The Detailed Geological Map of Poland 1:50,000: the history, present and future

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The Detailed Geological Map of Poland 1:50,000: the history, present and future

Andrzej Ber*,**

A b s t r a c t. The Detailed Geological Map of Poland in scale 1:50,000 (DGMP 1:50,000) is elaborated in Polish on the base of geological mapping, especially drilled boreholes to subQuaternary basement as well as geological and geophysical surveys and laboratory studies. The whole edition comprises 1069 sheets. The Detailed Geologi-cal Map of Poland in the sGeologi-cale 1:50,000 published from 1954 together with explanations, forms a compendium of geological knowledge of the area. It is a basic map which is being used for construction of all the other consecutive thematic maps of the country, either in detailed or in regional scales. The Map is supplemented with one or two geological sections, typical for the area: one of them (Quaternary deposits) is prepared in highly exaggerated vertical scale. Each sheet is provided with brochure text explanations, containing description of the geological structure of the area, logs of the more signif-icant boreholes, geomorphological and subQuaternary basement sketches and the results of field and laboratory analyses.

Key words: Detailed Geological Map of Poland, geological mapping, boreholes, geological sections, geophysics The Polish Geological Institute (PGI) established in

1919, is now the national geological survey and the princi-pal producer and editor of the geological maps in Poland. In the past decades the Polish Geological Institute’s activi-ty generally focused on the construction of multi–sheet serial maps, covering the whole territory of Poland. The most important map — the Detailed Geological Map of

Poland at the scale of 1 : 50,000 (DGMP 1:50,000) — was

fully compiled with the use of digital GIS technology (Fig. 1). It is a basic map being used for preparation of all the other consecutive thematic maps of the country, either in detailed or on regional scale.

The Detailed Geological Map of Poland, 1 : 50,000 (DGMP 1 : 50,000) is a unique map not only on a European

scale but also on a world scale because: it has a uniform Instruction worked out prior to map preparation and modernized during its construction. In the European coun-tries, departments of the national geological surveys responsible for geological cartography fix only an obliga-tory map legend, i.e., a list of legend items, and stratigra-phic, lithologic and genetic symbols etc.; it is an exceptional case, maybe a little bit controversial, that in Poland this map has been produced not only by the Polish Geological Institute, universities and the Polish Academy of Sciences, but also by geological companies.

For the purpose of the map construction, besides mining technologies (drilling, excavation), also the best and the most precise research methods are used. The only crite-rion for their selection is the usefulness for solving geological problems. All these investigations and analyses are performed by highly qualified specialists from both the national geologi-cal survey and other scientific institutions (Ber, 1997).

The history of the Map

In 1957, the Polish Geological Institute officially star-ted to take part in the production of the Detailed

Geologi-cal Map of Poland, 1:50,000, basing on the Instruction No

19 issued by the Chairman of the Central Office of Geo-logy. Also in 1957, the first Instruction to the map

(Instruk-cja w sprawie opracowania i wydania Szczegó³owej mapy geologicznej Polski w skali 1 : 50,000), was published. The

Instruction was based on the experiences gathered during the construction of the first 10 map sheets from the Ma³opolska Upland and the Sub-Carpathian region, prin-ted in 1956 and later reprinprin-ted with modifications. It should be stressed that the first principles for the construction of detailed geological maps were prepared in 1954 on the base the preliminary Instruction (Tymczasowa instrukcja sporz¹dzania zdjêcia geologicznego), modified in 1975,

1991, 1996 and 2004. The map construction procedure was subsequently standardized by the principles defined in the Instruction of the Director of the Geological Institute issu-ed in 1957. Those principles and the number of recommen-ded enclosures to the map have not changed until now.

The ongoing map sheet projects are being prepared on the basis of the newest and modified version of the Instruc-tion which was adjusted in 1996 (and improved in 2004) to the requirements of digital procedures.

Due to both a wide range of detailed, complex docu-mentary works and the large number of map sheets to be performed (1069), the preparation of the Detailed

Geologi-cal Map of Poland, sGeologi-cale 1 : 50,000, requires employing

many highly qualified geologists-cartographers and spen-ding much funds. Therefore, between 1956 and 1996 under fluctuating economic situation of the country and varying financial funds, only 550 map sheets were produced.

Since 1996, thanks to the efforts of the Polish Geologi-cal Institute, the significance of the DGMP 1 : 50,000 for the country’s economy was appreciated by the higher authorities and the financial funds have increased to that extent that they allowed for producing 412 map sheets. Moreover, it is now possible to finish the first edition of the Map by 2010 (Ber, 1977).

Until 1989, thematic sketches of mineral deposits and hydrogeological conditions (first aquifer) were also prepa-red for each map.

Until 1970, the project was performed by the Polish Geological Institute exclusively. Since 1970, along with the PGI as the main executor, also geological companies, universities, the Polish Academy of Sciences and other private companies have taken part in the mapping project. Since 1994, an ESRI ArcInfo and Oracle digital databa-se has been created for the Detailed Geological Map of

Poland, scale 1 : 50,000 (Gogo³ek, 1995; Gogo³ek et al., 1997).

The ongoing map sheet projects are being prepared on the basis of the newest and modified version of the Instruc-tion adjusted to the requirements of digital procedures and issued in 2004.

Until 2003, the area of the DGMP 1 : 50,000 did not cover the Sudetes which were mapped in 1955–1998 as the 903

Przegl¹d Geologiczny, vol. 53, nr 10/2, 2005

*Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 War-szawa, Poland; andrzej.ber@pgi.gov.pl

**General Coordinator of the Detailed Geological Map of Poland in scale 1 : 50,000

The motto: In each country on the whole world, the compilation and edition of the detailed geological maps, covers the whole

terri-tory is one among the major tasks and priorities of the national geological surveys and in Poland also legal obligation of the natio-nal geological administration (Pietras, 2001; Ber & Jezierski, 2004).

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Detailed Geological Map of the Sudetes, 1 : 25,000. That

map was partly constructed using old topographic bases and German materials and thus, partly being stratigraphi-cally out of date, it requires either revision or mapping at a scale of 1 : 50,000 i.e. it must be adjusted to the scale of the

DGMP 1: 50,000. The revision and generalization of that

map within the framework of the DGMP 1 : 50,000 project began in 2004.

The edition project of the Detailed Geological Map of

Poland, 1 : 50,000, started in 1957 and became the base for

the preparation of other serial map projects such as the hydrogeological map and geological-economical map which contain a wealth of knowledge about mineral resour-ces against the background of engineering geological and geoenvironmental issues.

Since its inception, the edition of the Detailed

Geolo-gical Map of Poland, 1 : 50,000, provides geoloGeolo-gical

infor-mation to the local geological surveys, scientific institu-tions and geological companies for purposes of exploration for mineral resources and water, as well as for engineering geological studies. This is, as mentioned above, the basic map containing primary information for thematic cartogra-phy (Ber, 1997, 2004; Ber & Podemski, 1997).

The present and the future of the DGMP 1:50,000

The Detailed Geological Map of Poland, 1 :50,000, is the principal geological multi-sheet serial map covering the whole territory of Poland. It has been developed on the basis of a geological project (Projekt prac geologicznych) as a result of detailed geological mapping at a scale of 1 : 25,000, including geological field works, exploratory drillings,

geophysical measurements (georesistivity or shallow reflection seismic and gravity data) and laboratory investi-gations.

The final effect of these operations is a complex geolo-gical monograph of a given area, including an author’s fair copy of a basic geological map, scale 1 : 25,000, a geologi-cal cross-section, an explanatory text and thematic (geo-morphological — Fig. 2, and geological — without Quaternary deposits) sketches at scale 1: 100,000.

Map sheets, constructed to date, are now being prepa-red for printing using digital methods to be available on a CD–ROM (map) and on a floppy disc (explanatory text) or as a plotter print.

According to the data as of end 2004, the development of the DGMP 1 : 50,000 project is at the following stage: 875 map sheets covering 81.85% of the whole territory of Poland have been constructed, 591 of them have already been printed, the construction of 75 map sheets is far advanced. Digitizing works, conducted since 1991, resul-ted in the printing of 19 maps of the DGMP 1 : 50,000.

Since 1990, the process of preparation of consecutive map sheets has considerably accelerated. During the period of 1990–2004, 412 maps were constructed (Fig. 3).

As mentioned above, 75 map sheets are currently under construction at various stages of preparation. In consequ-ence, works within the DGMP 1 : 50,000 project reached an unprecedented level.

Currently, along with the Polish Geological Institute, also geological companies, universities, the Polish Acade-my of Sciences and other private companies (a total of 21 entities) take part in the mapping project. The contribution

904

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10 144.0 M – 19.0 M – 34.6 Ol – 160.5 T – 240.0 (248.0) 3 2 3 p 1 106.4 M – 25.6 (143.5)2 2 154.0 Pl – 17.0 M – 37.3 M – 55.7 M – 203.4 Ol – 207.2 T – 246.8 (250.0) 3 2 1 3 p 4 152.0 Pl – 35.2 M – 41.2 M – 62.0 M – 229.2 Ol – 281.0 T – 314.4 (321.0) 3 2 1 3 p 11 148.0 Pl – 7.5 M – 22.0 (46.8) 3 3 154.0 Q – (22.0) 12 138.0 M – 9.4 (120.0) 2 13 137.4 M – 1.2 (65.2)2 5 105.0 Ol – 148.2 Cr – 205.0 (218.0) 3 3 14 151.0 M – 8.5 M – 179.5 Ol – 198.0 T – 224.2 (229.0) 2 1 3 p 15 140.0 T – 317.9 T – 325.4 T – 460.9 P – 1198.1 (1623.7) k w p 3 6 119.1 M – 24.4 (116.8)2 7 134.3 M – 32.5 (74.6)2 16 148.5 Pl – 5.5 M – 22.3 M – 42.4 (113.2) 3 2 17 142.0 M – 16.0 (91.2) 2 8 141.9 M – 22.3 (130.0)2 9 138.6 M – 53.2 (125.0) 2 18 156.6 M – 9.6 M – 12.7 M – 199.2 Ol – 211.5 T – 264.7 (267.2) 3 2 1 3 p 34 164.0 M – 29.0 M – 61.4 Ol – 217.1 T – 256.5 (261.0) 3 2 3 p 25 142.6 M – 16.6 M – 169.0 Ol – 189.0 T – 233.0 (239.1) 2 1 3 p 33 143.4 M – 3.9 M – 206.8 Ol – 227.4 T – 282.0 (287.5) 2 1 3 p 26 151.6 M – 7.0 M – 185.8 Ol – 203.7 T – 262.4 (266.0) 2 1 3 p 31 155.6 M – 12.2 M – 206.4 Ol – 226.4 (274.8) 2 1 3 24 137.0 M – 2.4 M – 165.6 Ol – 172.0 T – 219.6 (224.5) 2 1 3 p 32 144.1 M – 2.0 M – 200.0 Ol – 219.2 T – 271.8 (275.5) 2 1 3 p 23 135.8 M – 17.8 M – 157.3 Ol – 164.5 T – 218.3 (223.6) 2 1 3 p 22 135.8 M – 14.5 M – 156.2 Ol – 167.1 T – 226.5 (235.6) 2 1 3 p 30 130.4 M – 175.3 Ol – 191.1 T – 243.1 (252.0) 1 3 p 28 137.5 M – 1.1 M – 6.6 (99.5) 3 2 20 95.3 M – 17.2 M – 145.5 Ol – 160.0 T – 217.0 (226.4) 2 1 3 p 21 124.4 M – 0.2 M – 158.3 Ol – 174.7 T – 229.8 (246.6) 2 1 3 p 29 134.0 M – 2.0 M – 177.2 Ol – 198.3 T – 247.5 (251.2) 2 1 3 p 27 146.4 M – 3.5 M – 177.3 Ol – 195.4 T – 249.6 (254.3) 2 1 3 p 19 141.8 Tr– 30.0 T – 225.0 (1120.0) p 49 148.0 M – 8.1 M – 19.9 M – 154.2 Ol – 183.2 Cr – 230.0 (236.0) 3 2 1 3 3 47 134.6 M – 53.8 (109.7)2 46 134.9 M – 48.0 (114.2)2 44 118.7 M – 3.0 (53.0)2 50 140.2 M – 84.5 (116.6) 2 42 139.1 M – 10.5 (144.0)2 48 150.0 Pl – 17.5 M – 18.7 (21.5)3 41 150.0 Pl – 12.0 M – 29.3 M – 73.0 Ol – 197.0 T – 261.2 (265.0) 3 2 3 p 40 141.0 M – 25.8 Ol – 165.0 T – 225.5 (231.0) 2 3 p 38 137.0 M – 45.6 M – 47.1 M – 124.7 Ol – 159.0 T – 221.4 (230.0) 3 2 1 3 p 39 135.0 M – 54.6 M – 123.0 Ol – 124.7 T – 226.0 (232.0) 2 1 3 p 45 121.0 Cr – 208.0 T – 732.0 T – 975.0 PZ– 1680.0 (1910.8) 3 w p 36 143.9 M – 32.9 M – 41.7 M – 219.0 Ol – 243.5 T – 274.0 (281.0) 3 2 1 3 p 37 148.8 M – 37.8 M – 55.7 M – 202.0 Ol – 224.6 T – 255.4 (268.0) 3 2 1 3 p 43 139.7 M – 44.8 M – 48.0 M – 170.2 Ol – 180.8 T – 212.0 (219.0) 3 2 1 3 p 35 157.0 M – 70.0 M – 173.0 Ol – 186.2 T – 225.0 (231.0) 2 1 3 p 71 133.8 M – 70.0 (98.8) 2 72 145.8 M – 96.0 (113.4)2 71 130.4 M – 93.3 (99.3) 2 69 107.4 M – 10.0 (75.0) 2 60 161.5 M – 1.5 (30.0) 2 56 141.4 M – 108.5 (116.0)2 59 152.0 M – (84.0)2 68 141.7 M – 99.8 (115.8) 2 58 144.0 M – 73.0 (95.0) 2 57 135.1 M – 51.9 (127.3)2 52 134.8 M – 46.5 (130.8)2 65 132.2 M – 71.3 (104.0) 2 64 132.1 M – 40.9 (100.8) 2 54 166.2 M – 17.8 (55.0) 2 63 130.5 M – 94.0 (102.5)2 53 162.3 M – 9.7 (106.0) 2 62 137.5 M – 14.4 M – 17.8 (93.5) 3 2 55 164.4 M – 0.2 M – 20.2 (30.0) 3 2 66 136.7 Q – (53.5) 67 140.0 M – 111.3 Ol – 166.6 Cr – 204.6 (210.2) 2 3 3 61 145.0 M – 32.8 M – 130.4 Ol – 167.7 Cr – 216.8 (220.8) 2 1 3 3 51 139.0 M – 123.3 (154.0) 1 73 130.1 Q – (103.0) 74 134.6 M – 48.7 (105.7)2 75 143.6 M – 24.4 (96.4)2 76 113.3 M – 33.4 (63.2) 2 77 124.9 M – 14.2 (81.5)2 79 137.0 M – 44.8 (86.8) 2 78 127.9 M – 37.5 M – 106.7 Ol – 120.5 Cr – 177.7 (181.5) 2 1 3 3 180 180 170 170 160 160 150 150 140 140 130 130 120 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 -10 -10 -20 -20 -30 -30 -40 -40 -50 -50 m n.p.m. m n.p.m.

SYNTETYCZNE PROFILE GEOLOGICZNE

UTWORY CZWARTORZÊDOWE I TRZECIORZÊDOWE

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of subcontractors accounts for 60%, 40% of the edition is performed at the PGI.

It was an important fact in 1995 when the Polish Geological Institu-te was entrusInstitu-ted with the duty to play the role of the main contractor, along with the role of the general coordinator of the project.

The Polish Geological Institute coordinates the entire mapping pro-ject throughout the country, as its statutory duty. The Institute appoin-ted a coordination team and the General Coordinator of the DGMP

1 : 50,000. Eight regional

coordina-tors and six coordinacoordina-tors for special investigations (in lithology, petro-logy and geophysics), publication and digitizing conduct broad con-sultative and advisory activity covering the whole mapping proce-dure ranging from planning work to the final submission of the author’s version to the Commission for Car-tographic Elaborates at the Ministry of the Environment.

The coordination team is a supe-rvisory body both controlling the compliance with the methodical requirements and ensuring the high scientific merit according to the Instruction requirements and the pre-sent state of geological knowledge.

An important role in the process of assessment and receipt of the final reports is played both by the Commission for Cartographic Ela-borates at the Ministry of the Envi-ronment and by the editorial board of the Publication Department of the PGI. The production process of a single map sheet lasts 3–3.5 years.

The currently ongoing mapping work is financed by the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management.

It should be stressed that since 1991 there have been practically no limits in the amount of funds availa-ble for the continuation of the DGMP

1 : 50,000 project, and the

expenditu-res for the project development rea-ched an unprecedented level.

75 map sheets from the Polish Lowlands and the 32 so-called Sudetic sheets whose processing relies on updating and generaliza-tion of the Detailed Geological Map

of the Sudetes 1 : 25,000, have still

left to complete the first edition of the DGMP 1 : 50,000. It allows for estimating that the whole edition

905

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Objaœnienia do Szczegó³owej mapy geologicznej Polski 1:50 000 Ark. Sterdyñ (455)

Skala 1:100 000

SZKIC GEOMORFOLOGICZNY

Opracowa³: K. WROTEK Wysoczyzna morenowa p³aska

Moreny czo³owe przewa¿nie akumulacyjne (5-10 m wysokoœci wzglêdnej Niecki wytopiskowe

Moreny martwego lodu (5,0-10,0 m wysokoœci wzglêdnej

Równiny sandrowe i wodnolodowcowe starsze

m³odsze

Rynny wykorzystane przez rzeki i czêœciowo przez nie przekrzszta³cone Zag³êbienia powsta³e po martwym lodzie

Wydmy

Równiny piasków przewianych

Dna dolin rzecznych, tarasy zalewowe (1,9-2,1 m n.p.m.)

Tarasy nadzalewowe erozyjno-akumulacyjne (2,0-9,0 m n.p.m.)

Równiny torfowe

Piaskownie-¿wirownie (P¯), piaskownie (P.) Równiny jeziorne

Strefy degradacji i agradacji D³ugie stoki

Sto¿ki nap³ywowe

Dolinki, parowy, m³ode rozciêcia erozyjne lub dolinki w ogólnoœci, nierozdzielone Krawêdzie i stoki: a - wysoczyzny, b - tarasów b) suche a) œwie¿e Formy lodowcowe Formy wodnolodowcowe Formy eoliczne Formy rzeczne Formy denudacyjne Formy jeziorne Formy antropogeniczne Starorzecza:

Formy utworzone przez roœ linnoœ æ Formy utworzone w s trefie martwego lodu

Tablica I 22 15° ' 52 40°' 22 15° ' 52 30°' 22 30° ' 52 30°' 22 30° ' 52 40°' STERDYÑ Stel¹gi O³owskie Zaszków Nurzec Bug st aw y Wymys³y Sabnie P¯ P¯ s s P¯ s s s s s s s s P¯ s s s s P¯ s

¬

Fig. 2. Enclosure of the Detailed Geolo-gical Map of Poland in scale 1 : 50,000 Sterdyñ sheet Geomorphological sketch in scale 1 : 100,000, after K. Wrotek, 2002

(4)

will be completed by 2010, and the development of the pro-ject can be covered by only one contract (2006–2010).

The predicted completion date in 2010 for the whole

DGMP 1 : 50,000 edition (i.e. 1069 map sheets) is not

going to be the final point. Still during the first edition and especially after its completion, the old DGMP 1 : 50,000 map sheets constructed in 1960–1980 should be revised and updated.

Conclusions

The formal completion of the DGMP 1 : 50,000 edition ranks Poland among those few countries in the world which can be proud of covering the whole territory with a detailed geological mapping. This could be done due to lar-ge financial funds and as a result of taking into account by the Government’s and Institute’s authorities a number of postulates proposed by geologists-cartographers during the project development:

— since 1998, mapping and printing-preparation work was performed on a standardized topographic base ready for digitizing;

— a uniform system of cartographic database, develo-ped as glossaries and codes included in the Instructions (1996, 2004), was created;

— in-office and field computer techniques and compu-ter programs for data collecting and processing were intro-duced (GPS devices, notebooks etc.);

— the Methodology for the Detailed Geological Map of

Poland (L. Marks & A. Ber, eds), including the newest

met-hods of cartographic investigations, was published in 1999;

— the financial settlement system was slightly simplified, but it was unable to introduce the lump sum system (like, for exam-ple, in Germany) because of VAT on exploratory drilling. Another success was the international cooperation with the geological survey of Brandenburg Land (LGRB), that resulted in a joint construction of the first cros-s-border map sheets of Seelow/Kostrzyñ and S³ubice upon Odra, with bilaterally coor-dinated legend items, symbols and stratigraphy of Quaternary and sub-Quaternary deposits.

The DGMP 1:50,000 project has been developing for 51 years not only thanks to the support of the Government’s and Institute’s authorities, but also owing to the efforts and skills of a large num-ber of highly qualified geolo-gists-cartographers whose names are given in individual map she-ets, of general coordinators, and of regional coordinators.

Special appreciation should be expressed for the efforts of the scientific editors. Anonymous editions of the consecutive Instructions and the principles of digitalization were prepared at the Polish Geological Institute.

References

BARANIECKA M. D. 1997 — Z historii Szczegó³owej mapy

geolo-gicznej Polski w skali 1 : 50 000. Prz. Geol., 45: 194–197.

BER A. 1997 — Szczegó³owa mapa geologiczna Polski w skali 1:50 000: teraŸniejszoœæ i przysz³oœæ. Prz. Geol., 45: 208–210.

BER A. 2004 — Kartografia geologiczna w Pañstwowym Instytucie Geologicznym w latach 1945–2004. Prz. Geol., 52: 377–382. BER A. & PODEMSKI M. 1997 — Potrzeba i cele drugiej edycji

Mapy geologicznej Polski w skali 1:200 000. Prz. Geol., 45: 167–170.

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GOGO£EK W. 1995 — Database of the 1:50,000 Detailed Geological Map of Poland. Proceedings 17th

International Cartographic Conferen-ce, Barcelona.

GOGO£EK W., JURKUN A. & ZIELKE J. 1997 — Program kompute-rowego opracowania Szczegó³owej mapy geologicznej Polski w skali 1:50 000. Prz. Geol., 45: 201–207.

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geo-logicznej Polski, 1958 i Zarz¹dzenie nr. 19 Prezesa CUG z dn. 20.03.1957. CUG, Inst. Geol.

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geo-logicznej Polski w skali 1:50 000 w ujêciu kompleksowym, 1977 i Zarz¹dzenie Prezesa CUG z dn. 21.10. 1975. CUG, Inst. Geol.

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geo-logicznej Polski w skali 1:50 000 w ujêciu kompleksowym (noweliza-cja Instrukcji Dyrektora Instytutu Geologicznego z dn. 21.10. 1975), 1991. Pañstw. Inst. Geol. Warszawa.

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Polski w skali 1:50 000, 1996. MOŒZNiL, PIG.

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Polski w skali 1:50 000. Wydanie II uzupe³nione, 2004. MŒ, PIG. MAKOWSKA A. 1997 — Pocz¹tki redakcji Szczegó³owej mapy geo-logicznej Polski w skali 1 : 50 000. Prz. Geol., 45: 197–200. PIETRAS M. 2001 — Kartografia geologiczna — ustawowy obo-wi¹zek pañstwowej administracji geologicznej. Prz. Geol., 49: 657–661.

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Pañstw.Inst. Geol. Warszawa.

906

sheet elaborated digitally, plotter printed sheet elaborated digitally, offset printed sheet elaborated traditionally, offset printed updated sheet

sheet in updating Sudety Mts. sheet in updating completed sheet sheet in elaboration sheet in project phase

Fig. 3. Index of The 1:50,000 Detailed Geological Map of Poland, the state for January 1, 2005 (after Gogo³ek, 2005)