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W przestrzeni subkultur. Metafory ontologiczne w tekstach piosenek zespołów metalowych z lat osiemdziesiątych XX wieku

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Academic year: 2021

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(1)

Anna Antas

Uniwersytet Rzeszowski

W PRZESTRZENI SUBKULTUR.

METAFORY ONTOLOGICZNE

W TEKSTACH PIOSENEK ZESPOŁÓW METALOWYCH

Z LAT OSIEMDZIESIĄTYCH XX WIEKU

Wstęp

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Subkultura metalowców

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Specyfika tekstów metalowych

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Metafory ontologiczne w tekstach piosenek metalowych

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