QDJUDG]DMąXU]Ċ GXMąF\FKSROLW\NyZincumbentNROHMQąNDGHQFMą1DWRPLDVWZF]DVDFKNU\]\VyZ JRVSRGDUF]\FKGRFKRG]LGRLFKXNDUDQLD>/HZLV%HFN1DGHDX@
*HQHUDOQD ZLHORNURWQLH ]ZHU\¿NRZDQD KLSRWH]D ZVND]XMH LĪ ]DGR ZROHQLZ\ERUF\SU]HGáXĪDMąPDQGDWU]ąG]ąF\PSRSLHUDMąFW\PVDP\PSDUWLH L NDQG\GDWyZ X ZáDG]\ 1LH]DGRZRORQ\ HOHNWRUDW V]XND QDWRPLDVW DOWHUQD W\Z\ Z XJUXSRZDQLDFK L SUHWHQGHQWDFK ] RSR]\FML >'RZQV 7XFNHU 9DQ'HU%UXJ9DQ'HU(LMN)UDQNOLQ'XFK6WHYHQVRQ@ 6WDQJRVSRGDUNLEH]VSU]HF]QLHSU]\F]\QLDVLĊGRZ\VWDZLDQLDU]ąGRZLUDFKXQNX SU]\RND]MLZ\ERUyZSRZV]HFKQ\FK>/HZLV%HFN6WHJPDLHU@ =DLQWHUHVRZDQLDEDGDZF]HVNXSLDMąFHVLĊZREUĊELHSROLW\NLLJRVSR GDUNL]RVWDá\SRUXV]RQHSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPZOLWHUDWXU]HĞZLDWRZHMQLH]QDF]QLH QDWRPLDVWZOLWHUDWXU]HSROVNLHM$QDOL]ĊEDGDĔGRW\F]ąFąJáRVRZDQLDHNRQR PLF]QHJR Z 3ROVFH SU]HGVWDZLá 3DZHá *U]HODN > @ QDWRPLDVW MHGQ\P]SLHUZV]\FKEDGDF]\RSLVXMąF\FKWHQPRGHOJáRVRZDQLDZ3ROVFHE\á $OH[DQGHU&3DFHN>@ 1DMQRZV]HSXEOLNDFMHGRW\F]ąFHeconomic votingXND]XMąZ]URVW]DLQ WHUHVRZDQLDL]QDF]HQLDWHMWHPDW\NLQSÄ(OHFWRUDO6WXGLHV´6SHFLDO,VVXH± (FRQRPLFDQG(OHFWLRQV(IIHFWV'HHSDQG:LGH>@ *áyZQHS\WDQLHRZSá\ZHNRQRPLLQD]DFKRZDQLDZ\ERUF]HGRW\F]\ NZHVWLLSU]HVáDQHNMDNLPLNLHUXMąVLĊZ\ERUF\F]\SRGF]DVJáRVRZDQLDGRNR QXMąRFHQ\U]ąGXRVRE\VSUDZXMąFHMXU]ąGincumbentF]\VSRJOąGDMąZSU]\ V]áRĞü>/HZLV%HFN6WHJPDLHU@
: WHRULL JáRVRZDQLD HNRQRPLF]QHJR SRMDZLDMą VLĊ UyĪQH NDWHJRULH JáRVXMąF\FK 6ZRMH GHF\]MH SRGHMPXMą UHWURVSHNW\ZQLH SURVSHNW\ZQLH EąGĨSUREOHPRZR>.H\)ORULQD/LQQ1DJOHU0RUDOHV@ 3LHUZV]D]JUXSZ\ERUFyZSRGFKRG]LGRJáRVRZDQLDUHWURVSHNW\ZQLH HJRWURSLF]QLHRUD]UHWURVSHNW\ZQHVRFMRWURSLF]QLH±F]\OLQDJUDG]DOXENDU]H XU]ĊGXMąFąSDUWLĊNDQG\GDWDSRSU]H]SU\]PDWPLMDMąFHMNDGHQFML *áRVRZDQLHUHWURVSHNW\ZQHHJRWURSLF]QHSROHJDQDGRNRQ\ZDQLXRFHQ HNRQRPLF]Q\FK SU]H] DQDOL]Ċ ZáDVQHM V\WXDFML HNRQRPLF]QHM PLNURVNDOD *áRVRZDQLH UHWURVSHNW\ZQH VRFMRWURSLF]QH VWDQRZL SHUFHSFMĊ HNRQRPLL SRSU]H] RFHQĊ VWDQX JRVSRGDUNL SDĔVWZD MHVW WR JáRVRZDQLH ]RULHQWRZDQH VSRáHF]QLHPDNURVNDOD
8MĊFLH SURVSHNW\ZQH ZVND]XMH QD SHUFHSFMĊ Z\ERUF\ SU]H] SU\]PDW SU]\V]áRĞFL'RW\F]\RQRRF]HNLZDĔ]ZLą]DQ\FK]UR]ZRMHPV\WXDFMLJRVSR GDUF]HMZNUDMXMDNLXZ]JOĊGQLDMąFZáDVQąSR]\FMĊLVWDWXVPDWHULDOQ\Z\ERUF\ *áRVRZDQLH SUREOHPRZH GRW\F]\ QDWRPLDVW W\FK Z\ERUFyZ NWyU]\SRGHMPXMąVZRMHGHF\]MHSROLW\F]QHQDSRGVWDZLHELHĪąFHMV\WXDFMLSROL W\F]QHMSURJUDPXNDQG\GDWDLWRF]ąFHMVLĊSU]HGZ\ERUF]HMNDPSDQLL *áRVRZDQLHHNRQRPLF]QHQDLQG\ZLGXDOQ\P±MHGQRVWNRZ\PSR]LRPLH áąF]\ZVRELHFHFK\UHWURVSHNW\ZQHLSURVSHNW\ZQH>/LQQ1DJOHU0RUDOHV @ .ROHMQ\P SRGVWDZRZ\P S\WDQLHP NRUHVSRQGXMąF\P ] JáRVRZD QLHPHNRQRPLF]Q\PMHVWWRZMDNLVSRVyENRQG\FMDJRVSRGDUNLZSá\ZDQD IUHNZHQFMĊ Z\ERUF]ą RUD] Z\EyU SDUWLL L NDQG\GDWyZ Z ORNDOX Z\ERUF]\P >3DFHN@
1DMZDĪQLHMV]H ]GDMH VLĊ WZLHUG]HQLH LĪ SRGHMPRZDQH GHF\]MH SROL W\F]QH ± SRSDUFLH GOD SDUWLL U]ąG]ąFHM OXE RSR]\FML ]ZLą]DQH MHVW EH]SR ĞUHGQLR]RSLQLąZNZHVWLDFKHNRQRPLF]Q\FK:V\WXDFMLVWDELOL]RZDQLDVLĊ V\VWHPXSROLW\F]QHJRRUD]WUZDáRĞFLXNáDGXSDUW\MQHJRQDVFHQLHSROLW\F]QHM WDND RSLQLD ZSá\ZD QD GRNRQ\ZDQLH GHF\]ML SRG Z]JOĊGHP HNRQRPLF]Q\P >-DVLHZLF]@6LáD]DOHĪQRĞFLSRPLĊG]\HNRQRPLąDSRGHMPRZDQ\PLGHF\ ]MDPLZ\ERUF]\PLZ\QLNLD]ZDJLMDNąZ\ERUF\SU]\ZLą]XMąGR]DJDGQLHĔ HNRQRPLF]Q\FK>/HZLV%HFN:KLWWHQ@ ĝFLĞOHSRZLą]DQ\P]DJDGQLHQLHP]JáRVRZDQLHPHNRQRPLF]Q\PMHVW WHRULDUDFMRQDOQHJRZ\ERUX :ĞZLHWOHWHRULLUDFMRQDOQHJRZ\ERUXRE\ZDWHOHJáRVXMąQDWĊSDUWLĊSROL W\F]Qą NWyUD SR GRMĞFLX GR ZáDG]\ Z ĞZLHWOH LFK SU]\SXV]F]HĔ ]DSHZQL LP QDMZLĊNV]HNRU]\ĞFL1DWRPLDVWJáyZQ\P]DGDQLHPSDUWLLMHVWX]\VNDQLHZáDG]\ GODWHJR WHĪ NDĪGRUD]RZR SU]\ NROHMQ\FK HOHNFMDFK GRVWRVRZXMą RQH VZRMH SURJUDP\WDNDE\]DSHZQLüVRELH]Z\FLĊVWZR(OHPHQWHPNRQVWUXXMąF\PZZ NRQFHSFMĊMHVWOXG]NLHJRL]P]XZDJLQDIDNWLĪZ\ERUF\ZDNFLHJáRVRZDQLD U]DGNRGRNRQXMąJRELRUąFSRGXZDJĊGREURZVSyOQH>:DUG@ :WHRULLWHMPDP\GRF]\QLHQLD]UDFMRQDOQ\PZ\ERUFąNWyU\PDRGSR ZLHGQLGXĪRF]DVXRUD]]DSHZQLRQ\G\VWDQVHPRFMRQDOQ\DE\ZáDĞFLZLHSRGMąü GHF\]MĊZ\ERUF]ąEH]Z]JOĊGXQDWR]MDNVNRPSOLNRZDQąV\WXDFMąSU]\MG]LH PXVLĊ]PLHU]\ü%H]Z]JOĊGXQDZ\QLNLVNXWNLSRGHMPRZDQ\FKGHF\]MLZMHJR PQLHPDQLX]RVWDáDRQDSRGMĊWDQDMHJRNRU]\Ğü>:DUG@
'ųŽƐŽǁĂŶŝĞĞŬŽŶŽŵŝĐnjŶĞǁWŽůƐĐĞnjƉĞƌƐƉĞŬƚLJǁLJĚĞŬůĂƌĂĐũŝǁLJďŽƌĐſǁ
<ĂƌŽůŝŶĂdLJďƵĐŚŽǁƐŬĂͲ,ĂƌƚůŝŷƐŬĂ
: Z\QLNX NU\]\VX HNRQRPLF]QHJR ZLHOX EDGDF]\ ]DF]ĊáR LQWHQV\ZQLHM ]DVWDQDZLDü VLĊ QDG W\P MDNL ZSá\Z QD SURFHV\ SROLW\F]QH PD NRQG\FMD JRVSRGDUNL 2VWDWQL NU\]\V XND]Dá ERZLHP VLOQą ]DOHĪQRĞü SRPLĊG]\ ELHĪąFą V\WXDFMąJRVSRGDUF]ąDDOWHUQDFMąZáDG]\1LH]DGRZROHQLHRE\ZDWHOLSU]HáRĪ\áRVLĊ QD]GHF\GRZDQHREQLĪHQLHSRSXODUQRĞFLXJUXSRZDĔU]ąG]ąF\FKGRSURZDG]DMąF GR]PLDQXVWHUyZZáDG]\&KRüSU]\SDGHN3ROVNLZ\GDMHVLĊWXQLHZąWSOLZLH FLHNDZ\P JG\Ī Z VDP\P ĞURGNX NU\]\VX Z SDĔVWZDFK 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM SRUD]SLHUZV]\ZKLVWRULLZ,,,53SDUWLDU]ąG]ąFDXWU]\PDáDVZRMąSR]\FMĊ
.ODV\F]QD WHRULD JáRVRZDQLD HNRQRPLF]QHJR GRZRG]L LĪ Z SU]\SDGNX VWDELOQRĞFLRUD]GREUHMSR]\FMLJRVSRGDUF]HMSDĔVWZDZ\ERUF\QDJUDG]DMąXU]Ċ GXMąF\FKSROLW\NyZ NROHMQąNDGHQFMą1DWRPLDVWZF]DVDFKNU\]\VyZ JRVSRGDUF]\FKGRFKRG]LGRLFKXNDUDQLD>/HZLV%HFN1DGHDX@
*HQHUDOQD ZLHORNURWQLH ]ZHU\¿NRZDQD KLSRWH]D ZVND]XMH LĪ ]DGR ZROHQLZ\ERUF\SU]HGáXĪDMąPDQGDWU]ąG]ąF\PSRSLHUDMąFW\PVDP\PSDUWLH L NDQG\GDWyZ X ZáDG]\ 1LH]DGRZRORQ\ HOHNWRUDW V]XND QDWRPLDVW DOWHUQD W\Z\ Z XJUXSRZDQLDFK L SUHWHQGHQWDFK ] RSR]\FML >'RZQV 7XFNHU 9DQ'HU%UXJ9DQ'HU(LMN)UDQNOLQ'XFK6WHYHQVRQ@ 6WDQJRVSRGDUNLEH]VSU]HF]QLHSU]\F]\QLDVLĊGRZ\VWDZLDQLDU]ąGRZLUDFKXQNX SU]\RND]MLZ\ERUyZSRZV]HFKQ\FK>/HZLV%HFN6WHJPDLHU@ =DLQWHUHVRZDQLDEDGDZF]HVNXSLDMąFHVLĊZREUĊELHSROLW\NLLJRVSR GDUNL]RVWDá\SRUXV]RQHSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPZOLWHUDWXU]HĞZLDWRZHMQLH]QDF]QLH QDWRPLDVWZOLWHUDWXU]HSROVNLHM$QDOL]ĊEDGDĔGRW\F]ąFąJáRVRZDQLDHNRQR PLF]QHJR Z 3ROVFH SU]HGVWDZLá 3DZHá *U]HODN > @ QDWRPLDVW MHGQ\P]SLHUZV]\FKEDGDF]\RSLVXMąF\FKWHQPRGHOJáRVRZDQLDZ3ROVFHE\á $OH[DQGHU&3DFHN>@ 1DMQRZV]HSXEOLNDFMHGRW\F]ąFH XND]XMąZ]URVW]DLQ WHUHVRZDQLDL]QDF]HQLDWHMWHPDW\NLQSÄ(OHFWRUDO6WXGLHV´6SHFLDO,VVXH± (FRQRPLFDQG(OHFWLRQV(IIHFWV'HHSDQG:LGH>@ *áyZQHS\WDQLHRZSá\ZHNRQRPLLQD]DFKRZDQLDZ\ERUF]HGRW\F]\ NZHVWLLSU]HVáDQHNMDNLPLNLHUXMąVLĊZ\ERUF\F]\SRGF]DVJáRVRZDQLDGRNR QXMąRFHQ\U]ąGXRVRE\VSUDZXMąFHMXU]ąG F]\VSRJOąGDMąZSU]\ V]áRĞü>/HZLV%HFN6WHJPDLHU@
: WHRULL JáRVRZDQLD HNRQRPLF]QHJR SRMDZLDMą VLĊ UyĪQH NDWHJRULH JáRVXMąF\FK 6ZRMH GHF\]MH SRGHMPXMą UHWURVSHNW\ZQLH SURVSHNW\ZQLH EąGĨSUREOHPRZR>.H\)ORULQD/LQQ1DJOHU0RUDOHV@ 3LHUZV]D]JUXSZ\ERUFyZSRGFKRG]LGRJáRVRZDQLDUHWURVSHNW\ZQLH HJRWURSLF]QLHRUD]UHWURVSHNW\ZQHVRFMRWURSLF]QLH±F]\OLQDJUDG]DOXENDU]H XU]ĊGXMąFąSDUWLĊNDQG\GDWDSRSU]H]SU\]PDWPLMDMąFHMNDGHQFML *áRVRZDQLHUHWURVSHNW\ZQHHJRWURSLF]QHSROHJDQDGRNRQ\ZDQLXRFHQ HNRQRPLF]Q\FK SU]H] DQDOL]Ċ ZáDVQHM V\WXDFML HNRQRPLF]QHM PLNURVNDOD *áRVRZDQLH UHWURVSHNW\ZQH VRFMRWURSLF]QH VWDQRZL SHUFHSFMĊ HNRQRPLL SRSU]H] RFHQĊ VWDQX JRVSRGDUNL SDĔVWZD MHVW WR JáRVRZDQLH ]RULHQWRZDQH VSRáHF]QLHPDNURVNDOD
8MĊFLH SURVSHNW\ZQH ZVND]XMH QD SHUFHSFMĊ Z\ERUF\ SU]H] SU\]PDW SU]\V]áRĞFL'RW\F]\RQRRF]HNLZDĔ]ZLą]DQ\FK]UR]ZRMHPV\WXDFMLJRVSR GDUF]HMZNUDMXMDNLXZ]JOĊGQLDMąFZáDVQąSR]\FMĊLVWDWXVPDWHULDOQ\Z\ERUF\ *áRVRZDQLH SUREOHPRZH GRW\F]\ QDWRPLDVW W\FK Z\ERUFyZ NWyU]\SRGHMPXMąVZRMHGHF\]MHSROLW\F]QHQDSRGVWDZLHELHĪąFHMV\WXDFMLSROL W\F]QHMSURJUDPXNDQG\GDWDLWRF]ąFHMVLĊSU]HGZ\ERUF]HMNDPSDQLL *áRVRZDQLHHNRQRPLF]QHQDLQG\ZLGXDOQ\P±MHGQRVWNRZ\PSR]LRPLH áąF]\ZVRELHFHFK\UHWURVSHNW\ZQHLSURVSHNW\ZQH>/LQQ1DJOHU0RUDOHV @ .ROHMQ\P SRGVWDZRZ\P S\WDQLHP NRUHVSRQGXMąF\P ] JáRVRZD QLHPHNRQRPLF]Q\PMHVWWRZMDNLVSRVyENRQG\FMDJRVSRGDUNLZSá\ZDQD IUHNZHQFMĊ Z\ERUF]ą RUD] Z\EyU SDUWLL L NDQG\GDWyZ Z ORNDOX Z\ERUF]\P >3DFHN@
1DMZDĪQLHMV]H ]GDMH VLĊ WZLHUG]HQLH LĪ SRGHMPRZDQH GHF\]MH SROL W\F]QH ± SRSDUFLH GOD SDUWLL U]ąG]ąFHM OXE RSR]\FML ]ZLą]DQH MHVW EH]SR ĞUHGQLR]RSLQLąZNZHVWLDFKHNRQRPLF]Q\FK:V\WXDFMLVWDELOL]RZDQLDVLĊ V\VWHPXSROLW\F]QHJRRUD]WUZDáRĞFLXNáDGXSDUW\MQHJRQDVFHQLHSROLW\F]QHM WDND RSLQLD ZSá\ZD QD GRNRQ\ZDQLH GHF\]ML SRG Z]JOĊGHP HNRQRPLF]Q\P >-DVLHZLF]@6LáD]DOHĪQRĞFLSRPLĊG]\HNRQRPLąDSRGHMPRZDQ\PLGHF\ ]MDPLZ\ERUF]\PLZ\QLNLD]ZDJLMDNąZ\ERUF\SU]\ZLą]XMąGR]DJDGQLHĔ HNRQRPLF]Q\FK>/HZLV%HFN:KLWWHQ@ ĝFLĞOHSRZLą]DQ\P]DJDGQLHQLHP]JáRVRZDQLHPHNRQRPLF]Q\PMHVW WHRULDUDFMRQDOQHJRZ\ERUXrational choice theory
:ĞZLHWOHWHRULLUDFMRQDOQHJRZ\ERUXRE\ZDWHOHJáRVXMąQDWĊSDUWLĊSROL W\F]Qą NWyUD SR GRMĞFLX GR ZáDG]\ Z ĞZLHWOH LFK SU]\SXV]F]HĔ ]DSHZQL LP QDMZLĊNV]HNRU]\ĞFL1DWRPLDVWJáyZQ\P]DGDQLHPSDUWLLMHVWX]\VNDQLHZáDG]\ GODWHJR WHĪ NDĪGRUD]RZR SU]\ NROHMQ\FK HOHNFMDFK GRVWRVRZXMą RQH VZRMH SURJUDP\WDNDE\]DSHZQLüVRELH]Z\FLĊVWZR(OHPHQWHPNRQVWUXXMąF\PZZ NRQFHSFMĊMHVWOXG]NLHJRL]P]XZDJLQDIDNWLĪZ\ERUF\ZDNFLHJáRVRZDQLD U]DGNRGRNRQXMąJRELRUąFSRGXZDJĊGREURZVSyOQH>:DUG@ :WHRULLWHMPDP\GRF]\QLHQLD]UDFMRQDOQ\PZ\ERUFąNWyU\PDRGSR ZLHGQLGXĪRF]DVXRUD]]DSHZQLRQ\G\VWDQVHPRFMRQDOQ\DE\ZáDĞFLZLHSRGMąü GHF\]MĊZ\ERUF]ąEH]Z]JOĊGXQDWR]MDNVNRPSOLNRZDQąV\WXDFMąSU]\MG]LH PXVLĊ]PLHU]\ü%H]Z]JOĊGXQDZ\QLNLVNXWNLSRGHMPRZDQ\FKGHF\]MLZMHJR PQLHPDQLX]RVWDáDRQDSRGMĊWDQDMHJRNRU]\Ğü>:DUG@
'ųŽƐŽǁĂŶŝĞĞŬŽŶŽŵŝĐnjŶĞǁWŽůƐĐĞnjƉĞƌƐƉĞŬƚLJǁLJĚĞŬůĂƌĂĐũŝǁLJďŽƌĐſǁ
<ĂƌŽůŝŶĂdLJďƵĐŚŽǁƐŬĂͲ,ĂƌƚůŝŷƐŬĂ
1DWRPLDVW WHRULD Z\ERUX VSRáHF]QHJR MDNR SRGNDWHJRULD rational
choice theoryZVND]XMHQD]QDF]ąFHSRZLą]DQLHSRGHMPRZDQ\FKGHF\]MLSROL
W\F]Q\FKSU]H]Z\ERUFyZ]HNRQRPLą3RQLHZDĪJáRVXMąFRE\ZDWHOHGHF\GXMą VLĊQDSHZLHQ]DNXS±VWDMąVLĊNRQVXPHQWDPLZ\ERUF]\PL:DNFLHJáRVR ZDQLDSRGHMPRZDQDMHVWGHF\]MDRFHQ\LW\PVDP\PUR]OLF]HQLDU]ąGX
)UHNZHQFMĊ Z\ERUF]ą PRĪQD UR]SDWU\ZDü UyZQLHĪ SU]H] SU\]PDW ]\VNyZLVWUDW:Z\ERUDFKELRUąERZLHPXG]LDáW\ONRWHMHGQRVWNLNWyUHPDMą FRĞ GR ]\VNDQLD %LHUQL SR]RVWDMą FL QD Ī\FLH NWyU\FK Z\QLN Z\ERUyZ LFK ]GDQLHPQLHPDZSá\ZX'HF\]MDRXG]LDOHZJáRVRZDQLXMHVWZ\QLNLHPSU]H Z\ĪV]HQLDNRU]\ĞFL1]JáRVRZDQLDQDGSRQLHVLRQ\PLNRV]WDPL2>'RZQV
)HGGHUVHQ6DQGURQL@
:ZLĊNV]RĞFLSDĔVWZZ\ERUF\ELRUąXG]LDáZHOHNFMDFKSRPLPRZ\VR NLFKNRV]WyZLVáDEHJR]QDF]HQLDSRMHG\QF]HJRJáRVX:VND]XMąFQDQLHLVWRW QRĞü SRMHG\QF]\FK JáRVyZ3 QDOHĪ\ SDPLĊWDü LĪ IUHNZHQFMD MHVW ÄIXQNFMą
PLOLRQyZ MHGQRVWNRZ\FK GHF\]ML´ NWyUH WR ZáDĞQLH GRNRQXMą UR]VWU]\JQLĊü FRGRZ\ERUXSU]HGVWDZLFLHOLRUD]NV]WDáWXOHJLVODW\Z\LHJ]HNXW\Z\>&]HĞQLN @ =MDZLVNR WDNLH SRZV]HFKQLH X]QDZDQH MHVW ]D ÄSDUDGRNV JáRVR ZDQLD´SRQLHZDĪ]D]Z\F]DMVWUDW\SU]HZ\ĪV]DMą]\VNLLQLHPDUDFMRQDOQHJR Z\WáXPDF]HQLDFKĊFLXF]HVWQLFWZDZJáRVRZDQLXSRQDG]UHDOL]RZDQLHRE\ZD WHOVNLHJRRERZLą]NX>5LNHU2UGHVKRRN%ODLV@ -DND MHVW ]DWHP SROVND VSHF\¿ND JáRVRZDQLD HNRQRPLF]QHJR" :\UyĪQLNLHP VWDMH VLĊ SU]HZDJD ZSá\ZX QD GHF\]MH SROLW\F]QH RJyOQRNUD MRZHMNRQG\FMLJRVSRGDUNLQDGV\WXDFMąJRVSRGDUVWZDGRPRZHJR
3UREOHPDW\NDSRGMĊW\FKEDGDĔ
&HOHP SUH]HQWRZDQ\FK EDGDĔ MHVW X]\VNDQLH Z\MDĞQLHQLD HNRQRPLF]Q\FK GHWHUPLQDQWyZ SRGHMPRZDQLD GHF\]ML Z\ERUF]\FK ZH ZVSyáF]HVQHM 3ROVFH %DGDQLDSU]HSURZDG]RQH]RVWDá\ZZDUXQNDFKKLSRWHW\F]QHMV\WXDFMLZ\ERUyZ &R]DW\PLG]LHUyZQLHĪZ\PLHU]DQLHRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLU]ąG]ąF\PQDOHĪDáR GRVIHU\SU]\SXV]F]HĔ']LĊNLSU]HSURZDG]RQ\PEDGDQLRPPDP\PRĪOLZRĞü 1 3U]\NáDGRZHNRU]\ĞFLWRQDG]LHMDQDSROHSV]HQLHV\WXDFMLĪ\FLRZHMEL]QHVRZHMSRGRMĞFLX GRZáDG]\SRSLHUDQHMRSFMLSROLW\F]QHMNDQG\GDWDXQLNQLĊFLHSRF]XFLDZLQ\]QLHVSHáQLHQLD RE\ZDWHOVNLHJRRERZLą]NX>.RU]HQLRZVNL@ 2 3U]\NáDGRZH NRV]W\ WR Z\VLáHN ZNáDGDQ\ Z DNW JáRVRZDQLD QS UHMHVWUDFMD 86$ ]UR]XPLHQLHV\WXDFMLSROLW\F]QHM>.RU]HQLRZVNL@ 3 ,VWQLHMHERZLHPPDáHSUDZGRSRGRELHĔVWZRLĪSRMHG\QF]\JáRVZSá\QLHQDZ\QLNZ\ERUyZ&KRü ]GUXJLHMVWURQ\ZSU]\SDGNXSU]\G]LHODQLDPDQGDWyZ]DUyZQRZV\VWHPDFKSURSRUFMRQDOQ\FK F]\ V\VWHPDFK ZLĊNV]RĞFLRZ\FK W\SX )373 ZDJD MHGQHJR JáRVX MHVW ]DVDGQLF]D L PRĪH ]GHF\GRZDüRZ\ERU]HGDQHJRNDQG\GDWD7\PEDUG]LHMMHĞOLPDP\GRF]\QLHQLD]Z\ERUDPL ZPDá\FKVSRáHF]QRĞFLDFKORNDOQ\FKLOXEPDá\FKRNUĊJDFKZ\ERUF]\FKJG]LHZDJDMHGQHJR JáRVXMHVW]QDF]QLHZ\ĪV]DQLĪZSU]\SDGNXZ\ERUyZRJyOQRSDĔVWZRZ\FK
ÄRNUHĞOHQLD WHPSD ZSá\ZX F]\QQLNyZ HNRQRPLF]Q\FK QD SUHIHUHQFMH SROLW\F]QH´ RUD] ÄF]DVRZ\ ]DVLĊJ RGG]LDá\ZDQLD F]\OL SRUyZQDQLH LFK ]QDF]HQLD´>*U]HODN@
6WąGGDOV]HUR]ZDĪDQLDVNXSLDMąVLĊQDDQDOL]LHSROVNLHMVSHF\¿NLSUHIH UHQFML JáRVRZDQLD HNRQRPLF]QHJR RUD] G\QDPLNL UHODFML PLĊG]\ V\WXDFMą HNRQRPLF]QąDRFHQąSROLW\F]Qą
3U]\F]\QLáRVLĊWRGRVIRUPXáRZDQLDSRQLĪV]\FKS\WDĔEDGDZF]\FK F]\ JáRVXMąF\ Z Z\ERUDFK ELRUą SRG XZDJĊ V\WXDFMĊ JRVSRGDUF]ą
ZNUDMXJG\E\Z\ERU\GR6HMPXRGE\á\VLĊZQDMEOLĪV]ąQLHG]LHOĊ" F]\JáRVXMąF\ZZ\ERUDFK]ZUDFDMąXZDJĊQDSURJUDPJRVSRGDUF]\
NDQG\GDWDSDUWLL SROLW\F]QHM JG\E\ Z\ERU\ GR 6HMPX RGE\á\ VLĊ ZQDMEOLĪV]ąQLHG]LHOĊ"
F]\ JáRVXMąF\ Z Z\ERUDFK ELRUą SRG XZDJĊ V\WXDFMĊ JRVSRGDUF]ą ZNUDMXZRGQLHVLHQLXGRSRJOąGyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FK"
F]\JáRVXMąF\ZZ\ERUDFK]ZUDFDMąXZDJĊQDSURJUDPJRVSRGDUF]\ NDQG\GDWDSDUWLL SROLW\F]QHM Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR SRJOąGyZ LGHRORJLF]Q\FK"
:HU\¿NDFMDKLSRWH]\
*áRVXMąFZZ\ERUDFKELRUĊSRGXZDJĊV\WXDFMĊJRVSRGDUF]ąZNUD íUR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]LZGHNODUDFMDFKZRGQLHVLH QLXGRZ\ERUyZGRVHMPXJG\E\RGE\ZDá\VLĊZQDMEOLĪV]ąQLHG]LHOĊ =GHF\GR 5DF]HM 1LHPDP ]GDQLD 5DF]HM =GHF\GR 5D]HP 3ODWIRUPD2E\ZDWHOVND SURFHQWLORĞü 3ROVNLH 6WURQQLFWZR /XGRZH LORĞü SURFHQW 3UDZR
L6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü SURFHQWLORĞü 5XFK3DOLNRWD LORĞü
SURFHQW 6RMXV]/HZLF\
'HPRNUDW\F]QHM SURFHQWLORĞü LORĞü
SURFHQW
1LHJáRVRZDáHP LORĞü
'ųŽƐŽǁĂŶŝĞĞŬŽŶŽŵŝĐnjŶĞǁWŽůƐĐĞnjƉĞƌƐƉĞŬƚLJǁLJĚĞŬůĂƌĂĐũŝǁLJďŽƌĐſǁ
<ĂƌŽůŝŶĂdLJďƵĐŚŽǁƐŬĂͲ,ĂƌƚůŝŷƐŬĂ
1DWRPLDVW WHRULD Z\ERUX VSRáHF]QHJR MDNR SRGNDWHJRULD
ZVND]XMHQD]QDF]ąFHSRZLą]DQLHSRGHMPRZDQ\FKGHF\]MLSROL W\F]Q\FKSU]H]Z\ERUFyZ]HNRQRPLą3RQLHZDĪJáRVXMąFRE\ZDWHOHGHF\GXMą VLĊQDSHZLHQ]DNXS±VWDMąVLĊNRQVXPHQWDPLZ\ERUF]\PL:DNFLHJáRVR ZDQLDSRGHMPRZDQDMHVWGHF\]MDRFHQ\LW\PVDP\PUR]OLF]HQLDU]ąGX
)UHNZHQFMĊ Z\ERUF]ą PRĪQD UR]SDWU\ZDü UyZQLHĪ SU]H] SU\]PDW ]\VNyZLVWUDW:Z\ERUDFKELRUąERZLHPXG]LDáW\ONRWHMHGQRVWNLNWyUHPDMą FRĞ GR ]\VNDQLD %LHUQL SR]RVWDMą FL QD Ī\FLH NWyU\FK Z\QLN Z\ERUyZ LFK ]GDQLHPQLHPDZSá\ZX'HF\]MDRXG]LDOHZJáRVRZDQLXMHVWZ\QLNLHPSU]H Z\ĪV]HQLDNRU]\ĞFL ]JáRVRZDQLDQDGSRQLHVLRQ\PLNRV]WDPL >'RZQV )HGGHUVHQ6DQGURQL@
:ZLĊNV]RĞFLSDĔVWZZ\ERUF\ELRUąXG]LDáZHOHNFMDFKSRPLPRZ\VR NLFKNRV]WyZLVáDEHJR]QDF]HQLDSRMHG\QF]HJRJáRVX:VND]XMąFQDQLHLVWRW QRĞü SRMHG\QF]\FK JáRVyZ QDOHĪ\ SDPLĊWDü LĪ IUHNZHQFMD MHVW ÄIXQNFMą PLOLRQyZ MHGQRVWNRZ\FK GHF\]ML´ NWyUH WR ZáDĞQLH GRNRQXMą UR]VWU]\JQLĊü FRGRZ\ERUXSU]HGVWDZLFLHOLRUD]NV]WDáWXOHJLVODW\Z\LHJ]HNXW\Z\>&]HĞQLN @ =MDZLVNR WDNLH SRZV]HFKQLH X]QDZDQH MHVW ]D ÄSDUDGRNV JáRVR ZDQLD´SRQLHZDĪ]D]Z\F]DMVWUDW\SU]HZ\ĪV]DMą]\VNLLQLHPDUDFMRQDOQHJR Z\WáXPDF]HQLDFKĊFLXF]HVWQLFWZDZJáRVRZDQLXSRQDG]UHDOL]RZDQLHRE\ZD WHOVNLHJRRERZLą]NX>5LNHU2UGHVKRRN%ODLV@ -DND MHVW ]DWHP SROVND VSHF\¿ND JáRVRZDQLD HNRQRPLF]QHJR" :\UyĪQLNLHP VWDMH VLĊ SU]HZDJD ZSá\ZX QD GHF\]MH SROLW\F]QH RJyOQRNUD MRZHMNRQG\FMLJRVSRGDUNLQDGV\WXDFMąJRVSRGDUVWZDGRPRZHJR
3UREOHPDW\NDSRGMĊW\FKEDGDĔ
&HOHP SUH]HQWRZDQ\FK EDGDĔ MHVW X]\VNDQLH Z\MDĞQLHQLD HNRQRPLF]Q\FK GHWHUPLQDQWyZ SRGHMPRZDQLD GHF\]ML Z\ERUF]\FK ZH ZVSyáF]HVQHM 3ROVFH %DGDQLDSU]HSURZDG]RQH]RVWDá\ZZDUXQNDFKKLSRWHW\F]QHMV\WXDFMLZ\ERUyZ &R]DW\PLG]LHUyZQLHĪZ\PLHU]DQLHRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLU]ąG]ąF\PQDOHĪDáR GRVIHU\SU]\SXV]F]HĔ']LĊNLSU]HSURZDG]RQ\PEDGDQLRPPDP\PRĪOLZRĞü 3U]\NáDGRZHNRU]\ĞFLWRQDG]LHMDQDSROHSV]HQLHV\WXDFMLĪ\FLRZHMEL]QHVRZHMSRGRMĞFLX GRZáDG]\SRSLHUDQHMRSFMLSROLW\F]QHMNDQG\GDWDXQLNQLĊFLHSRF]XFLDZLQ\]QLHVSHáQLHQLD RE\ZDWHOVNLHJRRERZLą]NX>.RU]HQLRZVNL@ 3U]\NáDGRZH NRV]W\ WR Z\VLáHN ZNáDGDQ\ Z DNW JáRVRZDQLD QS UHMHVWUDFMD 86$ ]UR]XPLHQLHV\WXDFMLSROLW\F]QHM>.RU]HQLRZVNL@ ,VWQLHMHERZLHPPDáHSUDZGRSRGRELHĔVWZRLĪSRMHG\QF]\JáRVZSá\QLHQDZ\QLNZ\ERUyZ&KRü ]GUXJLHMVWURQ\ZSU]\SDGNXSU]\G]LHODQLDPDQGDWyZ]DUyZQRZV\VWHPDFKSURSRUFMRQDOQ\FK F]\ V\VWHPDFK ZLĊNV]RĞFLRZ\FK W\SX )373 ZDJD MHGQHJR JáRVX MHVW ]DVDGQLF]D L PRĪH ]GHF\GRZDüRZ\ERU]HGDQHJRNDQG\GDWD7\PEDUG]LHMMHĞOLPDP\GRF]\QLHQLD]Z\ERUDPL ZPDá\FKVSRáHF]QRĞFLDFKORNDOQ\FKLOXEPDá\FKRNUĊJDFKZ\ERUF]\FKJG]LHZDJDMHGQHJR JáRVXMHVW]QDF]QLHZ\ĪV]DQLĪZSU]\SDGNXZ\ERUyZRJyOQRSDĔVWZRZ\FK
ÄRNUHĞOHQLD WHPSD ZSá\ZX F]\QQLNyZ HNRQRPLF]Q\FK QD SUHIHUHQFMH SROLW\F]QH´ RUD] ÄF]DVRZ\ ]DVLĊJ RGG]LDá\ZDQLD F]\OL SRUyZQDQLH LFK ]QDF]HQLD´>*U]HODN@
6WąGGDOV]HUR]ZDĪDQLDVNXSLDMąVLĊQDDQDOL]LHSROVNLHMVSHF\¿NLSUHIH UHQFML JáRVRZDQLD HNRQRPLF]QHJR RUD] G\QDPLNL UHODFML PLĊG]\ V\WXDFMą HNRQRPLF]QąDRFHQąSROLW\F]Qą
3U]\F]\QLáRVLĊWRGRVIRUPXáRZDQLDSRQLĪV]\FKS\WDĔEDGDZF]\FK F]\ JáRVXMąF\ Z Z\ERUDFK ELRUą SRG XZDJĊ V\WXDFMĊ JRVSRGDUF]ą
ZNUDMXJG\E\Z\ERU\GR6HMPXRGE\á\VLĊZQDMEOLĪV]ąQLHG]LHOĊ" F]\JáRVXMąF\ZZ\ERUDFK]ZUDFDMąXZDJĊQDSURJUDPJRVSRGDUF]\
NDQG\GDWDSDUWLL SROLW\F]QHM JG\E\ Z\ERU\ GR 6HMPX RGE\á\ VLĊ ZQDMEOLĪV]ąQLHG]LHOĊ"
F]\ JáRVXMąF\ Z Z\ERUDFK ELRUą SRG XZDJĊ V\WXDFMĊ JRVSRGDUF]ą ZNUDMXZRGQLHVLHQLXGRSRJOąGyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FK"
F]\JáRVXMąF\ZZ\ERUDFK]ZUDFDMąXZDJĊQDSURJUDPJRVSRGDUF]\ NDQG\GDWDSDUWLL SROLW\F]QHM Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR SRJOąGyZ LGHRORJLF]Q\FK"
:HU\¿NDFMDKLSRWH]\
Tabela 1. *áRVXMąFZZ\ERUDFKELRUĊSRGXZDJĊV\WXDFMĊJRVSRGDUF]ąZNUD ju íUR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]LZGHNODUDFMDFKZRGQLHVLH QLXGRZ\ERUyZGRVHMPXJG\E\RGE\ZDá\VLĊZQDMEOLĪV]ąQLHG]LHOĊ =GHF\GR wanie tak 5DF]HM tak 1LHPDP ]GDQLD 5DF]HMnie =GHF\GR wanie nie 5D]HP 3ODWIRUPD 2E\ZDWHOVND LORĞü 73 121 13 2 247 SURFHQW 3ROVNLH 6WURQQLFWZR /XGRZH LORĞü 23 37 7 1 76 SURFHQW 3UDZR L6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü LORĞü 35 17 2 SURFHQW 5XFK3DOLNRWD LORĞü 26 22 5 3 64 SURFHQW 6RMXV]/HZLF\ 'HPRNUDW\F]QHM LORĞü 39 44 14 9 2 SURFHQW Inne LORĞü 51 35 14 6 4 110 SURFHQW 1LHJáRVRZDáHP LORĞü 62 92 60 23 255 SURFHQW'ųŽƐŽǁĂŶŝĞĞŬŽŶŽŵŝĐnjŶĞǁWŽůƐĐĞnjƉĞƌƐƉĞŬƚLJǁLJĚĞŬůĂƌĂĐũŝǁLJďŽƌĐſǁ
<ĂƌŽůŝŶĂdLJďƵĐŚŽǁƐŬĂͲ,ĂƌƚůŝŷƐŬĂ
6\WXDFMD JRVSRGDUF]D NUDMX Z\GDMH VLĊ E\ü ZDĪQ\P HOHPHQWHP ZSRGHMPRZDQLXGHF\]MLZ\ERUF]\FKZĞUyGEDGDQ\FKÄ=GHF\GRZDQLHWDN´ NRQG\FMąJRVSRGDUF]ąNUDMXVXJHUXMąVLĊRVRE\RQLHVSUHF\]RZDQ\FKSRJOą GDFK SROLW\F]Q\FK ]ZROHQQLF\ 5XFKX 3DOLNRWD QDVWĊSQLH 3UDZDL6SUDZLHGOLZRĞFL6RMXV]X/HZLF\'HPRNUDW\F]QHM 3ROVNLHJR6WURQQLFWZD/XGRZHJR3ODWIRUP\2E\ZDWHOVNLHM RUD]RVRE\NWyUH]DGHNODURZDá\DEVHQFMĊZ\ERUF]ą
:VND]DQLD QD NRQG\FMĊ JRVSRGDUNL MDNR QD ZDĪQ\ HOHPHQW SU]\ SRGHMPRZDQLX GHF\]ML SRFKRG]Lá\ RG SRWHQFMDOQHJR HOHNWRUDWX 3ODWIRUP\ 2E\ZDWHOVNLHMRUD]3ROVNLHJR6WURQQLFWZD/XGRZHJR±ZVND ]DQLH ÄUDF]HM WDN´:ĞUyG RVyE NWyUH QLH PLDá\ ]GDQLD FR GR VXJHURZDQLD VLĊ V\WXDFMą JRVSRGDUF]ą ]DUyZQR Z HOHNWRUDWDFK 3ODWIRUP\ 2E\ZDWHOVNLHM MDN L 3UDZD L 6SUDZLHGOLZRĞFL ZVNDĨQLN E\á WDNL VDP 1DMZ\ĪV]\ QDWRPLDVWZĞUyGRVyENWyUHQLHJáRVRZDá\DQDMQLĪV]\ZĞUyGSRSLH UDMąF\FK3ROVNLH6WURQQLFWZR/XGRZH Tabela 2. *áRVXMąFZZ\ERUDFK]ZUDFDPXZDJĊQDSURJUDPJRVSRGDUF]\ NDQG\GDWDSDUWLLSROLW\F]QHMíUR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]L ZGHNODUDFMDFKZRGQLHVLHQLXGRZ\ERUyZGRVHMPXJG\E\RGE\ZDá\VLĊ ZQDMEOLĪV]ąQLHG]LHOĊ =GHF\GR wanie tak 5DF]HM tak 1LHPDP ]GDQLD 5DF]HMnie =GHF\GR wanie nie 5D]HP 3ODWIRUPD 2E\ZDWHOVND LORĞü 90 30 1 247 SURFHQW 3ROVNLH 6WURQQLFWZR /XGRZH LORĞü 12 47 10 7 0 76 SURFHQW 3UDZRL 6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü LORĞü 90 102 26 2 SURFHQW 5XFK3DOLNRWD LORĞü 25 25 9 4 1 64 SURFHQW 6RMXV]/HZLF\ 'HPRNUDW\F]QHM LORĞü 56 11 3 0 SURFHQW Inne LORĞü 56 41 3 2 110 SURFHQW 1LHJáRVRZDáHP SURFHQWLORĞü 61 103 57 16 255 3\WDQLD GRW\F]ąFH ZDĪQRĞFL SURJUDPX JRVSRGDUF]HJR NDQG\GDWD ZQDMEOLĪV]\FKZ\ERUDFKGR6HMPXSRND]XMąZ\VRNLVWRSLHĔ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD SURJUDPHP JRVSRGDUF]\P SDUWLLNDQG\GDWD 1DMZ\ĪV]H ZVND]DQLD GRW\F]ą
RGSRZLHG]L Ä]GHF\GRZDQLH WDN´ L ÄUDF]HM WDN´ ZH ZV]\VWNLFK HOHNWRUDWDFK =DUyZQR ZĞUyG Z\ERUFyZ GHNODUXMąF\FK SRSDUFLH GOD GDQHJR XJUXSRZDQLD MDN UyZQLHĪ ZĞUyG QLHJáRVXMąF\FK : HOHNWRUDWDFK SDUW\MQ\FK QDMZLĊNV]H ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLH SURJUDPHP JRVSRGDUF]\P Z\ND]XMą V\PSDW\F\ 3ROVNLHJR 6WURQQLFWZD /XGRZHJR ÄUDF]HM WDN´ L Ä]GHF\GRZDQLH WDN´ :SU]\SDGNX5XFKX3DOLNRWDOLF]EDZVND]DĔÄ]GHF\GRZDQLHWDN´LÄUDF]HMWDN´ E\áDWDNDVDPD=DUyZQRZĞUyG]ZROHQQLNyZ3ROVNLHJR6WURQQLFWZD/XGRZHJR RUD] 6RMXV]X /HZLF\ 'HPRNUDW\F]QHM QLH PD RVyE NWyUH GRNRQDá\E\ ZVND ]DQLDLĪÄ]GHF\GRZDQLHQLH´]ZUDFDMąXZDJLQDSURJUDPJRVSRGDUF]\SDUWLL NDQG\GDWD:SU]\SDGNXRVyENWyUHÄUDF]HMQLH´QLH]ZUDFDMąXZDJLQDSURJUDP JRVSRGDUF]\ QDMQLĪV]H ZDUWRĞFL ZVND]XMą QD SRSLHUDMąF\FK 6RMXV] /HZLF\ 'HPRNUDW\F]QHMRUD]RVRE\Z\ELHUDMąFHLQQHXJUXSRZDQLD
1DMOLF]QLHMV]ą JUXSą ZĞUyG QLH PDMąF\FK ]GDQLD RND]DOL VLĊ EDGDQL NWyU]\QLHZ\UD]LOLFKĊFLSDUW\F\SRZDQLDZZ\ERUDFK *áRVXMąFZZ\ERUDFKELRUĊSRGXZDJĊV\WXDFMĊJRVSRGDUF]ąZNUD íUR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]LZGHNODUDFMDFKZRGQLHVLH QLXGRSRJOąGyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FK =GHF\GR 5DF]HMWDN 1LHPDP]GDQLD 5DF]HMQLH =GHF\GR 5D]HP /HZLFD LORĞü SURFHQW &HQWUXP LORĞü SURFHQW 3UDZLFD LORĞü SURFHQW 1LHZLHP QLHSRWUD¿Ċ RNUHĞOLü LORĞü SURFHQW
%H] Z]JOĊGX QD UHSUH]HQWRZDQH SRJOąG\ SROLW\F]QH UyZQLHĪ L Z W\P SU]\SDGNXQDMZLĊFHMZVND]DĔQD]DGDQHS\WDQLHSDGáRQDRGSRZLHGĨÄ]GHF\GR ZDQLHWDN´LÄUDF]HMWDN´:SU]\SDGNX]GHF\GRZDQHJRVXJHURZDQLDVLĊV\WXDFMą JRVSRGDUF]DZNUDMXRVLąJQLĊWR]EOLĪRQHZVNDĨQLNLZĞUyGRVyE]DGHNODURZDQ\FK LGHRZR MDNR SUDZLFRZH FHQWURZH OHZLFRZH 1LĪV]\ ZVNDĨQLNX]\VNDQRZĞUyGRVyEQLHSRWUD¿ąF\FKVSUHF\]RZDüVZRLFKSRJOąGyZ :\ĪV]HLQG\NDWRU\XND]XMHZVND]DQLHGUXJLH±ÄUDF]HMWDN´±]RGPLHQQą NROHMQRĞFLąZSRG]LDOHLGHRORJLF]Q\P1DMZLĊNV]\RGVHWHNVWDQRZLá\RVRE\]DGH NODURZDQH MDNR FHQWURZH L OHZLFRZH QDVWĊSQLH SUDZLFRZH LQLHSRWUD¿ąFHRNUHĞOLüSRJOąGyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FK:SU]\SDGNX UHVSRQGHQWyZQLHPDMąF\FK]DGDQLDFRGRZSá\ZXV\WXDFMLJRVSRGDUF]HMNUDMX
'ųŽƐŽǁĂŶŝĞĞŬŽŶŽŵŝĐnjŶĞǁWŽůƐĐĞnjƉĞƌƐƉĞŬƚLJǁLJĚĞŬůĂƌĂĐũŝǁLJďŽƌĐſǁ
<ĂƌŽůŝŶĂdLJďƵĐŚŽǁƐŬĂͲ,ĂƌƚůŝŷƐŬĂ
6\WXDFMD JRVSRGDUF]D NUDMX Z\GDMH VLĊ E\ü ZDĪQ\P HOHPHQWHP ZSRGHMPRZDQLXGHF\]MLZ\ERUF]\FKZĞUyGEDGDQ\FKÄ=GHF\GRZDQLHWDN´ NRQG\FMąJRVSRGDUF]ąNUDMXVXJHUXMąVLĊRVRE\RQLHVSUHF\]RZDQ\FKSRJOą GDFK SROLW\F]Q\FK ]ZROHQQLF\ 5XFKX 3DOLNRWD QDVWĊSQLH 3UDZDL6SUDZLHGOLZRĞFL6RMXV]X/HZLF\'HPRNUDW\F]QHM 3ROVNLHJR6WURQQLFWZD/XGRZHJR3ODWIRUP\2E\ZDWHOVNLHM RUD]RVRE\NWyUH]DGHNODURZDá\DEVHQFMĊZ\ERUF]ą
:VND]DQLD QD NRQG\FMĊ JRVSRGDUNL MDNR QD ZDĪQ\ HOHPHQW SU]\ SRGHMPRZDQLX GHF\]ML SRFKRG]Lá\ RG SRWHQFMDOQHJR HOHNWRUDWX 3ODWIRUP\ 2E\ZDWHOVNLHMRUD]3ROVNLHJR6WURQQLFWZD/XGRZHJR±ZVND ]DQLH ÄUDF]HM WDN´:ĞUyG RVyE NWyUH QLH PLDá\ ]GDQLD FR GR VXJHURZDQLD VLĊ V\WXDFMą JRVSRGDUF]ą ]DUyZQR Z HOHNWRUDWDFK 3ODWIRUP\ 2E\ZDWHOVNLHM MDN L 3UDZD L 6SUDZLHGOLZRĞFL ZVNDĨQLN E\á WDNL VDP 1DMZ\ĪV]\ QDWRPLDVWZĞUyGRVyENWyUHQLHJáRVRZDá\DQDMQLĪV]\ZĞUyGSRSLH UDMąF\FK3ROVNLH6WURQQLFWZR/XGRZH *áRVXMąFZZ\ERUDFK]ZUDFDPXZDJĊQDSURJUDPJRVSRGDUF]\ NDQG\GDWDSDUWLLSROLW\F]QHMíUR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]L ZGHNODUDFMDFKZRGQLHVLHQLXGRZ\ERUyZGRVHMPXJG\E\RGE\ZDá\VLĊ ZQDMEOLĪV]ąQLHG]LHOĊ =GHF\GR 5DF]HM 1LHPDP ]GDQLD 5DF]HM =GHF\GR 5D]HP 3ODWIRUPD
2E\ZDWHOVND SURFHQWLORĞü 3ROVNLH 6WURQQLFWZR /XGRZH LORĞü SURFHQW 3UDZRL
6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü SURFHQWLORĞü 5XFK3DOLNRWD LORĞü
SURFHQW 6RMXV]/HZLF\
'HPRNUDW\F]QHM SURFHQWLORĞü
LORĞü
SURFHQW 1LHJáRVRZDáHP SURFHQWLORĞü
3\WDQLD GRW\F]ąFH ZDĪQRĞFL SURJUDPX JRVSRGDUF]HJR NDQG\GDWD ZQDMEOLĪV]\FKZ\ERUDFKGR6HMPXSRND]XMąZ\VRNLVWRSLHĔ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD SURJUDPHP JRVSRGDUF]\P SDUWLLNDQG\GDWD 1DMZ\ĪV]H ZVND]DQLD GRW\F]ą
RGSRZLHG]L Ä]GHF\GRZDQLH WDN´ L ÄUDF]HM WDN´ ZH ZV]\VWNLFK HOHNWRUDWDFK =DUyZQR ZĞUyG Z\ERUFyZ GHNODUXMąF\FK SRSDUFLH GOD GDQHJR XJUXSRZDQLD MDN UyZQLHĪ ZĞUyG QLHJáRVXMąF\FK : HOHNWRUDWDFK SDUW\MQ\FK QDMZLĊNV]H ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLH SURJUDPHP JRVSRGDUF]\P Z\ND]XMą V\PSDW\F\ 3ROVNLHJR 6WURQQLFWZD /XGRZHJR ÄUDF]HM WDN´ L Ä]GHF\GRZDQLH WDN´ :SU]\SDGNX5XFKX3DOLNRWDOLF]EDZVND]DĔÄ]GHF\GRZDQLHWDN´LÄUDF]HMWDN´ E\áDWDNDVDPD=DUyZQRZĞUyG]ZROHQQLNyZ3ROVNLHJR6WURQQLFWZD/XGRZHJR RUD] 6RMXV]X /HZLF\ 'HPRNUDW\F]QHM QLH PD RVyE NWyUH GRNRQDá\E\ ZVND ]DQLDLĪÄ]GHF\GRZDQLHQLH´]ZUDFDMąXZDJLQDSURJUDPJRVSRGDUF]\SDUWLL NDQG\GDWD:SU]\SDGNXRVyENWyUHÄUDF]HMQLH´QLH]ZUDFDMąXZDJLQDSURJUDP JRVSRGDUF]\ QDMQLĪV]H ZDUWRĞFL ZVND]XMą QD SRSLHUDMąF\FK 6RMXV] /HZLF\ 'HPRNUDW\F]QHMRUD]RVRE\Z\ELHUDMąFHLQQHXJUXSRZDQLD
1DMOLF]QLHMV]ą JUXSą ZĞUyG QLH PDMąF\FK ]GDQLD RND]DOL VLĊ EDGDQL NWyU]\QLHZ\UD]LOLFKĊFLSDUW\F\SRZDQLDZZ\ERUDFK
Tabela 3. *áRVXMąFZZ\ERUDFKELRUĊSRGXZDJĊV\WXDFMĊJRVSRGDUF]ąZNUD
ju íUR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]LZGHNODUDFMDFKZRGQLHVLH
QLXGRSRJOąGyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FK
=GHF\GR
wanie tak 5DF]HMWDN 1LHPDP]GDQLD 5DF]HMQLH =GHF\GRwanie nie 5D]HP /HZLFD LORĞü 112 34 19 6 257 SURFHQW &HQWUXP LORĞü 72 90 31 10 3 206 SURFHQW 3UDZLFD LORĞü 137 55 26 9 355 SURFHQW 1LHZLHP QLHSRWUD¿Ċ RNUHĞOLü LORĞü 74 100 56 26 14 270 SURFHQW
%H] Z]JOĊGX QD UHSUH]HQWRZDQH SRJOąG\ SROLW\F]QH UyZQLHĪ L Z W\P SU]\SDGNXQDMZLĊFHMZVND]DĔQD]DGDQHS\WDQLHSDGáRQDRGSRZLHGĨÄ]GHF\GR ZDQLHWDN´LÄUDF]HMWDN´:SU]\SDGNX]GHF\GRZDQHJRVXJHURZDQLDVLĊV\WXDFMą JRVSRGDUF]DZNUDMXRVLąJQLĊWR]EOLĪRQHZVNDĨQLNLZĞUyGRVyE]DGHNODURZDQ\FK LGHRZR MDNR SUDZLFRZH FHQWURZH OHZLFRZH 1LĪV]\ ZVNDĨQLNX]\VNDQRZĞUyGRVyEQLHSRWUD¿ąF\FKVSUHF\]RZDüVZRLFKSRJOąGyZ :\ĪV]HLQG\NDWRU\XND]XMHZVND]DQLHGUXJLH±ÄUDF]HMWDN´±]RGPLHQQą NROHMQRĞFLąZSRG]LDOHLGHRORJLF]Q\P1DMZLĊNV]\RGVHWHNVWDQRZLá\RVRE\]DGH NODURZDQH MDNR FHQWURZH L OHZLFRZH QDVWĊSQLH SUDZLFRZH LQLHSRWUD¿ąFHRNUHĞOLüSRJOąGyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FK:SU]\SDGNX UHVSRQGHQWyZQLHPDMąF\FK]DGDQLDFRGRZSá\ZXV\WXDFMLJRVSRGDUF]HMNUDMX
'ųŽƐŽǁĂŶŝĞĞŬŽŶŽŵŝĐnjŶĞǁWŽůƐĐĞnjƉĞƌƐƉĞŬƚLJǁLJĚĞŬůĂƌĂĐũŝǁLJďŽƌĐſǁ <ĂƌŽůŝŶĂdLJďƵĐŚŽǁƐŬĂͲ,ĂƌƚůŝŷƐŬĂ QDLFKGHF\]MĊZ\ERUF]ąQDMOLF]QLHMV]\RGVHWHNGRW\F]\áRVyEQLHSRWUD¿ąF\FK XPLHMVFRZLüVZRLFKSRJOąGyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FKSRGREQHZDUWRĞFLRGQRWR ZDQRZSU]\SDGNXRVyE]SUDZLFRZ\PLLFHQWURZ\PLSRJOąGDPL Tabela 4. *áRVXMąFZZ\ERUDFK]ZUDFDPXZDJĊQDSURJUDPJRVSRGDUF]\ NDQG\GDWDSDUWLLSROLW\F]QHMíUR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]L ZGHNODUDFMDFKZRGQLHVLHQLXGRSRJOąGyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FK =GHF\GR
wanie tak 5DF]HMWDN 1LHPDP]GDQLD 5DF]HMQLH =GHF\GRwanie nie 5D]HP /HZLFD SURFHQWLORĞü 125 25 1 257 &HQWUXP LORĞü 103 25 2 206 SURFHQW 3UDZLFD LORĞü 147 150 42 13 3 355 SURFHQW 1LHZLHP QLHSRWUD¿Ċ RNUHĞOLü LORĞü 69 104 59 20 270 SURFHQW
: SU]\SDGNX ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD SURJUDPHP Z\ERUF]\P NDQG\GDWDSDUWLL SROLW\F]QHM QDMZLĊNV]ą XZDJĊ SU]\ZLą]XMą GR QLHJR RVRE\ RNUHĞODMąFH VZRMH SRJOąG\ RGSRZLHGQLR MDNR SUDZLFRZH OHZLFRZH FHQWURZH RUD]RVRE\QLHSRWUD¿ąFHGRNRQDüRNUHĞOHQLD:SU]\SDGNXZVND]DĔ ÄUDF]HMWDN´NROHMQRĞüGRNáDGQLHRG]ZLHUFLHGODWDNLVDPXNáDGMDNZS\WDQLXGRW\ F]ąF\PVXJHURZDQLDVLĊNRQG\FMąJRVSRGDUF]ąZNUDMXSU]\]ZLĊNV]RQ\FKZVNDĨ QLNDFKSURFHQWRZ\FK±FHQWUXPOHZLFDSUDZLFDRVRE\ QLHSRWUD¿ąFHRNUHĞOLüSRJOąGyZ5yZQLHĪLZW\PSU]\SDGNXRVRE\EH] VSUHF\]RZDQ\FKSRJOąGyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FKVWDQRZLá\QDMOLF]QLHMV]ąJUXSĊNWyUD QLHPLDáD]GDQLDFRGRVXJHURZDQLDVLĊSURJUDPHPZ\ERUF]\PNDQG\GDWDSDUWLL SROLW\F]QHMSRGF]DVHOHNFMLSDUODPHQWDUQHM
3RGVXPRZDQLH
6]HURNLH]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHJáRVRZDQLHPHNRQRPLF]Q\PZĞUyGSROLWRORJyZQD ĞZLHFLH]DRZRFRZDáRSRZVWDQLHPZLHOXSXEOLNDFMLDW\PVDP\PGDáRQDP V]HURNą ZLHG]Ċ QD WHPDW PHFKDQL]PyZ L PRW\ZyZ SRGHMPRZDQLD GHF\]ML SU]H]Z\ERUFyZFKRüMHV]F]HZLHOH]RVWDáRGR]EDGDQLD-HGQRMHVWSHZQH± Z\ERUF\ QDJUDG]DMą XU]ĊGXMąFD SDUWLĊNDQG\GDWD Z F]DVDFK GREUHM NRQG\FML JRVSRGDUF]HMNDU]ąQDWRPLDVWZF]DVLHNU\]\VX:Sá\ZQDWDNLH]DFKRZDQLD PD]DUyZQRHNRQRPLF]QDSHUFHSFMDNRQG\FMLJRVSRGDUNLSDĔVWZDMDNUyZQLHĪ LQG\ZLGXDOQ\SR]LRPRGF]XFLD]DVREQRĞFLZáDVQHJRSRUWIHOD= SU]HDQDOL]RZDQ\FK EDGDĔ Z\QLND MHGQR]QDF]QLH ĪH Z\ERUF\ ELRUą SRG XZDJĊ V\WXDFMĊ JRVSRGDUF]ą Z NUDMX QLH]DOHĪQLH RG SRSLHUDQLD NRQNUHWQHMSDUWLL±Ä]GHF\GRZDQLHWDN´OXEÄUDF]HMWDN´RG5XFK3DOLNRWD GR36/:PQLHMV]\PVWRSQLXQDWHQSUREOHP]DSDWUXMąVLĊUHVSRQGHQFL GHNODUXMąF\DEVHQFMĊZ\ERUF]ą
: SU]\SDGNX UR]SDWU\ZDQLD SURJUDPX JRVSRGDUF]HJR NDQG\GDWD OXE SDUWLL SROLW\F]QHM ]GHF\GRZDQLH GXĪą XZDJĊ SU]\NáDGDMą GR QLFK Z\ERUF\ 6RMXV]X/HZLF\'HPRNUDW\F]QHM
%H] Z]JOĊGX QD ]DGHNODURZDQH SRJOąG\ LGHRORJLF]QH L SRSDUFLH SDUW\MQHUHVSRQGHQFLSU]\NáDGDMąZLĊNV]ąZDJĊGRSURJUDPXJRVSRGDUF]HJR NDQG\GDWDSDUWLL SROLW\F]QHM DQLĪHOL GR NRQG\FML JRVSRGDUNL RJyOQRNUDMRZHM ]HV]F]HJyOQ\PDNFHQWHPZ\ERUFyZGHNODUXMąF\FKVLĊMDNRSUDZLFRZLOHZLFD FHQWUXPSUDZLFD
1D NZHVWLĊ ]ZLą]DQą ] SURJUDPHP JRVSRGDUF]\P NDQG\GDWDSDUWLL SROLW\F]QHM]GHF\GRZDQLHF]ĊĞFLHMXZDJĊ]ZUDFDMąRVRE\]DGHNODURZDQHMDNR SUDZLFRZHQLĪOHZLFRZHL]FHQWUXP&KRü]GHF\GR ZDQLHWDNOXEUDF]HMWDNUyĪQLFHWHVąPQLHMV]HSUDZLFRZH±FHQWUXP ±OHZLFD±
5HDVXPXMąF PRĪQD VWZLHUG]Lü ĪH QLH]DOHĪQLH RG SU]\MĊWHJR NU\WH ULXPHOHNWRUDWXSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKSDUWLLOXESRJOąGyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FKRNRáRô Z\ERUFyZ GHNODUXMH XZ]JOĊGQLHQLH V\WXDFML JRVSRGDUF]HM NUDMX OXE SURJUDPX JRVSRGDUF]HJR NDQG\GDWDSDUWLL SROLW\F]QHM MDNR F]\QQLND PDMąFHJR ZSá\Z QDRGGDQ\JáRV
%LEOLRJUD¿D
%ODLV$QGUH 'REU]\QVND$JQLHV]ND Ä(XURSHDQ -RXUQDORI3ROLWLFDO5HVHDUFK´V
&]HĞQLN 0LNRáDM 3DUW\F\SDFMD Z\ERUF]D Z 3ROVFH >Z@ 5 0DUNRZVNL UHG6\VWHPSDUW\MQ\L]DFKRZDQLDZ\ERUF]H'HNDGDSROVNLFKGRĞZLDGF]HĔ:DUV]DZD ,633$1 'RZQV$QWKRQ\$QHFRQRPLFWKHRU\RIGHPRFUDF\1HZ<RUN+DUSHUDQG5RZ 'XFK5D\PRQG06WHYHQVRQ5DQGROSK77KH(FRQRPLF9RWH+RZ3ROLWLFDODQG (FRQRPLF,QVWLWXWLRQV&RQGLWLRQ(OHFWLRQ5HVXOWV1HZ<RUN&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV )HGGHUVHQ7LPRWK\6DQGURQL$OYDUR$7KHRU\RI3DUWLFLSDWLRQLQ(OHFWLRQVÄ$PHULFDQ (FRQRPLF5HYLHZ´V )LRULQD0RUULV5HWURVSHFWLYH9RWLQJLQ$PHULFDQ1DWLRQDO(OHFWLRQV1HZ+DYHQ<DOH 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV -DVLHZLF].U]\V]WRI3RUWIHOF]\UyĪDQLHF":]RU\]DFKRZDĔZ\ERUF]\FK3RODNyZ >Z@50DUNRZVNLUHG6\VWHPSDUW\MQ\L]DFKRZDQLDZ\ERUF]H'HNDGDSROVNLFK GRĞZLDGF]HĔ:DUV]DZD,633$1 .H\9DOGLPHU2UODQGR7KH5HVSRQVLEOH(OHFWRUDWH1HZ<RUN9LQWDJH
'ųŽƐŽǁĂŶŝĞĞŬŽŶŽŵŝĐnjŶĞǁWŽůƐĐĞnjƉĞƌƐƉĞŬƚLJǁLJĚĞŬůĂƌĂĐũŝǁLJďŽƌĐſǁ <ĂƌŽůŝŶĂdLJďƵĐŚŽǁƐŬĂͲ,ĂƌƚůŝŷƐŬĂ QDLFKGHF\]MĊZ\ERUF]ąQDMOLF]QLHMV]\RGVHWHNGRW\F]\áRVyEQLHSRWUD¿ąF\FK XPLHMVFRZLüVZRLFKSRJOąGyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FKSRGREQHZDUWRĞFLRGQRWR ZDQRZSU]\SDGNXRVyE]SUDZLFRZ\PLLFHQWURZ\PLSRJOąGDPL *áRVXMąFZZ\ERUDFK]ZUDFDPXZDJĊQDSURJUDPJRVSRGDUF]\ NDQG\GDWDSDUWLLSROLW\F]QHMíUR]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]L ZGHNODUDFMDFKZRGQLHVLHQLXGRSRJOąGyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FK =GHF\GR 5DF]HMWDN 1LHPDP]GDQLD 5DF]HMQLH =GHF\GR 5D]HP /HZLFD SURFHQWLORĞü &HQWUXP LORĞü SURFHQW 3UDZLFD LORĞü SURFHQW 1LHZLHP QLHSRWUD¿Ċ RNUHĞOLü LORĞü SURFHQW
: SU]\SDGNX ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD SURJUDPHP Z\ERUF]\P NDQG\GDWDSDUWLL SROLW\F]QHM QDMZLĊNV]ą XZDJĊ SU]\ZLą]XMą GR QLHJR RVRE\ RNUHĞODMąFH VZRMH SRJOąG\ RGSRZLHGQLR MDNR SUDZLFRZH OHZLFRZH FHQWURZH RUD]RVRE\QLHSRWUD¿ąFHGRNRQDüRNUHĞOHQLD:SU]\SDGNXZVND]DĔ ÄUDF]HMWDN´NROHMQRĞüGRNáDGQLHRG]ZLHUFLHGODWDNLVDPXNáDGMDNZS\WDQLXGRW\ F]ąF\PVXJHURZDQLDVLĊNRQG\FMąJRVSRGDUF]ąZNUDMXSU]\]ZLĊNV]RQ\FKZVNDĨ QLNDFKSURFHQWRZ\FK±FHQWUXPOHZLFDSUDZLFDRVRE\ QLHSRWUD¿ąFHRNUHĞOLüSRJOąGyZ5yZQLHĪLZW\PSU]\SDGNXRVRE\EH] VSUHF\]RZDQ\FKSRJOąGyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FKVWDQRZLá\QDMOLF]QLHMV]ąJUXSĊNWyUD QLHPLDáD]GDQLDFRGRVXJHURZDQLDVLĊSURJUDPHPZ\ERUF]\PNDQG\GDWDSDUWLL SROLW\F]QHMSRGF]DVHOHNFMLSDUODPHQWDUQHM
3RGVXPRZDQLH
6]HURNLH]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHJáRVRZDQLHPHNRQRPLF]Q\PZĞUyGSROLWRORJyZQD ĞZLHFLH]DRZRFRZDáRSRZVWDQLHPZLHOXSXEOLNDFMLDW\PVDP\PGDáRQDP V]HURNą ZLHG]Ċ QD WHPDW PHFKDQL]PyZ L PRW\ZyZ SRGHMPRZDQLD GHF\]ML SU]H]Z\ERUFyZFKRüMHV]F]HZLHOH]RVWDáRGR]EDGDQLD-HGQRMHVWSHZQH± Z\ERUF\ QDJUDG]DMą XU]ĊGXMąFD SDUWLĊNDQG\GDWD Z F]DVDFK GREUHM NRQG\FML JRVSRGDUF]HMNDU]ąQDWRPLDVWZF]DVLHNU\]\VX:Sá\ZQDWDNLH]DFKRZDQLD PD]DUyZQRHNRQRPLF]QDSHUFHSFMDNRQG\FMLJRVSRGDUNLSDĔVWZDMDNUyZQLHĪ LQG\ZLGXDOQ\SR]LRPRGF]XFLD]DVREQRĞFLZáDVQHJRSRUWIHOD= SU]HDQDOL]RZDQ\FK EDGDĔ Z\QLND MHGQR]QDF]QLH ĪH Z\ERUF\ ELRUą SRG XZDJĊ V\WXDFMĊ JRVSRGDUF]ą Z NUDMX QLH]DOHĪQLH RG SRSLHUDQLD NRQNUHWQHMSDUWLL±Ä]GHF\GRZDQLHWDN´OXEÄUDF]HMWDN´RG5XFK3DOLNRWD GR36/:PQLHMV]\PVWRSQLXQDWHQSUREOHP]DSDWUXMąVLĊUHVSRQGHQFL GHNODUXMąF\DEVHQFMĊZ\ERUF]ą
: SU]\SDGNX UR]SDWU\ZDQLD SURJUDPX JRVSRGDUF]HJR NDQG\GDWD OXE SDUWLL SROLW\F]QHM ]GHF\GRZDQLH GXĪą XZDJĊ SU]\NáDGDMą GR QLFK Z\ERUF\ 6RMXV]X/HZLF\'HPRNUDW\F]QHM
%H] Z]JOĊGX QD ]DGHNODURZDQH SRJOąG\ LGHRORJLF]QH L SRSDUFLH SDUW\MQHUHVSRQGHQFLSU]\NáDGDMąZLĊNV]ąZDJĊGRSURJUDPXJRVSRGDUF]HJR NDQG\GDWDSDUWLL SROLW\F]QHM DQLĪHOL GR NRQG\FML JRVSRGDUNL RJyOQRNUDMRZHM ]HV]F]HJyOQ\PDNFHQWHPZ\ERUFyZGHNODUXMąF\FKVLĊMDNRSUDZLFRZLOHZLFD FHQWUXPSUDZLFD
1D NZHVWLĊ ]ZLą]DQą ] SURJUDPHP JRVSRGDUF]\P NDQG\GDWDSDUWLL SROLW\F]QHM]GHF\GRZDQLHF]ĊĞFLHMXZDJĊ]ZUDFDMąRVRE\]DGHNODURZDQHMDNR SUDZLFRZHQLĪOHZLFRZHL]FHQWUXP&KRü]GHF\GR ZDQLHWDNOXEUDF]HMWDNUyĪQLFHWHVąPQLHMV]HSUDZLFRZH±FHQWUXP ±OHZLFD±
5HDVXPXMąF PRĪQD VWZLHUG]Lü ĪH QLH]DOHĪQLH RG SU]\MĊWHJR NU\WH ULXPHOHNWRUDWXSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKSDUWLLOXESRJOąGyZLGHRORJLF]Q\FKRNRáRô Z\ERUFyZ GHNODUXMH XZ]JOĊGQLHQLH V\WXDFML JRVSRGDUF]HM NUDMX OXE SURJUDPX JRVSRGDUF]HJR NDQG\GDWDSDUWLL SROLW\F]QHM MDNR F]\QQLND PDMąFHJR ZSá\Z QDRGGDQ\JáRV
%LEOLRJUD¿D
%ODLV$QGUH 'REU]\QVND$JQLHV]ND Turnout in Electoral Democracies Ä(XURSHDQ -RXUQDORI3ROLWLFDO5HVHDUFK´V
&]HĞQLN 0LNRáDM 3DUW\F\SDFMD Z\ERUF]D Z 3ROVFH >Z@ 5 0DUNRZVNL UHG6\VWHPSDUW\MQ\L]DFKRZDQLDZ\ERUF]H'HNDGDSROVNLFKGRĞZLDGF]HĔ:DUV]DZD ,633$1 'RZQV$QWKRQ\$QHFRQRPLFWKHRU\RIGHPRFUDF\1HZ<RUN+DUSHUDQG5RZ 'XFK5D\PRQG06WHYHQVRQ5DQGROSK77KH(FRQRPLF9RWH+RZ3ROLWLFDODQG (FRQRPLF,QVWLWXWLRQV&RQGLWLRQ(OHFWLRQ5HVXOWV1HZ<RUN&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV )HGGHUVHQ7LPRWK\6DQGURQL$OYDUR$7KHRU\RI3DUWLFLSDWLRQLQ(OHFWLRQVÄ$PHULFDQ (FRQRPLF5HYLHZ´V )LRULQD0RUULV5HWURVSHFWLYH9RWLQJLQ$PHULFDQ1DWLRQDO(OHFWLRQV1HZ+DYHQ<DOH 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV -DVLHZLF].U]\V]WRI3RUWIHOF]\UyĪDQLHF":]RU\]DFKRZDĔZ\ERUF]\FK3RODNyZ >Z@50DUNRZVNLUHG6\VWHPSDUW\MQ\L]DFKRZDQLDZ\ERUF]H'HNDGDSROVNLFK GRĞZLDGF]HĔ:DUV]DZD,633$1 .H\9DOGLPHU2UODQGR7KH5HVSRQVLEOH(OHFWRUDWH1HZ<RUN9LQWDJH
<ĂƌŽůŝŶĂdLJďƵĐŚŽǁƐŬĂͲ,ĂƌƚůŝŷƐŬĂ
Ä3ROLWLFDO3UHIHUHQFHV´1R '2,P¿JVKDUH
/HZLV%HFN 0LFKDHO 6 6WHJPDLHU 0DU\ 0RGHOH JáRVRZDQLD HNRQRPLF]QHJR >Z@ 5 . 'DOWRQ +' .OLQJHPDQQ UHG =DFKRZDQLD SROLW\F]QH W :DUV]DZD :\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1 /HZLV%HFN0LFKDHO6:KLWWHQ*'(FRQRPLFV$QG(OHFWLRQV(IIHFWV'HHS$QG :LGH³(OHFWRUDO6WXGLHV´ /LQQ6X]DQQD1DJOHU-RQDWKDQ0RUDOHV0DUFR$(FRQRPLFV(OHFWLRQVDQG9RWLQJ %HKDYLRU>Z@-(/HLJKOH\7KH2[IRUG+DQGERRNRI$PHULFDQ(OHFWLRQVDQG3ROLWLFDO %HKDYLRU'2,R[IRUGKE
3DFHN$OH[DQGHU&Macroeconomic Conditions and Electoral Politics in East Central
Europe$PHULFDQ-RXUQDORI3ROLWLFDO6FLHQFH´V 5LNHU:LOOLDP+2UGHVKRRN3HWHU&$7KHRU\RIWKH&DOFXOXVRI9RWLQJ³$PHULFDQ 3ROLWLFDO6FLHQFH5HYLHZ³V 7XFNHU-RVKXD$DURQ5HJLRQDO(FRQRPLF9RWLQJ5XVVLD3RODQG+XQJDU\6ORYDNLD DQGWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLF1HZ<RUN&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 9DQ'HU%UXJ:RXWHU9DQ'HU(LMN&HHV)UDQNOLQ0DUN7KH(FRQRP\DQGWKH9RWH (FRQRPLF&RQGLWLRQVDQG(OHFWLRQVLQ)LIWHHQ&RXQWULHV1HZ<RUN&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV
:DUG +XJK Teoria racjonalnego wyboru >Z@ ' 0DUVK * 6WRNHU UHG Teorie
LPHWRG\ZQDXNDFKSROLW\F]Q\FK.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX-DJLHOORĔVNLHJR
:DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN
8QLZHUV\WHWģOĈVNL3ROVND
*â262:$1,((.2120,&=1(:32/6&(
.21,(&02'(/875$1=<&<-1(*2"
5HVHDUFK RQ HFRQRPLF YRWLQJ LQ 3RODQG KDYH EHHQ FDUULHG RXW IURP WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH GHPRFUDWLF WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ IRFXVLQJ RQ LVRODWLQJ DQG WHVWLQJRIWKHWUDQVLWLRQPRGHOVSHFL¿FWRWKHFRXQWULHVRI&HQWUDO(XURSH,WV GLIIHUHQWLDWLQJIHDWXUHLVDQRYHOZD\RIVLPXOWDQHRXVO\MRLQLQJWKHUHWURVSHFWLYH DQG SURVSHFWLYH PRWLYDWLRQV LQ WKH EHKDYLRU RI YRWHUV FRPSDUHG WR WKH FRQYHQWLRQDOPRGHOSUHVHQWLQFRQVROLGDWHGGHPRFUDFLHV7KHSXUSRVHRIWKH SUHVHQW LVWRDWWHPSWWRGHWHUPLQHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHWZRW\SHV RIHOHFWRUDOPRWLYDWLRQVLGHQWL¿HGDERYHLQWKHSDUOLDPHQWDU\HOHFWLRQVVWDUWLQJ ZLWKWKHHOHFWLRQRIDQGHQGLQJZLWKWKHHOHFWLRQV%DVHGRQDQDO\VLV DQGFRQVWUXFWLYHFULWLFLVPRI¿QGLQJVRIRWKHUUHVHDUFKHUVDQGRZQUHVHDUFK WKH SUHVHQWHG SDSHU HYLGHQFHV WKDW WKH YDOLGLW\ RI DSSO\LQJ WKH WUDQVLWLRQDO PRGHOLQWKHVWXG\RIHFRQRPLFYRWLQJLQ3RODQGKDVEHHQH[KDXVWHGDVWKH SURVSHFWLYHPRWLYDWLRQLVQRZDGD\VSUHGRPLQDQWLQWKHGHFLVLRQVRIYRWHUV HFRQRPLFYRWLQJUHWURVSHFWLYHYRWLQJSURVSHFWLYHYRWLQJWUDQVLWLRQDOPRGHO SROLVKSDUOLDPHQWDU\HOHFWLRQV *áRVRZDQLHHNRQRPLF]QH áąF]\ZVRELH]DLQWHUHVR ZDQLDEDGDF]\]REV]DUXHNRQRPLLLQDXNSROLW\F]Q\FKSR]ZDODMąFQDXQLN QLĊFLHMHGQHJR]SRGVWDZRZ\FKPDQNDPHQWyZEDGDĔSROLWRORJLF]Q\FK±LFK VáDEHJR RGQLHVLHQLD HPSLU\F]QHJR -DN VWZLHUG]DMą 0LFKDHO /HZLV%HFN L 0DUWLQ 3DOGDP > @ Ä'OD SROLWRORJD SR]ZDOD RQR QD VWRVRZDQLH
3URMHNW ]RVWDá V¿QDQVRZDQ\ ]H ĞURGNyZ 1DURGRZHJR &HQWUXP 1DXNL SU]\]QDQ\FK QD SRGVWDZLHGHF\]MLQXPHU'(&%+6