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"Sacrum" wobec "duchowego" : pojęciowe pułapki i warianty wzajemnych odniesień

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http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/human.2013.12.3.7

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nad sacrum w literaturze.

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Eliade, Mircea. 1966. 7UDNWDWRKLVWRULLUHOLJLL, Warszawa: KiW.

James, Wiliam. 1958. 'RĞZLDGF]HQLHUHOLJLMQH, Warszawa: KiW.

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Otto, Rudolf. 1968. ĝZLĊWRĞü, Warszawa: KiW.

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Interviewees talked about the importance of saving in previ- ous experiences ‘besides my piggy bank (…) I have a saving account, escrow account and TDC [term deposit certificates]’;

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