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C i , n o p i p e r o M ' h a s r o p a / / n c r y m i T e j i h i i o M c r a r h c ñ .
f lE P E B O / T b c b Ą A T C K A r O
n o ji,!) p e n a K ijie ft M. B. J iy H M U K O fL
M s z a n i e B K O Y K C A .
I C I E B I s .
ZJ,03B0neH0 u e H 3 y p o ra . K ie s ie , 1 8 - r o H o * 6 p H 1901 ro a a .
l O l Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego Biblioteka
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00683688
K I E B T ) .
Tnrrorpa(J>m M. M. <t>nxa, B.-BacHjitKOBCKaH, .Ns 10.
1902.
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1100683688
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F e o p n » B p a H A e c T b .
FeoprB MoppHCB KoreHB BpaHpecB (pop. b b 1 8 4 2 r . ) p ocra rB BcenipHofl HäßicTHocTH, p ł^ K o pocTaioipeiica Ha ponio imcaTeaa, ypoaceHpa MaaeHBKoii CTpaHti, BB ocoóeHHocTu ecan p t i í . h^otb He o npoH3Bea;eHÍaxB nosTnaecKaro re m a . Ero K H iini nepeBopaica Ha b c í eBponeficKie H3biKB, n p io ó p fa a a e n y Bce ó o a íe h óoa-fee oöiniipHBiä K pyn , 'im aTeaeii. E ro iq ia cuo pia H B tia a irre p ht y p ho - kp htu a e caía c í a ™ , noaHBia orna, óaecKa, Taraa, npoHHKHyraa tohkhm b xypoHcecTBeHHbiMB a yT te iiB , Ha- BHcaHHbia b b nonyaapHoñ, aenco noHaraoft h 3aHHMaTeabHoft tjbopirŁ, 3acTaBaaioTB CB HHTepecoMB oacnpaTb BCHKoe BOBoe npoaBieHie ero TBopaécTBa He tojibko co CTopoHM ero cooTeaeciBeHHHKOBB, ho h co CTopoHbi ó o a ie HsßaaoBanHbixB iB T a ie - aeñ Eßponu.
TaaBHHa ero npoH3Be,peH¡H caiayfoiH,ia: 1 ) xapairrepHCTHKH noBTOBB, óeaaeT- pHCTOBB H oflipeCTBCHHHXB J-feaTeaeiI KaKB CKaHIHHaBCKHXB, TaKB H CBpOIlCÍÍCKHXB, n n3carÉj;0BaHia h x b TpypoBB; 2 ) „ T a a bh i fl hi i a t e a e h i a b b a ht e p a t y p 4 1 9 -ro B - É K a “ , papB oóumpHbiXBMOHorpatjaft, pacnaaaioin,HXca Ha c a ^ y ro ip ie OTpiaBi:
3MnrpaHTCKaa a ffre p a iy p a , poM aim riecKaa uiKoaa b b FepMamn, peanpia bo <l>paimin, HaTypaaH3MB b b ÂHram , poMaHTHiecKaa innoaa bo «PpaHpiH h Moaopaa FepMaHÍa;
3 ) „ E ß p o n e f l c K i a C T p a H b i “ , p a jrt oaepKOBB, pe3vabTaTB nyTem ectB ifi uo pas- aHHHbiMB eBponeflcKHMB rocyiapcTBaMB, 4 ) $H.TOCO(f>CKia H3caipoBaHia h 5 ) iioaTinecKÍa npoH3Bea;eHÍH, ™ bhbim b oópa30MB ppaMaraaecKia.
IlepBbia H3B ynoMaHyíbKB HaMH npon3Be,a,eHÍH BO36y®a,ai0TB ocoóeHHbifl HHTe- pecB TOHKocTbK) aHaaH3a, MaciepcTBOMB H3ao5KeHia h rayÖHHOio nom-iMania. ü o ä- Bepraa BCTewrecKH-ncHxoaorHaecKOMy aHaan3y mhoi'h x b Kopa^eeBB itaKB npom aofl, raKB h coBpeMeHHOfi eBponeiicKofl aHTepaTypai, BpapnecB pacyeiB HaMB ó ae cia ipia xapaKTepncTHKH h x b; 3ä4cb m m BCTpiaaeMB HöceHa h BbepHcona, BafipoHa h Ille it - CHHpa, Maaaa, T3Ha h PeHaHa, ila cca a a h J],H3paeaH, a Tárate h m ho thxb bbi- pamipHxca HHcaTeaeñ pyccKon a irre p a iy p H , m4tko o6pacoBaHiibixB h optHeHHbixB HMB no pocTOHHCTBy. HíjKOTopbia H3B 3THXB xapaKTepHCTHKB cocTaßaaiOTB MeaKj'e ó ir a u e o aepra, xoth ero HCKyccTBO b b HeMHornxB caoßaxB bmhchhtb cyipecTB eim ia a e p ra pa3CMaTpHBaeMaro h m b aBaema, ero npoHüpa'reabHocTb nppnaeTB a h m b 6oab- rnoË HHTepecB h saneaaTatBaeTB b b y a i a n ia ie a a oópa3B pa3ÓHpaeMaro h m b anpa.
Jipyria xapaKTepacTHKH 3aHHMai0TB p4abie tombi h npepcTaBaaiOTB rayöoida, ceppea-
TEOPr-b B P a H f lE C t. I. 1
II
hm h HSCJiiflOBaHia. TaKOBBi, Hanp., MOHorpaijtiH o IIIeKcnHpi;, Jlaccajii?, ^ p a e a H , IlLepHcoiif, h IlóccH'];. Bt, hhxt> oht, nonBepraerb ^aimaro nacaiejia Tin,aTeabHOMy myiemio, CTapaacb bohhtb ero Be tojibko c i acTeTHiecKOfi ctopohh, KaKT, xyj,oa:- HHKa, ho h ct, ncHxoAorHiecKOH, KaKB He.TOB'IiKa. OnncŁiBaa BŁiiatoiniarocH HHTepa- TypBaro jpfcsTeaa Eb p o d h, oht. iiscalijyeTT. ero OTHOiHeme k i ^yxy ero BpeMeHH, k i
rocno^cTByromHMT. bt, hcmt, B033piHiHMt, HHTepecaMi, h H^eain., Bbiniaaa ranHHe- crae ojieMeHTti bt, nucaTejri; h ero xapaKTeprk h .p a iiynnaro ocBimema npHÓtaa
k i, cpaBHHTeaŁHOMy MeTOjiy. Oht. H3C3l!,nyeTT>, p a i e , OTHomeHie aBTopa kt, CBoeMy CIOJKeTy, OÓTflCHHeTE, KHKHMT, 06pa30MB OHT. BHlÓpaJlT. HMeHHO 3T0TT, CfOHCeTT., a He upyroft, noieMy HMeHHO TaKOfi thdt, npHBaeKT, ero BHHMaHie, tŁmt, oóycaoBAHBaroTca ocofieHHOCTH ero xyji,OJKecTBeHHbixT> $opMT>, ero cnocoói. BapameHift, ero craab. „T a - Koro pofla KpHTHKa, TOBOpHTT, yHJIbKeHCT., HB.THCTCH OTTHCTH HayKOH), nOTOMy HTO xoTa ona, bt, cHJiy c b o hm. ochobhhxt> cbohctbt., ii nopepraeTca onacHocm Bnacrb
bt, cy6T.eKTHBHHH t o h b, ho Bce ate bt, Hefi e m Ht.iTO, Morymee HojiBeprHyrbCH KOHTpOJIK),— OTHaCTH HCKyCCTBOMT.? TaKT, KaKT, HHKaKaH HayKa He MOHteTT. HaHTH oiOHa p a ofiTACHeBis opnrflHa3bHHXT>, caMoóUTHbnT., npHHy^jiHBbm. npoiiBjreHift caojKHaro neaoBliTecKaro yna; sto HCHX03oro-3CTCTHHecKaa uayKa, TpeóyroHiaa cna-
cwHBaro coepHeBia b b o p o m t, ann,!; ncHXoaora, KpHTHKa h noaTa“ .
CocTaBaflH cboii xapaKTepncTHKH, Bpan^eet, ho ero caoBaMT,, nncaaT, h o
ahhhocthxt>, He hm'Łbu ih x'l HHKHKoro 3HaieHia p a ero BHyTpenHeft *03BH, i i oupy- rnxT., KOTopua bt, Ty hah HHyio 3H0xy OKa3biBaaH Ha nero rponiapoe B-iiimie. Oht, p u m a , nopTpeTbi Ternepa h ,H,H3paeHH, nOTOMy tto bth ¿taTean HHTepecoBaaii ero, KaKT. THHU, H HHCajTb O H09'iąXT>, KaKT. liopjCBOpTT., H O HHCaTejIHXT>, KaKT, 111:1- ToOpiam. hau r-ata Craab, npiOMy tto, HcnoaHaa aapMannbiii iim t. naau i paóOTbi, OHT> BCTpiTHHl BXT> Ha CBOeilT. HyTH, XOTH HHKTO H3T> HHXT> He 0Ka3bIBaAT> HH MH- aiSinaro Baiama Ha ero aniHoe pa3BHTie. I I oht, bt, to 3Ke Bpena onncuBaai aio- p f t , HrpaBHiHXT, rpoiiapyro poab bt, ero pioB Hoii jkh3h h, KaiiT, CepeH'b KapKerop^T,, T9ht,, Jlaccaab, Hleaan, IIJeKCiinpT>. „M eatp t'Łmt>, tobophtt, EpaupCT,, ToatKO Torp, capm bca micaTb ct, ypBOHbCTBieMT, o p h h o m t, aniyfc, K o rp Bajanie, 0ita3biBae- MOe HMT, Ha BaCT., HpOHiaO, H, CTpaHHO CKa3aTb, XapaKTepHCTHKH HeaoB^Ka, kt, ko- TopoMy BH OTHOCHTecb coBepiueHHO paBHOflyiimo, ypiOTca Bania, Hep1>ji,KO ropa3i,o ayame, h4mt, nopTpera anaa,, ^oporniT, BarneMy cep^Hy. Tairr,, Hanp., mh'Ł itasKeTca, HTO H3T, B C to J,aHHUXT, MHOK) XapaKTepHCTHKT> OHMOM yaaTHOio II rayóoKO 3ajiyMaH-
hok) ona3biBaeTCfl xapaKTepncTHKa Illa ia IIlTa(j)(}ieabTa, a Meatay rbMT, Maao ecib aio^efl, kt, KOTopbiMT, a OTHOCHaca 6hi TaKT. xoao^HO nau Koioprie Booóme óuaa 6h TaKT, ayacAu m iiIi“ .
Bb iohocth BpamecT, oÓHapyatHai (j)Haoco^)CKia HaKaoHHOcra ii Haso^Haca noat CHAbHHMT, BaiaflieMT, Tenfiepra, jiaTCKaro rereaiaHHa, a Tanate CepeHa KnpKe- ropxa, camaro opHrimaabHaro MbicaHTeaa JI,aHiH, saMiTaieabHaro u bt, oóaacra pe- anrio3Hon ([maoco<})in. Bynynn eme KHomeii, BpaHjiecT, cTpacTHO npeaaaca B3y>ieHiio
III
€h h ho3u, Pereaa h JlroxBara «Peftepóaxa. Cb 1 8 5 9 no 1 8 6 4 r. oht, nepeacaBaab uenpeptiBHyio BnyTpeHHioio h pejrario3Hyio 6opb6y, npaBe^myio k i BbipaóoTKÉ gape- ÆÉaeHHaro MipoB033pÉma, u Bb HaaaaÉ 1 8 6 5 r . „BBiaieab H3b öopaßbi n p a ó jn i- BHTejibHo cb T'Ém u o cbo bhbim h B3rM^aMH Ha cymecTBOBaHie, KOïopbixb a p a ^p a c a - Baaca h b h o c jié jíc t b íh“ . OraTbii „OcTeTanecKie ano^Bi“ , HeóoaBinoe conaHeme ni3 j - aan3Mb Bb Harnefl HOBÉaniea (jMaocoijüa“ , BBUJBaHHoe aoaeMHKOio npoTHBb yaeBia ({m o c o s a P. H ajibceab, h h é c ko jibko Æpyraxb onepKOBb a cTaTOíi BBaaiOTca , pe- ayabTaTOMb stoto paHHaro, 9CTeTniecKH-MeTa(j)H3HiecKaro HanpaBaema. 3aTÉMb (jm- JIOCO^CKis HaKJIOHHOCTII CMÉHH.I0CB pÉ3KO DOJieMHHeCKHMH HO^b BJIÍHHÍeMb JüOÖBH Kb HCTHHÉ H CBOÔOflÉ. „H o HJOÓOBB Kb KpaCOTÉ, TOBOpHTb BpaHfleCb, Cb paHHHXb aÉTb rjy c m ia KopHH Bb rjiyÓHHÉ Moeñ .nyaia: OHa 3acraBHJia MeHa BepHyTbca b h o bb
Bb Mipb KOHKpOTHBIXb aBJieHÎÎi, H BOTb Cb aÉT3MH H CTaJIb OÖHapyHCHBaTB BCe Poabiayio a óojiBHiyio c iq o h h o c tb Kb acTopia h n ca x o a o ria “ .
Pc3yabTaT0Mb otoh iie p e M É n u , BBi3BaHH0fl M eauy apoauM b h óoaÉe a p o flo a - JKHTeaBHBiMb ayrem ecTB ieM b B paH ^eca 3a rpaHHa,eio, ero apeÓBiBameMb B b H apaacÉ, Ph m é h Æo h a o h é, r ^ É OHb no3HaKOMmca c b TsHOMb h CnoapTOMb M aajieM b h cb HOBÉHinefl eBponeficKOK) no93ieio, hbhjich h,éjibh“i pa,a,b paôoTb no hctojhh aaTepa'rypBi, n p e caÉ jiyiom üX b, uo e ro caoBaM b, nÉJib ,,Bbi3BaTB no33iio Kb h o b o iï ;kh3h h, Kb h o- BOfi JtÉHTejIBHOCTH, OTKpBITB ÆBepB B3BHÉ H BnyCTHTb Bb 3aMKHyTBIH CKaHfl,HHaBCKÍH Mipb öoabuie B 03 iyxy h GBÉTa“ . „TaaBHaa moh sa,xana, roBopHTb BpaH^ecb, 3a- Kaioiaaacb Bb TOMb, htoôbi nocpe^CTBOMb MHoacecTBa KaaaaoBb apoBecTB Bb CKaH- IHHaBiio HOBBia H^eiiHBia HanpaBaeHia, óepyapa Hanaao Bb peBoaiopia h nporpec- CHBHbixb ¡rie a a a x b , h ocTaHOBHTb peaicpiio Ha t é x b ea nyHKxaxb, Ha icoTopbixb B03ao3KeHHoe Ha Hee â é.jo æojihcho óbitb npo3HaHo 3aK0HieHHBiMb“ .
CaMOK» BbixatoineiocH H3b sTaxb paöoTb HBaaioTca „ P a a bhbi a t e h e h i a b b
•i n T e p a T y p é 1 9 bék a “ . Ohh cocTaBJiaiOTb pe3yaBraTb aeK pifl, HHTaHHuxb BpaHa,e- coMb Bb KoneHrareHCKOMb yHHBepcnTCTÉ no B03BpameHia ii3b-3a rpaHanju npn rp o - Ma^HOMb cieneHin ayÔMKH, KOTopaa npocro aoMHjacB Bb yHHBepcHTerb. OHb Ha-
"ïajib CBOH aeK piii cb H3BHaeHia 3a HexocTam H biH , óbitb Moatera, no3HaHia cboh, HO 3aTÉMb TyTb ace npacoBOKynajib: „ Hto ace icacaerca
Moaxb
ocHOBHBixb B3raa- AOBb, Moaxb pyKOBoj(amHXb apHHpnaoBb h h,xch, to a He c im a io HyacHBiMb apoc a n 0 CHHCx0iHTe.ïBH0CTH jp a Huxb. H CHHTaio „yia ce6a jxoaroMb a ÆÉaoMb a e o n OTHOcaïBca cb HoiTenieMb Kb acnoBÉ,a,BiBaeMbiMb mhok) apHHn,aaaMb— Kb y6É-
*AeHiiO Bb apaBÉ CBOÖOßHarO H3CJlÉ,fl;OBaHÍH H Bb KOHeiHOMb TOpîKeCTBÉ CBOÔOm*'.
„Eai,e BnepBBie, roBopHTb ÂKcejiB TyiMaHb, caumaaacB Tanaa hoth cb bbicotbi yaHBepcHTeTCKoâ ica^e^pBi, u ona He apennHyiia apoasBecTii cKanjiaab a BBI3B3TB yacacb“ . CMÉaoe H3aoJKeHie Bb aeKpiaxb coBpeMeHHBixb a^eñ, rayôoKo CKeaTanecKoe OTHoaieHie Kb aBTopffreTaMb, npoaB.ieHie paxai;a.iBBaro HHAHBHityaan3Ma, acecTOKia B anntenia Ha B033pÉH¡a, iipoTHBopÉnaniia ^aHHBiMb coBpeMeHHofl n a ycii, BBipaacenie pa^HKaaBHBixb B3r.na/i,0Bb Ha con,iajiBHBia, noaim inecK ia, peanriosHbia a jiw e p a T y p -
IV
HBifl astenia, yBüeKaTejibHoe icpacHopiaie npioóp^JiH BpaH^ecy, cb o^eoft CTopoHbi ro p a m i. iipiiBepaceHpeBB, ci. spyrofl, B0 3ÓyanjiH nporaBB Hero HeroxoBame opto
^OKcaabHOfi napTin, KOTopaa ynoTpeóiiaa bcí: ycnnia, aroóu noMtniaTb H3ÓpaHiio Bpameca Ha BanaHTHyio ica^eapy npo^eccopa jurrepaTypu. Ohb «ocrarB Toro, aere .aorta.: pa3 6yflHJirL cboh Hapo,a,B, Hpo.uoaiH.iB noBbie nyTH, CTajn. raaBapeMB HOBaro HanpaBJteHia, cnaoTUJiB Boicpyn. ceóa B e t a BU,n,afOin,HXCH npejiCTaBHieaen yMCTBeHH AÍaTeatHOCTH CKanji,HHaBÍH, apmicTOBB, noaaTHaecKHXB BO'ÆTeii, atoaeä Hayan, nnea-
tc.tch, ho 3a to caMt BUHyatAeHi öhjib aMHrpupoBaib h.-íb po;uioí! eipaHU, MHorie
h MHorie ro^ti npoBecTb Ha ayjKÓnut, h ht, „Teaeme ^ojinixi, a t a , “ , khkb om>
ca.M'b cb rpycTbio saMteiaeiB, „ nncarri. HCK.TioanTe.ibHO Ha nHOcipa-iHOvn, a3Mid¡“ . Bb r ä a bh i,i X -i, T e a e h ¡a X t, nsaaraiOTca noc.rfe.a;onaTe.TbHO aHTepaiypubia HanpaBaeHia bo 'I'p a ü p iii, A lira i u h 1’ep.Manii!, o6pa3ya jaH H iiyio irJini., o i^ t a H u a 3BeHbfl KOTopoü rbcHO cBH3aHH a p y ra ca .npyroMB. nciixoaornaecKHMa. H 3 ta ji,0 B a - HieMb CBB3H Meatfly a iia iioc’niMH, aaiiHoio anoxoro h oitpyataromeK) oÓCTanoBitoio, cbo- 6ofloio cyatfleHifi, oóycnoBJieHHoro rnyóoftHMB noHHManieirb H axoflaiparoca b b p y o x a aBTopa MaTepiaaa, tohkhmh, hojihhmh ocipoyM ia cpaBuemaMH Meatfly p h m h h h u m h jih- TepaTypasra, ranaM n h xapairrepaMH, BpaHfleca cyM tjia npHflaTb rpoMaflHbiñ HH're- peca. cBoeMy npoH3BefleHÍfo, co3flaBineMy exiy caaßy nepB O oaccH aro aaTepaTypHaro KpHTHKa h H3carfeji;oBaTejifl. I Ip ii 3T0MB ó oraroe iifleaMH coflepatanie iisaaraeTca a c- HbiMi., tohhbimb, JKHBbiMb, xyfloasecTBeHHUMB «sbiKOMB, nopaataroipaMB Haca. MaccoH) npaayAJiHBbixa. cpaBHemö h «jiaHTacTpaecKHxa. oöpa30BB, yKa3UBaroifl,Hxa. Ha boctoh- Hoe nponexoatfleme aBTopa.
IlyTemecTBya no pa3HMMB crpaHaMB Eßponu, BpaHfleca Bbweca h3b 3t h x b
nyTeinecTBÍn Maccy caMbixa. pa3H0 0Ópa3Hbixa BueaaTaiHift, Maccy TOHitnxB Ha6.iiofleHÍH, óoabiuofi 3anaca> pa3anaHbixa. 3HH30ä o b b, xapaKTepn3yfom,HXb naK'b sth cipaHU, TaKb h Bbi^aromuxca jihu,b, ca. KoxopuMii eiiy npnxGflHJiocb cTaaKHBaTbca. FpoMafl- naa naMHTb, 3aueaaTjrbBaioiH,aH Hafloaro b b ero roaoßfe Bee, BCTp'feaaexioe h m b Ha nyTH, luaa b b btomb cayaa'í. oób pyicy ca. ero tohkoh) HaÓjnoflaTeabHOCTbio. Iloay- aeHHbia BneaarrfeHia 6h.hhH3Ji0Hteabi BpaHflecoMB Kaita Ba. hIuiombpafll. KopoTKHxa. CTarc- ena., pa3crŁflHHMXrb no pa3HHMi> atypHaaaMa, Tana. h b b plBiuxa ítHHraxa, h3b KOTopnixa HaaöoJibuiee 3HaaeHie npejíCTaBaaioTB khiich o Poccíh h Iloabmi;.
Mnoro nepeM'lniB nponcxoAHTi. k h k b b b chmomb iiiicaTeal1., nocBHTHBuieMB u,i.- .rbiñ pa^B j iíít b jiHTepaTypHOH jitaTeabHOCTH, t h kb h b b oKpyaiaBineMB ero Miprb.
„Hoßbia noKoa'ÈHia aHTaieaeft BbipocaaroTB BonpyrB nero, ii ero coaHHenia npoHii- KaiOTB Bce ^aabuie h xaabuio b b rayób Hapo,na. Bce óoabmaa h öoabuiaa aacTb nyóauKH yacnaeTB ce ó í c m u c íb ero TBopaecTBa. Hea,opa3yM’l.H¡a, bo3h u k u iíh npn BCTynaeHiH ero Ha .THTepaxypuyio apeHy, Ma.ao-no-Ma.ny yaancoaiOTCfl, no M'fep'b toto
itaiíB ann,a, BnepBbie B036ya,HBUiia h x b, hjiii yMiipatOTB, nan H3MbHaH)TB cboh yóiat^eHia, u no M'bp'b Toro nana npoTiiBHHKaMB ero cTaHOBiixca Bce MeH'fce n MCH'fce bosmoíkhmmb noji,- jtepaniBaTb bthHe^,opa3yM'feHÍa b b Biijiy oacBiyHaro, nenpcaoiKHaro CBH^'bTeabCTBa caMHX t
iohchohctoiko bhhhlixi npoH3ße.a,eHift“ (Bpa m e c í, npe,pcaoB Íem H3Æ. ero coa.). H aory- n a e n MOMewi cnoKoimaro oraomeHia kt. I'kaTeibHOcra iincaTeaa, h Tor^a nyó- .uHKa cnpaiHHBaert ce6a: w o npexcTaBiaeTi 0 3 1 ceóa 3t o t i nncaTeib? bto HOBaro npHHect o h i ca. C060H) Mipy? b i aeM i BbipażKaeTca ero upeHMymecTBO Ha,n,i apy- riiMH?
,3,1a CiiaHji,iiHaBÍH 3HaieHie BpaHieca 3aKiKraeTca m c iíiy io m e M i: 1) O m OTKpblll CBOHMl COBpeMeHHHKaMl U^JIblfl M Íp i ROBblXl B033pÍHÍH H 0 1,611, Ö y iH ll 00010,0x1, nonepacHBaai c ia ö a x i, pyKOBoa.HH bcIím h ataat^ymuMH cB’fcra h n pocßi- ipema, aFftciBya Ha h h x i npHM'fcpoMi h c io b o m i h pncya b i F a a bhhx i te- a e H i a x i óaecTamyio KapraHy HieflHaro npoôyaciema Eapoiu.i h nporpeccHBHaro abh- acema b i eBponeScicoft JnnepaTyp’È; 2 ) O m B M CTynoi saniHTHHKOMi h npoB03r.ua- CHTeaeMi peaiHcraaecicaro HanpaBiema, KOTopoe np0 3HaBa.11 neoóxoiHMOio ochoboio iinepaTypnoH itaTeabHOCTH, 0 co3i a i i rcfcayio niKOiy m o a o ih x i micaTeiefi, rpyn-
napyronpixca BOKpym ero 3H0MeHH n p a s ^ ia io m H x i ero yółacACHia bt. HeoöxoiH- MOCTH HaóiiOAeHia h H3yqeHia, b ihcoóxoahmocth HaKonaenia aaHHbixi, Ha KOTOpuxi io ;i- jkhii ocHOB.biBaTbca xyioacecTBeHuin. npoHäBe^enia; 3 ) B iH3ci'fcioBaHÍH AHTepaiypHuxi aBieaifl o h i B B e ii ncHxoioro-KpHTnqecKiñ m c t o j i, saHMCTROBaHHbiH iim t. y Tthhh C e w i- BeBa, ho nepepaóoTaHHbifi cooópa3HO c i TpeóoBaHiaMH ero Tonitaro KpnraaecKaro yxia, ero ÓoraTofl, xyioasecraeHHofl HaTypH. „ H a b c è x i coBpeMeHnuxi CKaHiH h h b c k h x i nncaTeiefl, cocTaBHBuiHxi ceôt b i nocjrÈÆHee BpeMa hmb, HecoMH'iiHHO cKa3aiocb BiiaHie BpaHieca“ , roBopHTi FyTMaHi. Oh i h i h n o o n ip aii h x i T a a a w i, h ih ace H a n p a B ia n ero Ha HOBbie nyra. BbepHCOHi ro B opnn npo Hero, w o o h i BnepBue BHymnai eny „yBaaceme k i npoTHBHbiMi M H tH iaM i“ ; „b i Kaacioii KHHrt, 0 3iaBaeMOH BpaHjecoMi, o h i pacinn- p a e n moh Kpyro3o p i, ö y iH T i Moe MbiraieHie; a cbohmh BeiHKOi'fenHb'MH x a p a w e - pncTHKaMH BuiaiomHXca aroien h onncameMi h x i 5kh3hh y K p im a e n moio b o iio. Oh i c i i a a i i 0 3 1 MeHa óoaie yBipeHHaromBi ceót paöoTHHKa b i B-ferao-MOioiOMi HHTeiieKTyaiBHOMi o ó n e c ra t, k i KOTopoMy a c w a io ceda npiiHa3,ie5Kani,0M i “ .
PaóoTaa t t ik h m i o6pa30M i na iHTepaTypHoñ hhb^, B p a H ie c i b i to ace BpeMa OTHOCHTCa CaMHMl TOpHHHMl 00pa30M l KO BCÍJMI HBieHÍHMl o6ni,eCTBeHHOH ÎKH3HH, noieMH3Hpya, arn in p ys, Tpeöya hoctobhho Bee h o b h x i h h o b b ix i peijiopMi h hobo- BBe^eHifi, HacTaHBaa Ha hooóxoahmocth noinofi cboöoam 1,1a yMOBi h iniHOCTeft.
9 ia .HBOHCTBeHHaa ero jticareibHOcrb iHrepaTopa-MbiciHTeia h noiHTHKa-arnTaTopa—
oóiacHaeTi rayóoKoe pa3H006pa3Íe b i op^h k í ero p a ó o ri.
J],i h Eßponw Bpaii;i,eci n p e icT a B ia e n HHTepeci, c i oahoíí CTopoHii, K a m hh- c a ie ib , c i jp y ro ñ , K a m qeioist.m . K a m n n ca ie ib , o h i yacH H ii E a p o irt MHoroe HenoHaTHoe 11a Hea b i tbophcctb'L BeiHKHxi cKaniHHaBCKHxi hootobi, B036yac- la io iH H xi TaKoe ó o n iu o e BHHMaHie h HHTepeci, 11 i a ; n MaciepcKoS KpnraaecKíi-Jin- TepaTypHufi pa3Óopi b c í x i Bu^aioni,Hxca npo03BejeHift h aB ieH ift* BceMipHoñ iHTe- paTypn. y BpaHieca i,Bâ io3yHra, c i noMOui,bio KOTopuxi o h i jitflcTB yeTi Ha yMw:
OJ0HI 031 HHXl ClíayiOHliH: „JlHTepaTypOfl, B l HCTHHHOMl CMUClí 3T0T0 CJIOBa,
ßOHSKHO CHHTaTbCH He TO, HTO yHaCJI'Ê^OBaHO HaMH TOTOBblMb ott> npoin.Jbixb B p e - MeHT), a to, HTO co3,naHO HauiHMB b ík o m b caMOCTOHTejibHo“ ; Ä p y ro fl: „J ltrre p a T y p a ÄomcHa nocTâBHTb c e ó t o n p e ^Jie H H b m , jio rn H e cid a sa g a n a, Henocpej,CTBeHHO c o n p n - R acaiom iaca ct> hchshbio“ . 9t h ÄBa Ji03ynra n p a jta io T i ocoöeHHbrä KOHopHTb e ro m - TepaTypHbiMb padoTaM b. Xotji ero c y s te r n a He Bcepna 0Ka3HBai0TCH desupHCTpacT-
h h m h, ho e ro d o r a ia fl HawraHHOCTb, do-ibinoe CTHUHCTHnecKoe iicKyccTBO, h o b h3h h
OptB O K b JIHTepaTypHOfl Ä^HTeabHOCTH COBpeMeHHUX'b HHCaTeJieft, SpKOCTb H HCHBOCTb H3Jio;KeHÍH, ra y ó o ita a cepbe3H0CTb, x a p a ic re p iB y io m a ji e ro H3CjrÈji;0BaHifl, B03Óy3K,naeTb HHTepecb kt, h h m'f» aaæe Bb t í x b, kto He co'iyBCTByeTb h h ero noMTHnecKOMy, ({ih- IOCO({»CKOMy H .THTCpaTypHOMy pa^HKa.TH3My, HH e ro K0CM0H0JIHTH3MJ.
K a in . HeaoBÍKb, BpaHj,ecb B03ÓyjKii,aeTb rjiyó oK iñ HHTepecb bt> to m b othouio-
h íh, hto necMOTpa Ha nepeatHTbia hmt, HcnuTaHia h HeBsroxu, Ha b c í iiepcMiiHbi, coBepuiaBuiiaca ecTecTBeHHO b v yMCTBenuoft u ¿ij t o b h o h jkh3h h «eaoBtKa, cto-ib k o
Tpy^HBHiaroca, crojibKo HaÓJiioaaBinaro h nepejKHBuiaro, OHb Bcera,a m ejib HeoiCTynHO no HaivrÉHeHHOMy HMb ay™ , hh pa3y He CBopanuBaa Bb CTopoHy, h h pa3y He H3- m í h i m co3^a.HHbiMb n in , Bb Moao^ocTH Hji,eajiaMb. HecMOTpa na Bce, HcnbmiHHoe HMb, „HtKOTOpbia OCHOBHHfl H^eH H OCHOBHHfl HyBCTBa COXpaíIHJIHCb BO m h í> bo Bceñ CBoeä nepBOHanaabHOH hhctotIi, roBopHTb caMb BpaHaecb, tohho rpaHHTHbia c ia jm , aesKaipia Bb o c h o b í Moero eyipecTBa. ífe b HHXb Ha nepBOMb HJiaH'6 cTOHTb unen
c boó o hh h CTpacTHaa .woóoBb Kb cboóo^ , KOTopaa npHBeaa MeHa itb oTBpaipeHiio OTb .norMaTOBb h OTb Bcaicaro rp yda ro u B03MyriiTeabHaro npH H yaw H ia KaKb Bb oóaacTH .hLh c t b íh, TaKb h Bb oÓJiacTH HyBCTBb. H an6o.ir6e apKoe ,noKa3aTe.iibCTBO 3Toro npe^craBJiaeTb, öbiTb MoateTb, H3b BcfexbKHtirb „ II a r y p a ji H3 m b Bb A h r a i n “ , HacToaipift ruMHb Kb cboôoâ'è. 3aT tM b HflyTb n^en HpaBa h He MeH^e CTpacTHoe n p e iu io - Heme nepea,b npaBOMb h cnpaBe,pHBocTbio, óe3b coójnoaeniíi KOTopuxb 3 n ic b , Ha 3eMjrí;
h HeBO3M0iKHO HeaoBliHecKoe cyiąecTBOBaHie, aocTOimoe aroro Ha3BaHÍa, xoth t ím t, ae MeHie noBCto^y h bo bc’é iipeMemi nxb eHtejiiieBHO nonupaan h nonapaioTb H oraan;
HaKoaepb B'fepa Bb 3HaneHÍe BeaiiKHXb yMOBb, HCKpeHHee h rjiyóoKoe npeKiOHeme nepe^b reHiaMH, ocHOBäHHoe Ha yóta t^eH in, hto TOJibKO B em m e aio^H hbjihiotch
HCTOHHHKäMH KyabTypbi. Bcé Mon coHHHeHia Óe3b HcmiOHeHia cayæaTb BupameHieMb
btoh B tp b i h a roro KyjibTa“ .
OcHOBbiBaacb n a otom b 3HaneHÍH BpaH,a,eca, ita K b nncaTena h iia n b n eaoB iiK a, npe^npHHaTo H3j,aHie ero c o n n a e d H Bb H a fle a sjit, hto nyóJiHKa, cb T a itiiM b iiHTepe- coMb caiiHHBHiaa Bcer.ua 3a noaßaeH ieM b O T a tu b H u x b ero p a ó o rb , OTHeceTca c o n y s - CTBOHHO H Kb H33iaHÍK) HXb Bb ÖOJriie HJIH M eH te I],rÈJIbHOMb B H Jit.
M . J ly n u n n a n .
n p e j x M C J i o ß i e j
M t o m b 1 8 6 6 r . , uocjrfe h-écko.íib k h x b jrirn. H3yHeH¡H npoimeflCHÜi re H p m ta tió c e H a , a H a n a c a rb n e p B u a C TpaHiipu HacToameñ K H ara, ao a a rtM B BbrayatfleHB
öbijib npepBaTb HanaTbia mhok) 3aH5ma h oTnpaBHTbCH b b Ila p a îK i. Ilo c jr i; B0 3B pam e- H ifl b b 1 8 6 7 r . , a o k o h h h jib CTaTbH), apeíC TaB jiflB inyio nepBoe no s p e M e m H3CJrfe- jo B a H ie .nyxoBHoa HHJiHBHflyajibHOCTH H óceH a, noflBHBineeca b b EBpoirk
I l o c j t t 1 5 — 1 6 ;it.T'b apoMeatyTKa a onaTb B epuyaca b b 1 8 8 2 r . k b j i m-
hocth a npoH3Beji;eHÍaMB H opBeatcftaro nacaTeaa. Oe b tIsmb BpeMeHOMB SHaniTejibHO pa3B n.'iai a Bbinyc-THJiB p fc M H p sflB h o b h x b npoB3BC,a,eHÍH, oTO flBim iBuíaxB Ha 3 a jH Íñ njiaH B ero ó o jite paH n in p a ó o ra . Oh b c ii/L ia n c n coBepmeaHO flp y n iM B HejiOBÍKOMB:
3H aieH ie ero ch.ïb h o B 03pacjio, o h b n p io ó p iw rb HeoóbiKHOBeHHyio nonyjiapHOCTb b b
CKaHjTHHaBCKHXB c rp a n a x B . Measly t í m b k h k b ero h m h CTaao noirynaTb BCe óojtLinyio a öojibH iyio H3Bl;cTHocTb a 3a n p e flia a M H CKaHflHHaBCKaro M ip a , b b ocoöeHHOCTa b b
F epMaHiH. H no CBoeMy BHyTpeHHeMy, a no CBoeMy B n ím n c in y nojiosneniio, o h b 6u.i b
eOBCÍMB He TOTB HHCaTejIb, KaKHMB HBJIflJlCfl BB TO BpeMH, KOrfla MHOH) flaHO ÓHJIO nepBoe onacaHie ero TBopiecnofl jrfenTCJibHOCTH.
Ho a e ro kphthkb ycniîJiB 3a 3to BpeMS chjh>ho H3MliHHTbcn, óbijtb a caMB yate flaaeno He têm b, kLmb HBJMJicfl paH buie. Ohb 3a 3totb npoMeæyTOKB BpeMeHH MHoroe a MHoroe n e p e m iB , MHoroe nepenyBCTOBaiB, h M a.ao-no-M aay OTicasaaca o tb
MHOrHXB M H tH ift H y61jHtfleH¡H, KOTOpbIMH ÓbIJlB OÓH3aHB UOJiyneHHOMy BOCHHTaHÍH) H HacjTÉflCTBeHHOH n e p e p Y È . Ohb Teneps a y a iiie noHHMajiB n o a ia .
OnHTb npoHUO uiecTHafluaTb jté tb. H óeenB co CBoñcTBeHHoro eMy aHeprieio npoflOJiatanB HenpepbiBtio cboio AtoejibHOCTb, h ero cjiaBa h3b mIíc th o h cfltaaaacb BceiiipHOK). Ha o a h h b b3b coBpeMeHHbiXB eMy flpaMaTyproBB He nonbsyeTca Tasoio n3Bl;cTH0CTLK), KHKB o h b. CoBepHieHHO B^pHO, HTO ero 3Haieme nacTO ocnapaBaeTca
h n o ero no3THiecKÍH npoH3sefleHÍfl BCTpinatOTB flaaeKO ne Bceoöipee noraoHeme.
Ho o h b cocpeflOTOHHBaeTB Ha ceói BHHMaßie c b o h x b coBpeMeHHintoBB, a nero óoabme MoateTB TpeóoBaTb nporpeccupyiomiii yMB?
KaKB h3B'6ctho, 2 0 MapTa 1 8 9 8 r. TeHpaKy H ó ce n y h c h o m u t c h ceMbflecaTB
•tLt b. Bb necTb a io ro c o ó h tíh a coeflHHHJiB CBoe nepBoe a BTopoe H 3C ii;fl0B aH ifl ero *)
* ) U p e jH o a o B ie B p a n ^ e e a k b C T a iiA o6b H ôoeH È .
1 2 rKH PH K T. HBCEHb .
COHHHeHiÄ H erO H0HHOCTH Cb TpeTbHMb, OHHCblBaiOmHMb erO TBOpHeCKJH) J ÎH ie a b - HOCTb bidiotb jo HauiHxb jH e fi. B a a ro ja p a yjBBHTeatHOMy CTeiemio oócToaTeabCTBb, mhI npHuiJioct no HCTeneflin skii3hh hohth u/feaaro n oK o ataia Bb TpeTift pa3b nncaTb 0 HeMT) Cb HOHTH OJHBaKOBHMb HpOMeHtyTKOMb BpfiMeHH MejKjy KaatJblMb pa30Mb.
K o r ja a BbiCTynnai. cb nepBOio c T a m io oób H óceH Í, eMy 6biao 3 8 — 3 9 a lr a , bo Bpeiia n sja m a BTopon CTaibH eMy ncnoaHHJiocb 5 4 r o ja , a Tenepa jeH a ero p o a tje - Hia BC Tpiaaerb otkjihkt, bo B c tx b K yaaiypH uxb CTpaBaxb h npa3jHyeTca bo mho- rn x b 0 3 1. n a s i.
IlacaTejH, oócyjRjaBinie Bb bvjkiixt. CTpanaxb nooTiisecKyio jferrejaHOCTB FeH- pHKa HöceHa, oóo3pi:BaaH ee bcio, npeacje j í m t. nacaTa o Hen. Ohh He w a a n ero npoHSBejemfi Bb to m b nopajid;, b b k h k o m'b o hh noHBaaaHca, h ipe3b T t npoMeatyTKH BpeMeHH, bt. KOTopbie ohh BbJxojHjm; nepejb h h m h cpa3y BaipncoBaiBaanca bc4 nepra (J»0 3ÍOHOMÍH n0 3Ta, OHH HMrfeaH HBpejb COÓOIO H'ÈJHKOMb BCe B0 3B6jeHH0e HMb HOO- TiiaecKoe 3jaHie h Ha ocHOBaHin Bcero OToro o h ii cooraBJiHJiH ceói óoate h j h MeHie yjaHHoe npejCTaBaeBie o caMOMb CTpoBTeai. MoaceTb óbitb, itorja-anóo Bb óyjyipeMb HHTepecHO öyjeTb b h j í t b, KaKb oto 3 ja nie orpaacaaoca Bb co3HaH¡H coBpeMenHHKa, KOTopbiH Haóaiojaab 3a t í m b, KaKb ero nocTeneHHO bo3b o j h j h, h b b BHjy OToro no.iysn.ib BO3MO5KH0CTI. sa ocHOBaHÍH BneaaTaiHia, npoB3BejeHHaro aa Hero hhhhoctbk) CTpoHTeaa, CKa3arra irkcKoatKO oôbacHHTeabHbixb caoBb h o Tpyjaxb ero.
r . B .
n
KAH/HHABCKAfl J H T S P iT ÏP l
H a c T b I .
HOPBEJKCKIE HHCATEJIH.
n
A 6 Ge H t.
n p e / p ic jio B ie . — Ile p B o e B n e ^ a T e Z ils H ie (1 8 0 7 r . ) . — B T o p o e B n e ^ a T « z rÉ H ie (1 8 8 2 r . ) . — T p e T B e B n e ^ a T -
«zrÉHie (1 8 9 8 r . ) . — n o C tZ râ cjiO B ie .
í l e p B o e B n e H a T j i ' f e H i e . (1867 r.)
Hmj! reiipmca Mócena ctmjio ocoöchho h3b4ctho /iíit c k o íí 'inT;uoij;eii Hyójmids óaaroAapa rjiaBHBiMB oópa3 0MB ,pyMB ero noaeMHiecKHMB paóoiaMB. KaitB h h Ma.io
hoxojkh npyrB Ha npyra bo b c í x b oraonieHiaxB 9t h jBa npoH3Bej;eBÍfl, ecjm M'bpa-
jiomb cxo^CTBa Meacuy h h m h ópaTt rjiyóaHy h x b h 3p1uiocTb, o h h c o b m íc t h o npo- H3Beaa Ha nyó-nntcy Taaoe BneiaurÈHie, ïtaKB óyflTO HóceHB npeiK^S Bcero h raaB-
h u m b o6pa30Mt aejiOBfucb óophóbi. Oh b ópocajiB nepiaray BceMy cymecTByiomeMy OÓmeCTBeHHOMy CTpOlO, OÓBHBHJIB eMy BOHHy H BCTynHjn> CB HHMB B l ÓOH---- HanpaBJMfl GBOH HauaueHÍH raaBHUHb oópa30Mb Ha Hopßeriio—b b „KoMe^ÍH jhoóbh“ cb t o h k h 3ptH Ía KpaCOTbl H H033ÍH, BB „B p aH flt“ CB TOÎKH 3pÉHÍH HpaBCTB eHHOCTH 11 pejIH- rio3HOCTH. Bb o óo hxb npoH3BejieHiaxB 6opb6a h o c h tb TparaaecKin xapaKTepB; h h 6e3y,a;ep3KHaíi erpaerb, hh Bcenonapatouiaa nepe^B coóoio bojih He MoryTB y MóceHa npHMHpHTbCfl CB CyiH,eCTByiOniHMB OÓmeCTBOMB; 3TH HyXOBHUfl CHJlbl HyBCTByKlTB n o - TpeÓHOCTb BB Cb1»JK0MB BOSAyit H TpeÓyiOTB, HTOÓM HMB jaJIH HOÓ OJIbfflC IipOCTOpa
¡yin aM c t b íh; ho y íkh sh h i r t r i , .iHumaro M iera; h to ó u flocTamm, c eó i nocxaTOHHO óoabinyio apeHy AiaTeJibHOCTH, o h í nuraiOTCH peBOjnopioHHpoBaTb rH¡iouo,ee b b cBoeMB noKoi oömecTBo; ho peBOJiionja ne h p h b o a h t b k b pecjiopM'b: „Kone^ia jho ó bh“ npe^- CTaBaaeTB b b AiiicTBHrejibHOCTH ea Tparej,iio, a upaMa bojih 3aKaHHiiBaeTca ayae- HHHeCTBOMB.
OcTaBHBB BB CTopoHi 3HaaeHÍe 0.10 HenocraTKH npoH3Beji;eHÍa, acHO o;i,ho, hto
Mbl 3AÍCb HM$eMB AÍJIO CB H03T0MB, KOTOpUH CB HeCCHMHCTHieCKOfl T04KH 3pÍH¡H B3HpaeTB Ha coBpeMeHHyio 2k h3h b. Oh b neccHMHCTB He b b to m b cmbicjtè ((J>h.boco(|)- CK0-n03TH4ecK0MB), a ro MejiaHxojiiH cnia aa acb ero My30io, hto ero H poim ejieH ie HBaaeTca æajioôoio Ha HecaacTHua ycaoBia jkh3h h aejiOBiaecicaro' poj,a, aro jy m y ero npoH3Beneuia eocraBJiaeTB rayóoKoe coayBCTBie Tparn3My, aepa3JiyaH0My cb caMbiMB cyni,ecTBOBaHÍeMB aejiOBÍKa; ero neccHMH3MB HpaBCTBeHuaro xapaKTepa, b b cpoßCTBi
cb npe3p1íHÍeMB h HeroxoBaaieMB. Oh b He ataayeica, o h b oÓBiiHaeiB. Ero MpaiHoe MipoB033piHie BHymaeTB eMy npeatAe Bcero nojieMaaecKoe HacrpoeHie, t h k b a aiiB , OKHAtiBaa B3rjiaA0MB coBpeMeHHoe eMy oómecTBo, o h b, ó -ia ro ja p a HMeHuo 3T0My Mipo-
14 I ’E H P H K E HEC EH E.
Bossp'ÈHiio, ycMaipuBaeii b e Hem> tojibko flypHtui ero cïopoHBi h npecTynaeHia, saM^aaeTE npoTHBopiiie Meatfly t î m e, hto aojihîho ôtuio 6bi ôbitb, h t1;m e, hto
ecTB. 3arÈME 9to MipoBoaspitHi'e oatecTonaeTE ero: oho biihojo TOMy, hto, HanpaBjaa CBOH B30pE Ha HfleaiE, n03TE OflHOBpeMeHHO CE 3THME BHflHTE HeH36fcKH0CTB erO raôejiii, yétacflacTca b e 6e3njioflHOCTH b c è x e BBicuraxE cTpeMaemü h B03BBimeHH0H aCH3UH, BE npOTHBOHOJIOSKHOCTH MeJKfly TÎME, HTO flOJIÎKHO. ÔBITB, H T'ÈME, Hero B03M0HCH0 flOCTHrHyTB. Be 3THXE HpOH3BefleHHIMB 3aKJlI0HaeTCff peBOJUOpiOHHBlft BJieMeHTE.
Ho noieMy h o s t e 3acraBMeTE bc4 h o h bitkh k e nepeBopoiaME oKaHiuBaibca ae- yflaaeio? Be kohd^ kohh,o b e eflHHCTBeHHbifi o t b ît e Ha sto 3aKJimaeTCH b e t o m e,
hto HôceüE H3o6paataeTE hch3Hb TaKE, m k e OHa npeflCTaBMeTca eMy, h h to, ho
BCefi BÎpOflTHOCTH, BE COKpOBeHHHXE TaiIHHKaXE ero npiipOflBI KpOeTCH H'fe'ÎTO, no- ôyatflaiomee ero npeflCTaBJMTB cedi h onacbiBaTB hch3hbb e b h a4 rpaHflio3HOii, oiaa- HHH0H ôopBôBi npoTHBE Bcero xopomaro; ecTB a lm o b e ero u m a x E , BacTaBJiaiomee ero BHflfiTB Bee b e aepHOME H B iTi, h îh t o b e raydHHi ero cymecTBa BOHHCTBeHHoe, MHTeatHoe, nopuBiiCToe a MeaaHxojiH'tecKoe, OTpaacaK)m,eeca b e ero npoa3BeflemaxB n Dpflflaiomee MpanHui ottIîh o k e flaace ero iio ô b h k e cBfvry.
BbICKa3aHHblH HaMH B3rjIflflE MOHCHO HpOBÎpHTE, H Ha OCHOBaHÎH 3T0H HpO- BtpKH p^IHHTB, COOTB'ÈTCTByeTE JIII OHE fl'MCTBHTejIbHOCTH. HtO Hte.iaeTE y3HaTI.
KaKyro-rado Tafiay, t o t e HadjnoflaeTE 3a HHTepecyiomHME ero npeflMeTOME He3aMliT-
ho, BTHxoMomy, Korfla o he 6e3co3HaTejiBHo BBiKa3BiBaeTE Ha c b î t e BoîitiS c b o îi b h y- TpeHHifi MipE. S aoioscH H aro npodyatflaioTE o te chu flM flonpoca: o iie aerne Bcero BUflacTE ceoa npn npodyatfleHia. To ace ÔBiBaeTE hce no3TH4ecKOio HHflHBHflyajiBHOCTbio:
npoôyjKflaaCB, ohh HeBoabao x B a ïa e ic a 3a cjoaceTE, 3a (JjopMy, 3a ¿h iih o c t b, nocpeflCTBOME KOTopBixE efi aerne Bcero BBicKa3aTB hb b u ic h h tb céda. nepBaa npoda nepa IldceHa, nepBoe noaraHecicoe npo03BefleHie, HanncaHHoe h m e b e to BpeM», Korfla o h e B3poc- auME yace yieHUKOME, oTCTaBimiME do yaeniio o te c b o h x e CBepcTHHitoBE, ho flaaeso onepeiHBuiHME h x e ho yMCTBennoMy pa3BHTiio, HeyaaaE cBoero C aa aio cm na m iio a t-
hoh CKaMbli,— „flp a M a i i3e pHMCitOfi ;k h3Hh“ . Be stoh flp a M Î aBTopE, noflodao H ln a - aepy b e ,,Pa3doaHHKaxE“ , aaaE h c x o a e Bceft crpacTHocTH, Morymeft u n n iT b b e
raydHHlî Moaofloro, HeonBiTHaro cepflD,a, coflepacaHieME KOToparo aBaaeTca rope, tockh h apoTHKa, OTHaanie n aecToarodiiBoe cosHaaie codcTBeHHBixE caaE. Kto, itaKE bbi
AyMaeTe, cayatHTE repoeME 3Toro ¿pÉTCKaro h H espia aro npoasBeflema? Hhkto h h o h, KaKE enfant perdu pnMCKaro odipecTBa, HeBÎpoaTHofi flep30CTH h HecauxaHHOH CM'taocTii KOToparo m bi odfl3aHBi HauiHME nepBHME BnenaTaiHieME 0 KpacHop'Èaia HapepoHa a HafflHMH SepBMMH nO3HamHM0 BE aaTHHCKOME CHHTaKCHCfe, OflHHME CaOBOME EaTHaaHH.
Oh e H30Ôpa!KeHE b e a pa M t HdceHa, KaKE repoft, KaKE KoaoccaaBHBia n M oryqia yME, noflaaBHiia, apaBfla, uoflE Baiaaie h h3k h x e nodyatfleHia, ho co3flaiiHBm flaa BeaaKOü fltaTeaBHOCTU, pBym,iHca BBepxB H3E OKpyacaromeH ero H03MeHHOii h nouiaoü cpeflu h odcTaHOBKH 3aocqacTHaro aepiofla ynaflKa. 3to desperado b e p o flt d>aabKa ji
BpaHfla, KOTopBia, b e n.^MCHHOME yBaeueHia BeannieME ô b u b ix e flHefi, noflbraaeTE
HEPBOE B H E H A T M H IE . 15
3HäMH B03CTHHIÍT H Uí^aCT'fc HCepTBOH) OTHaCTH H3.Mf,HM, OTHÍICTH COÓCTBeHHarO HpeCTy- DJieHiB, ncKynaeMaro h m b CMepTbio. 3a íc b mbi yace s a u in a e r a totb ace m c c h m m m b (bo
Ha pBMCKOe OÖmeCTBO), TOTB ace BOHHCTBeHHBIH ayx-B, TOTB ace II BUK if! na<J)OCB, TO ace CTsaaHHoe CTynaHie jióomb o cT$Hy, KOTopBie nopaacaiOTB hhcb b b AaaBHM - HIHIB npon3nejeniax'i, M0.10.30r 0 aBTopa.
IIoHHTie, o6pa30BaBineeca Maao-no-Maay b b /(am a o6b otombHHcaTejrö, r p ii- fflHTB, HeCOMHiHHO, OAHOCTOpOHHOCTBK), HO BB TO ace BpeMH BHOJOPfe BÍpHO, II OTpa- acaeTB b b c e 6 i Bee canoe cyipecTBeHHoe b b IIöceH-fe; ecra ace mbi oöpaTHMB bh h- MaHie Ha (JiaicTbi h3b hch3hh ílóceHa, to j’b h a h m b, hto h ohh coBepineBiio c o o t b ít- ctbjiotb ero xapaicrepy, KaicB ra m a . Ho3iiaKOMiiBinHCB cb h h m ii, mbi yóiacAaeMca, HTO, OTiacTH 6aaro,a,apa hmchho hoaoöhoii hch3hh, ^ymeBHoe coAepacame noaTa Morao noayaiiTB totb oraenaTOKB, KOTopBifi h BBnca3BiBaeica b b ero noaTHHeciaixB npors-
renpHKB HÓcohb p o la c a 2 0 M a pia 1 8 2 8 r . b b Ckích* , b b H opBerin. Ha 1 6 -m b n a y ohb nocTynm B b b anTeny, ho 3arÉMB nonyBCTBOBajiB aceaame roynaTB MeÄHmiHy a CTaaB npa caMBixB H edaaronpiaiiiBixB ycaoBiaxB totoehtbch k b 3K3aMeHaMB m n 0CTy DJieHi>f b b yanBepcHieiB. Em y h c h o m m o c b 2 2 roÄa, icor^a ohb BBwpacajn, 3to tb aK3aneHB, ho Tor^a y Hero yace He ókuo „h ii oxoth, hh B03MoacHocra“ saHHMaTbca H3yaeBieMB KaKofi-HBÓy^ cnepiaaBHocra. Bb SKOHOMunecKOMB OTHoiueHin ero noao-
* e Hie OKasuBaaocb chmbimb n.wieBHBiME: aoaroe BpeMa y Hero He xb»t;u o cpej^cTBB 4aace saa toco, htoóbi peryaapno oÓfyaTb. Cypoßyio, raaceayio mohoaoctl npainaoci, eMy nepeacHTB. IOHomeio ohb He B H ^íaB cbIo t b ix b cTopoHB hch3hh, ero coócTBeHHaa :'R03h ł KaK1> c% BB'1;uiHpft, ™k b n CB BByTppBHeñ cTopoHH npeÄCTaBaaaacB eny aenpe- craHHoio 60PB60K). noHBTeHB nepexo^B otb raaceaaro k b neoóysAaHHOMy, cTpacraoMy He noxMHHHioiHeMycfl ycaoBHBiMB npaBiiaaMB.
Bb 1 8 5 0 r . npaMa „K a ra jiH H a “ ho hbha8cb b b cbIit b. Bb 1 8 5 1 r. IlóceHB fiaaaaB H3jiaBäTB eateHeAiaBHHKB, jp a KOToparo HHcaaB caMB aapHiecKia h c a m - paaecKia niecBi. Bb tomb ace roay ohb noayHHaB m íc t o iiHcrpyKTOpa b b ToabKO hto OTRpHTOMB b b EepreHi: TeaTpi, a b b 1 8 5 2 r . orapaBnaca m Hayaenia leaTpa b b He6o.iB-
nioe aarpaHBHHoe HyieniecTBie, bo BpeMa KOToparo noÓBiBaaB b b JJaHin h TepMaHin. Bb 5 7 r. ohb öbijib Ha3HaienB .ppeKTopoMB HopßeaccKaro TeaTpa b b XpHCTiaHw, a B l CJI% I0IPeM't ro s y aceHBaca Ha CBoeft Tenepeumefi aceHi, n a ^ e p iip t HHcaTeaL- hhpbi p-acH TopeseHB. K o rÄa re a ip B b b 1 8 6 2 r. n o ie p n t e ÓamcpoTciBO, IlÖceHB no HCTeneBiH HÍKOToparo BpeMeHH y i x a « h3b H opB erin, 11 cb t í x b nopB opoaca- . _a'717, rnaBHBiMB o6pa3OMB b b Ph m í. Eme ąo CBoero OTBfe^a ohb HaneaaTajiB mho- ncecTBo aHpHHecKHXB CTHxoTBopeBiH h irL iB iö pa,3B ÄP8MB. Bb HopBeriH ohb bb
^ ecTBi ipipeKTopa TeaTpa cayacnjB npe^MeTOMB ho ctobhhhxb H ana^em ii co CTopoHbi HMH CLr> H B0° ^ e M0ÎKH0 CKa3aTB, HTO OHB HCHHB BCer^H Ha BOeHHOH H O ri CO CB0-
>io6BB“7 eHeCTBeHH0KaM0 (CM'’ Hanp'’ K0 BT°P°M- HHSaHiio „KcTMejdii ' ^ ° Ma eMy nP0X°SHJIOCB HOCTOHHHO ÖOpOTBCH CB HyaC^OK); TOBOpaTB, HTO II
16 rE H P H K B HBCEHB.
b b Ph m'Í; o hb T e p n te HC^ocTaTOin, dyKBajibHO b b chmom'i. neodxo/iHMOMB b b to ümbhhc
BpeMfl, Kor^a „BpaHjT.“ Buinejrb b b c b1>t b b b KoneHrareH'fe.
9Ta K H ftra co B epim uia n o iiH u ii nepeBopoTB b b cynbdl¡ es aBTopa. K aKB 0 3-
bIjctho, u p o n3Be;(CHÍo 3to hjih e ro re p o n — noTOMy Tro ¡trifin noaMU He b h o jihIjíicita—
nponoB'fej.yeTB y ic tiie o HeodxonHMOCTH otópochte b b cTopoay B C H K a ro p o n a jkhtch
CKÍfl 3aÓOTU. HopBeJKCKill HapOJlB CB OCTpOyMÍeMB (CB OCTpOIO 11pOH¡1HaTG.lI)HOCTí) 10 H, II1 ftpafiHen irlip 'íi no B iijiy , c b tohkoio iip o H Íe io ), Ha KOTopoe HeMaorie cohjih 61.1 e ro CHOCOÓHKMB, H0Ka3IUIB, HTO pO.IHH'b e ro JieCTHO CHIlTaTB BB HHCJrfi CB0HXB CiJHOBeft HeioB-feKa, nponoB'fexyKraxaro b b H anra a h h Tarda h c t h h u. Oh b noaceJiajiB, HTodu Ta- KOÍ le .lO B ’liK'I. ÓMJIB H3ÓaBJieHB 0TB 3adOTB, CBH3aHHbIXB CB nodblBaHÍCMB KycKa HacymHaro xjrfeda a m o tb de3apenaTCTBeHHO nponojnicaTb nponoB'fenbiBaTb Tanoe bo3b h- ineHHoe y ie H ie . HopBeatcKift c t o p t h h t b B ora p o B a iiB UOceHv n e n c iio , — n t h k h m b 0 6- pasoMB, k b cnacTbio, m m y Ha bcio e ro jkh3hb o6e3neneHB CKpoMHtiñ ;i,o x o a b.
I.
Bb Ka»ji,OMB coBpeMeHHOMB h o s t í h h c b npeacne Bcero iiHTepecyeTB BonpocB,
hto HOBaro npnHCCB o h bcb coCoio b b CB’liTB. Mu paHbuie Bcero ciipamiiBaeMB ceda;
b b neMB 3aKJiioaaeTCíi ero OTiipuiie, oto npenCTaBJUiCTB H3B ceda ero AMepHKa? Mu roTOBU npocTHTb eMy MHoroe 3a Kaat^biñ h o b m íí BejiHKiii BKJiajb b b no33iio, cn’fejiaH-
h u h h m b; ho o h b TOJibKO Torna oOcaiieairn. cedí Hauie co>iyBCTB.ie h bo c x h ih c h ío, Kor.ua ^tñcTBHTejibHO noKaateTB naiiB TaKOil BKJianB. Beca HauiB HHTepecB k b ho- BMinefi HopBeatcKoñ JiHTepaTypii ocHOBUBaerca nivieHHO Ha 3t o m b, -aereo odBacHnMOMB HonoateHiii. Be3cnopHO, HopBeaccKaa H033ia, c b to h kh apÍHia oKpyrjieHHOñ rapMOHH- 4H0CTH (j)OpMB, HHCTOTU CTHJW, CHOKOIICTBÍH, KOTOpUMH OTilHiaiOTCH IipOH3Bej,eH¡a noaTa, odaaji,aiom,aro BcedopoHHHMB odpa30BaH¡eMB, najeKO OTCTaaa o tb h o33Íh, KOTopoio 3aKaH4HBaeTca b b JI,aHÍH MTepaTypHun nepio^b, npencTaBJiaiouiüi dojibuioe 3Ha4eHÍe naa b c í x b oTn'iniOBB h pa3B’bTBJieHÍfi no9TH4ecKaro HCKycerBa. Kaicaa rpo- Ma^iiaa nponacTb, KaKOñ raydoidi yuanoKB nojiyaaoTca, nonnnHMOMy, ec.ni m u o tb K.iaccH'iecKofi nojiHOTbi BbipaaceHiñ b b aynuiHXB npon3BeneHÍHXB Fefidepra hjih íla.iy- naHa-Mtojuiepa h jih b b h o b’Ííc t h x b r-acu TioJiJieMdyprB nepeftneMB k b MaHepuocm b b
nepBUXB npaMaxB BbepHCOHa h jih k b TaatejiuMB h HCKyccTBeHHUMB odopoTBMB b b
aposí r-acu Tope3eHB. A Meawy t í m b K aw u fi H3B h h c b npennoHirraeTB o tii cohh- Henia npon3BeneHÍaMB npeniiiecTByioinaro hohojiIíh íh, npencTaBJiaBiiiHMB Henocpen- CTBeHHoe npoAOJiateHie HauiHXB codcTBeHiiuxB. Xoth HopBeria uyat^ajiacc b b Jl,aHÍii, KHKB BB IIOCpeflHIIK'ÍI, KOTOpuft CJiyJKUJIB 6bl COejIHHHTejIbHbIMB 3BPH0MB MeiKJiy HeiO
h Ebpo ho k), xoth odipaa HopBeiKCKo-naTCKaa aHTepaTypa oocjiyaffljia iionroTOBHTejibHoro iHKOJiofo w a HopBerin haBiianacb p a Hea odpa3peMB b b xy^oacecTBeriHOMB OTHomeHÍH, ho Bce ace m u, jiaTnaHe, iipn^aeMB ocodeHHyio nrÉHy h ocodeHHO pa^yeMca h m c u ho to- My, hto BB HopBeaccKofl JiHTepaTypb noKa3UBaiOTca 3a4aTKH h o b o h caMOCToaTejibHofi
h;h3h ii. üepBUMB ycjiOBÍeMB jijih Toro, 4Todu ch.t h pojiCTBeHHOH HaMB CTpaHbi Moran
nEPBO Ë B IIE ïA T JU s H IE . 17
npoBBHTBCB aapyacy h pasBHTbca, »B aueren c a l m e e : Ky4 bTypabiH h o to k b Âo«eH <b Obl.Tb THKB BRCOKO UOÆHflTbCfl Ha C tß e p B , HTOÖbl H3B ^ ¡ 1 1 paSJlHTbCS Oü^OflOTBOpfllOWHMb oopasoM ï. no H o p s e ria ; BTopoe yaoßie: HeoöxoaiiMO ó h jio, h to ó h t o t b ;Ke h o t o k b otä * - .iHBraocb o n Harnea po^HHH h n p io Ó p iB i, (u a ro ^ a p a a io M y OTAfcueairo, HeaaBHCHMOcxb
i i n o ju m e e s y n CBoóoąy, B e p H y jc a o ó p a ra o Ha m p o e m íc t o, ocTaBiiBB no c e ó t CBOH H.IOJOHOCHUII M B . IIo3THHeCK0e paCTeHÍe, BBipOCHiee H3B H ero, ÄOCTHMO H aa- u o n ie n p e ifp a c H a ro i i n o .iH a ro p a B B H m CBoero b b p a a c K a s t, in . KpecTbHHCKHXB
b o bŁc t m b ßbepHcoHa, ho HaaÖOJbmaro a H a a e a ia -B B cepneanofi HCTopimecKon a p a ir t.
HeMT> ;Ke HCKaTb aam > TenePŁ Ï HÓceaa HOBaro? ^a-rcKaa nyÓHHKa no- 3HaK0MH.iacb cb h h m b, nam, cb no.TOMiiKOMB. Ec.ih Óbi BB HeMB no ó b u o Hero-Jiaóo
^pyroro, 6o.ibiuaro, to na Hero Hejba» óbiao óu BOBaaraib KpyoHbixB HaÄea«B, KaKB Ha no3Ta; yMB, tohbko paapyuiaroapa Bce Ha nyra, He ecTb aoaraaecKiä y MB.’
UpaB^a, BB KamnoMB „h-é t b“ MoaceTB s u u n w r b c ii h „ Äa “ , n p a B Äa , b b noaaiii HOBOe H CaMOÓHTHOe MOHffiTB BB B m i HCKjUDTOHifl HOHBHTbCH BB ÿopM ii OipmaHiB HO H H ie ro HOAoÓHaro m ic b ne d u o . Mbi nosace nocrapaeiica w iiasaTb 3T0 nojioace- Hie,^ a Teuepb oöpaTHMcs—k h k b oho b b cj'ihhocth hc jrt*y e ra — k b nojiOBHTCJttjnncb BK.iajaMB b b H033ÍH) H 6ceH a, k b ero ^painiMB.
ubsuTopoe yHHBneHie h pasonapoBaHie; mojkho ¿o.iro ii ;io;iro t h t h t b h x b, h ae ayBCTBOBaTb ceóa nopaaceHHUMB KaKoro-aaÓo hoboio H^eeio, KaKHMB-aaÓo h o b u m b
uoainaecKHMB m p o B O B s p in ie m ; noiOMy hto, roBopa o p a s ły , TeH piiK B HÓceHB npo- iioBe.iF, To.ibKo oü,Hy eniiHciBeHHyio, b b O.THO h to ace BpeMH oparHHajibHyio 11 (ae CMOTpa aa oTfffobHHe H e ^ o m ™ ) bhojih'è yja-m yio ÄpaMy; ho aa to ohh npeflCTa- B-weiB Taaoe ÖOHbiaoe SHaaeme, aro oÓesneiBBaeTB eiay BbicoKoe nojioaceme enem
panu oTKpHBam b b ceö* opHTHBiiibHoe, caMoöbiTHoe conepacaHÎe, HaXOUHTB BB
•'TOMB oojepjKaHiü HOBue e n s e r a , a b m í c t* cb croaceTOMB a - apeKpacHbia a hchbih
Bupa/beHia ja « Bcero, hto o h b b b coctohhîh BbicKa3aTb Ha naHHoií CTyneHH CBoero pasBHTia. TaKoft h o b t b, iipanja, MoaceiB aaiiHcaib aosse apoMae^eme
° ™ 3Ha'fHTe.TbHoe, T tM B ero nepBbia, h MoaceTB m íh h t b cb TeaeHieMB BpeMeHH Cfi0H xyrTO/KecTBeHHbii[ (jjopjibi M H xynoatecTBeHHbie cnocoôu BbipaaceHia c b o h x b
* Aeii; H0 Kaa£ioe I,3Ï' ero coTHHeHiü, itaKB Öo.’if.e, THKB a Mente saaaHTejibHUH
/ Aen COBePmeuno
ÜL c m m i'h P O At, H Bct oan, ae CMOTpa Ha cboh paarntia,’',y'TyTB IIM'feT[' OÖIPHMH ÄBt b c ih h: oTaciaTOKB KpacoTbi h ero co6cTBeHHaro necKaro jMa. GoBepineHHO nHoe npoH30iujio ci> ^paMaaia h noaTHnecKHMH
“ POH3Be«eHiHMH H6ceHa. To.ib k o nocreneHHo, BpuiKKa, KOTopuft nepeHecB ero Ha t
H ia rB 3a iaaroM B , ^o n ie a B h o s t b ro
s ^ r u t jiejKHTB oótTOBaHHaa aero
2
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3eMM. JJoJiro Ka3ajiocB, tto y Hero He X B aran. chjit. coBepniHTb TpeöyeMufi npbi- jkokt». Ero remñ h o o k t, He Mo;i;en. ycnoKOHTBca; oh'i. Mènerai h3t, cTopoHH bt. CTopoHy, kokt. 6o:im:oc h 6e3H0K0ÄH0e ä h th; oht. to norpyataeTca bt. cboh mottbi h H^ea, to naxoflim . hxt. neyocTUTOTHO hchmmh h ch.il h ij m h, ttoöm BBicTyDHTt BnepejiT,
b b Morynefi HaroTi.; rorya oht> öpocacrcii HCKaTB HyatHoe eMy b h í ceóa, XBaraeTCH 3a KpacHByro h THCTeHBKyio ypannpoiiKy, KyiaeTca bt. Hee, Tanr, tto ¿rfcjiaeTCH hohth
coBepmeHHO iieyanaKaeMBiMB, Hipen, c e ö i iioyxoyflmaro cthjih, yaace 6o;rl.e Toro:
Hipen. a-th ce6a HopxopHiparo H3BiKa, óp o c a en to, tto H axopH n, noHHMaen, HaKO- HeiyB, tto BCHKÍH 3aeMT, paBHOCHaeHT) h m Hero noTepi, h p aó o T aen , noKa, miKOHepT., He HaxoAHTB caMoro ce6a.
Hócena. naiiie.iT, oeóa, Korpa, okohthbiuh cboii pid; nepBUH paóora, „KamTHHy“
B1> paTCKHXT. HflTHCTOHHBlX'B HMÖaXT, H „IIpa3PHeCTBO BT, CoJlbrayrf,U, HaDHCHHHOe pa3- MÍpoui.reporiTecKHXT, can,, nanncan bt. 1 8 5 7 r. pan xpucTiancKaro Tearpa „3>py HurepT, H3T. 9 cTpoTa“, HCTopHTecKyio Tparepiio bt. upo:it, a bt. rwripyioipeMT. ropy, ht> ] 8 5 8 r.,
„Boacpn hh rcaBro-TaHTt“, ppaMaTHTecicyio oópaCoray ppeBHeft earn o popí Bojib- cyHroBT.; o6rl; ara paóoTBi BecbMa HHTepecnu, ocoPchuo nepuau, xoth, npaBpy CKa3aTb, OÓÍ HHIUeKBI TOË CHJIBHO BblCTyiiaiOipnñ BHepepT. Opm'HHa.lBHOCTH, KOTOpyiO MBI H03- ace hhxophmt, y Mócena. OpHrHHajiBHoe aaiiaroTaeTCH bo bchkomt. cayaai tojibko bt. caori u cnocoói BbipaacemH, KOTopBie, no Mipi Toro, khkt. BupaóoTBmaiOTCH, cTa- HOBHTCH BCe ÓOTÉe CHHbHbIMH H MOryTHMH,----a He BT. HpeHXb, KOTOpblH KHiKyTCH HaMT.
3HaK0MBIMH; MBI KaKT ÓVpTO BCT'pt.THHH HXT. paHBIIie, eCJIH He I';!'}’.- ando BT. TpyrOMT.
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