• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

Anti-Crisis Actions of Government and Central Banks

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Anti-Crisis Actions of Government and Central Banks"

Copied!
17
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)



IV. BUSINESS AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS – GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ASPECTS

/XGPLÊD.U\VNRYD*

ANTI-CRISIS ACTIONS OF GOVERNMENT AND CENTRAL BANKS

Abstract

This work presents the phenomena of crisis as based on its definitions in psychology, psychiatry and economics, describes the phases of economic cycles as well as the forms in which crisis may occur. Various instruments used in anti-crisis actions of states are discussed with a distinction between those applied by governments and central banks. The empirical part deals with characteristics of anti-crisis instruments as used by selected EU countries.

Key words: Anti-crisis actions, crisis, instruments of the Anti-Crisis Actions, anti-crisis actions in the EU.

1. Introduction

$OWKRXJK FULVLV LQ HFRQRP\ LV DQ REMHFWLYH SKHQRPHQD VRPHWLPHV LW LV WRRVWURQJDQGWKHUHIRUHQHHGVWREHVROYHGZLWKWKHVWDWHm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

(2)

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

7KH VRXUFHV XVHG IRU WKLV ZRUN LQFOXGH VXEMHFW OLWHUDWXUH VFLHQWLILF DQG H[SHUW SXEOLFDWLRQV UHIHUULQJ WR WKH LVVXH RI FULVLV DQG DQWLFULVLV DFWLRQV XQGHUWDNHQLQUHSRUWVDQGSXEOLFDWLRQVRI(XURSHDQDQGFRXQWU\ OHYHOLQVWLWXWLRQVDVZHOODVLQWHUQHWZHEVLWHVZKLFKGHDOZLWKWKHVXEMHFWRIWKLV DUWLFOH

2. Crisis as a phenomenon in psychology and the economy

7KH ZRUG FULVLV LV RQH RI WKH PRVW XVHG ZRUGV LQ VFLHQFH DV ZHOO DV LQ HYHU\GD\OLIH,WLVDIDVKLRQDEOHZRUGRYHUXVHGLQWKHFRQWH[WRIKXPDQSRYHUW\ VXIIHULQJDQGSDWKRORJ\ ,WPD\GHQRWHVXIIHULQJEXWDOVRDZD\RIOLIHLQLWVVRFLDOHFRQRPLFDVZHOO DVSROLWLFDOPHDQLQJ7KHRULJLQVRIWKHZRUGcrisisPD\EHWUDFHGGRZQLQWKH *UHHNODQJXDJHZKHUHLWKDVSRVLWLYHFRQQRWDWLRQV,WPHDQVDWXUQLQJSRLQW LQVLFNQHVVDGHFLVLYHPRPHQWLQDWUDJHG\DWLPHRISHULO,WPHDQVDVKRFN EXWRQHOHDGLQJWRDEUHDNWKURXJKZKLFKFDQEHDFKLHYHGE\FKRLFHDVROXWLRQ

(3)

 SUHVXPDEO\VXFFHVVIXOHIIHFWLYH $PRQJYDULRXVXVDJHRIWKLVZRUGLQVRFLDO GRPDLQVRIOLIHWKHGRPLQDQWPHDQLQJVDUHWKRVHRIDFULVLVRIYDOXHVFULVLV RIIDPLO\FULVLVRILQWHUQDWLRQDOUHODWLRQVFULVLVRILGHQWLW\DVZHOODVFULVLVRI SXEOLFILQDQFHV 3V\FKRORJ\DQGSV\FKLDWU\DUHWZRVFLHQWLILFGRPDLQVSDUWLFXODUO\SUROLILF LQFRQFHSWXDOLVLQJGHILQLWLRQRIFULVLV7KHDUWLFOHZULWWHQE\(/LQGHPDQQ  UHJDUGLQJV\PSWRPDWRORJ\DQGWUHDWPHQWRIDFXWHLOOQHVVLVSDUWLFXODUO\ DSSUDLVHG LQ WKLV UHVSHFW >/LQGHPDQQ  QU @ 7KLV ZRUN SURYLGHV DUHJXODUGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHH[SHULHQFHRIXQGHUJRLQJDQH[WUHPHO\WUDXPDWLF VLWXDWLRQ,WSURPRWHVFULVLVLQWHUYHQWLRQDVDIRUPRIDVVLVWDQFHWRJULHIVWULFNHQ SHRSOH 7KLV FDWHJRU\ EHFDPH GHIXVHG WR DOO DUHDV ZKHUH WKH RFFXUUHQFH RI FULVLVKDVEHHQGLDJQRVHGVXFKDVEDUULHUVLQDFKLHYLQJLPSRUWDQWSURIHVVLRQDO JRDOVIDLOXUHVLQRYHUFRPLQJOLIHGLIILFXOWLHVIHHOLQJVRIODFNLQJFRQWURORYHU RQHmVOLIH

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mVVXEMHFWLYH UHDFWLRQWRLW,WLVH[SUHVVHGE\DVSHFLILFSHUFHSWLRQHPRWLRQDODQGVHQVLWLYH UHDFWLRQ ZKLFK DUH WKH EDVLV RI FULVLV EHKDYLRXU 7KH RSWLPLVP RI VXFK VLWXDWLRQV OLHV LQ LQWHUYHQWLRQ DFWLRQV 7KHUHIRUH : %DGXUD0D]XU SRLQWV RXWWKDWDPRQJRWKHULVVXHVFULVLVWKHRU\LVDQRSWLPLVWLFWKHRU\>%DGXUDq 0DGHMZ\GF\W@

7KH DXWKRUV RI SV\FKRORJLFDO FRQFHSWV RI FULVLV XQGHUOLQH WKH IROORZLQJ SRLQWVDVFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKLVSKHQRPHQRQ>*LOOLODQGDQG-DPHV@

p 7KHSUHVHQFHRIWKUHDWDVZHOODVRGGV p FRPSOLFDWHGV\PSWRPDWRORJ\

p WKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHVHHGVRIJURZWKDQGFKDQJH

(4)

 p XQLYHUVDOLW\ FRPPRQDOLW\ LPEDODQFH HYHU\RQH FDQ JHW LQWR D FULVLV 

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

7KH H[SDQGHG FULVLV WKHRU\ LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH SURSHUWLHV DQG ZD\V RI DFWLQJRQKLJKHURUJDQL]DWLRQDOOHYHOVFDQQRWEHH[SODLQHGE\VXPPLQJXSWKH SURSHUWLHV DQG ZD\V RI DFWLQJ WKHLU FRPSRQHQWV EHLQJ PHDVXUHG VHSDUDWHO\ +RZHYHULIZHNQRZWKHVHWRIFRPSRQHQWVDQGWKHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHP KLJKHURUJDQL]DWLRQDOOHYHOVFDQEHH[SODLQHGWKURXJKWKHLUHOHPHQWV7KHQWKH V\VWHPVUHPDLQLQPXWXDOUHODWLRQVKLSVZLWKRWKHUV\VWHPV

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

(5)



LV DQ H[SDQVLRQ SKDVH ZKLFK LV FKDUDFWHULVHG E\ DQ LQFUHDVH LQ SURGXFWLRQ SULFHV HPSOR\PHQW ZDJHV SURILWV DQG RWKHU LQFRPHV 7KH QRUPDO FRPSOHWH F\FOHLVWKHSHULRGEHWZHHQWZRVXEVHTXHQWFULVHVZKLFKHQFRPSDVVWKHIRXU SKDVHVGHVFULEHGDERYH%DVHGRQREVHUYDWLRQVLWPD\EHVWDWHGWKDWWKHQRUPDO F\FOHPD\WDNHEHWZHHQWR\HDUV>5XWNRZVNLV@

$ FRQWHPSRUDU\ HFRQRPLF F\FOH FRQVLVWV RI WZR SKDVHV H[SDQVLRQ DQG UHFHVVLRQ 7KLV F\FOH LV FKDUDFWHULVHG E\ D ODFN RI GHHS FULVHV FDXVHG E\ WKH FRXQWHUF\FOLFDO LQIOXHQFH RI WKH VWDWH ,Q WKH HFRQRP\ H[SDQVLRQ LV GLVWLQJXLVKHGE\DQLQFUHDVHLQSURGXFWLRQDQGUHFHVVLRQE\VWDJQDWLRQOHDGLQJ WRHFRQRPLFVORZGRZQPHDVXUHGPRVWO\E\*'37KHUHFHVVLRQLVVKRUWOLYHG DQGDSSHDUVLQDQHFRQRPLFF\FOH>)DPLHOHFV@5HFHVVLRQLVFDXVHG E\ FUHGLW H[SDQVLRQ WDNHQ E\ WKH EDQNLQJ V\VWHP ZLWKRXW SURSHU VXSSRUW IURPRWKHUEXVLQHVVHQWLWLHVQRWXVXDOO\LQWHUHVWHGLQLQFUHDVLQJWKHLUVDYLQJV >+XHUWDGH6RWRV@ ,QFODVVLFDOOLWHUDWXUHFULVLVLVGHVFULEHGDVDV\PSWRPRIWKHSDUWLFXODU DFFXPXODWLRQRIDOOHFRQRPLFFRQWUDGLFWLRQVW\SLFDOIRUDFDSLWDOLVWLFHFRQRP\ ,QWKHFULVLVSKDVHWKHUHH[LVWSKHQRPHQDZKLFKOHDGLQFRQVHTXHQFHWRWKH HFRQRP\DFKLHYLQJDQRWKHUVWDWHRIlEDODQFHm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

:LWKLQWKHHFRQRP\WKHIROORZLQJIRUPVRIFULVLVPD\EHGLVWLQJXLVKHG DQHFRQRPLFFULVLVqFKDUDFWHULVHGE\ORZHUHGVWDQGDUGVRIOLYLQJDILQDQFLDO FULVLV GHEWUHODWHG  q FRQVLVWLQJ RI H[FHVVLYH LQGHEWHGQHVV PHDVXUHG DV DYDOXHRISXEOLFGHEWWR*'3DSROLWLFDOFULVLVqZKLFKPD\PDQLIHVWLWVHOI ZLWKDEUHDNLQFRPSOHWLRQRIFHUWDLQSROLF\DVRFLDOFULVLVqDVDSKHQRPHQD RI RYHUODSSLQJ VRFLDO WHQVLRQV DQG FRQIOLFWV 2IWHQ WKH DERYH PHQWLRQHG SKHQRPHQD RFFXU VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ IRUFLQJ WKH VWDWH WR SURYLGH DVVLVWDQFH >5\ELØVNLV@

7KHPDLQIRFXVRIWKLVZRUNLVWKHILQDQFLDOFULVLV SXEOLFILQDQFHFULVLV  ,WGHQRWHVDVLWXDWLRQZKHUHWKHVWDELOLW\RIWKHSXEOLFILQDQFHRIWKHVWDWHLVDW ULVNDQGZKHUHHIIHFWLYHXVHRIILVFDOLQVWUXPHQWVEHFRPHVYHU\SUREOHPDWLF

(6)



3. Instruments of Anti-Crisis Actions of Governments and Central Banks.

$FULVLVIURPERWKDSV\FKRORJLFDODQGHFRQRPLFSHUVSHFWLYHUHTXLUHV WDNLQJ UHPHGLDO PHDVXUHV /RRNLQJ IURP WKH ODWWHU SHUVSHFWLYH VXFK PHDVXUHV PD\ EH WDNHQ E\ JRYHUQPHQWV DQG FHQWUDO EDQNV ZKLFK KDYH DGHTXDWHLQVWUXPHQWVIRUDQWLFULVLVDFWLRQVDWWKHLUGLVSRVDO

7KHDVVLVWDQFHRIYDULRXVXQLWVLQFOXGLQJVWDWHVLVDQDWXUDOHOHPHQW DFFRPSDQ\LQJDFULVLVHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQWKHPDUNHWV\VWHPIDLOV

0DUNHW IDLOXUH LV D VLWXDWLRQ LQ ZKLFK WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI PDUNHW PHFKDQLVPVGRHVQRWEULQJWKHGHVLUHGHIIHFW8QVXLWDEOHDQGLQHIIHFWLYH DOORFDWLRQ RI UHVRXUFHV RFFXUV DQG WKXV WKH QHFHVVLW\ RFFXUV WR FRUUHFW VRPH RI WKH HIIHFWV RI WKH PDUNHW PHFKDQLVP VXFK DV LQHIIHFWLYHQHVV LPSHUIHFWFRPSHWLWLRQPRQRSROLHVQHJDWLYHH[WHUQDOHIIHFWV LQHTXDOLW\ RIHDUQLQJVLQVWDELOLW\RIWKHHFRQRP\ UHFHVVLRQHFRQRPLFIOXFWXDWLRQV ORZSDFHRIJURZWKXQHPSOR\PHQW >'UR]GRZLF]@

,Q WKH SHULRG RI IUHHFRPSHWLWLRQ FDSLWDOLVP WKH HFRQRPLF UROH RI WKHVWDWHZDVYHU\VPDOOEHFDXVHRIWKHVHOIUHJXODWLQJPHFKDQLVPRIWKH HFRQRP\ ZKLFK UHVWRUHG WKH GLVWXUEHG EDODQFH 7KH HFRQRPLF SROLF\ RI FRQWHPSRUDU\FDSLWDOLVWVWDWHVUHTXLUHVWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIDFWLYHDVVLVWDQFH PHDVXUHV >5XWNRZVNL Z\G F\W@ LQ D VLWXDWLRQ ZKHUH WKH PDUNHW IDLOV 7KHLVVXHRIVWDWHmVSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHHFRQRP\HVSHFLDOO\RIWKHDFWLYH VWDELOL]DWLRQSROLF\ZDVDGGUHVVHGHDUOLHUE\.H\QHV+HLVDOVRWKHDXWKRU RIWKHWKHRUHWLFDOEDVHVRIVWDWHLQWHUYHQWLRQLVPZKLFKLVGHILQHGDVWKH H[FHVVLYHDFWLYLW\RIVWDWH JRYHUQPHQWVWDWHm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

(7)



GLYLVLRQRIHFRQRPLFUHVRXUFHV>'UR]GRZLF]Z\GF\W@7KHVWDWHFDUULHV RXWDQWLFULVLVDFWLRQVWKURXJKVSHFLILFSROLFLHVLQFOXGHGZLWKLQWKHVFRSH RIHFRQRPLFSROLF\>,QIRUPDFMDGRW\F]ÌFDd@

p EXGJHWDU\SROLF\RIWKHVWDWHHQFRPSDVVHVVWDWHDFWLRQVUHODWHGWR H[SHQGLWXUHV DQG UHYHQXHV UHJXODWLQJ WKHLU OHYHOV VWUXFWXUHV DQG PXWXDOSURSRUWLRQV7KLVSROLF\DLPVDWGHFUHDVLQJWKHEXGJHWDQG ORRNLQJIRUEXGJHWDU\VDYLQJVRULQFUHDVLQJWKHEXGJHWGHILFLWDQG ILQDQFLQJWKHVWLPXODWLQJDQWLFULVLVDFWLRQVDWLWVH[SHQVH p WD[SROLF\IRFXVHVRQVLPSOLILFDWLRQRIWKHWD[V\VWHPOLPLWLQJRU LQFUHDVLQJWKHWD[ORDGVRQSHUVRQVDQGEXVLQHVVHQWLWLHVDVZHOO DVUHGXFLQJRULQFUHDVLQJWKHWD[UDWHV

p LQYHVWPHQW SROLF\ FRQVLVWV RI DFWLRQV WDNHQ WKURXJK VWDWH LQYHVWPHQWV LQFOXGLQJ WKH FUHDWLRQ RI D VWURQJ SXEOLF VHFWRU E\ LQYHVWLQJ LQ FHUWDLQ GRPDLQV RI HFRQRPLF OLIH DLPHG DW DPRQJ RWKHUV LQFUHDVLQJ HPSOR\PHQW ZLWKRXW LQFUHDVLQJ WKH VXSSO\ RI JRRGVDQGVHUYLFHV

p VRFLDO SROLF\ DLPV DW VROYLQJ VRFLDO SUREOHPV ZKLFK PLJKW EH UHODWHGWRXQIDYRXUDEOHHFRQRPLFSKHQRPHQD

p VWUXFWXUDO SROLF\ HQWDLOV VXSSRUWLQJ DQG SURWHFWLQJ WKH VPDOO WR PHGLXP VL]H HQWHUSULVHV VHFWRU DV ZHOO DV UHJLRQV HVSHFLDOO\ H[SRVHGWRWKHHIIHFWVRIFULVLV

p JXDUDQWHHFUHGLWLQJ SROLF\ LV DLPHG DW VWLPXODWLQJ FRQVXPSWLRQ DQGLQYHVWPHQWGHPDQG,WOHDGVWRLPSURYHPHQWLQWKHDYDLODELOLW\ RIFUHGLWE\XQGHUWDNLQJDSSURSULDWHDFWLRQVDQGE\H[SDQGLQJWKH ZDUUDQW\DQGJXDUDQWHHV\VWHPLQRUGHUWRLQFUHDVHFRQILGHQFHLQ EDQNVDQGDODUJHUWXUQRYHU

:LWKLQ WKH DERYH PHQWLRQHG VSHFLILHG SROLFLHV WKH VWDWH XVHV DQWL FULVLVDFWLRQLQVWUXPHQWV7KHVHPD\EHLPSOHPHQWHGE\JRYHUQPHQWVRU FHQWUDOEDQNVDQGDVVXFKDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH

(8)

 7DEOH$QWLFULVLVDFWLRQVLQVWUXPHQWVRIJRYHUQPHQWDQGFHQWUDOEDQNV *29(510(17 1$0(2) 63(&,),&32/,&< ,167580(1762)$17,&5,6,6$&7,216 EXGJHWDU\ pVDYLQJDFWLRQVRIWKHSXEOLFVHFWRU WD[ pWD[H[HPSWLRQ pWD[DOORZDQFH pFKDQJHLQWD[UDWHV LQYHVWPHQW pSXEOLFLQYHVWPHQWV pLQLWLDWLRQRISXEOLFZRUNV VRFLDO pVXSSRUWIRUVHOIHPSOR\PHQW pOHJDOL]DWLRQRIZRUN pPDWLQDLQLQJZRUNSODFHV pHPSOR\PHQWVXSSRUWSURJUDPPHV VWUXFWXUDO pJXDUDQWHHSDFNDJHIRUHQWUHSUHQHXUV pIRUHLJQLQYHVWPHQWILQDQFLQJ pDLGSDFNDJHVIRU60(V pUHGXFLQJZRUNHUmVVRFLDOLQVXUDQFHVSDLGE\ HPSOR\HUV pDFFHOHUDWHGHSULFLDWLRQZULWHRIIVZKHQ SXUFKDVLQJLQYHVWPHQWIXQGV pVWLPXODWLQJSDFNDJHV pVXEYHQWLRQV pVXEVLGLHV

&(175$/%$1. *XDUDQWHHFUHGLWLQJ pSURYLGLQJEDQNVZLWKFDSLWDO pEDQNJXDUDQWHHV

pLQWHUEDQNWUDQVDFWLRQZDUUDQWLHV

6RXUFH FRPSLOHG E\ / .U\VNRYD EDVHG RQ >,QIRUPDFMD GRW\F]cFD G]LDãDœ DQW\NU\]\VRZ\FKSRGHMPRZDQ\FKZZ\EUDQ\FKNUDMDFK~ZLDWD0LQLVWHUVWZR*RVSRGDUNL Warszawa 2009@

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ØF]\NV@

6WDWH LQWHUYHQWLRQLVP UHVXOWV IURP IDLOXUHV RI PDUNHW PHFKDQLVPV DQG LV ERWK VXSSRUWHG DQG GLVFRXUDJHG E\ HFRQRPLVWV 2SSRQHQWV EHOLHYH WKDW WKH VWDWHVKRXOGFDUHIRUHFRQRPLFJURZWKDQGQRWSURYLGHDVVLVWDQFH'XHWRWKH

(9)



VWDWXVKHOGE\WKHVWDWHLQWKHHFRQRP\DQGWKHWRROVWKDWLWKDVDWLWVGLVSRVDO WKHUROHRIWKHVWDWHLVRQHRILQLWLDWRURIDQWLFULVLVDFWLRQV7KHVHDFWLRQVDUH LQGLVSHQVDEOHIRUUHVWRULQJEDODQFHWRWKHGLVUXSWHGPDUNHW

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

$QWLFULVLVDFWLRQVVKRXOGEHDOVRXQGHUVWRRGDVLQLWLDWLYHVXQGHUWDNHQRQ WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHYHOLQWKHIRUPRIVSHFLDOSURJUDPPHVDQGSDFNDJHVFUHDWHG E\ JRYHUQPHQWV RI YDULRXV FRXQWULHV DQG RUJDQL]DWLRQV ,W UHIHUV HVSHFLDOO\ WR FRXQWULHV ZKLFK DUH IRU H[DPSOH WLHG WRJHWKHU E\ HFRQRPLF RU PRQHWDU\ FRRSHUDWLRQ

 2Q WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO VFDOH VRPH WHQGHQFLHV WR UHLQIRUFH FRQWURO RYHU ILQDQFLDOPDUNHWVPD\WXUQXSZLWKLQDQWLFULVLVDFWLRQV7KHVHWHQGHQFLHVPD\ DOVRHQFRPSDVVQHZO\SURSRVHGLQVWLWXWLRQDOVROXWLRQVORQJWHUPDFWLRQVZLWK WKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIWKHZRUOGHFRQRP\mVUHWXUQLQJWRDJURZWKSDWWHUQILQDQFLDO WUDQVIHUVIRUWKHEHQHILWRIVHFWRUVPRVWO\DIIHFWHGE\FULVLVXVHRIWKHFXUUHQW FULVLVFRQGLWLRQVIRULPSOHPHQWLQJFRUUHFWLRQVRIHFRQRPLFSURFHVVHVWRZDUGV LQQRYDWLRQDQGHFRQRPLFHIIHFWLYHQHVV>$QW\NU\]\VRZHSURJUDP\d@

4. Characteristics of anti-crisis actions in the EU

)RUWKHDQDO\VLVRIVSHFLILFFDVHVRIDQWLFULVLVDFWLRQVRQO\WKRVHFRXQWULHV FKRVHQZKLFKZHUHPRVWDWULVNDQGDSSOLHGIRUH[WHUQDOKHOS+XQJDU\*UHHFH ,UHODQG DQG 3RUWXJDO $GGLWLRQDOO\ 3RODQG ZDV FKRVHQ DV DQ H[DPSOH RI DFRXQWU\ZKLFKGLGQRWKDYHWRDSSO\IRUVXFKDVVLVWDQFH

7KHHFRQRPLFFULVLVIURPWULJJHUHGGLVDGYDQWDJHRXVRFFXUUHQFHVLQ WKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQEHFDXVHWKHHFRQRPLHVRIKLJKO\GHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVDUH LQWHUFRQQHFWHGDQGGHSHQGHQWXSRQHDFKRWKHUDWYDULRXVOHYHOV7KH(XURSHDQ 8QLRQ ZDV QHJDWLYHO\ DIIHFWHG E\ WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH ZRUOG FULVLV ZKLFK ZDV FDXVHG E\ H[SDQVLYH SROLF\ VHFXULWL]DWLRQ LQVXIILFLHQW TXDOLW\ LQ ULVN PDQDJHPHQW E\ EDQNV DQG RWKHU ILQDQFLDO LQVWLWXWLRQV >2UÖ]LDN  V @ 7KLVVLWXDWLRQORZHUHGWKHFRQGLWLRQRIVRPHRIWKHHFRQRPLHVRI(8PHPEHU VWDWHV 6RPH RI WKHP ZHUH QRW SUHSDUHG WR WDFNOH VRPH RI WKH XQIDYRXUDEOH

(10)

 FULVLV PDQLIHVWDWLRQV VXFK DV HFRQRPLF GRZQWXUQ DQG GHFUHDVH LQ *'3mV JURZWKULVLQJXQHPSOR\PHQWDIDOOLQWKHUHOLDELOLW\RIILQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQV DQG FUHGLWLQJ SROLF\ GLIILFXOWLHV UHODWHG ZLWK LW 6RPH RI WKH FRXQWULHV IDFLQJ WKHVH SUREOHPV FRXOG QRW UHDFW WKHPVHOYHV VSHFLILFDOO\ WKH FRXQWULHV RI VR FDOOHG 3,,*6 JURXS 3RUWXJDO ,WDO\ ,UHODQG *UHHFH DQG 6SDLQ $PRQJ  FRXQWULHVWKHPHPEHUVWDWHVRIWKH(8qVRPHRIWKHPZHUHKDUVKO\DIIHFWHG E\WKHGHEWFULVLV,QDSDUWLFXODUO\GLVDGYDQWDJHGVLWXDWLRQZHUHVRPHRIWKH FRXQWULHVqWKHPHPEHUVRIWKH(XUR]RQHqZKLFKRSHUDWHXQGHUWKHFRPPRQ PRQHWDU\SROLF\RIWKH(XURSHDQ&HQWUDO%DQN,QVRPHRIWKH(8FRXQWULHV SUREOHPVZLWKLQWKHEDQNLQJVHFWRURFFXUUHGZKLOHLQRWKHUVGLIILFXOWLHVWXUQHG XS UHODWHG WR SXEOLF ILQDQFHV 7KH SUREOHPV ZLWK EDQNLQJ VHFWRUV GHIXVHG DV D UHVXOW RI D lFRQWDPLQDWLRQm IURP KLJKO\ GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV WR WKH OHVV GHYHORSHG$VRWKHUVHJPHQWVRIWKHEDQNLQJVHFWRUVEHFDPHLQIOXHQFHGE\WKH FULVLVLWHIIHFWHGWKHHFRQRP\LQUHDOWHUPV>:RMW\QDV@$FFRUGLQJ WR.5\ELØVNLWKHSUREOHPVUHODWHGWRSXEOLFILQDQFHRFFXUUHGDVDUHVXOWRI lcrisis of an excessive indebtedness in the private and public sectorsmZKLFK WULJJHUHG WKH HQRUPRXV DVVLVWDQFH RI JRYHUQPHQWV DQG FHQWUDO EDQNV IRU ILQDQFLDO LQVWLWXWLRQV >5\ELØVNL  QU @ 3DUW RI WKH SULYDWH VHFWRU GHEW WXUQHGLQWRSXEOLFGHEWZKLFKEHJDQLQFUHDVLQJDWDQDODUPLQJUDWHSURPSWHG E\WKHLQVWDELOLW\RIJURZWKDQGVPDOOHUEXGJHWUHYHQXHV7KHPHDVXULQJWRRO IRUGHEWFULVLVLVWKHUDWLRRISXEOLFGHEWWR*'3DQGLVSUHVHQWHGLQWDEOH 7DEOH3XEOLFGHEWLQVHOHFWHG(8FRXQWULHVLQUHODWLRQWR*'3 LQ &28175<     $XVWULD     %HOJLXP     &]HFK5HSXEOLF     'HQPDUN     (VWRQLD     )LQODQG     )UDQFH     *HUPDQ\     *UHHFH     +XQJDU\     ,VODQG     ,UHODQG     ,WDO\     /X[HPEXUJ     7KH1HWKHUODQGV    

(11)

 &28175<     3RODQG     3RUWXJDO 66.6    6ORYDNLD     6ORYHQLD     6SDLQ     6ZHGHQ     8QLWHG.LQJGRP     6RXUFH>KWWSVWDWVRHFGRUJ  @ 7KHGDWDJDWKHUHGLQWDEOHOHDGWRWKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKHKLJKHVWSXEOLFGHEW LQUHODWLRQWR*'3ZDVQRWHGIRU*UHHFH  ,WDO\  %HOJLXP   3RUWXJDO  8QLWHG.LQJGRP  6RPHRIWKHVHFRXQWULHVEHORQJWRWKH DERYHPHQWLRQHG3,,*6JURXSDQGZHUHSDUWLFXODUO\DIIHFWHGE\FULVLVV\PSWRPV

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q &RXQWU\ $QWLFULVLVDFWLRQLQVWUXPHQWV $PRXQW LQ(XUR )LQDQFLQJ VRXUFH 'DWHRI SURYLGLQJ WKHDLG +XJDU\ pVDYLQJPHDVXUHVRIWKHSXEOLFVHFWRU pVWDELOL]DWLRQSDFNDJHZDVUHOHDVHGIRU SXEOLFLQYHVWPHQWV pSHQVLRQIHHUDWHVSDLGE\HPSOR\HUZHUH UHGXFHG IURPWR  pLQFUHDVHLQWKH&,7UDWH IURPWR   pLQFUHDVHLQWKH3,7UDWH WKUHVKROGVIURP DQGWRDQG  pLQFUHDVHLQWKH9$7UDWH IURPWR   pLQWURGXFWLRQRIDQHZUHDOHVWDWHWD[ € ELOOLRQ €ELOOLRQ q%DODQFHRI 3D\PHQWV 6XSSRUW ,QVWUXPHQW €ELOOLRQ q,0) €ELOOLRQq :RUOG%DQN  SD\PHQWV ZLWKLQ \HDUV

(12)

 &RXQWU\ $QWLFULVLVDFWLRQLQVWUXPHQWV $PRXQW LQ(XUR )LQDQFLQJ VRXUFH 'DWHRI SURYLGLQJ WKHDLG *UHHFH *RYHUQPHQWUHVFXHSODQ pEXGJHWVDYLQJPHDVXUHVUHGXFWLRQVRI SD\PHQWV pLQFUHDVHLQWD[HV pEDQNVFDSLWDOL]DWLRQ € ELOOLRQ €ELOOLRQ ORDQVIURP FRXQWULHVRI WKH(XUR]RQH €ELOOLRQV ,0)  SD\PHQWV ZLWKLQ \HDUV ,UHODQG pVDYLQJVLQDGPLQLVWUDWLRQPDLQWDLQDQFH FRVWVDQGLQSXEOLFVHFWRU pLQFUHDVLQJWKHWD[GHGXFWLRQVIRU H[SHQGLWXUHRIHQWHUSULVHVLQ5 'IURP WR pIXOOWD[H[HPSWLRQLQFDVHRIQHZ HQWHUSULVHV pGHFUHDVLQJWKHWD[IURPFRPPHUFLDOUHDO HVWDWHWUDQVDFWLRQVIURPWR pLQFUHDVLQJWKHUDWHRIWKHEDVLFWD[ EUDFNHW pEDQNZDUUDQWLHVIRU€ELOOLRQ p$OOLHG,ULVK%DQNDQG%DQNRI,UHODQG ZHUHFDSLWDOLVHG € ELOOLRQ €ELOOLRQ 6WDWH7UHDVXU\ DQG1DWLRQDO 3HQVLRQV 5HVHUYH)XQG €ELOOLRQ ,0) €ELOOLRQ ()60 €ELOOLRQ ()60 €ELOOLRQ ELODWHUDOORDQV  SD\PHQWV ZLWKLQ \HDUV 3RUWXJDO pSXEOLFLQYHVWPHQWV pVWDWHZDUUDQWLHVZHUHJUDQWHGIRU LQWHUEDQNORDQVLQDPRXQWRI€ ELOOLRQZKLFKLVRI*'3 pEDQNFDSLWDOL]DWLRQLQDPRXQWRI€ ELOOLRQ pWKHZDUUDQW\VXPZDVLQFUHDVHGIRU EDQNGHSRVLWVIURP€WR€  € ELOOLRQ ELOOLRQ ()60 ELOOLRQ ()60 ELOOLRQ ,0)  SD\PHQWV ZLWKLQ \HDUV 3RODQG pLQFUHDVLQJWKHOLPLWRIJXDUDQWHHVDQG ZDUUDQWLHVIRUHFRQRP\DQGILQDQFLDO PDUNHW pFUHDWLRQRIDGGLWLRQDOVHFXUHGFUHGLW DFWLRQIRUWKHVHFWRURI60( pLQFUHDVLQJLQYHVWPHQWUHOLHIIRU60( pDFFHOHUDWLQJWKHUHDOLVDWLRQRISURMHFWV FRIXQGHGE\(8 pUHGXFWLRQDQGVLPSOLILFDWLRQRIWD[HV LQWURGXFWLRQRIWZRVFDOH3,7WD[ UHIRUP 3/1  ELOOLRQ 6WDELOLW\DQG *URZWK3DFW  6RXUFH&RPSLOHGE\/.U\VNRYDEDVHGRQ>:DQFLRQUDQG,QIRUPDFMDGRW\F]ÌFD G]LDÊDØ DQW\NU\]\VRZ\FK SRGHMPRZDQ\FK Z Z\EUDQ\FK NUDMDFK ÎZLDWD 0LQLVWHUVWZR *RVSRGDUNL:DUV]DZD@

(13)



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€ELOOLRQ ,UHODQG €ELOOLRQ DQG3RUWXJDO €ELOOLRQ ,Q RUGHUWRFRRUGLQDWHDQGVXFFHVVIXOO\LPSOHPHQWWKHVHDFWLRQVWKHUHZHUHWZRQHZ LQVWUXPHQWVWHPSRUDULO\XVHGZKLFKVHUYHGWRSURWHFWWKHILQDQFLDOVWDELOLW\LQ VRPH(8FRXQWULHV DFFRUGLQJWRWDEOHWKHVHFRXQWULHVLQFOXGHG*UHHFH,UHODQG DQG3RUWXJDO >:DQFLRQU@

p (XURSHDQ )LQDQFLDO 6WDELOLVDWLRQ 0HFKDQLVP ()60  ZKLFK ZDV IRUPHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI WKH (8 &RXQFLO GLUHFWLYH RI WK 0D\  )LQDQFLDO DVVLVWDQFH IURP ()60 ZDV WR EH GLUHFWHG WR DOO H[FHVVLYHO\ LQGHEWHGPHPEHUVWDWHVRIWKH(8EXWRQO\WKRVH(8FRXQWULHVZKLFK GLGQRWEHORQJWRWKH(XUR]RQHFRXOGXVHWKHEDODQFHRISD\PHQWVVXSSRUW LQVWUXPHQW7KHVXSSRUWZDVWREHJUDQWHGDVDORDQIRUWKHDPRXQWRI €ELOOLRQZLWK(8EXGJHWmVFROODWHUDO p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€ELOOLRQDQGFRQVLVWV RIWKHFRXQWULHVm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

(14)

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€ELOOLRQ$VLWZDVPHQWLRQHGEHIRUHWKHWRWDO DPRXQW FKDQQHOOHG LQ DVVLVWDQFH IRU WKH (8 FRXQWULHV UHDFKHG € ELOOLRQ XQIRUWXQDWHO\LQFRPSDULVRQWRWKHSXEOLFGHEWRIWKHPRVWLQGHEWHGFRXQWULHV LQ *UHHFH€ELOOLRQ3RUWXJDO€ELOOLRQ6SDLQ€ELOOLRQ WKH OHYHORIWKHDVVLJQHGDVVLVWDQFHLVQRWYHU\LPSUHVVLYH>:\SÊRV]V@ 7KHPHDVXUHVWDNHQE\WKH(8GRHVQRWIXOO\VROYHWKHSUREOHPVKRZHYHUPRVW SUREDEO\WKH\SRVWSRQHWKHXQDYRLGDEOHFRQVHTXHQFHV

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Ê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

(15)



WKHFRXQWULHVDWULVNDIIHFWVQHJDWLYHO\WKHHQWLUH(XUR]RQHDOVRWKHFXUUHQF\ 6RPHRIWKHFRXQWULHVUHPDLQVWLOOSDWLHQWDQGVROLGDU\KRZHYHUWKHULVLQJVRFLDO GLVFRQWHQWPHQWIURPFRILQDQFLQJRWKHUVPD\OHDGVRPHFRXQWULHVWRTXHVWLRQ WKHLU SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WKH QH[W SURJUDPPHV RU DVVLVWDQFH DFWLRQV HVSHFLDOO\ ZKHQFRQVLGHULQJWKDWFRPHFRXQWULHVKDYHWKHULJKWWRUHIXVHWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQ PRQH\OHQGLQJXQGHUFHUWDLQFLUFXPVWDQFHV 5. Conclusions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

(16)



References

 %DGXUD  0DGHM : Wybrane zagadnienia interwencji kryzysowej ,17(5$57:DUV]DZD

 %DOFHURZLF] / =UR]XPLHé NU\]\V ILQDQVRZ\ 3ROVNLH :\GDZQLFWZR 1DXNRZH:DUV]DZD

 %HGQDUF]\N - :VSÕãF]HVQ\ NU\]\V JRVSRGDUF]\ &H'H:X:DUV]DZD 

 'UR]GRZLF] = Liberalne wyzwania :\GDZQLFWZR )XQGDFML +XPDQLRUD3R]QDØ

 )DPLHOHF - .U\]\V ILQDQVRZ\ D UR]ZÕM SU]HGVL§ELRUF]R~FL >Z@

8ZDUXQNRZDQLDSU]HGVL§ELRUF]R~FLUÕQRURGQR~éLMHGQR~éUHG.

-DUHPF]XN3:6=7DUQREU]HJ

 *LOOLODQG%( -DPHV5.Crisis intervention strategies%URRNV &ROH3XEOLVKLQJ&DOLIRUQLD

 *UDERZVNL 7 Ekonomia polityczna kapitalizmu 3DØVWZRZH :\GDZQLFWZR(NRQRPLF]QH:DUV]DZD

 +XHUWD GH 6RWR - 3LHQLcG] NUHG\WRZ\ L F\NOH NRQLXQNWXUDOQH 9HUEDULXV]:DUV]DZD

 .DZD 3 ']LDãDQLD DQW\NU\]\VRZH L LFK NRQVHNZHQFMH GOD

GãXJRRNUHVRZHJR Z]URVWX JRVSRGDUF]HJR Z NUDMDFK QD ~UHGQLP poziomie rozwoju>Z@(IHNW\G]LDãDœDQW\NU\]\VRZ\FKZNUDMDFKQD ~UHGQLP SR]LRPLH UR]ZRMX UHG $ :RMW\QD 3ROVNLH :\GDZQLFWZR

(NRQRPLF]QH:DUV]DZD

/LQGHPDQQ ( The symptomatology and management of acute grief $PHULFDQ-RXUQDORI3V\FKLDWU\QU

2UÖ]LDN / Strefa euro wobec kryzysu finansowego >Z@ Unia

Europejska wobec kryzysu ekonomicznego UHG - 2VLØVNL 6*+

:DUV]DZD

3LRFKD65DGOLØVND.Antykryzysowe programy ratowania polskiej

gospodarki przed skutkami globalnego kryzysu =HV]\W\ 1DXNRZH

,QVW\WXWX(NRQRPLLL=DU]ÌG]DQLD.RV]DOLQ

3LRFKD65DGOLØVND.Antykryzysowe programy ratowania polskiej

gospodarki przed skutkami globalnego kryzysu =HV]\W\ 1DXNRZH

,QVW\WXWX(NRQRPLLL=DU]ÌG]DQLD.RV]DOLQ

5XWNRZVNL - Ekonoma polityczna kapitalizmu 3DØVWZRZH :\GDZQLFWZR(NRQRPLF]QH:DUV]DZD

5\ELØVNL . -DN VL§ SR]E\é NU\]\VX Z SL§FLX XGHU]HQLDFK c8ZDÔDP 5]HoQU

6]DPEHODØF]\N-:\]ZDQLDUHJXODF\MQHZREHFGR~ZLDGF]HœJOREDO

(17)



 6]\V]ND$Behawioralne aspekty kryzysu finansowego%DQNL.UHG\W QU 7HQGHUD:ÊDV]F]XN+6WDELOQR~éILQDQVÕZSXEOLF]Q\FKSDœVWZ8QLL EuropejskiejZREOLF]XNU\]\VX]DGÊXÔHQLRZHJR8(..UDN¿Z :DQFLR$(XURSHMVNLH0HFKDQL]P\VWDELOQR~FLILQDQVRZHMJZDUDQ FMDVWDELOQR~FLVWUHI\HXURF]\JUDQD]ZãRN§:VS¿OQRW\(XURSHMVNLH QU :RMW\QD$.U\]\VILQDQVRZ\LMHJRVNXWNLGODNUDMÕZQD~UHGQLPSR

ziomie rozwoju3ROVNLH:\GDZQLFWZR(NRQRPLF]QH:DUV]DZD

:\SÊRV]&6WUHID(XURxNU\]\VLVWUHIDHXUR=HV]\W\%5(%DQN &$6(QU

,QIRUPDFMDGRW\F]cFDG]LDãDœDQW\NU\]\VRZ\FKSRGHMPRZDQ\FKZZ\

EUDQ\FKNUDMDFK~ZLDWD0LQLVWHUVWZR*RVSRGDUNL:DUV]DZD

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

aureus związanie się do macierzy zewnątrzkomórko- wej komórek gospodarza oraz promują oddziaływania mię- dzykomórkowe, inicjując proces dojrzewania biofilmu [34]..

Ważną zaletą sterylizatorów plazmo- wych Sterlink® jest łatwa obsługa, urządzenie komunikuje się z personelem za pomocą prostych ikon i haseł, bardzo przydat- ne jest

lular concentrations of linezolid in inflamed soft tissue and bone of diabetic patients suffering from severe bacterial foot infections.. Linezolid was administered intravenously

Do najbardziej charakterystycznych jej objawów należą zaburzenie płynności fonacji („jąkanie krta- niowe”), głos tworzony z wysiłkiem, gwałtowne zmiany

Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum series nova MGH SS – Monumenta Germaniae

Słowa pieśni strajkowej siedleckich studentów „Jeszcze zwyciężymy” zamykają przedostatni numer biuletynu. Ostatni numer „Nie-Rzeczywistości” opatrzono

The observational research methods, the heuristic evaluation method, the think-aloud and NASA task load index (NASA-TLX) questionnaires were used to get an overview of the

controllable porous structure and mechanical properties can be achieved through the adjustments of the volume fraction of space-holding particles and process parameters such