METALLURGICAL A B S T R A C T S
(G E N E R A L A N D N O N -F E R R O U S )
Y o lu m e 3 A U G U S T 1 9 3 6 P a r t 8
I.— P R O P E R T IE S OF M ETALS
(Continued from pp. 237-2-15.)
*Experim ents on the Influence of the G rain B oundaries on the D eform ation of Test-Bars [o£ A lum inium ] Consisting o£ M any L arge Crystals. G erh ard Seum el (Z. K rist., 1936, 93, (3/4), 249-284).— [I n G erm an.] C ylindrical te s t- bars of alum inium co ntaining sovcral c ry sta ls w ere p re p a re d b y th e m eth o d of C arpenter a n d E lam , a n d th e ir defo rm atio n u n d o r ten sio n was stu d ie d b y th e m easurem ent of su itab lo m ark s. T he use of sm ali closed curves d raw n b y a pair of com passes on th e surface of th e cy lin d er is reeom m ended. I n generał, th e defo rm atio n of a c ry s ta l in th e neighbourhood of a g ra in b o u n d a ry is of th e sam e n a tu rę as t h a t in th e m ain b o d y of th o g rain , b u t of sm aller m agnitudo.
The grain b o u n d a ry th u s dim inishes d efo rm atio n , b u t does n o t d e stro y it entirely, an d does n o t give rise to slip on new planes. T h e fo rm atio n a n d d en sity of slip-lines w as also stu d ie d . I n th o neighbourhood of th e grain b oundary no new com binations of slip-lines aro form ed. T h e slip-lines ten d to form “ p a c k e ts,” b u t th e d e n sity of th o fine lines is in d ep en d e n t of th e a m o u n t of d eform ation, a lth o u g h it is less in th e neighbourhood of a grain b o u n d ary .— W . H .-R .
*The Deep-Drawing Capacity of P ure A lum inium Sheets of V arious Degrees of H ardness. (H elling.) See p . 322.
*R ate of Crystallization of A lum inium of 99-992% P urity. J . C zochralski an d J . M ikołajczyk ( W iadomości In s ty tu tu M etalurgji i M etaloznaw stim (W arszawa), 1936, 3, (2), 106-107).— [I n P olish, w ith F re n c h su m m ary .]
A single-crystal ro d of 99-992% alu m in iu m can bc d raw n o u t from a b a th of m etal m ain tain ed a t th e m elting p o in t a t a m ak im u m speed of 160 m m ./
m inuto ; th is ra te is th o sam o as t h a t p reviously fou n d fo r 99-9% m e ta l, henco it appears t h a t th o presence of sm ali a m o u n ts of im p u rities h as littlo o r no influence on th o ra to of c ry sta lliz a tio n of alu m in iu m b u t o n ly influences tho num ber of cen tres of cry sta lliz a tio n w hich form d u rin g solidification. T he d iam eter of th e single c ry s ta l form ed b y th is m e th o d inereases hyperbolically w ith dccreaso in th e ra te of draw ing o u t of th e ro d .—-A. R . P.
*Relation of Electrical R esistance and Grain-Size of A lum inium . Soji H ori (K enkyu Holcoku, Sum itom o Shindokokan K aisha (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Copper and Steel T-ube Co.), 1935, 2, (3), 239).— [I n Ja p a n e se .]— S. G.
^M easurem ent of th e Pressure Changes in A lum inium D ust Explosions.
W . G liw itzky ( Z .V .d .I., 1936, 80, (22), 687-692).— T ests carricd o u t in a specially co n stru cte d a p p a ra tu s a t th o C hem isch-Technische R e ic h sa n s ta lt in B erlin show t h a t th e pressure developed b y th o explosion of a definitc ą u a n tity of th e d u s t in 1 litre of a ir inereases w ith tho fineness of th e d u st, pressures up to 12-6 atm . being observed.— K . S.
*Plasticity of B ism uth Crystals. H . J . G ough a n d H . L . Cox (N aturę, 1936, 137, (3469), 701).— A lthough b ism u th single cry stals u su a lly deform u n d er a lte rn a te com pression a n d tension by tw inning a n d fra c tu re b y cleavago p arallel to th e 0001 piane, u n d e r a sta tic com pression forcc ap p lied p arallel to th e sam e axis tlioy m ay d eform b y slip along th o sam e pian e. P h o to g rap lis of tho appearance of th e slip-bands aro in clu d ed .—A. R . P.
* Denotes a paper dcscribing tho results of original research.
t Denotes a first-class critical rcvicw.
X
290 M etallurgical Abstracts
Yol. 3♦Recrystallization D iagram o£ Cadmium. (C zochralski a n d M iazga.) See p . 303.
♦The Diffusion of Hydrogen Through Copper. E . O. B ra a te n a n d G. F . C lark (Proc. R oy. Soc., 1930, [A], 153, (880), 504-512).—T he r a te of diffusion of h yd ro g en th ro u g h copper w as d eterm in ed fo r scv eral te m p e ra tu re s an d pressures. T he effect of te m p e ra tu ro is ro p resen ted b y th e u su al exponential relatio n , a n d a n a c tiv a tio n energy of 19,700 cal./grm . a to m w as o b tain ed . Tho effect of pressure can bo n early ro p resen ted b y Ma.pl ^ T ho sm ali d e p a rtu ro from th e above c ą u a tio n w hich occurs a t a b o u t 2 m m . pressure is th o u g h t to be due p a rtly to th o ad so rp tio n fa c to r.—S. G.
♦The Effect of A nnealing on the L ength of Cold-Drawn R ods. (Saito.) Sco p . 322.
♦Therm oelectric an d Voltaic P roperties of N orm al an d A bnorm al Metallic Film s [Gold]. Rom olo D eaglio (Compt. rend., 1936, 202, (10), 831-832).—
A v ery th in film of green gold (of som e mjz thickness) is deposited on a glass plato w ith tw o electrodes of m assive gold (ab o u t 1 (i thick) on e ith e r side in c o n ta e t w ith it. A ccording to P e ru c c a ’s hypotliesis (M et. A b s. (J . In s t.
M etals), 1931, 47, 71) th e film owes its a b n o rm al eo n d u ctiv ity to a concen
tra tio n , C ,, of olectrons of a low or co n d u ctiv ity , an d th e co n cen tratio n , C2, of Q
th e m assive m otał. m ay bo less th a n 10-0. T he arra n g e m e n t described m a y be considered as a th erm o electric pile, th e film , p o o rer in electrons, being th erm o electrically negatiye. I f ono of th e electrodes is h e a te d to 70° C., th e o th e r being a t 20° C., th e e.m .f. of th e ch ain varies betw een 5-10-1 a n d 40-10-4 v.
fo r films whose resistance, m easu red betw een tw o opposite sides of a sq u are section, la y betw een 5-105 an d 10° co. T lius, tw o conductors, m assive gold a n d a th in green film of gold, are v o ltaicly e q u iv alen t b u t th erm o electrically different. T h is is explained b y P e ru c e a ’s h y p o th esis.— J . H . W .
♦The Solubility of L an th an u m in M ercury from 0° to 50° C. W . George P a rk s a n d Jo se p h L. C am panella (J. Physical Chem., 1936, 40, (3), 333-341).—
L a n th a n u m am algam s w ere m ade b y h e a tin g th e m e ta l w ith m ercu ry o r b y electrolysis of L a B r3'H 20 in ab so lu te e th y l alcohol. A t 0°-50° C. th e solu
b ility is given by log A1" = ( — 1020/T ) — 0-4575, in w hich N d en o tes th e ato m ie fra e tio n of la n th a n u m contained in th o s a tu ra te d am algam a t T ° abs.
L a n th a n u m has a high in te rn a l pressure, a p p ro x im a te ly th e sam e as t h a t of b ism u th .— J . S. G. T .
♦ESect of the T herm al Y ariations of the M olecular Field on the Curie Constant [Nickel and Cobalt]. L. N ćel (Compt. rend., 1936, 202, (12), 1038-1040).—
I t is show n t h a t if Ó — th e Curie c o n sta n t fo u n d ex p erim en tally , C0 th e ato m ie Curie c o n sta n t, a n d 0 th e Curie p o i n t : C = C0( l + pG). F o r nickel a n d c obalt, p0, C, a n d C0 are, respectively, — 0-140, 0-323, 0-379, an d + 0-148, 1-14, 0-99. T h e q u a n tu m th e o ry show s t h a t for one non-com pensated sp in p er a to m , th e Curie c o n sta n t is eq u al to 0-372, a n d t h a t fo r tw o non-com pensated spins to 0-993. These tw o yalues are v ery closo to th e y alu es of C0 o b tain ed fo r nickel a n d cobalt, respectively, from w hich i t m ay be in ferred t h a t nickel possesses one, a n d c o b a lt tw o, non-com pensated spins p e r ato m . W h a te y e r th e e x p lan a tio n , even if th e conelusions reach ed are n o t e x a c tly tru e , i t still rem ains t h a t fo r a ll th e param ag n etic m a te ria ls w ith a stro n g m olecular field, t h a t w hich has h ith e rto been called th e Curie c o n sta n t is n o t th e tr u e one, a n d m u s t n o t be in te rp re te d as such. T ho above e q u atio n gives th e m eans fo r caleulating th o tru e valuo, C0.— J . H . W .
♦Perm eability of P alladium to H ydrogen. Loss of D iffusing Pow er of P u re Palladium under the A ction of T em perature. R egeneration of Poisoned P alladium . Y ictor L om bard, C harles E ich n er, a n d M axim e A lb e rt (Compt.
rend., 1936, 202, (21), 1777-1779).—U sing spcoial a p p a ra tu s, th e perm eability of v ery p u re p allad iu m betw een 250° a n d 500° C. w as d eterm in ed . I t can be rep resen ted b y tw o bran ch es of continuous eurves one u n d e r th e o th e r. T h e following conclusions w ere r e a c h e d : (1) a d iap h rag m of p u re p allad iu m having hig h p erm eab ility to hyd ro g en loses a considerable p a r t, if n o t all, its diffusing pow er on suffieiently prolonged h eatin g above 5 0 0°-520° C. in th e presence of h y d ro g e n ; (2) th is loss is progressiye a n d th e m ore ra p id th e higher the te m p e r a tu r e ; (3) i t is n o n -re v e rsib le ; b u t (4) i t can bc checked b y rcducing th e tem p eratu ro to below 450°-500° C . ; (5) p allad iu m foil can th u s be b ro u g h t to s ta te s of different stab lo p e rm e a b ility ; (6) on ly th e s ta te of m axim um p erm eability w ould be cliaraeteristic of th e m e t a l; (7) b y h e a tin g a d iap h rag m of dim inished p erm eab ility to 500° C. in a c u rre n t of air, cooling in air, an d su b seąu en tly reducing b y hyd ro g en below 140° C. th e superficial film of oxide form ed, m o st o r all of th e lo s t diffusing pow er is re s to r e d ; (8) o x id atio n a t a b o u t 500° C., follow ed b y red u ctio n a t th o sam e te m p e ra tu re does n o tim p r o v e tho perm eability of th e f o il; (9) th e sam e d ia p h ra g m of p u re p allad iu m is suscep- tible to m an y poisonings a n d successive re g e n e ra tio n s; (10) tho process of regeneration recalls th o p re p a ra tio n of m e ta l e a ta ly sts b y h y d ro g e n a tio n ; (11) th e s ta te of th e surface m u s t, th erefo re, p la y a v ery im p o rta n t p a r t in tho m echanism of th e diffusion of h y d ro g en th ro u g h p a lla d iu m ; (12) according to th is th e o ry , th e loss of diffusing pow er b y elev a tio n of th e te m p e ra tu re is tho r e s u lt of a m ore o r less ad v an ced agglom eration of th e fine, su p e r
ficial granules of th e d iap h rag m , causing a d im in u tio n in th e ir surface a r e a ; (13) th e te m p e ra tu ro of th e beginning of agglom eration is a b o u t 500° C. in tho case of p u re p alladium ; (14) i t w ill be considerably inereased by th e presence of e e rta in im p u rities in com m ercial p allad iu m , b u t m ig h t bc decreased in e e rta in o th e r c a s e s ; (15) sufficient d a ta are n o t y o t av ailab le to choose betw een th e vario u s th eo ries possible to acco u n t fo r tho phenom enon.
—J . H . W .
*The D ecom position of Nifcrous Oxide on th e Surface of P latin u m . n . — The Effect of Foreign Gases. E . W . R . S teacie a n d J . W . M cCubbin (C anad. J . Research, 1936, [B ], 14, (3), 84-89).— F u r th c r ex p erim en ts w ere carricd o u t on the kinctics of th e decom position of n itro u s oxide on th e su rface of p latin u m . O bservations o n th e effect of foreign gases confirm th e previous conclusion th a t in e rt gases m a y e x e rt a su rp risin g ly large re ta rd in g effect b y hin d erin g th e diifusion of th e re a c ta n t to th e m ore rem o te p a rts of a porous ca ta ly st. A dsorp- tion m easurem ents w ere also m ade, a n d th e ir b earing on th e m echanism of th e reaction is discussed.— S. G.
Electrochem istry of Polonium . (H aissinsky.) See p . 311.
♦Rate of Crystallization of Sodium. R elation B etw een the A tom ie H eat of Crystallization and the R a te of C rystallization of Some M etals an d N on-M etals.
(Czochralski a n d G arlicka.) See p . 303.
*Theory of th e W ork-F unction. II.— The Surface Double L ayer [w ith Special Reference to Metallic Sodium]. J o h n B ard cen (Phys. R ev., 1936, [ii], 49, (9), 653-663).—T h eo retical (cf. W igner a n d B ard een , M et. A bs., th is vol., p. 293). T he m o m en t of th e elec trical dou b le la y e r a t th o surface of a n ideał m e ta l is c alc u lated ap p ro x im ately . I t is concluded t h a t th e surface barrier is due p rin cip ally to exchange an d p o la riz a tio n forccs, a n d t h a t o rd in a ry clectrostatic forces p la y a m inor role. A n ap p ro x im a te ag reem en t is fo u n d betw een th e c alc u lated a n d ex p e rim e n ta l y alu es of th e w ork-funetion of sodium .—W . H .-R .
*The T ransform ation of [3-Tin to a-T in . M. C h erto k (Tech. P liysics U .S .S .R ., 1935, 2, (6), 591-597).— [I n G erm an.] See M et. A b s., 1935, 2, 661.
- S . G.
1936
I . — Properties o f M etals 291
292 M etallurgical Abstracts
Vol. 3♦Resilience of A rm co Iro n , Mild Steel, an d Zinc as a F u nction of th e T em pera
tu re an d Crystal Size. G. W olter a n d S. D anielocki ( Wiadomości In sty tu tu M etalurgii i M etaloznawstwa ( Warszawa), 1935, 2, (1), 6-9).— [In P o lish , w ith G erm an su m m ary .] Tho n o teh ed -b ar im p a c t resistance of zinc increases from 0-16 a t — 50° C. to 2-7 kg.-m ./cm .- a t 100° C. a n d , unlike t h a t of A rm co iron, is n o t v e ry different fo r fine- a n d coarse-grained stru c tu re s.—A. R . P.
♦Influence of the R ate of Pulling on the R esistance Q ualities of M agnesium, Zinc, and Arm co Iro n as a F u nction of the Crystal Size. G. W elto r a n d L.
O knowski (W iadom ości In s ty tu tu M etalurgji i Metaloznawstwa (Warszaxoa), 1935, 2, (1), 16-22, 23).— [I n P olish, w ith G erm an su m m ary .] Tho values o b tain ed fo r th e tensilo proporties of fine- a n d coarse-grained m agnesium , zinc, a n d Arm co iro n w ith different ra te s of ap p licatio n of tho lo ad aro show n in ta b le s a n d grap h s. F o r m agnesium a n d zinc a noticeable increase in tensile s tre n g th is obscrved w ith increase in th e ra te of elongation of th e specim en especially a t ra te s betw een 0-001 a n d 0-1% e lo n g a tio n /sc c o n d ; fo r iron th e tensilo stre n g th a n d y icld -p o in t are considerably affected b y th o ra te of p uli.
T h e elongations of m agnesium a n d zinc deerease, w h ilst th a t of iro n increases, w ith increase in th e ra to of p u li, b u t tho red u ctio n in a re a in no case shows a n y c o n sta n t relatio n to th is rato . N o difference can be observed betw een th e fraetu ro of slow ly a n d t h a t of ra p id ly p u lled specim ens.— A. R . P .
Cohesion of A lkali Metals. P a u l G om bas (N aturę, 1936,137, (3475), 950).—
F ro m d a ta referring to tho energy of th e m etal electrons a n d th e sim ply chargcd ions, yalues h aye been c alc u lated fo r th e h e a t of ev a p o ra tio n of potassium , ru b id iu m , a n d esesium w hich are in good ag reein en t w ith th e exp erim en tal yalues.— A. R . P .
The Creep of M etals. A. N a d a i (Trans. A m er. Soc. M ech. E ng., 1933, 55, APM , 61-77).— A n u m b er of idealized cases of p lastic flow of a m ore o r less sim ple n a tu rę are discussed w ith tho p rim a ry in te n tio n of throw ing lig h t on how th e speed of yielding influonces tho stresses u n d e r w hich m etallic b a rs are p erm an en tly stre tc h e d o r tw iste d a t no rm al o r elev a ted te m p e ra tu re s.— S. G.
*An E xperim ental and A nalytical Inyestigation of Creep in Bending.
G leason H . M acCullough (T rans. A m er. Soc. M ech. E ng. 1933, 55, A PM , 55-60).
— D escribes an exp crim en tal a n d a n a ly tic a l stu d y of th e phenom enon of creep as i t occurs in bending. C reep te s ts on a le a d bcam w ere carried o u t to detorm ino tho b eh av io u r of originally piano sections d u rin g pu re bending accom panied b y creep. F ro m th e re su lts of th ese te s ts , a n d of creep te s ts in ten sio n a n d com pression, a m e th o d is devised w h ereby th e re s u lts of th e u su al tensile creep te s t m ay bo utilized to p re d ic t th e ra te of creep fo r transverso sections of th e beam . Tho p a p e r concludes w ith several a n a ly tic a l esam p les involving creep as i t occurs in p u re bending.—S. G.
*A Q uantum M echanical Calculation of th e E lastic Constants of M onovalent M etals. K . F u ch s (Proc. Iioy. Soc., 1936, [A], 153, (880), 622-639).—T he m eth o d deyeloped b y W igner a n d Seitz fo r calcu latin g th e la ttic e energy a n d com pressibility of m onovalent m etals is ex ten d ed to acco u n t for th e ir elastic p ro p erties. T he elastic c o n stan ts of lith iu m , sodium , p o tassiu m , a n d copper a re calculated. F o r copper sa tisfa e to ry agreem en t w ith th e obseryed yalues is o b tain ed . As th e elastic c o n sta n ts of th e alkalis liave n o t been m easured, th e Debyo eh aracteristic te m p e ra tu re s of lith iu m , sodium , an d p o tassiu m are c alc u lated from th e th eo retical elastic co n stan ts a n d com pared w ith th e yalues observcd a t low te m p e ra tu re s. I t is show n fu r th e r t h a t th e elastic co n stan ts of m etals do n o t obcy th e C auchy relatio n s.— S. G.
The Form ing Properties of Some N on-Ferrous Sheet M etals. (G ohn.) See p . 302.
The Effects of Seryice Conditions on th e Surface of M etals. C lem ent B lazey (M et. In d . (Lond.), 1936, 48, (10), 3 0 0 -3 0 2 ; (12), 362-363).— R ead
1936
I .— Properties o f M etals 293
before th e A u stralian a n d N ow Z ealand A ssociation fo r th e A d v an cem cn t of Science. D iscusses m etal surfaccs in c o n ta c t, life of w earing p a rts , sh a fts in bearings a n d lu b ric a tc d surfaces, non-m etallio c o n ta c t a n d ta rn is h filtns, oxidation in brasses, corrosion of condenscr tu b e s , a n d corrosion-fatigue.
10 refcrenccs aro ap p en d ed .— J . H . W”.
Reactions in th e Solid State. W ilhelm J a n d e r (Z .V .d .J ., 1036, 80, (17), 506-510).—D iscusses th e re su lts of re c e n t w o rk on th o origin a n d course of reactions in th e solid sta to a n d th e ir im p o rtan ce in m e ta l tcchnology.— K . S.
*Metallie Binding A ccording to the Combined A pproxim ation Procedure.
H . H cllm ann a n d W . K a ssa to tsc h k in (J . Chem. P hysics, 1936, 4, (5), 3 2 4 - 325).—-The com bined ap p ro x im atio n proceduro fo r th o calc u latio n of th e chem ical in te ra c tio n betw een ato m s is ap p lied to th e problem of m etallie binding. T h e com plete w ork w ill be p u b lish ed in A cta Physicochim ica
U .R .S .S .— S. G.
*Contribution to th e Theory of the Surface Colouring [of M etals].— II. C arl W agner (Z. 'physikal. Chem., 1936, [B], 32, (6), 447—462).— T h e e ą u a tio n pre- viously given fo r th e fo rm atio n of films on m e ta ls b y tr e a tm e n t w ith gases (oxygen, halogens) (M et. A bs., 1 9 3 4 ,1 , 132) is m odified b y in tro d u cin g facto rs dcrived from tlie th e o ry of erro rs. T h e diffusion coefficients for th e eąualiza- tion of c o n cen tratio n of th e d ev iatio n s from th e w hole n u m b e r stoicheiom etric com position a re also calculated.— K . S.
fO n th e V apour Pressure of M etals. A. E u ck en (M elallwirtschaft, 1936, 15, (2), 2 7 -3 1 ; (3), 6 3 -6 8 ; a n d (sum m ary) L ight M etals Research, 1936, 4, (23), 416-417).—R e c e n t w ork o n th e s u b je c t is critically reriew ed a n d ta b le s are includcd show ing th e m o st re c e n t values of th e yario u s c o n sta n ts in th e v ap o u r pressure form ulrc fo r num erous m etals. A bibliography of 54 references is appended.— A. R . P .
*Theory of the W ork-F unctions of M onovalent M etals. E . W ig n er a n d J . B ardeen (Phys. R ev., 1935, [ii], 48, 84—87).—T h e facto rs w hich d eterm in e th e w ork-function of a m e ta l a re d eterm in ed in a q u a lita tiv e w ay. T h e w ork- function is defined as th e difference in energy betw een a la ttic o w ith a n c ą u a l num ber of ions a n d electrons, a n d th e la ttic e w ith th e sam e n u m b e r of ions b u t w ith one elec tro n rem oved. T h e w ork-function is th e n fou n d by first calculating th e energy of a la ttic e w ith n t ions a n d n e electrons. T he finał form uła gives th e w ork-functions of m o n o v alcn t m etals in te rm s of th e h eats of sublim ation. T he fo rm u ła is ap p ro x im a te an d can claim v a lid ity on ly in a q u alitativ e w ay as one of th e im p o rta n t facto rs, th e eleetric double la y e r on th e surface, is o m itte d e n tirc ly , a n d it is assum ed t h a t tlie F e rm i energy is as g re a t as if th e electro n s w ere e n tire ly free. Tho yalues o b tain ed from th is form uła check yery closely w ith .tlie ex p erim en tal y alu es fo r th e alkalis, so t h a t it can be concluded t h a t th e double lay er is pro b ab ly sm ali fo r th ese m etals. F in a lly , th e deyiations to be expected fo r o th e r th a n m o n o y alen t m etals are con- sidered. A m ore e x a c t calc u łatio n of th e w o rk-function of one su b stan ce (sodium) w ill bo deseribed la te r. (See M et. A b s., th is vol., p. 291.)—S. G.
*Relation Betw een Secondary Em ission and W ork-F unction. L. R . G.
T reloar (N aturę, 1936,137, (3466), 579).— T he em ission from a m olybdenum surface c o n tam in ated w ith b ariu m n o t m ore th a n 1 a to m th ic k is re la te d to th e w ork-function b y th e expression log10 N = A — bU , w here A a n d b are constants. T he th eo retical y alu e of b is 0 070 if U is m easu red in electron- v o lts ; tho ex p crim en tal yalue a t a p rim a ry yo ltag e of 300 w as fo u n d to be 0-067.— A. R . P .
*The A ction Exercised by O rdinary M etals on the P hotographic P latę and Electrom etrieally. J e a n R eb o u l (Compt. rend., 1936, 202, (23), 1920-1922).—
R ussell (Proc. R oy. Soc., 1897, 6 1 ,4 2 4 ; 1898, 6 2 ,1 0 2 ) show ed th a t— as w ell as
294 M etallurgical Abstracts
Vo l. 3zinc, m agnesium , a n d cadm ium —niekel, alu m in iu m , lead , co b alt, b ism u th , an d an tim o n y a c t a t a d istan ce on a pliotographic p la te , a n d cxplained th is effect b y th e in te rv c n tio n of ox y g en ated w a te r form ed a t th o c o n ta c t of th e oxidized m e ta ls a n d m oist air. T h is s tu d y has been co ntinued, using a more p erfect te c h n ią u e th a n w as th e n available. I t w as found t h a t w ith su itab lo p lates, a ll tho m etals p ro d u ced a m ore o r less pronounced photo g rap h ic a ctio n a t a d istan ce, a n d som etim es in conditions w hen th o fo rm atio n of ox y g en ated w a te r seorncd difficult to explain. T ho re s u lts in d icate, w ith o u t an y modifica- tio n of RussoU’s ex p lan atio n , t h a t th o o rd in a ry m etals e m it a n X -ra y eraana- tio n of sm ali ą u a n tu m , w hose coeffs. of ab so rp tio n b y th o a ir can bo d eterm in ed p h o to m etrically . T he v alu es fo u n d v aried from 0 4 to 0-8 a tm ./c m . Tho s tu d y of th e ionization of th e atm o sp h ere su rro u n d in g th e o rd in a ry m etals (zinc, tin , le a d , iron, copper, niekel, a n d alum inium ) confirm s th e em ission of a n X -ra y em an a tio n of sm ali ą u a n tu m . T ho enorgy corresponding to such ionization w ould be sufficient to effect a p la to a fte r sev eral d a y s’ exposurc.
T ho m otals m agnesium , zinc, a n d cadm ium , affect th e p lato a fte r som e h o u rs’
oxposuro, b u t a n elec tro m etric in v estig atio n docs n o t in d icate a n y m ore m ark ed ionization th a n fo r th o o th e r m otals. I t is suggested, th erefo re, t h a t in tho case of theso th re e m etals, a com pound is form ed w hose action o sag g erates th e im pression on th o p lato . I t is th u s considered t h a t R usselP s ex p lan a tio n to g e th e r w ith t h a t now p u t fo rw ard w ill acco u n t fo r all th e fa c ts observed w ith re g a rd to th e effect of o rd in a ry m etals on p h o to g rap h ic p la te s a n d electro- m etrically .—J . TL W .
*The Theory of the Surface Photoelectric Effect in M etals.—II. K . M itchell (Proc. R oy. Soc., 1936, [A], 153, (880), 513-533).—S. G.
Electrophysics o£ Solid Bodies. A. Sm ekal (D ie P h ysik, 1936, 4, (1), 17-33 ; S ci. A bs., 1936, [A], 39,539).— A c ritic a l a n d h isto rical review of p ap ers dealing w ith co n d u ctiv ity in solids w hich have appoared from 1927 to th e en d of 1935 u n d e r tho headings : (1) la ttic o stru c tu re , (2) surfaces an d s tru c tu r a l im per- feetions in cry sta ls, (3) glasses, (4) ionic co n d u ctio n in generał, (5) dependence of ionic cond u ctio n o n te m p e ra tu re , (6) dependence of tr a n s p o rt p ro p ertie s on te m p e ra tu re , (7) m echanism of ionic con d u ctio n , (8) ionic cond u ctio n an d chem ical c o n stitu tio n .— S. G.
+The Electrical Conductivity of T ransition M etals. N . F . M o tt (Proc. Roy.
Soc., 1936, [A ], 153, (880), 699-717).—T h e ą u a n tu m th e o ry of elec trical co n d u c tiv ity developed b y jBlocli a n d o th e rs is ex ten d e d to m e ta ls w here th e cond u ctio n eleetrons occupy m ore th a n ono B rillouin zone, as is th e case fo r all re a l m e ta ls ex c c p t th e alkalis a n d noble m otals. T ho th e o ry is ap p lied to th e tra n sitio n m etals ; c e rta in anom alies in th e re sista n c e -te m p e ra tu re curvcs of th e p aram ag n etic m etals p allad iu m , p la tin u m , a n d ta n ta lu m are explained.
A th e o ry is p re se n te d to acco u n t fo r th e fa c t t h a t th o resistan ce of niekel deereases in a m agnetic field, an d a n expression for th e decrease o b tain ed , w hich is of th e sam o o rd e r of m ag n itu d e as t h a t observed. F in a lly , a q u alitativ o discussion is given of th e re sista n c e -te m p e ra tu re curves of co p p er-n ick el alloys su ch as C o n stan tan .— S. G.
♦P otential F luctuations a t th e E nds of a Metallic Conductor of Very Sm ali Volume Traversed by a Current. J . B e rn a m o n t (Rev. gen. Elect., 1936, 39, (10), 339-346).—E x p e rim e n ta l m eth o d s u sed to s tu d y th e flu ctu atio n s of c u rre n t in v e ry th in films are described, w ith th e re s u lts of m easurem ents on one p la tin u m a n d tw o tu n g ste n films. No ex p lan a tio n of th e effect is a t p re s e n t a tte m p te d . Tho p la tin u m film w as 4 m illim icrons th ic k a n d h a d a re s isth d ty a b o u t 100 tim es g re a te r th a n t h a t of m assive p la tin u m .—J . C. C.
*C ontribution to the T heory of the Influence of P ressure on th e E lectrical R esistance of M etals. M. H . L enssen a n d A. M ichels (Physica, 1935, 2, (10),
1936
I I . — Properties of A lloys 295
1091-1107).— [I n E nglish.] T he influenco of p ressu re on tho elec trical re s ist
ance of m etals is discussed, based on th e w ave-m ochanical th e o ry of electrical resistance as developed b y N ordheim . T h is th e o ry p erm its th e separato consideration of th o th e rm a l, electrical, a n d “ re s t resistan ce.” Special con
sid eratio n is given to th e tw o lim iting cases of p ra c tic a lly free a n d p ractically bound electrons. T h e th e o re tic a l re s u lts aro com pared w ith th o se of o th e r a u th o rs. T h ey wero also te s te d b y com parison w ith ex p erim en tal re su lts published in th e lite ra tu ro a n d w ith re su lts pub lish ed in a previous p ap er, w here un d er c e rta in assu m p tio n s i t w as possible to separato th e p ressu re effect on th e th e rm a l, electrical, a n d “ re s t resistan ce.” — S. 6 .
♦Thom son Effect a t Very Low Tem peratures, and Absolute Scalę of T herm o- electric Pow er. M. Sansoni (Nuovo cimento,1935,12, (10), 6 1 6 -6 3 2
;
S c i. A bs., 1936, [A], 39, 568).—T h e e.m .f. E of a w ire, w ith a decrease of te m p e ra tu ro along it, is m easu red a t low te m p e ra tu re s a n d th e th erm o electric pow cr e = d E ld T d e riy e d ; th is is p lo tte d fo r v ario u s te m p e ra tu re s a g a in s t tho tem p eratu re T ° K . from a b o u t — 250° to 50° C. T he T hom son effect <r is o b tain ed fro m th ese curves sińce a = T d e /d T ; copper, silver, an d gold havo p ositive T T hom son coeff s. a t hig h te m p e ra tu re s, becom ing n eg ativ e a n d h av in g a m inim um a t a b o u t 80° K . L ead show s a c ritic a l p o in t a t a b o u t 7-5° K ., where th e th erm o electric pow er becom es zero. T h is is th e effect of th e super- conducting s ta te a n d gives corresponding re s u lts w hen coupled w ith zinc.R esults are given fo r alloys of v ario u s m e ta ls co ntaining a sm ali % of otlior m etals, com parison being m ade w ith th e m e ta ls alone. T h e ab so lu te scalo of therm oelectric pow er is ex p lain ed a n d a ta b le given fo r th e v alu es fo r tin and lead.—S. G.
M agnetic P roperties of Colloidal Pow ders o£ M etallic E lem ents. S. R . R ao (Current Science, 1936, 4, 572-575).—A c ritic a l acco u n t is p resen ted of tho investigations on th e m ag n etic p ro p e rtie s of colloidal pow ders of m etals.
T hree ty p e s of b inding of th o v alen c y electrons in m e ta ls a re co n tem p lated : (1) m etallic, (2) liom opolar, a n d (3) E h re n fe s t-R a m a n . T he influence of colloidization on th o m agnetic p ro p ertie s of m etals in w hich th ese ty p e s of binding aro p re s e n t is m en tio n ed . A tte n tio n is d irected to th e experim ents by G oetz on th e effect of sm ali ą u a n titie s of foreign m etals in b ism u th cry stals.
T he elose analogy betw een colloidization a n d cold-w orking in th e case of m etals w herein th e m etallic ty p e of binding is p re d o m in a n t, is considercd in tho lig h t of H o n d a a n d Shim izu’s th e o ry . B rief m en tio n is m ad e of tho investiga- tions on nickel pow ders an d films in th e lig h t of H eisenberg’s th eo ry .— S. G.
I I .— P R O P E R T IE S OF ALLOYS
(Continued from pp. 21G-250.)
*The F orm atio n of Spherical E u tectic Inclusions in M etal Alloys [A lum inium Alloys]. W . G eller (M etallwirtschaft, 1 9 3 6 ,1 5 , (6), 141-142).—Tho fo rm atio n of spherical eu tec tic inclusions in alu m in iu m a n d iro n alloys is a ttr ib u te d to ra p id cooling in th e te m p e ra tu re rangę ju s t above th e s o lid u s ; th o p h en o m enon is therofore observed in castings on ly w hen th e re is only a sm ali te m p eratu ro rango betw een th e .lią u id u s a n d solidus.—A. R . P .
♦Condition o£ A120 3 Included in D uralum in. Soji H o ri (K en kyu Hokoku, Sum itom o Shindokokan K a ish a (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Copper and Steel Tube Co.), 1934, 2, (2), 137-145).— [ I n Ja p an ese.]— S. G.
* 0 n the T herm al E Sects W hich A ppear D uring the P henom enon of Ageing A l u m i n i u m Alloys. W . Św ietoslaw ski a n d J . Czochralski ( W iadomości In s ty tu tu M ełalurgji i Metaloznawstwa (W a rsza w ), 1936, 3, (2), 59-67).— [In P olish, w ith G erm an su m m ary.] I t h as long been supposcd t h a t h e a t effects oceur d u rin g c ertain tran sfo rm atio n s w hich ta k c place d u rin g th e recrystalliz- a tio n o r agem g of lig h t a llo y s ; a t high te m p e ra tu re s such effects h av c alread y beenobseiw cd a n d by th e a id of a sp e cially co n stru cted m icro -ealo rim etersim ilar offeets liavo now been d c te c te d d u rin g n a tu r a l ageing a t room te m p e ra tu re . T h e expcrim ents w ere m ad e on a 580 grm . błock of a n allo y of alu m in iu m w itli copper 4-2, iro n 0-66, m anganese 0-33, S i l i c o n 0-54, a n d m agnesium 0-63% a fte r ąuenching from 510° C. in cold w ater. A fte r sto rag e fo r 22 h rs. a t T oom te m p e ra tu re a ra p id ovolution of h e a t occurred w hich g ra d u a lly decreased w ith lapse of tim e b u t did n o t e n tire ly cease u n til 11 d ay s h a d e la p s e d ; th e to ta l b e a t cv o lu tio n betw een th e 22nd a n d 2 6 0 th h o u r w as 273-3 grm .-cal. eq u iv alen t to 0-4712 grm .-cal./grm . of alloy.—A. R . P .
*A ge-H ardening of A lum inium Alloys. I.— A lum inium -C opper Alloy.
W illiam L . F in k a n d D a n a W . S m ith (M etals Technology, 1936, 3, (4), 10 p p . ; A .I .M .M .E . Tech, Publ. N o. 706).—T h e age-hardening of a n a lu m in iu m - cop p er alloy (copper 5-17, Silicon 0-01, iro n 0-01% ) w as stu d ie d by m icroscopic ex am in atio n , a n d m easurem ents of la ttic e spacing, y ield -stren g th , an d elonga- tio n . P re c ip ita tio n can be obsorved m icroseopically beforc th e ageing has progressed fa r enough to change th o y ield -stren g th a n d elongation appreciably.
T he lattico p a ra m e te r as m easu red by th o back-refiection m e th o d does n o t change d u rin g th e p re c ip ita tio n of m in u to p a rtie le s du rin g age-hardening, alth o u g h i t does change d u rin g p re c ip ita tio n u n d e r e ąu ilib riu m conditions.
T h e anom alous changes in d en sity c a n be explained b y p a rtic ie size, o r b y tho p recip itatio n of a tra n sitio n p h ase 0 ' (W asserm ann a n d W eerts, M et. A bs., 1935, 2, 512) w hich is confirm ed. F . an d S. considcr t h a t th e sim ple prccip ita- tio n th e o ry is sufficient to ex p lain th e fa c ts.—W . H .-R .
Considerations of th e A ge-H ardening of D uralum in. T om ojiro T anabo (K en kyu H okoku, Sum itom o Shindokokan K aisha (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Copper and Steel T ube Co.), 1935, 2, (4), 315-317).— [I n Ja p a n e se .]— S. G.
♦Diffusion of M agnesium an d Silicon into A lum inium . H e rth a R . Frecho (M etals Technology, 1936, 3, (4), 13 p p . ; A .I .M .M .E . Tech. P ubl. N o. 714).—
T h e diffusion of m agnesium a n d Silicon in to p u re alum inium w as stu d ied w ith A lclad m a te ria ł consisting of h ig h -p u rity alum inium coatings rolled on to cores of (a) alu m inium -m agnesium allo y (1-21% m agnesium b y w e ig h t); (b) alu - m inium -silicon alloy (1-95% S i l i c o n ); (c) alu m inium -m agnesium silicide alloy (1-8% M g,Si b y w e ig h t); (d) ahim in iu m -m ag n esiu m -silico n alloy eontaining 1-8% Mg2Śi + 0-71% excess Silicon, A fter annealing a t different te m p e ra tu re s, th e percentages of m agnesium a n d S il ic o n a t inereasing d e p th s wero d eterm in ed b y a speetroseopic m e th o d in w hich step s a t inereasing d e p th s w ere m achined in th e specim en w hich w as m ade one elec tro d e of th e sp a rk disclm rge.
T he eoeffs. of diffusion of m agnesium a n d Silicon fro m th e ir respective b in a ry alloys w ere of tlic sam e o rd e r of m ag n itu d e. T h e sim ultaneous presence of b o th elem ents affeets th e ra te s of diffusion. I n tlie m agnesium silicide alloy th e elem ents te n d to diffuse in th e ra tio of Mg2Si, b u t th e diffusion of m agnesium w as g re a tly dim inished fo r th e allo y eontaining Mg2Si w ith excess S ilic o n .
— W . H .-R .
*E quilibrium Relations in A lum im um -M agnesium Silicide Alloys Containing Excess M agnesium . F . K eller a n d C. M. C raighead (M etals Technology, 1936, 3, (4), 9 p p . ; A .I .M .M .E . Tech. Publ. N o. 707).—T he solid so lu b ility iso- th e rin a ls of th e alum inium -rich solid solution in alu m inium -m agnesium -silicon alloys a t 400°, 440°, 470°, 500°, a n d 535° C. were determ in ed b y th e microscopic an d ąuen ch in g m eth o d fo r alloys co ntaining sm ali a m o u n ts of m agnesium in
296 M etallurgical Abstracts
V o l . 3cscess of t h a t rc ą u ire d to fo rm th o com pound Mg2Si. T ho cffect of cxcess m agnesium is to dim inish th e so lu b ility of Mg2Si in alum inium . I f ago-harden- ing by p recip itatio n of Mg2Si is re ą u ire d , no ad v an ta g e is gained by tho ad d itio n of excess m agnesium , sińce th is excess dim inishes th o a m o u n t of Mg2Si t h a t can bo ta k e n in to so lu tio n before precipitation.-—W . H .-R .
* 0 n the T herm al C onductm ty of Some [A lum inium -B ase] P iston Alloys a t H igh T em peratures. F . B o llen rath a n d W . B u n g a rd t (MetaUwirlsćhaft, 1936, 15, (16), 3 6 8 -3 7 0 ; an d L ight M etals Research, 1936, 4, (20), 334-33!)).—An a p p a ra tu s is described a n d illu s tra te d fo r th o ac c u ra te m easu rem en t of tho th erm al co n d u ctiv ity of lig h t alloy p isto n s a t te m p e ra tu re s u p to 350° C., an d th e re su lts o b tain ed fo r 6 alloys w ith 7 5 -9 2 % alum inium arc reco rd ed in tab lcs.
T he original p a p e r m u s t be co n su lted fo r d etails a n d resu lts.— A. R . P . S i l u m i n . --- (Metallgesellschaft A .O . u n d Vereinigte A lum inium w erke A .G ., 1936, 56 p p . ; B u li. B .N .F .M .R .A ., 1936, (89), 6).—An up-to-dato sum m ary of th e know ledgc of alloys of tho Silum in class (also known as A lpax), including Silum in (alum inium + 13% Silicon), copper-S ilum in, S ilu m in - Bota, an d S ilum in-G am m a (containing m agnesium a n d m anganese), an d L o -E x (containing copper, m agnesium , a n d nickel). T he brochuro deals w ith m otallo- graphy, m echanical a n d physical p ro p ertie s, m elting and casting, h e a t-tre a t- m ent, shrinkage and gassing hchayiour, soldering an d welding, machining, surface tr e a tm e n t (pro tectio n ag ain st corrosion, electrodopositcd coatings, polishing), and applications (w ith illu stratio n s). A bibliography of rcccn t lite ra tu re is appended.— S. G.
♦Eąuilibrium R elations in A lum inium -Z inc Alloys of H igh Purity.—U . W illiam L . F in k a n d L . A. W illey (M etals Technology, 1936, 3, (4), 17 p p . ; A .I .M .M .E . Tech. P ubl. N o. 705).—T ho solid so lu b ility of zinc in alum inium was determ in ed b y electrical resistance m easurcm cnts a t different te m p eratu res and b y m icroscopic ex am in atio n of q u enchcd specim ens. T ho solubility increases g ra d u a lly from 5-4% zinc b y w eight a t 125° C. to 31-6% a t 275° C.
A t th is te m p e ra tu re th e solid so lu b ility increases su d d en ly to 77-7% zinc, an d betw een 275° a n d 353° C. th e re is a so lu b ility gap, in w hich alloys consist of tw o conjugate solid solutions of th o sam o pliaso b u t of different com positions.
Tho difference in com position of th o co n ju g ate solid solutions dim inishes as th e tem p eratu re increases, a n d finally yanishcs a t 353° C. O n th e zinc side of tho solubility g ap , th e so lu b ility g rad u ally increases from 77-7% zinc a t 275° C.
to 81-4% a t 350° C.— W . H .-R .
♦M elting-Points of E utectics : Lipow itz Alloy and W ood’s M etal. Sidney J . F rcnch (In d u st. and E ng. Chem., 1936, 28, (1), 111-113).—A n u m b o r of cooling and h eatin g curves of 2 ą u a te rn a ry alloys w as m ado, using yario u s cooling a n d heating ra te s an d yario u s b a th s . T h e alloy b is m u th 50, lead 27, tin 13, an d cadm ium 10% approaohes th e eu te c tic com position moro closely th a n does tho alloy b ism u th 50, lead 25, ti n 12-5, cadm ium 12-5% . T ho h o rizo n tal portio n s of tho curves, fo r b o th alloys, coincide a n d th e re is a difference of 2° C. betw een freozing-point (69-7° C.) an d m eltin g -p o in t (71-7° C.). I t is suggested t h a t tho use of th e nam es “ Lipow itz alloy ” a n d “ W ood’s met-al ” should ceasc an d th a t tho eu tectic alloy be called a q u a te rn a ry eu tec tic, s ta tin g its com position and its m elting p o in t-freezin g p o in t rango..— F . J .
Copper and Copper Alloys. J . T. K em p (Tech. Assoc. P u lp P aper In d . Preprint, 1936, 9 p p . ; B u li. B .N .F .M .R .A ., 1936, (89), 7).—A n acco u n t is given of th e p ro p ertie s a n d ap p licatio n s of copper, b rass, bronze, n ick el-b rass, an d E y e rd u r, w ith b rief n otes on th e effect of m inor a d d itio n elem ents. T he corrosion of copper alloys (effect of s u lp h u r d io x id e ; salt- a n d acid -sp ray t e s t s ; field tests) a n d ty p e s of corrosion (dezincification, season-craeking) are dis- cussed. T o som e e x te n t th is p a p e r is d ire c te d to th e needs of th e p ap er in d u stry , b u t i t is of w ider in te re st,—S. G,
1936
I I . — Properties of A lloys 297
298 MetaUurgical Abstracts
Vo l. 3*The Influence o£ Nickel on the Solubility Lim its o£ the a-P h ase in A lu m in iu m - Copper Alloys. V. G ridnew a n d G. K u rd jurno w (M etallwirtschaft, 1936, 15, (10), 2 2 9 -2 3 1 ; (11), 256-259).—A d dition of 2 % of nickel to alu m in iu m -co p p er alloys reduces tlie rango of th e a-phase field from 9-8 to 8-6% alu m in iu m a n d displaccs th e eu te c to id ho rizo n tal from 570° to 605° C., b u t produees no change in th o so lu b ility of alu m in iu m in cop p er w ith te m p e ra tu re below th e eu tec to id point. T he la ttic e s tru c tu re of th e 11-5-13% alu m in iu m -b ro n zes containing 2 % nickel differs from t h a t of th e p '-p h ase of th e nickel-free bronzes ąuenclied from 950° C. A d d itio n of 4 % nickel to a lu m in iu m -b ro n ze h as no fu r th e r offect on tho a-range a t th e e u tec to id te m p e ra tu re th a n t h a t p ro d u ced b y 2%
nickel, b u t th e so lu b ility of alum inium below th e e u te c to id p o in t is decreased to a b o u t 7-8% so t h a t sm ali p recip itatio n -h ard en in g effects can be o b tain ed by a p p ro p ria te h e a t-tre a tm e n t.— A. R . P .
♦Tem perature of F orm ation of the M etastable / - P h a s e in A lu m in iu m - Copper Alloys and Its R elation to the A lum inium Content. V. G aw ranek, E . K am in sk y , a n d G. K u rd ju m o w (M etallwirtschaft, 1936, 15, (16), 370-371).—
T ho y '-p h ase p roduced b y ąu en ch in g alu m in iu m -b ro n zes co ntaining m ore th a n 13% alum inium has a m arten sitic s tru c tu re , w hich is b e st o b tain ed free from y a n d p ' b y ąuenching in oil a t 250°-300° C., th e n air-cooling. T h erm al an aly sis in d icatcs t h a t puro - / is form ed a t 210° C. in th e 13-2% alum inium alloy a n d a t 175° C. in th e 13-4% alloy. T h e s tru c tu re s a n d in tcrro latio n sh ip s of th e |3, P ', Pj, y , a n d y p h ases arc briefly discussed a n d th e m echanism of th e vario u s tran sfo rm atio n s is com pared w ith t h a t of th e m a rte n site tran sfo rm a- tions in steels.— A. R . P .
*M icrostructure of th e M etastable -/'-Phase of A lum inium -C opper Alloys.
(G ridnew a n d K urdjum ow .) Seo p . 303.
*Coefficient of E quivalence of Iro n w ith R espect to A lum inium in A lum i- n ium -B ronze [C onstitution of C opper-A lum inium and C opper-Iron-A lum inium Alloys]. J . L. B ra y , M. E . C a rru th e rs, a n d H . R . H ey er (M etals Technology, 1936, 3, (4), 10 p p . ; A .I .M .M .E . Tech. P ubl. N o. 702).—T ho p h ase b o u n d arics of th e P-phase a re a in c o p p er-alu m in iu m alloys in th e region 1 0-15% a lu m inium w ere in v estig ated by ąuen ch in g an d m icroscopic m eth o d s using alloys p re p a re d from p u re m etals. T h e e u tec to id te m p e ra tu re w as d eterm in ed as 568° C., a n d th e p h ase bou n d aries d isplaced in th e d irectio n of h ig h er a lu m inium c o n te n t b y a n alm o st c o n s ta n t a m o u n t of 0-51% alum inium com pared w ith th e diag ram of S tockdalc (./. In s t. M etals, 1922, 28, 273). T h e m eth o d used w as to h e a t th e specim en 100° C. above th o e sp e c te d tra n sfo rm a tio n te m p eratu ro , a n d th e n to cool to th is te m p e ra tu re , a n d ho łd fo r 2 h rs. before ąuenching. I n alloys p re p a re d from com m ercial coppcr a n d alum inium , an d A rm eo in g o t iron, th o a d d itio n of u p to 4 % of iro n h as littlo effect on th e eu tec to id te m p e ra tu rę , a n d th e g enerał ty p e of solid so lu b ility relatio n sh ip is u n altered . Conflicting re s u lts w ere o b tain ed fo r th o coeff. of eąuivalenco of iro n w hich a p p a re n tly v aried w ith th e w a y in w hich th e m e ta ls w ere m elted to g eth er.—W . H .-R .
*R ate of D issolution of Iro n , M anganese, and F erro-M anganese in M olten Copper. J . Czochralski a n d T . B eriszw ili ( W iadomości In s ty tu tu M etalurgji i Metaloznawstwa ( Warszawa), 1935, 2, (1), 24-26).— [I n P olisli, w ith G erm an su m m ary.] A t 1150°-1200° C. solid m anganese dissolves ra p id ly a n d solid iro n v e ry slow ly in m o lten copper. T h e iro n in ferro-m anganeso dissolves m uch m ore slow ly th a n p u ro iro n w hile th e m anganese dissolves a b o u t th re e tim es as fa s t as th e iron.—A. R . P .
*The M echanical Properties of Copper-Tin Alloys. W . B roniew ski a n d Z.
W aw rzynkiew icz (Rev. Fonderie m odem e, 1936, 30, 147-151).—T ho effect of prolonged h e a t-tre a tm e n t o n c o p p e r-tin alloys w as stu d ie d fo r alloys c o n ta in in g up to 26% tin . T he alloys w ith less th a n 14% tin w ere given a p re lim in a ry
1936
I I . — Properties o f A lloys 299
anneal of 25 h rs. a t 675° C., th o se w ith m o re th a n 14% tin , 75 h rs. a t 675° C.
followed b y 75 h rs. a t 450° C. T he first class w as th e n cold-rolled a n d d raw n w ith intorm cdiato annealing fo r 2 h rs . a t 675° C. T he second class w as liot- rolled a t 700°-650° C. B o th classes w ere th e n h e a te d fo r 75 h rs. a t 675° C.
followed b y 75 h rs. a t 450° C., a n d th ese alloys are described as annealed. F o r th e te s ts in th o ąu en ch ed condition, annealed test-pieees were re h e a te d to 720° C., lield th o rc fo r 15 m inutes, a n d ąu en ch ed in w ater. Of th o se stu d ie d th e 12% tin alloy show ed th e m o st m ark ed generał im p ro v em en t in p ro p ertie s, reaching a tensile s tre n g th of 50 k g ./m m .s w ith a n elo n g atio n o f 70% a n d B rinell num ber over 100, w h ils t th e 2 2% tin allo y also show ed a n increase in all properties.— J . E . N .
* 0 n Leaded-Bronzes. J . Czochralski a n d H . Łukom ski (Wiadomości In s ty tu tu M elalurgji i Metaloznawstwa ( Warszawa), 1936,3, (2), 69-74).— [I n P o lish , w ith G erm an su m m a ry .] T h e uses of leaded-bronzes a n d th e influence of th e m e lt
ing an d castin g m eth o d s, th e stru c tu re , a n d th e com position on th e ir techno- logical p ro p ertie s are reyiew ed w ith reference to th e lite ra tu re . E ig h t alloys w ith yarious lead , niekel, a n d ti n co n ten ts w ere c a s t in san d a n d ch ill m oulds an d tho elastic lim it in com pression, th e B rin ell h ard n ess, an d th o C harpy im p act value d eterm in ed , a n d th e m ic ro stru c tu re exam ined. T h e re s u lts in d icate t h a t i t is y e ry diflicult to p rep are com pletely hom ogeneous castings, a ll tho properties v ary in g considerably aceording to th e po sitio n of th e test-p iece in tho ingot.— A. R . P .
* 0 n H ardenable Bronzes w ith a C opper-N ickel-Tin Basis. n . — W orkable Alloys. E ric h F e tz (M etallwirtschaft, 1936, 15, (7), 1 6 7 -1 7 0 ; (8), 180-191).—
Tho w ork-hardness of 5-12-5% tin -b ro n z e begins to d isa p p e a r on h e atin g the cold-w orkcd m e ta l above a b o u t 350° C., b u t is n o t co m p letely rem oyed u n til th e te m p e ra tu re exceeds 700° C., w hercas t h a t of 1 5 -2 0 % n ick el-co p p cr alloys begins to disap p ear a t a b o u t 500° C. a n d is com pletely rcm ovcd a t 600°-650° C. A d d itio n of niek el to tin -b ro n z e increases th e recovery te m p eratu rę a n d im p a rts p recip itatio n -h ard en in g p ro p e rtie s so t h a t w ith sufficient niekel i t is possible to cause p recip itatio n -h ard en in g to o ccur before appreciable loss of w ork-hardness tak es p la c e ; tliu s th e allo y w ith 7-5% each of tin a n d niekel, a fte r 5 0 % red u ctio n b y rolling a fte r quenching from th e solid solution rangę, has a B rinell h ard n ess of 250 w hich is inereased to above 40 0 b y reh eatin g a t 350° C. for 25 hrs. Cold-w ork besides inereasing th e hard n ess a fte r p re c ip ita tio n also considerably accelerates th is proeess. N ic k e l-tin -b ro n z e s in th e solid solution s ta te a re m u ch m oro easily ro lled th a n p la in tin -b ro n z e s of c o rre sponding h ard n ess a n d s tre n g th a fte r h e a t-tre a tm e n t, re ą u ire less in te rm e d ia te anneals, re ta in th e ir s tre n g th a n d hard n ess to h ig h er te m p e ra tu re s, a n d can bo h c a t-tre a te d to p roduce g re a te r s tre n g th a n d h ard n ess a t low er te m p e ra tu re s th a n those re ą u ire d fo r tin -b ro n z e s.—A . R . P .
N on-Ferrous Alloys A vailable for the Use of In d u stry (Continued) [Special Bronzes]. --- (A lu m in iu m and N on-F errous Re.v., 1 9 3 6 ,1 , (8), 372).— L ists tho p ro p ertie s a n d uses of a n u m b e r of special bronzes.— J . C. C.
B earing M etals w ith a C opper-Tin-Zinc Basis. F . H an sen (Z . Y . d . l ., 1936, 80, (26), 807-808).—T hese special bearing m etals a re used in la th c s, rolls, valves, a n d to o th e d w h e e ls ; th e y h av e a hig h zinc a n d low tin c o n te n t.— K . S.
*The Effect of A nnealing on the L ength of Cold-Drawn Rods. (Saito.) See p . 322.
* In tem al Stress and Season-Cracking of B rass Tubes.— H I. T om ojiro T an ab e (K enkyu Iiokoku, S um itom o Shindokokan K a ish a {Res. R ep. Sum itom o Copper and Steel Tube Co.), 1935, 2, (4), 311-314).— [ I n Ja p a n e s e .]—S. G.
*N ature of the Phases F orm ed by M utual Diffusion of C u-Z n an d F e -Z n and the K inetics of T heir Growth. V. B u g ak o y a n d D . G luskin (Z h u m a l T ehni- cheskoy F iz ik i (J. Tech. P hysics), 1936, 6, (2), 263-289).— [ I n R u ssian .]
Chem ical analysis, m icrographie, X -ra y , a n d h ard n ess m eth o d s show t h a t
300 M etallurgical Abstracts
Yo l. 3in th e mufcual diffusion of coppcr an d zinc, th e (3, y , a n d e p h ascs are form ed, th e y p h ase ap p earin g first an d h aving th e liigliest ra to of g row th. I n th e ir o n - zinc system tlie pliases form ed a re F e Z n , a n d F e 3Z n 10(F cZ n3). T h e te m p e ra tu re coeff. of diffusion does n o t d cpend on th e s ta te of tlie low -m elting m etal, th e curve show ing no inflection a t tho m elting p o in t. T h e h e a t of loosening (?) derivcd from th e tem p eratu ro coeff. of diffusion is a lm o st id en tical fo r b o th system s s tu d ie d ; th is coeff. c a n be d eriv ed from tho expression D - Ae~ei*‘, as is th e case fo r diffusion in solid solutions.—N . A.
*Investigation of the R ecrystallization of Copper-Zinc Alloys (w ith Low Zinc Content). (K itaygorodslriy.) Sec p. 303.
*O rientation in Peritectic Structures [of Zinc-Copper Alloys]. (G reningcr.) Sce p. 303.
*Some E xperim ents on O xi(lation-Resistant Copper Alloy “ A .R .” G.
K oisho (K enkyu Hokohu, Sum itom o Shindokokan K aisha (Res. R ep. Sum itom o Copper and Steel Tube Co.), 1935, 2, (4), 294-301). - [ I n Ja p an ese.]—S. G.
Constitution and P roperties o£ Type M etals. S. E p stc in (Graphic A rts Res.
B u r. P reprint, 1936, (M ay), 20 p p . ; B u li. B .N .F .M .R .A ., 1936, (89), 9).— A sim ple discussion of tlie co n stitu tio n , s tru c tu re , p ro p erties, a n d b ehayiour of ty p e m etals, as woli as of facto rs such as th o effect of im p u rities, drossing, shrinkage cavities a n d blow -holes, a n d c a sta b ility . R eference is m ade to th e suggested use of zinc-alum inium alloys as ty p e m etals. A useful bibliography is given.— S. G.
A m erican M agnesium Alloys. P . M abb (M achinery (Lond.), 1936, 48, (1237), 388-391).—T h e com position a n d p ro p ertie s of th e chief A m erican cast an d w ro u g h t m agnesium alloys are ta b u la te d , to g eth er w ith p a rtic u la rs of th e m ore com m only used B ritish alloys. N otes arc a d d ed on th e casting, m acliining, form ing, a n d finishing of these m ateriałs.'—J . C. C.
T h e Surface Tension of Calcium A m algam . L ćon Convers (Com pt. rend., 1936, 202, (4), 289-291).—T h e surface ten sio n of calcium am algam w as d c te r
m ined b y th e d rop m eth o d used in th e d e te rm in a tio n of tlie surface tension of m ercury in vacuo. T he anm lgam w as m ade e ith e r b y electrolysis of a concen- tr a te d solution of p u re calcium ehloride o r b y d irect com bination of m ercu ry w ith recen tly b roken picccs of p u re calcium . T he surface ten sio n a t 20° C. for various com positions in g rm .-% of calcium (given first) are as follows : 0 -4 4 2 ; 0-000002-427-8 ; 0-00002-422; 0-000065-411; 0-00008-409-4; 0 0 0 0 1 2 - 4 0 4 ; 0-00022-396-1; 0-00033-390-8; 0 -0005-395; 0-00058-398-4; 0 -0006- 402-8; 0-0007-403 ; 0-0033-402-5. T h e resu lts also show t h a t th e surface p ressure of th e absorbed film inereases a t first reg u larly w ith th e eoncentration of calcium u p to 0-00033% , a n d th e n dim inishes. T h is m ay be th e effect of o xidation.— J . H . W .
* 0 n the Longitudinal M agnetic-Resistance Effect a t V arious T em peratures in Nickel-Copper Alloys. H a k a ru M asum oto a n d Y u k i S hirakaw a (Sci. Rep.
Tdhokii Im p . U niv., 1936, [i], 25, (1), 104—127).— [I n English.] T he change of resistance fo r alloys of th e system nickel-copper, a t various te m p e ra tu re s from
— 195° to 400° C., w as m easured u p to 1600 oersteds by longitudinal m agnetic fields, an d th e in te n sity of m ag n etizatio n w as m easured a t — 195° a n d 0° C.
W ith a d d itio n of copper to niekel th e change of resistance of niekel inereases a t first rap id ly , a n d passing th ro u g h a m axim um , th e n deereases, vanishing a t a eo n cen tratio n slightly less th a n th e one a t w hich th e alloy changes from a ferro- m agnetie to a p aram ag n etic. T he in te n sity of m ag n etizatio n deereases ste a d ily as th e coppcr c o n te n t inereases.—S. G.
The New P erm an en t M agnet Alloys [Alnico, Niperm ag]. --- (Electronics, 1936, 9, (5), 30-32, 35). Alnico—a New, Pow erful M agnet. --- (Power P la n t E ng., 1936, 40, (2), 92).—T ho ch aracteristics of th e a lu m in iu m -n ic k e l- iro n a n d a lu m in iu m -n ic k e l-e o b a lt-iro n alloys u sed fo r p e rm a n e n t m agnets aro review ed, w ith special reference to th e A m erican p a te n ts a n d to th o alloys
1936
I I . — Properties o f A lloys 301
“ Alnico ” an d “ N iperm ag.” T ypioal m ag n etizatio n a n d onorgy cu rv es aro given. T h e alloys suffor p ra c tic a lly no loss in m ag n etism w hen h e a te d u p to 600° (? 0 F .) o r su b jected to m echanical shock.— J . C. C.
*H igh-Tin B earing M etals. [F rh r.] von Golor a n d H . F fiater (M elallw irt
schaft, 19 3 6 ,1 5 , (15), 3 4 2 -3 4 8 ; (16), 365-368).—T h e m echanical a n d w earing properties of tin -b ase bearing m e ta ls co n tain in g copper 3-10 an d an tim o n y 2-1 2 % a re show n in ta b le s a n d g rap h s a n d discusscd w ith reference to tlie literatu ro . A n tim o n y is soluble to tho e x te n t of 7 -9 % in th e tin -ric h m a trix an d inereases th o resistan ce to d efo rm atio n a n d tho en d u ran ce s tre n g th con- siderably, b u t roduces th e p la s tic ity ; a fu r th e r a d d itio n of an tim o n y has no effect on th e stre n g th o r resistance to defo rm atio n b u t reduces still moro tho p lasticity a n d inereases th e ra te of w ear. C opper h as a sim ilar effect to th a t of a n tim o n y b u t less m ark ed ; i t u n fav o u rab ly affects th e p la s tic ity p ro b ab ly owing to th e p ro d u c tio n of ac ic u la r tin -c o p p e r c ry sta ls. T h e r a te of w ear rap id ly decreases w ith inereasing coppor c o n te n t.—A. B . P .
*Z inc-Indium Alloy System. C urtis L. W ilso n a n d E tto r e A . P e r e tti (In d u st. and E ng. Chem., 1936, 28, (2), 204^205).—A n in v estig atio n of tho alloys of zinc a n d in d iu m is deseribed. Cooling curves, su p p lem en ted by photom icrographs, th e e u te c tic -tim e s in tcrp o latio n m eth o d , a n d th e analysis of “ sw eat ” beads of eu tec tic w ere em ployed in th e c o n stru ctio n of th e freezing-point d iag ram of th e sy stem . T h e eu te c tic h a s a freezing-point of 143-5° O. a n d consists of a n in tim a te m ix tu re of zinc a n d in d iu m ; its com position is in d iu m 96, zinc 4 % . T ho solid so lu b ility of zinc in in d iu m is ap p ro x im ately n il, t h a t of in d iu m in zinc w as n o t ascertain cd .— F . J .
Properties of Zinc-Base Die-Cast Alloys. A pex Sm elting Co. (M etalgrain, No. 12, 4 p p . ; B u li. B .N .F .M .R .A ., 1936, (89), 13).— G ives th e elongation values o b tain ed fo r th e allo y co ntaining alu m in iu m 4-10, copper 1-00, m ag n e
sium 0-03% , a n d balance zinc (99-99+ % ). T h is is deseribed as alloy N o. 5.
E longation values aro giyen fo r th e allo y c a s t a t y ario u s m e ta l te m p e ra tu re s an d die te m p e ra tu re s a n d pressures, before a n d a fte r th e exposure of th e c a s t
ings to w a te r v a p o u r a t 95° C.— S. G.
*K inetic Differences B etw een Cast an d W orked M etal. H . B u m m an d U . D ehlinger (M etallwirtschaft, 1936, 15, (4), 8 9 -9 0 ; a n d (sum m ary) Light M etals Research, 1936, 4, (17), 278-279).— W h en a single c ry s ta l of copper containing 6% of sily er is in d e n te d w ith a cone a n d annealed a t 800° C. to cause all th e silyer to go in to solid so lu tio n a n d th e d eform ed a re a to recry stallize, th e n ąuenched a n d annealed a t 400° C., p re c ip ita tio n of th e silver from th e super- sa tu ra te d solid so lu tio n can bo recognized b y etch in g w ith alcoholic am m onia only in th e deform ed zono. A fter 15 m in u tes a t 400° C. th o g rain boundarics of th e new cry stals show t h a t p re c ip ita tio n has com m enccd th e re a n d a fte r 50 h rs. p re c ip ita tio n is com plete in th e new c ry s ta ls b u t is still n o t detectab lo in th e non-deform ed zone. T h is difference in b ehaviour betw een th e c a s t a n d deform ed m etal is a ttrib u te d to th e en hanced m osaic s tru c tu r e of th e la tte r . E v en on h eatin g th e sin g le-crj'stal su p e rsa tu ra te d so lu tio n fo r a long tim e a t 500° C. p ra c tic a lly no co ag u latio n of th e p re c ip ita te d silyer occurs, w hereas such coagulation ta k e s place a t 350° C. in th e deform ed a n d recry stallized m etal. A n ex p lan a tio n of th is difference b ased on v a p o u r p ressu re considera- tions is suggested.— A. R . P .
*Plasticity o£ M etal Crystals an d Its Im portance for th e Properties of M aterials.
G. W asserm ann (Z. Y .d .L , 1936, 80, (10), 283-287).—Tw o processes a re im - p o rta n t fo r th e defo rm atio n of m e ta ls, viz. tra n s la tio n a n d m echanical tw inning.
Sim ple law s ho łd good fo r th o beginning of tra n s la tio n a n d fo r th e fra c tu re of b rittle m etals. T h e p ro p ertie s of p o ly cry stallm e tech n ical m e ta ls are o ften d ep en d en t o n cry stallo g rap h ic eonditions. A n u m b er of exam ples are giyen to show how a know ledge of th e p ro p ertie s of single c ry sta ls of m etals assists in
302 M etallurgical Abstracts
Vo l. 3u n d e rsta n d in g tho b eh av io u r of th o polycrystallino aggregates w hich m ake u p m e ta ls as used in co n stru ctio n al w ork.— K . S.
The Form ing Properties o! Some N on-Ferrous Sheet M etals. G. R . G ohn (A m er. Soc. Test. M a t. P reprint, 1936, 14 p p .).— R e p o rts th e c o n th ru atio n of a n in v estig atio n to o b ta in in fo rm atio n reg ard in g th e form ing of 90° bends in v ario u s non-ferrous sh e e t m aterials. T h e prcvious p a p e r (Straw , H clfrick, a n d E iseh ru p p , M et. A bs. (J. In s t. M etals), 1931, 47, 231) described a m eth o d by w hich such form ing d a ta m iglit bo o b tain ed , a n d ta b u la te d m inim um safe form ing ra d ii fo r 3 brasses, 2 nickel silvers, an d 2 pkosplior-bronzes. T his in fo rm atio n p roved so v alu ab lc in th e design a n d m an u fa c tu re of telephono a p p a ra tu s t h a t th e in v estig atio n w as ex ten d c d . A d d itio n al form ing d a ta aro given fo r 7 alloys previously stu d ie d as w ell as fo r o th e r non-ferrous sh eet m a te ria ls (brasses, phosph o r-b ro n zes, nickel sil vers, m a n g a n e se -b ra ss,E v e rd u r, D uronzc, H erculoy, copper, b ery lliu m -co p p er, n ick el-b ery lliu m -co p p er, M onel m e ta l, nickol, Inconel, a n d alum inium alloys). T he m eth o d used to determ ine tho m inim um safe form ing ra d iu s is described, a n d th e d a ta so o b tain ed are ta b u la te d .— S. G.
■fThe E sp erim en tal Study of H eterogeneity in M etals an d Alloys. A lb e rt P o rte v in a n d P ie rre C hevenard (Congres Internat. M in es M U . Giol., Seetion de M etallurgie, 1935, 1, 3 2 1 -3 3 8 ; also E ev. M ii., 1936, 33, (2), 96-113 an d (sum m ary) L ight M etals Research, 1926, 4, (23), 421-422).— H e te ro gen eity in alloys m ay be in h e re n t, su ch as is caused b y p rim a ry segrega- tio n , lią u a tio n , o r th e p re c ip ita tio n of a new p h ase, o r i t m a y be pro d u ced by such m eans as cem e n tatio n , local h e a t-tre a tm e n t, a n d w elding. I t is ein- phasized t h a t p re c ip ita tio n of a disperse p h ase m u s t alw ays be p reced ed by heterogeneity of th e solid solution. I n m agnetic alloys, h etero g en eity is m o st rcad ily stu d ie d b y observing th e shape of th e cu rv e connecting in te n sity of m ag n etizatio n w ith te m p e ra tu re . E x am p les a rc given of th o ap p lie a tio n of th is m eth o d in follow ing changes in tw o iro n -n ic k e l-e h ro m iu m -c a rb o n alloys a fte r various h e a t-tre a tm e n ts. I n o th e r allo y s, i t is o fte n possible to observe hetero g en eity by m echanical te s ts on v cry sm ali test-pieces, using a m icro te stin g m achinę.— J . C. C.
*Oxide Film s of Some Alloys. Ic h iró I ita k a a n d Shizuo M iyakc (N aturę, 1936, 137, (3463), 457).—T he follow ing fa c ts h ave been d e te c te d b y cathode- ra y diffraction m e th o d s : a th in film of y-alu m in a is form ed on th e surface of alu m in iu m -b ro n zes containing m o re th a n 3 % a lu m in iu m a n d a zinc oxide film on 7 0 : 30 b rass a t h ig h te m p e ra tu re s, th o films a c tin g as a p ro te c tio n ag a in st fu rth e r oxidation. S im ilar film s h av e been o bseryed o n alloys of copper w ith m ore th a n 1% b ery lliu m ; no tra c ę of cop p er oxide is form ed on th ese alloys even a t a re d h e a t. T he p ro te c tiv e film w hich form s on 80 : 20 N ichrom e w ire a t high te m p e ra tu re s is th o ch ro m ite N iC r,0 . (cubic, o = 8-30 A .).—A. R . P .
A Simple System atic Classification of All B inary, T ernary, an d Q uatem ary Alloys. E . Ja n e c k e (Light M etals Research, 1936, 4, (24), 443-444).— A bridged tra n sla tio n from Z . Elektrochem., 1936, 42, (3), 128; see M et. A b s., th is vol., p. 153.— J . C. C.
Topology of the Chemical D iagram of Chemical Equilibrium . N . S.
K u rn ak o w (U spehi I ih im ii (Prog. Ghemistry), 1936, 5, (2), 161-201).— [I n R u ssian .] A th eo retical su rv ey of eąu ilib riu m diagram s of b in ary , te rn a ry , a n d m ore com plex system s from a topological p o in t of view .— N . A.
