6ïDZRPLU0DVïRñ
<MZIXM]\aKbVaZMKaSTQVOVQM[IUW_Q\M
XW_\~ZbMVQM
3UREOHP\NWyUHQRZRF]HVQRĞüPD]SRZWyU]HQLHPDW\PVDP\P]NXO- WXURZ\PUHF\NOLQJLHPF]ĊVWRUR]SDWU\ZDQHVąMDNREOLVNR]ZLą]DQH]IXQN-FMRQRZDQLHP SDPLĊFL '\OHPDW\ WX RGQDMG\ZDQH PRĪQD E\ SRGVXPRZDü VWDZLDMąFQDSU]HFLZVLHELHVWZLHUG]HQLDGZyFKP\ĞOLFLHOLNOXF]RZ\FKMHĞOL FKRG]LRWĊWHPDW\NĊ3RGF]DVJG\SV\FKRDQDOL]D)UHXGDSUyEXMHSRND]DüĪH SRZRGHPSRZWyU]HQLD SU]\PXVXSRZWDU]DQLD MHVWQDV]DQLH]GROQRĞüZSL- VDQLDF]HJRĞZSDPLĊü WUDXPD ]QDQHWZLHUG]HQLH$GRUQRJáRVLĪHSU]\-QDMPQLHMMHĞOLFKRG]LRSURGXNW\NXOWXU\SRZWDU]DP\SRQLHZDĪnie istnieje QLFFRPRĪQDE\]DSDPLĊWDü7RZáDĞQLHEUDNMDNLHMNROZLHNVXEVWDQFML]NWy- U\PPDP\GRF]\QLHQLDZG]LHOH NXOWXU\PDVRZHM SR]ZDODQDPSU]HĞOL]JL-ZDüVLĊRGMHGQHJRSURGXNWXNXOWXURZHJRGRGUXJLHJRZIDáV]\ZHMHNVWD]LH UHNODPRZDQHMQRZRĞFL&RZLĊFHMSUDNW\NDWDNDSRVLDGDZ\PLDUSU]\PXVX SRQLHZDĪQDQLHMZáDĞQLHRSLHUDMąVLĊ SR QRZRF]HVQHZLĊ]\VSRáHF]QH RNUH- ĞOHQLH$GRUQRMHVW]QDF]QLHEDUG]LHM]áRZLHV]F]H WZRU]\RQDÄVSRáHF]Q\FH-PHQW´ &]\MHGQDNLQWXLFMHWHQDZ]DMHPVLĊZ\NOXF]DMą" 'RSHZQHJRF]DVXSRZWyU]HQLHQLHE\áRSRVWU]HJDQHMDNRSUREOHPNXO-WXURZ\ FR ZLĊFHM E\áR XZDĪDQH ]D RF]\ZLVWą SURFHGXUĊ GRFKRG]HQLD GR SUDZG\6WZLHUG]HQLDWDNLHMDN Ä+LSRNUDWHVSRZLHG]LDá´Ä3OLQLXV]RSLVX-MH´ E\á\ XZDĪDQH ]D DXWRU\WDW\ZQH VąG\ QLH SRWU]HEXMąFH GDOV]HJR UR]-ZLMDQLD 7DNĪH VDPD QRZRF]HVQRĞü ]H ZV]\VWNLPL VZRLPL SUHWHQVMDPL GR QDXNRZHM RELHNW\ZQRĞFL L RGU]XFHQLHP QLHNZHVWLRQRZDQ\FK DXWRU\WHWyZ ZSHZQ\PVHQVLHUR]SRF]\QDVLĊMDNRSUyEDSRZWyU]HQLD±FKRFLDĪQD]ZD WD ]RVWDáD Z\P\ĞORQD ]QDF]QLH SyĨQLHM VDP VSRVyE RNUHĞODQLD SRF]ąWNyZ QRZRF]HVQHM(XURS\MDNR2GURG]HQLDPyZLWXZV]\VWNR$MHGQDNXĨUyGHá WHJRSURMHNWXSU]\ZUyFHQLDGRĪ\FLDGDZQ\FKZ]RUyZNU\MHVLĊSHZQDGZX-]QDF]QRĞü=MHGQHMVWURQ\MHJRUH]XOWDWHPE\áRQDSU]\NáDGSRZVWDQLHQD SU]HáRPLHV]HVQDVWHJRLVLHGHPQDVWHJRZLHNXRSHU\ZVNXWHNSRGMĊWHMZGX-FKXSRZDJLSUyE\RĪ\ZLHQLDDQW\F]QHMWUDJHGLLJUHFNLHMZH:áRV]HFKSU]H] &DPHUDWĊÀRUHQFNLHVWRZDU]\V]HQLHSRHWyZPX]\NyZLP\ĞOLFLHOLDNWyUD RND]DáDVLĊE\üZRSLQLL6FKHOOLQJD EĊGąFHJRWXFK\EDUHSUH]HQWDQWHPZLĊN-V]RĞFL¿OR]RIyZ ÄQDMQLĪV]ąNDU\NDWXUąQDMZ\ĪV]HMIRUP\V]WXNLJUHFNLHJR WHDWUX´1 = GUXJLHM VWURQ\ GDá QDP RQ 'RQ .LFKRWD &HUYDQWHVD NWyU\ MHVWZGXĪHMPLHU]HVDW\UąQDWHJRURG]DMXSUyEĊSRZWyU]HQLD&KRüRĞPLHV]RQD
]RVWDMHWDP PLĊG]\LQQ\PL DEVXUGDOQRĞüZVSyáF]HVQHMOLWHUDWXU\SRSXODU-
QHMZV]F]HJyOQRĞFLURPDQVyZU\FHUVNLFKVNXWNLHPF]\WDQLDNWyU\FKELHGQ\ $ORQVR4XLMDQRSUyEXMHSyMĞüZĞODG\$PDGLVD]*DOLLPRĪQDVRELHUyZQLHĪ Z\REUD]LüNDWDVWURIDOQHNRQVHNZHQFMHMHJROHNWXUJG\E\$ORQVRE\áEDUG]LHM Z\NV]WDáFRQ\PW\SHPUHQHVDQVRZHJRV]ODFKFLFDLSUyERZDáQDĞODGRZDüQD SU]\NáDG2UIHXV]DOXE-XOLXV]D&H]DUD-HGQDNĪHSRPLPRSREXG]DQLDQDV GRĞPLHFKXORV'RQ.LFKRWDMHVWWHĪZSHZQ\PVHQVLHWUDJLF]Q\ F]\MHJR V]DOHĔVWZRZ\ZRáDQHU\FHUVNLPLRSRZLHĞFLDPLWDNEDUG]RUyĪQLVLĊRGV]D-OHĔVWZD/HDUDSRJUąĪRQHJRZRMFRZVNLHM¿NFML" :LG]LP\]DWHPĪHVDPDSUyEDSRZWyU]HQLDRGU\ZDG]LHáRRGQLHJRVD- PHJRZSURZDG]DSHZQHJRURG]DMXUR]ELHĪQRĞüUR]V]F]HSLHQLHZMHJRIXQ-GDPHQWFRQLHSR]ZDODG]LHáXSRNU\ZDüVLĊ]HVZąLQWHQFMą±Z\GDMHVLĊĪH VDPDLQWHQFMDLPLWDF\MQDMHVWSDUDGRNVDOQLHSU]HV]NRGąZLPLWRZDQLXEĊ- GąFMHGQRF]HĞQLHW\PFRXPRĪOLZLDLPLWDFMĊFKRüW\ONRQDVSRVyENRPLF]-Q\ NWyU\QLHZ\NOXF]DJRU]NLHJRSRGWHNVWX Ä3RZDĪQD´SUyEDSRZWyU]HQLD RVLąJQLĊü WUDJHGLL DQW\F]QHM VNXWNXMH QLH]DPLHU]RQą ĞPLHV]QRĞFLą RSHU\ EĊGąFąZ\QLNLHPNRPLF]QHMUR]ELHĪQRĞFLSRPLĊG]\PRGHOHPLMHJRQDĞOD-GRZDQLHP SRGF]DV JG\ SUyED NRPLF]QD RGVáDQLD WUDJLF]QH NRQVHNZHQFMH QLHPRĪOLZRĞFL XQLNQLĊFLD NRPL]PX MHĞOL QLH MHVWHĞP\ Z VWDQLH SRZWyU]\ü WUDJLF]QHJRJHVWXF]\MHVWHĞP\VND]DQLQDE\FLHEáD]QDPL" :W\PVHQVLH ZLĊNV]RĞü RU\JLQDOQ\FK G]LHá VWZRU]RQ\FK SRPLĊG]\ V]HVQDVW\P D RVLHP-QDVW\PZLHNLHP]DZG]LĊF]DVZąRU\JLQDOQRĞüSHZQHJRURG]DMXÄIDáV]\ZHM SHUVSHNW\ZLH´&KRüSUyERZDá\RQHGRUyZQDüZ]RURPDQW\F]Q\PPRJá\ E\üW\ONRLFKSDURGLą±LMHVWWRLFKNRPLF]QDVWURQDNWyUąVDPRĞZLDGRP\ JHVW'RQ.LFKRWDEDUG]RGREU]HXND]XMH-HGQDNSRPLPRVZHJRNRPL]PX ZW\PZ]JOĊG]LHQDMOHSV]H]QLFKZĪDGQ\PUD]LHQLHVąQLHXGDQHMHĞOLUR]-SDWU\ZDüMHZHGáXJLFKZáDVQ\FKNU\WHULyZ,QQ\PLVáRZ\ZáDĞQLHWRSROH NWyUH&HUYDQWHVSU]HGVWDZLDMDNRGRPHQĊV]DOHĔVWZDSRZWyU]HQLDMHVWSROHP QDNWyU\PVWDMHVLĊPRĪOLZDRU\JLQDOQRĞü'RQ.LFKRWD – tym, co pozwala na SU]HáDPDQLH]XĪ\W\FKNRQZHQFMLVZ\FKF]DVyZ QSNRQZHQFMLU\FHUVNLHM MHVW EH]QDG]LHMQDSUyEDZNURF]HQLDZREV]DUQLHPRĪOLZHJR RVLąJQLĊFLDVWDWXVX SRHWyZ VWDURĪ\WQ\FK NWyU\ MHVW ] GH¿QLFML QLHRVLąJDOQ\ $ ]DWHP QLHPRĪ-OLZRĞü E\FLD RU\JLQDOQ\P MHVWHĞP\ VND]DQL QD SRZWDU]DQLH VWDURĪ\WQ\FK FKRüQLJG\QLHZ]QLHVLHP\VLĊGRLFKSR]LRPX VWDMHVLĊWXZDUXQNLHPPRĪ-OLZRĞFL RU\JLQDOQRĞFL SU]HáDPDQLH VNRVWQLDá\FK NRQZHQFML ZVSyáF]HVQ\FK MDNRÄIDáV]\ZH´SRZWyU]HQLH'ZX]QDF]QRĞüWHMSR]\FMLPRĪQDSRVWU]HJDüMDNRWRFRRVWDWHF]QLHGR- SURZDG]LáRGRKLVWRU\F]QHMĞZLDGRPRĞFL5RPDQW\]PXNWyUD]PLHQLáDZ\-]QDF]QLNL UR]XPLHQLD RU\JLQDOQRĞFL *HVWHP ]DáRĪ\FLHOVNLP Ä$WKHQDHXP´ MHVWSRU]XFHQLHVWDURĪ\WQRĞFLMDNRPRGHOX]HZ]JOĊGXQDMHMQLHGRVWĊSQRĞü ] SRZRGyZ KLVWRU\F]Q\FK QRZRF]HVQ\ XP\Vá QLH PRĪH VWZRU]\ü QLF]HJR
GXFKRZRSRNUHZQHJRZLHONLPG]LHáRPDQW\NXSRQLHZDĪ]RVWDáRQLQDF]HM XNV]WDáWRZDQ\ QDSU]\NáDG QRZRF]HVQRĞüMHVWG]LHOąFDLDQDOLW\F]QDSRG-F]DVJG\VWDURĪ\WQRĞüE\áDáąF]ąFDLKROLVW\F]QD 6NRURDQW\F]QDZUDĪOLZRĞü E\áD VNXWNLHP FDáNRZLFLH LQQ\FK ZDUXQNyZ QD NWyUH RGSRZLHG]LDáD RQD VZ\P Z\VLáNLHP WZyUF]\P Z NWyU\P MHM VSHF\¿ND ]QDOD]áD EH]SRĞUHGQL Z\UD]WRVDPRPXVLVWDüVLĊ]DGDQLHPQRZRF]HVQRĞFLNWyUDSRZLQQDZ\-QDOHĨü RGSRZLHGQLH DUW\VW\F]QH ĞURGNL GR Z\UDĪHQLD VLHELH Z WHQ VSRVyE WZRU]ąF G]LHáD GRUyZQXMąFH DQW\NRZL MHĞOL FKRG]L R LFK MDNRĞü SRZWy-U]HQLH JUHFNLHJR ÄZ]ORWX GXFKD´ QLH EĊGąFH MHGQDN MHJR QDĞODGRZDQLHP :WHQVSRVyELGHDEH]SRĞUHGQLHMLPLWDFML]RVWDMHRGU]XFRQDDFHOHPV]WXNL VWDMHVLĊÄQRZRĞü´
-HGQDN LGHDá URPDQW\F]QHM RU\JLQDOQRĞFL UyZQLHĪ NU\MH Z VRELH GZX- ]QDF]QRĞü3UyEXMHRQSRáąF]\üGZLHU]HF]\NWyUHZ\GDMąVLĊE\üQLHGRSR-JRG]HQLD G]LHáR JHQLXV]D PD U]HNRPR ZFLHODü Z VLHELH $EVROXW 3UDZGĊ D MHGQRF]HĞQLH E\ü UDG\NDOQLH RVRELVWą HNVSUHVMą WDN ĪH SU]HFLZVWDZQRĞü WHJRFRRELHNW\ZQHLWHJRFRVXELHNW\ZQHSRZLQQD]RVWDüZQLPSU]H]Z\-FLĊĪRQD-DNMHGQDNWHJRGRNRQDü"&KRüSyĨQLHMV]DWHRULDURPDQW\F]QD QS &ROHULGJHZ$QJOLL SU]HGVWDZLLGHĊRUJDQLF]QHJRG]LHáDV]WXNLLZWHQVSR- VyEEĊG]LHXWU]\P\ZDüĪHSU]H]Z\FLĊĪ\áDSU]HSDĞüSRPLĊG]\W\PFROXG]-NLH D $EVROXWHP G]LĊNL 1DWXU]H ZF]HVQD LQWXLFMD )ULHGULFKD 6FKOHJOD MHVW ]QDF]QLHEDUG]LHMLQWHUHVXMąFD LUDG\NDOQD SRQLHZDĪQLHVNRĔF]RQD,GHD$E-VROXWQD]GH¿QLFMLQLHPRĪHE\ü]UR]XPLDOHZ\UDĪRQDZVNRĔF]RQ\PMĊ]\NX DUW\VWDPRĪHW\ONRSUyERZDüXFKZ\FLüMHMÄRGELFLH´ZVNRĔF]RQRĞFLNWyUH ]NRQLHF]QRĞFLEĊG]LHPXVLDáRSU]\EUDüIRUPĊIUDJPHQWDU\F]Qą ZVND]XMąFą QDQLHVNRĔF]RQąFDáRĞüGRNWyUHMVLĊRGQRVL L ]DZLHUDüÄWUDQVFHQGHQWDOQH EáD]HĔVWZR´ QLH]UR]XPLDáRĞü NWyUD MHVW UHÀHNVHP QLHVNRĔF]RQHJR VHQVX Z REUĊELH VNRĔF]RQHJR XP\VáX ,QQ\PL VáRZ\ ZLHONLH G]LHáR SU]\V]áR-ĞFLMHVWZSHZQ\PVHQVLH]GH¿QLFMLSRUDĪNąMHGQDNĪHSDUDGRNVDOQLHQLH XPQLHMV]DWRZQLF]\PMHJRZLHONRĞFL:WHQVSRVyE$EVROXW RELHNW\ZQRĞü LWRFROXG]NLH VXELHNW\ZQRĞü PRJą]RVWDüSRJRG]RQHEH]ZąWSOLZHJRRG-ZRá\ZDQLDVLĊGRRUJDQLF]QRĞFL QLHRVLąJDOQD3UDZGD]QDMGXMHVZHRGELFLH ZZLHONLPG]LHOHV]WXNLZVSRVyENWyU\]NRQLHF]QRĞFLPXVLE\üFKDRW\F]Q\ QLHXGDQ\SDUWDFNLOHF]WRZáDĞQLHyZVSRVyEZNWyU\DUW\ĞFLHQLHXGDMHVLĊ RGGDüFDáHM3UDZG\QRVLĞODG\MHJRZLHONLHMRVRERZRĞFL W\ONRZLHONLDUW\VWD PDLQWXLF\MQ\GRVWĊSGR$EVROXWX &KRüZV]HONLHSUyE\HVWHW\F]QHJRSU]HG-VWDZLHQLD3UDZG\Vą]JyU\VND]DQHQDSRUDĪNĊ D]DWHPG]LHáR]DZV]HEĊG]LH IUDJPHQWHPUXLQąQRQVHQVHP SRUDĪNDWDNDPRĪH]DUD]HPE\üZVSDQLD-á\PRVLąJQLĊFLHP±WRZáDĞQLHVSRVyEZMDNLDUW\VWD]RVWDMHSU]H]3UDZGĊ SRNRQDQ\F]\QLJRZLHONLP3RQRZQLHPDP\WXGRF]\QLHQLD]QLHPRĪOLZR-ĞFLą DEVROXWQHM RU\JLQDOQRĞFLNWyUDMHGQRF]HĞQLHZDUXQNXMHRU\JLQDOQRĞü2.
3RGW\PZ]JOĊGHPGXĪDF]ĊĞüOLWHUDWXU\PRGHUQLVW\F]QHMFKDUDNWHU\]XMH VLĊ W\ONR F]\PĞ Z URG]DMX WU]HĨZLHMV]HM SRVWDZ\ URPDQW\F]QHM MHĞOL ZHĨ- PLHP\SRGXZDJĊMHMFHOHDQLHĞURGNLMDNRĪHMĊ]\NPRGHUQLVWyZRF]\ZL-ĞFLH]QDF]QLHRGELHJDRGUHWRU\NLURPDQW\F]QHM&KRüZVZ\FKSRZLHĞFLDFK 9LUJLQLD :RROI SRZRGXMH UR]SURV]HQLH ZLNWRULDĔVNLHJR ĞZLDWD ĞFLĞOH RNUH- ĞORQ\FKSU]HGPLRWyZWZRU]ąF]QLHJRLPSUHVMRQLVW\F]QąPJáDZLFĊU]HF]\-ZLVWRĞFLSU]H¿OWURZDQąSU]H]LQG\ZLGXDOQHVWDQ\XP\VáXSURWDJRQLVWyZMHM FHOHP MHVW MHGQDN SU]HGVWDZLHQLH F]HJRĞ VWDELOQHJR FR VWDQRZL IXQGDPHQW U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLSU]HGPLRWRZHMDFRZHGáXJQLHMQLHPRJáR]RVWDüXFKZ\-FRQH L RGGDQH ]D SRPRFą UHDOLVW\F]Q\FK ĞURGNyZ SRZLHĞFLRSLVDU]\ ZLNWR-ULDĔVNLFK3RGREQLH]DFKRZXMHVLĊ'+/DZUHQFHNWyU\ÄUR]SXV]F]D´WR FRXZDĪDVLĊ]DVWDELOQHMąGURVSRáHF]QLHZ\WZRU]RQHMWRĪVDPRĞFLDOHW\ONR SRWRE\SRND]DüĪHLVWQLHMHFRĞEDUG]LHMSLHUZRWQHJRLVLOQLHMV]HJRQLĪG\V-NXUV ÄU\WP\NUZL´ L]áXGQDU]HF]\ZLVWRĞüIHQRPHQyZ:REXSU]\SDGNDFK WRZáDĞQLHÄ]HZQĊWU]H´MHVWĨUyGáHPSUDZG]LZHMRU\JLQDOQRĞFL /LO\%ULVFRH ZNRĔFXGDQDMHVWDUW\VW\F]QDZL]MDF]HJRĞÄQLHSRGOHJDMąFHJR]PLDQRPFR VWDOHOĞQLMDNUXELQ>@QDWOHU]HF]\XORWQ\FK]áXGQ\FKFK\ERWOLZ\FK´3, pod-F]DVJG\/DZUHQFHFKFHSU]HODüOLELGRQDVWURQ\VZ\FKNVLąĪHNE\RGUyĪQLü VLĊRGSU]HLQWHOHNWXDOL]RZDQ\FKV]WXF]Q\FK]QLHZLHĞFLDá\FKLGHNDGHQFNLFK DUW\VWyZ%ORRPVEXU\ ,VWQLHMH MHGQDN ]QDF]QLH EDUG]LHM VDPRĞZLDGRP\ L LQWHUHVXMąF\ JHVW PRGHUQLVW\F]Q\ NWyU\ Z\NUDF]D SR]D URPDQW\F]Qą LGHĊ WUDQVFHQGHQWQHJR ĨUyGáDRU\JLQDOQRĞFLZ\UDĪRQ\Z=LHPLMDáRZHM T. S. Eliota. Pierwszy krok (OLRWD Z W\P NLHUXQNX Z\GDMH VLĊ PDáR RELHFXMąF\ &KRü Z MHJR Vá\QQ\P eseju z roku 1919 Tradycja i talent indywidualny]QDMGXMHVLĊNLONDLQWHUHVX-MąF\FKVSRVWU]HĪHĔMHJRNRQFHSFMDWUDG\FMLMHVWWXRUJDQLF\VW\F]QD±WZRU]\ RQDVSyMQąVWUXNWXUĊNWyUDMHVW]DZV]HNRPSOHWQDD]DWHPNDĪGHQRZHZFKR-G]ąFHGRQLHMG]LHáR]NRQLHF]QRĞFLPXVL]PLHQLüFDáąNRQ¿JXUDFMĊQLF]QLHM MHGQDNQLHXVXZDMąF3RWHMNRQFHSWXDOL]DFMLWUDG\FMLQDGFKRG]LMHGQDNFKZLOD SUDZG\JG\(OLRWPXVLSU]HáRĪ\üQDSRHW\FNąSUDNW\NĊLGHHZ\SUDFRZDQH NU\W\F]QLHZFHOXX]DVDGQLHQLDZáDVQ\FKJXVWyZOLWHUDFNLFK5H]XOWDW\WHJR RNDĪąVLĊE\üZLHOFH]DVNDNXMąFHZ\GDMHVLĊĪHUyZQLHĪGODVDPHJRSRHW\ .U\W\F]QHHFKRWHJRF]HJRGRĞZLDGF]D(OLRWZSURZDG]DMąFZSUDNW\NĊ VZąWHRULĊOLWHUDFNą F]\OLSLV]ąF=LHPLĊMDáRZą PRĪQDRGQDOHĨüZMHJRVá\Q-nej recenzji Ulissesa-R\FH¶D3U]\]QDMHRQWDPĪHSURMHNW-R\FH¶DMHVWFDá-NRZLFLHV]WXF]Q\ SU]HFLZLHĔVWZRRUJDQLF]QRĞFL ±EĊGąFSDUDG\JPDW\F]Qą SRZLHĞFLą PRGHUQLVW\F]Qą Ulisses SRVLDGD VWUXNWXUĊ NWyUD MHVW Z\QLNLHP FDáNRZLFLH DUELWUDOQHJR QDU]XFHQLD DQW\F]Q\FK UDP QD NRPSOHWQLH KHWHUR-QRPLF]Q\ L KHWHURJHQLF]Q\ PDWHULDá ZVSyáF]HVQHJR 'XEOLQD Ä2GZRáXMąF
VLĊGRWHJRPLWX>Odysei@PDQLSXOXMąFFLąJáąSDUDOHOąSRPLĊG]\ZVSyáF]H-
VQRĞFLąDVWDURĪ\WQRĞFLąSDQ-R\FHXĪ\ZDPHWRG\NWyUąPXV]ąQDĞODGRZDü LQQL>@-HVWWRSRSURVWXVSRVyEQDNRQWURORZDQLHXSRU]ąGNRZDQLHQDGDQLH NV]WDáWXL]QDF]HQLDWHMRJURPQHMSDQRUDPLHGDUHPQRĞFLLDQDUFKLLNWyUąMHVW ZVSyáF]HVQDKLVWRULD´4. =LHPLDMDáRZDZ\GDQDQLHGáXJRSRUlissesieFKRü ZSHZQ\PVHQVLHXGDMHFRĞSU]HFLZQHJRMHVWGRNáDGQLHWHJRURG]DMXG]LH-áHPZNWyU\PDXWRU]DSRPRFąPDQLSXODFMLFDáNRZLFLHV]WXF]Q\PL LF]ĊVWR Z]DMHPQLHVLĊZ\NOXF]DMąF\PL XNáDGDPLRGQLHVLHQLD OHJHQG\DUWXULDĔVNLH WDURWLWG SUyEXMHRNLHá]QDüNXOWXURZ\FKDRVRVWDWHF]QLHSU]\]QDMąFVLĊGR SRUDĪNL Ä7HIUDJPHQW\ZVSDUáHPRPRMHUXLQ\´5 D]DWHPZVND]XMąFQDGD- UHPQRĞüVDPHMSUyE\&KRü-R\FHXĪ\áOdyseiMDNRQDU]ĊG]LDQDU]XFHQLDFKD-RVRZLZVSyáF]HVQHJRĪ\FLDHVWHW\F]QHMVWUXNWXU\Z=LHPLMDáRZHM trudno do-SDWU]\üVLĊSRGREQHJRSRU]ąGNX±PDP\WXSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPGRF]\QLHQLD ]UHF\NOLQJLHPPQyVWZDIUDJPHQWyZNDQRQXNXOWXU\]DFKRGQLRHXURSHMVNLHM RG%LEOLLSR%DXGHODLUH¶DL:DJQHUD NWyUHXOHJDMąÄGHVXEOLPDFML´SRSU]H] ZáąF]HQLHLFKZÄGHJUDGXMąF\´NRQWHNVWREHMPXMąF\EH]P\ĞOQ\VHNVDERUFMĊ ]HSVXWH]ĊE\ĞPLHFLLWS 7HQWFKQąF\SXVWNąLUR]NáDGHPNUDMREUD]NXOWXURZ\]RVWDMHSU]H](OLR-ta zes7HQWFKQąF\SXVWNąLUR]NáDGHPNUDMREUD]NXOWXURZ\]RVWDMHSU]H](OLR-tawiony z rzekomo s7HQWFKQąF\SXVWNąLUR]NáDGHPNUDMREUD]NXOWXURZ\]RVWDMHSU]H](OLR-tabilnym i silnym kontekstem tradycji wedyjskiej ÄGDZDM ZVSyáF]XM SDQXM QDG VREą´6 NWyUD Z RGSRZLHGQLR XGXFKRZLRQ\VSRVyENRQWUDVWXMH]UR]NáDGDMąFąVLĊNUDLQą]DWUXW\FKU]HNLQDGFLąJDMąFHM UHZROXFMLJG]LHNUyOHZVNLDXWRU\WHWD]DWHPLKLHUDUFKLDZDUWRĞFLFLHUSLRG ĞPLHUWHOQHMUDQ\-HGQDNĪHREUD]WDNLHJRZ]QLRVáHJR]HZQĊWU]DNXOWXU\]D- FKRGQLRHXURSHMVNLHMWRRF]\ZLĞFLHQLFLQQHJRQLĪIDQWD]MDQDV]HJRUR]F]DUR-ZDQHJRSRHW\ QLHPDMąF]LHORQHJRSRMĊFLDR:VFKRG]LHSR]DW\PFRPRJáD PX]DRIHURZDüUyZQLHĪZyZF]DVPRGQDIDVF\QDFMDD]MDW\FNąÄGXFKRZRĞFLą´ 0DGDPH%ODYDWVN\LWG SURMHNWXMHRQXWUDFRQ\UDM]GURZHMVWDELOQRĞFLQLH-VNDĪRQHMQRZRF]HVQ\P]HSVXFLHPSR]D]QDQąPXUDPĊNXOWXURZą7-HGQDN QLH QDOHĪ\ QLH GRFHQLDü QLHĞZLDGRPHM" XF]FLZRĞFL JHVWX =LHPL MDáRZHM. :SRHPDFLHW\P(OLRWSUyEXMH]DSRPRFąWHJRFRQD]\ZDPHWRGąPLW\F]Qą ]UHNRQVWUXRZDü GOD VLHELH WUDG\FMĊ F]\OL UDP\ NWyUH PRJá\E\ QDGDü MHJR SRH]ML]QDF]HQLHD]DWHP]UHDOL]RZDüĞURGNDPLSRHW\FNLPLSRMĊFLHWUDG\FML NWyUHZ\SUDFRZDáZVZ\FKZF]HĞQLHMV]\FKSUDFDFKNU\W\F]Q\FK3RQLHZDĪ MHGQDNSRVWU]HJDRQNXOWXUĊZVSRVyEÄRUJDQLF\VW\F]Q\´QLHPRĪHPXVLĊ WRXGDüD]QDNLHPWHMSRUDĪNLMHVWZáDĞQLHZVFKRGQLDIDQWD]MDNWyUDMHVWPX SRWU]HEQDE\GRVWDUF]\üSRHPDWRZLMDNLHJRĞURG]DMXVWUXNWXUXMąFHMJUDQLF\ LZWHQVSRVyESR]ZROLüQDPHODQFKROLMQHUR]ZLą]DQLHÄDNFML´ &KRFLDĪXVWDQRZLHQLHIDQWD]PDW\F]QHJR]HZQĊWU]DMHVWVWUDWHJLąREURQ-QąNWyUDSR]ZDOD(OLRWRZLQDXGDZDQLHĪH]GURZ\SRU]ąGHNQLHMHVWMHV]F]H FDáNRZLFLHVWUDFRQ\QDĞZLHFLHJHVW=LHPLMDáRZHMMHVWPLPRZV]\VWNRF]\PĞ MHGQRUD]RZ\P Z GRURENX SRHW\ F]\PĞ GR F]HJR QLJG\ MXĪ QLH SRZUyFL
ZSRHPDFLHW\PRGZRá\ZDQLHVLĊGRQDMEDUG]LHMFHQLRQ\FKIUDJPHQWyZNXO-WXU\]DFKRGQLHMQLHSURZDG]LGRXVWDQRZLHQLDMDNLHMĞÄZ\ĪV]HM´ÄSLRQRZHM´ transcendencji (w Tradycji i talencie indywidualnymE\áWRÄXP\Vá(XURS\´ W\ONRGRÄSR]LRPHM´WUDQVFHQGHQFMLLQQHMNXOWXU\ WUDG\FMLZHG\MVNLHMQLHZDĪ- QHMDNZ\LGHDOL]RZDQHM ,QQ\PLVáRZ\(OLRWOLNZLGXMHWXZF]HĞQLHMZVSR-PQLDQHÄVXEVWDQFMDOQH´]HZQĊWU]HU]HNRPHĨUyGáRRU\JLQDOQRĞFL]NWyU\P PLHOLĞP\GRF]\QLHQLDZPRGHUQL]PLHQS:RROIL/DZUHQFH¶DLXVWDQDZLD NXOWXURZHJRÄLQQHJR´MDNRMHG\QHPRĪOLZHÄQLHZ\VáDZLDOQH´ MHGQDNSRQLH-ZDĪ ÄLQQRĞü´ WD MHVW ÄW\ONR´ NXOWXURZD MHM ÄVXEVWDQFMDOQRĞü´ MHVW UyZQLHĪ SRGHMU]DQDSRPLPRZV]\VWNLFKLGHDOL]DFML $]DWHP(OLRW]GRE\ZDVLĊQD Z\NRQDQLHSLHUZV]HMF]ĊĞFLJHVWXSRVWPRGHUQLVW\F]QHJR OLNZLGXMąF]HZQĊ-WU]HSR]E\ZDVLĊRQĨUyGáDURPDQW\F]QHMRU\JLQDOQRĞFLDEVROXWQHMLGODWHJR QLHMHVWSU]\SDGNLHPĪH=LHPLDMDáRZD to tylko wielki agregat do recyklingu Z\EUDQ\FK UR]ELW\FK IUDJPHQWyZWUDG\FMLNWyUHQLHVNáDGDMąVLĊQDĪDGQą RUJDQLF]Qą FDáRĞü 7HQVWDQÄUR]ELFLD´MHVWGOD(OLRWDEROHVQ\DQDZHWWUDJLF]Q\LWRQLHZąW-SOLZLHF]\QL]QLHJRPRGHUQLVWĊ8'UXJąF]ĊĞFLąJHVWXSRVWPRGHUQLVW\F]QHJR MHVWFHOHEUDFMDVWDQXU]HF]\EH]WURVNLHUR]NRV]RZDQLHVLĊNXOWXUąZ\F]HUSD-QLDUDGRVQH]DEDZ\UHV]WNDPLWUDG\FMLNWyUD±MDNRĪH]RVWDáDREQDĪRQDMDNR ZHZQĊWU]QLHQLHVSyMQD±QLHPRĪHE\üMXĪQDU]ĊG]LHPG\VF\SOLQ\LWG6WDZLD VLĊWXGLDJQR]ĊĪHSRQLHZDĪQLHPDQLFSR]DWHNVWHP QLHPD]HZQĊWU]D RU\JLQDOQRĞü WR ZDGOLZ\ NRQFHSW JG\Ī FRĞ WDNLHJR SR SURVWX QLH LVWQLHMH ± FDáD NXOWXURZD SUDNW\ND RSLHUD VLĊ QD UHF\NOLQJX GDZQ\FK ĨUyGHá L XĪ\-ZDQLX LFK QD UyĪQH VSRVRE\ &KRü GR WHM SRU\ SUyERZDQR XNU\ü V]Z\ SR-WU]HEQH GR XWU]\P\ZDQLD UD]HP KHWHURJHQLF]Q\FK IUDJPHQWyZ QLH MHVW WR MXĪSRWU]HEQH±SUDNW\NRZDQLHPLHV]DQLDG\VNXUVyZQDRF]DFKUR]XPLHMąFHM WHSUDNW\NLLSHáQHMSRG]LZXSXEOLF]QRĞFLGRVWDUF]DQDZHWZLĊNV]HMIUDMG\ 3RQRZQLH MHGQDN PRĪHP\ VLĊ ]DVWDQRZLü F]\ SRZ\ĪV]H VWZLHUG]HQLH QLH-PRĪOLZRĞFLRU\JLQDOQRĞFL ÄQLHLVWQLHMH]HZQĊWU]H´ QLHPRĪHE\üUyZQLHĪ X]QDQH]DZDUXQHNMHMPRĪOLZRĞFL /DFDQRZVNDNRQFHSFMDIXQNFMRQRZDQLDMĊ]\NDPRĪHQDPE\üWXWDMSR- PRFQD:HGáXJQLHMQLHLVWQLHMHSU]\F]\QRZRVNXWNRZDUHODFMDZUHSUH]HQ-WDFMLU]HF]\SU]H]VáRZD:MĊ]\NXPDP\GRF]\QLHQLD]SĊNQLĊFLHPNWyUH XQLHPRĪOLZLDGRVáRZQHMHJRIXQNFMRQRZDQLH:UH]XOWDFLHMĊ]\NRZLQLJG\ QLHXGDMHVLĊRGQLHĞüGRWHJRFRFKFHSRZLHG]LHü±ZSURFHVLHNRQVW\WXFML ]QDF]HQLDMHGQR]QDF]ąFH]DZV]HRGV\áDQDVW\ONRGRGUXJLHJR]QDF]ąFHJR LWDNGDOHMZQLHVNRĔF]RQRĞü :\QLNDVWąGĪHMĊ]\NZ\WZDU]DVREąSHZLHQ QDGPLDUSRQLHZDĪ]DZV]HPyZL]DUyZQRZLĊFHM ZW\PFRPyZLĊ]DZV]H SRMDZLDVLĊFRĞF]HJRQLH]DPLHU]DáHPSRZLHG]LHü MDNLPQLHM QLJG\QLH
Z\UDĪDPGRNáDGQLHWHJRFRFKFLDáHP DQLJG\GRNáDGQLHWRFRFKFHSRZLH-
G]LHü/DFDQQD]\ZDWHQQDGPLDUVHQVX5HDOQ\PNWyUHZEUHZSRSXODUQHPX QLHSRUR]XPLHQLXQLHVWDQRZLMDNLHJRĞVXEVWDQFMDOQHJRQLHGRVWĊSQHJRÄ]H- ZQĊWU]D´ QSREHFQHJRMDNRSUHVMDVXEVWDQFMLQLHGDMąFHMVLĊXMąüV\PEROLF]-nie), lecz jest SURGXNWHPMĊ]\NDUR]V]F]HSLDMąF\PMĊ]\NF]\OLSRZRGXMąF\P ZVSRPQLDQ\ Z\ĪHM EUDN WRĪVDPRĞFL MĊ]\ND ] VDP\P VREą : WHQ VSRVyE JUDQLFD ]HZQĊWU]H MĊ]\ND]RVWDMHZSLVDQDZVDPMĊ]\N97RZáDĞQLH5HDOQH
±RNWyU\P/DFDQPyZLĪHÄURLVLĊSXVWNą´F]\OLSXVWNąNWyUDMHVWproduk-tywna ± XPRĪOLZLD RU\JLQDOQRĞü : W\P NRQWHNĞFLH PRĪHP\ QD SRWU]HE\
WHJRHVHMXZSURZDG]LüUR]UyĪQLHQLHSRPLĊG]\GZRPDWHUPLQDPLNWyU\FKGR WHMSRU\XĪ\ZDOLĞP\]DPLHQQLH=MHGQHMVWURQ\PRĪHP\PyZLüRrecyklingu jako reprodukowaniu tego samego (Adorno), a z drugiej o powtórzeniu, jak XĪ\ZDWHJRWHUPLQX.LHUNHJDDUG
Dla Kierkegaarda przypomnienie to sokratejski proces odczytywania, ZNWyU\PF]áRZLHNVWDUDVLĊRGNU\üSUDZGĊWHJRNLPMXĪLÄQDSUDZGĊ´MHVW :SU]HFLZLHĔVWZLHGRWHJRHVHQFMąSRZWyU]HQLDMHVWNRQIURQWDFMD]F]\PĞ traumatycznym, co przychodzi ] ]HZQąWU] L XGHU]D Z VDPR MąGUR QDV]HM WRĪVDPRĞFL3U]\NáDGHP.LHUNHJDDUGDMHVWRF]\ZLĞFLHZLDUD:ZLHU]HQLH LVWQLHMHORJLNDSU]\F]\Q\LVNXWNXSRQLHZDĪQLHGDVLĊQLNRJRQDZUyFLüDU-JXPHQWDPL ZLDUDMHVW]DZV]HĞOHS\PVNRNLHPSR]RVWDMąF\PSR]DĞZLDGRPą NRQWUROą-HGQDNZLDUDRNWyUHMWXPyZLP\QLHMHVWZLDUąÄRVZRMRQą´JáR- V]RQąMDNRFRĞFRGREU]HZSá\ZDQDRVRERZRĞüPRUDOQRĞüÄF]áRZLHF]HĔ-VWZR´ L GXV]Ċ OHF] ZLDUą Z VZHM QDMEDUG]LHM WUDXPDW\F]QHM SRVWDFL ZLDUą DPRUDOQąQLHOXG]NąLQLHVWUDZQą]NWyUąPDP\GRF]\QLHQLDZERVNLPQD- ND]LHE\$EUDKDP]áRĪ\áZR¿HU]HVZHJRMHG\QHJRV\QDOXEZKLVWRULL+LR-ba10&KRG]LWXRF]\ZLĞFLHRWRĪHFKRüRVWDWHF]QLH$EUDKDPQLHPXVLDá]DELü ,]DDNDDGREURE\W]RVWDáSU]\ZUyFRQ\+LRERZLSRVZ\FKGRĞZLDGF]HQLDFK VWDOLVLĊLQQ\PLOXGĨPL:SHZQ\PVHQVLH$EUDKDP]DELáVZHJRV\QDSRQLH-ZDĪSRGMąáGHF\]MĊĪHWR]URELDSRGHMPXMąFMąPXVLDá]QLV]F]\üVDPRMąGUR VZHMWRĪVDPRĞFLSRQLHZDĪV\QE\áGODQLHJRQDMZ\ĪV]\PGREUHP$EUDKDP GRNRQDáWHJRFRQLHPRĪOLZH ZVZ\PKRU\]RQFLHZDUWRĞFL OHF]DE\WHJR GRNRQDüPXVLDá]QLV]F]\üVZH-DPXVLDáVWDüVLĊNLPĞLQQ\PQLĪE\á &KRü.LHUNHJDDUGáąF]\SU]\SRPQLHQLH]SUDZGąWRĪVDPRĞFLNWyUD]QDM-GXMHVLĊSR]DG\VNXUVHP]FKZLOąJG\XPLHĞFLP\SU]\SRPQLHQLHZUDPDFK NRQWHNVWXSRVWPRGHUQLVW\F]QHJRQDW\FKPLDVWSU]\ELHU]HRQRIRUPĊUHF\NOLQ-JX MDNRĪHSUDZGDPLDáDSRFKRG]Lü]MDNLHJRĞVXEVWDQFMDOQHJR]HZQĊWU]D NLHG\]HZQĊWU]HWR]RVWDQLH]GHPDVNRZDQHMDNR¿NFMDJZDUDQFMDSUDZG]L-ZHMWRĪVDPRĞFL]QLNDDSRQLHZDĪQLHSRVLDGDRQDĪDGQHJRLQQHJRZVSDUFLD SR]RVWDMHQDPW\ONRJUDPDVHNNWyUHPRĪHP\]DNáDGDüL]GHMPRZDüZHGOH ZROL:RVWDWHF]Q\PUR]UDFKXQNXMHĞOLQLHLVWQLHMHVXEVWDQFMDOQDWRĪVDPRĞü QLHLVWQLHMHUyZQLHĪSUDZG]LZDRU\JLQDOQRĞüMHG\QLHSU]HWDVRZ\ZDQLHWHJR
FRMXĪ]QDP\bricolageLWG,QQ\PLVáRZ\HVWHW\NDLSROLW\NDUyĪQLF\]UD-GRĞFLąZLWDMąZDUXQNLZNWyU\FKQDUHV]FLHLVWQLHMHSHáQDGRZROQRĞüZ\ERUX F]\OL UHF\NOLQJX SRQLHZDĪ SU]\QDMPQLHM WHRUHW\F]QLH XPRĪOLZLD QDP WR E\FLHNLPFKFHP\LMDNGáXJRFKFHP\-HV]F]HUD]RGZRáXMąFVLĊGR.LHUNH-JDDUGDPRĪHP\SRZLHG]LHüĪHQDSRW\NDP\WXORJLNĊ'RQ*LRYDQQLHJRMDN analizowana jest ona w $OERDOER GOD NWyUHJR Ī\FLH MHVW QLHNRĔF]ąF\P VLĊ NDWDORJLHPSRGERMyZJUąZNWyUHMGDQDHVWHW\F]QDNRQ¿JXUDFMD]DGRZDOD W\ONRUD]D]DWHPPXVLE\üV]\ENRSRU]XFRQDL]DPLHQLRQDQDLQQą (VWHW\F]QDORJLNDUHF\NOLQJXSURZDG]LGRSRZVWDQLDG]LHáDV]WXNLW\SX katartycznegoNWyUHJRJáyZQąFHFKąQLHNRQLHF]QLHMHVWWRĪHZ\WZDU]DOL-WRĞüLVWUDFK FKRüPRĪHURELüLWR OHF]WRĪHRSDUWHMHVWQDterapeutycznym UR]XPLHQLXUROLNXOWXU\ SU]\ZUDFDQLHRVRELVWHMOXEJUXSRZHMUyZQRZDJLSR-SU]H]SR]E\FLHVLĊQHJDW\ZQ\FKHPRFML ±ZV]\VWNLPURG]DMRPWRĪVDPRĞFL ZáąF]DMąFZWRWRĪVDPRĞFLSRSU]HGQLRFHQ]XURZDQHSR]ZDODVLĊSU]HE\ZDü QDNXOWXURZ\PIRUXPE\PRJá\Z\UD]LüVZHSUDZRGRX]QDQLDLV]DFXQNX LNRQWHVWRZDüG\VNXUV\NWyUHXZDĪDMą]DRSUHV\MQH]DSRPRFąWZRU]HQLDQR-Z\FKSURGXNWyZNXOWXURZ\FK3DUDGRNVDOQLHMHGQDN]DQDMZ\ĪV]HZFLHOHQLH WHJRURG]DMXORJLNLNXOWXURZHMPRĪHP\X]QDüQLHG]LHáRNWyUHFKFHZMDNLĞ VSRVyEUHNRPSHQVRZDüKLVWRULĊGDZQ\FKQLHVSUDZLHGOLZRĞFLOHF]Finnegans :DNH-R\FH¶DNWyUHGRNRQXMHF]HJRĞGRNáDGQLHSU]HFLZQHJR-HVWWREH]WUR-VNDNDNRIRQLDZLHORUDNLFKEH]áDGQLH]PDJDMąF\FKVLĊ]HVREąJáRVyZNWyUD QHXWUDOL]XMH ZV]HONLH KLHUDUFKLH VHQVyZ XPLHV]F]DMąF MH Z UDPDFK SXáDSNL ]DVWDZLRQHMQDSRNROHQLDSU]\V]á\FKNU\W\NyZ]PXV]RQ\FKGRZ\WZDU]DQLD QLHVNRĔF]RQHMVHULLLQWHUSUHWDF\MQ\FKPDVHNLQLJG\QLHEĊGąF\FKZVWDQLH Z\F]HUSDü PRĪOLZRĞFL SROD ]DZV]H EĊG]LH PRĪQD RGQDOHĨü MHV]F]H MHGHQ ÄQRZ\´JáRVSRĞUyGPJáDZLFRZ\FKWRĪVDPRĞFLZFLąĪ]PLHQLDMąF\FKNV]WDá-W\LSU]HNV]WDáFDMąF\FKVLĊMHGQDZGUXJą
.RQIURQWDFMD]5HDOQ\PNLHUXMHVLĊLQQąORJLNąSRQLHZDĪQLHPDP\WXGR F]\QLHQLD]HVSRWNDQLHP]WRĪVDPRĞFLąOHF]]PLHMVFHPSĊNQLĊFLDZUDPDFK WRĪVDPRĞFLNWyUHMHVWSU]HPLOF]DQHSU]H]G\VNXUV\NDWDUW\F]QH-HMVNXWNLHP nie jest oczyszczenie (katharsis NWyUH SR]ZDOD SRZUyFLü GR ĞZLDWD VSUDZ FRG]LHQQ\FK]QRZąHQHUJLąLRSW\PL]PHP SRZWyU]HQLHZ\WZDU]DXF]XFLH QLHVDPRZLWRĞFLDMDNMXĪ]DXZDĪ\á)UHXGWRFRSRMDZLDVLĊMDNRQLHVDPRZLWH (unheimlich QLH MHVW SU]HFLZLHĔVWZHP ÄVDPRZLWHJR´ heimlich), czyli cze-JRĞGREU]H]QDQHJRÄQLHVDPRZLWH>@QHJXMHWRFR]QDMRPHQLH]]HZQąWU] QLHSU]H]WRĪHSRZUDFDVNąGLQąGOHF]RJUDQLF]DMąF]QDMRPHRGZHZQąWU] :\V\VDWRFR]QDQH]H]QDMRPHJR´11,QQ\PLVáRZ\XF]XFLHQLHVDPRZLWRĞFL ZVND]XMHQDQLHVSyMQRĞüPLHMVFDZNWyU\PF]XMHP\VLĊMDNZGRPX NDĪGH-JRG\VNXUV\ZQHJRPLHMVFDDZRVWDWHF]Q\PUR]UDFKXQNXVDPHJRMĊ]\NDF]\ NXOWXU\ F]\OLSU]\SRPLQDQDPĪHU]HNRPRV]F]ĊĞOLZ\REV]DUVZRERGQLH
!
PQRĪąF\FKVLĊUyĪQLFMHVWWHUHQHPIXQGDPHQWDOQHJRDQWDJRQL]PX SĊNQLĊ-FLD :W\PVHQVLHZNRQWHNĞFLHSRZWyU]HQLDQLHPRĪHP\PyZLüRNDWKDUVLV lecz o sublimacji NWyUą /DFDQ GH¿QLXMH MDNR WR FR ÄSRGQRVL RELHNW >@ GR JRGQRĞFL5]HF]\´12,QQ\PLVáRZ\G]LĊNLVXEOLPDFML]QDQ\RELHNW OXESROH XOHJDUR]V]F]HSLHQLXLSRMDZLDVLĊVDPHPXVRELHMDNRZáDVQ\VRERZWyU GR-NáDGQLHWDNLVDPDMHGQDN ]HZ]JOĊGXQDQDGPLDUGRĞZLDGF]DQ\ZWDNLP SRGZRMHQLX FDáNRZLFLHQLH]QDMRP\ 7RFR QLHVDPRZLWHQLHSR]ZDODQDXWRĪVDPLHQLH SRQLHZDĪMHJRVNXW-NLHP MHVW ZáDĞQLH ]DPĊW ZSURZDG]RQ\ Z PHFKDQL]P WRĪVDPRĞFL 'ODWHJR PDP\WXGRF]\QLHQLD]F]\PĞFDáNRZLFLHUyĪQ\PRGNDWKDUVLVNWyUHSRVáX- JXMHVLĊLGHDOL]DFMąF]\OLXWRĪVDPLHQLHPVLĊSRGPLRWX] HVWHW\F]Q\P SU]HG-miotem13FR]DZV]HZ]PDFQLDSRĪąGDQąWRĪVDPRĞü3RQLHZDĪSRGZRMHQLH NWyUHZ\ZRáXMHXF]XFLHQLHVDPRZLWRĞFLMHVWZáDĞQLHW\PFRXVXZDRSDUFLH VSRGVWySQDV]\PXWRĪVDPLHQLRPZNRQWDNFLH]G]LHáHPZ\NRU]\VWXMąF\P SRZWyU]HQLH GRĞZLDGF]DP\ F]HJRĞ SU]\SRPLQDMąFHJR SRGPLRWRZH VSXVWR-V]HQLHWR]QDF]\QDV]HXWRĪVDPLHQLHVLĊ]MDNLPĞG\VNXUVHPOXE]HVWDZHP G\VNXUVyZNWyUHPyZLąQDPNLPMHVWHĞP\±D]DWHPWDNĪHFR]QDF]\SLVDü OXEGRĞZLDGF]DüG]LHáDV]WXNL±XOHJDZW\PGRĞZLDGF]HQLXGH]LQWHJUDFML :HIHNFLHSU]HVWDMHP\E\üVREąLPXVLP\ZMDNLĞVSRVyESRQRZQLH]áRĪ\ü WRFRSRQDV]RVWDáRZQRZąWRĪVDPRĞüNWyUDEĊG]LHMHGQDNF]\PĞLQQ\P QLĪGDZQD'ODWHJRQLHPDQLF]HJRUDGRVQHJRZSRZWyU]HQLXZW\PJG\ QDJOHF]XMHP\ĪHWUDFLP\VZyMĞZLDW±QLHPDZW\PQLFÄD¿UPDW\ZQHJR´ SRQLHZDĪZPRPHQFLHUHDOQHJRÄPRFRZDQLDVLĊ´]G]LHáHPQLHLVWQLHMHQLNW NRJRPRĪQDE\ÄD¿UPRZDü´JG\ĪZáDĞQLHZWHG\UR]NáDGDVLĊQDV]DGRW\FK-F]DVRZDWRĪVDPRĞü
Tak jak )LQQHJDQV:DNHE\áRSDUDG\JPDW\F]Q\PSU]\NáDGHPG]LHáDND- WDUW\F]QHJRQDMOHSV]\PSU]\NáDGHPVXEOLPDFMLMHVWSLVDUVWZR.DINL6NáDGD-MąVLĊQDQLHP\OąFRSURVWHKLVWRULHNWyUHRND]XMąVLĊE\üQLHLQWHUSUHWRZDQH ±WRZáDĞQLHRZDQLHVDPRZLWDRF]\ZLVWRĞüG]LHá.DINLEORNXMHLQWHUSUHWDFMH DZV]\VWNLHPHWDG\VNXUV\GRQLFKGRáąF]DQH QSVXJHVWLHĪH=DPHNMHVWPH-WDIRUąRERMĊWQHJR%RJDLWG XND]XMąW\ONRVZąĪDáRVQąEH]VLOQRĞü6WRVXQHN DUF\G]LHáD -R\FH¶D GR NU\W\ND MHVW GRNáDGQLH RGZURWQ\ RWZDUFLH ]DSUDV]D JRRQRE\Z\ND]DáVZą]P\ĞOQRĞüDJG\MXĪWR]URELUDGRĞQLHLEH]ZDKDQLD
UDW\¿NXMH QRZą LQWHUSUHWDFMĊ ÄWD WHĪ MHVW QLH]áD´ L ZáąF]D Mą Z VZH SROH
]QDF]HQLRZH:SU]HFLZLHĔVWZLHGRWDNLHJRZV]HFKREHMPXMąFHJRLQLHVNRĔ-F]RQHJR UHF\NOLQJX WHJR FR PRĪOLZH NWyU\ U]HNRPR MHVW ZROQRĞFLą VDPą VWUDWHJLD.DINLRSLHUDVLĊQD]QDOH]LHQLXV]F]HOLQ\ZW\PFR]QDQHLQLHSR-]ZROHQLXQDMHM]DWDUFLHSyNLFDáDV\PEROLF]QDVWUXNWXUDLQWHUSUHWDF\MQDQLH XOHJQLHUR]FKZLDQLXSRZRGXMąFRWZDUFLHVLĊQDQLHPRĪOLZ\ wymiar nieobec-
Q\ZHZV]\VWNLFKLVWQLHMąF\FKG\VNXUVDFKNWyU\QLHFLHUSOLZLHF]HNDSRGOR-
GHPE\SRMDZLüVLĊZĞZLHFLH]DOHZDMąFJRW\PFRQLHZ\REUDĪDOQH-HVWWR VWUDWHJLDVXEOLPDF\MQDRGU]XFDMąFDWHUDSHXW\F]QąUROĊV]WXNLFRVDP.DIND MHGQR]QDF]QLHZ\UDĪDZMHGQ\P]HVZ\FKOLVWyZ -HĞOLNVLąĪNDNWyUąF]\WDP\QLHEXG]LQDVMDNE\ZDOąFSLĊĞFLąZF]DV]NĊWRSRFRMą F]\WDP\"$E\ĞP\E\OLV]F]ĊĞOLZL"'REU\%RĪHE\OLE\ĞP\V]F]ĊĞOLZLQDZHWEH]NVLą-ĪHNDWHNWyUHVSUDZLąĪHEĊG]LHP\V]F]ĊĞOLZLPRĪHP\MHĞOLWU]HEDQDSLVDüVDPL 0XVLP\MHGQDNPLHüNVLąĪNLNWyUHVSDGDMąMDNQLHV]F]ĊĞFLHLGRW\NDMąQDVJáĊERNR MDNĞPLHUüNRJRĞNRJRNRFKDP\EDUG]LHMQLĪVLHELHVDP\FKMDNVDPREyMVWZR.VLąĪND PXVLE\üMDNF]HNDQE\UR]ELü]DPDU]QLĊWHZQDVPRU]H14. $]DWHPZU]HNRPRREXU]DMąF\PWZLHUG]HQLX.DUOKHLQ]D6WRFNKDXVH-QDĪHDWDNQD:RUOG7UDGH&HQWHUE\áQDMZ\ĪV]\PSU]HMDZHPG]LHáDV]WXNL NU\MHVLĊMHGQDNRNUXFKSUDZG\ ZSHZQ\PVHQVLHQLHGRNRQDáRVLĊWDPQLF QRZHJR QLHSRVáXĪRQRVLĊQRZąEURQLąMDNZSU]\SDGNX+LURV]LP\ VFHQD-ULXV]ZNWyU\PWHUURU\ĞFLXĪ\ZDMąVDPRORWXSDVDĪHUVNLHJRMDNRSRFLVNXE\á MXĪ]QDQ\]KROO\ZRRG]NLFKWKULOOHUyZ DMHGQDNZPRPHQFLHXSDGNXZLHĪ V\PEROLF]Q\SRU]ąGHNNDĪGHJR$PHU\NDQLQDQDPRPHQWOHJáZJUX]DFK QD LFK RF]DFK GRNRQ\ZDáR VLĊ FRĞ QLHPRĪOLZHJRRQH EDUG]LHM ÄWRNV\F]QH´ QLĪ RGSDG\QXNOHDUQH±NRPXQL]PLIDV]\]PGRSURZDG]Lá\GRĞPLHUFL 8ZbaXQ[a1 Mladen Dolar, ,I0XVLF%HWKH)RRGRI/RYH: 6ODYRMäLåHNL0ODGHQ'RODUOpera’s
6HFRQG'HDWK/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJHV-HĞOLQLH]D]QDF]RQRLQDF]HMZV]\VWNLHWáXPD-czenia autora.
2 2SUyF] WHJR Z V]WXFH URPDQW\F]QHM PDP\ RF]\ZLĞFLH RSLV\ ÄWUDQVFHQGHQWDOQ\FK´
VWDQyZZ\UDĪRQHZU]HNRPRRUJDQLF]Q\FKG]LHáDFKV]WXNLMHGQDNMDN]DXZDĪD+HUPDQQ Broch w swym eseju .LONDXZDJRNLF]XWHJRW\SXXWZRU\QDMF]ĊĞFLHM]HĞOL]JXMąVLĊZGRPH-QĊÄWUDQVFHQGHQWDOQHJRNLF]X´ NRPHGLDQFNLHJRPHORGUDPDWX F]ĊVWRGRGDWNRZRXEUDQHJR ZVWDURĪ\WQ\NRVWLXP>+HUPDQQ%URFK.LONDXZDJRNLF]XLLQQHHVHMHSU]Há'DQXWD%RU-NRZVND-DQ*DUHZLF]5\V]DUG7XUF]\Q:DUV]DZD&]\WHOQLN @
3 Virginia Woolf, 'RODWDUQLPRUVNLHMSU]Há.U]\V]WRI.OLQJHU:DUV]DZD&]\WHOQLN
2005, s. 118.
4 Thomas Stearns Eliot, Ulysses, Order and Myth: 6HOHFWHG3URVHRI76(OLRW, red.
)UDQN.HUPRGH1HZ<RUN+DUYHVW V
5 Thomas Stearns Eliot,
:\EyUSRH]ML:URFáDZ2VVROLQHXP V SU]HNáDG&]H-VáDZD0LáRV]D
6 Eliot,:\EyUSRH]ML, s. 128.
7 &R G]LZQLHMV]H (OLRW MHVW Z W\P QDV]\P ZVSyáF]HVQ\P GOD QDV UyZQLHĪ D]MDW\FF\
EXGG\ĞFL LLQQHÄXGXFKRZLRQH´NXOWXU\ Ī\MąGREU\PL]UyZQRZDĪRQ\PĪ\FLHPSRGF]DV JG\P\FLHUSLP\]QLH]GURZHJRQDGPLDUXSUDJQLHĔ
8
-HGQDNĪHQDVWĊSQ\PNURNLHPNWyU\(OLRWF]\QLMHVW]DSU]HF]HQLHWHPXUR]ELFLX±PRĪ-QDQDZHWSRZLHG]LHüĪHWRF]HJRGRNRQDáZ=LHPLMDáRZHMSU]HVWUDV]\áR(OLRWDWDNEDUG]R LĪPXVLDáRJáRVLüVLĊURMDOLVWąDQJOLNDQLQHPLNODV\F\VWąE\RG]\VNDüUyZQRZDJĊĩDáRVQH WHJRNRQVHNZHQFMHGODMHJRSLVDUVWZDVą]QDQH
9-RDQ&RSMHF,PDJLQH7KHUH¶V1R:RPDQ (WKLFVDQG6XEOLPDWLRQ, Cambridge, Mass.,
The MIT Press 2002, s. 96-7.
106ODYRMäLåHN7KH7LFNOLVK6XEMHFW 7KH$EVHQW&HQWUHRI3ROLWLFDO2QWRORJ\, London, Verso 2000, s. 212. 11 Copjec, ,PDJLQH..., s. 97. 12-DFTXHV/DFDQ7KH(WKLFVRI3V\FKRDQDO\VLV 6HPLQDU9,, SU]Há'HQQLV3RUWHU1HZ York, W.W. Norton 1997, s. 112. 13 Lacan, 7KH(WKLFVRI3V\FKRDQDO\VLV..., s. 111.
