Industrial and Engineering Chemistry : industrial edition, Vol. 39, No. 2

T o p H e a d L a y o u t

" E L " S c r ie s

T o p H e a d L a y o u t

“ E L L ” S e r ie s

Pfaudler

THE PFAUDLER C O ., Rochester 4, New York, Branch O ffices: 3 3 0 West 42nd St., New York 18, N. Y., I l l W . W ashington St., C h ica go 2, 111.;

1325 Howard St., San Francisco 3, Calif.; 8 1 8 O live St., St. Louis 1, Mo.;

7 31 0 W oodw ard A ve., Detroit 2, M ich.; 1318 1st Nat'l Bank Building, Cincinnati 2, O .; 1041 C om m ercial Trs. Building, Philadelphia 2, Pa.;

751 Little Building, Boston 16, Mass.; Box 982, Chattanooga 1, Tenn.;

Enamelled Metal Products C orp., Ltd., Artillery House, Artillery Row, London, S.W . 1, England.

Announcing IM P K U V E U UËS ¹ GN,

FOR PFAUDLER " E " SERIES Glass-Lined Steel REACTORS . . . Overall Construction Strengthened, Jacket Pressures Increased

SINCE 1927, Pfaudler's standard cla m p ed -top , h ig h ly a cid -resistin g, glass-lined steel reactors have been specified w herever contact with metal p roved undesirable. Processes involv­

ing hydrochloric acid at elevated temperatures and pressures are am ong the important applications as Pfaudler glass is resistant to all acids, except HF. Throughout this period, ca p aci­

ties have been increased and design improvements m ade to do each job better.

In line with this policy, Pfaudler an­

nounces further improvements, effec­

tive immediately. All “ E " Series units will b e built with straight rather than tapered side wall construction. This permits an increase in jacket pressure ratings from 75 to 9 0 psi, sufficient for the majority of "E " Series applica­

tions. (Higher pressures obtainable with special designs.) See drawing for other highlights. A ll details will be covered in new catalog w hich will be available later. However, these changes apply on “ E" Series orders now out­

standing, except where operating co n ­ ditions require special construction.

N ote “ E S ” top h e a d (not s h o w n ) in c lu d e 9 " x 1 2 " h and hole, 3-4\

o p e n in g s a n d 3 ! |M a g ita to r o p e n in g .

Series Rated Cap. Actual Cap.

Old Design

A ctual 0 N ew Del

J 50 gals.

75 gals.

100 gals.

150 gals.

200 gals.

200 gals.

300 gals.

56 gals.

81 gals.

107 gals.

83 gal 110 gai;

4

165 gals.

203 gals.

180 gal 225 gal:

207 gals.

304 gals.

236 gaa .;

345 gal

“ ELL" 500 gals.

750 gals.

514 gals.

783 gals.

565 gaa 850 ga- How Capacities Have Been Increased

S - with;

■

« i S a i i l S i i

I

INDUSTRIAL and ENGINEERING

V O L U M E 3 9 N U M B E R 2

I S S U E D F E B R U A R Y 1 2 , 1 9 4 7 4 3 , 1 0 0 C O P I E S O F T H IS I S S U E P R I N T E D

EDITOR: WALTER J. MURPHY

Assistant to Editor: N , A . PARKINSON Executive Editor: JAMES M . CROWE M anaging Editor: D. O . MYATT Associate Editors

W «hlnston: ROBERT F. GOULD A l LEGGIN Chicaso: RICHARD L. KENYON Houston: WILL H . SHEARON, Jr.

N e w York: H a r r y STENERSON R ich a rd L, Demmerle San Francisco: FREDERICK G. SAWYER*

M erritt l. kastens Assistant Editors

Make-up: BERTHA REYNOLDS

Manuscript Editing: HELEN K. NEWTON Manuscript Reviewing: STELLA ANDERSON Editorial Assistants:

* !n the armed services.

C^{o r a} G. Ry e r s o n Kir a Ka u c h e v s k y

Contributing Editors

C H A R L E S O W E N B R O W N M A R S G . F O N T A N A

R A L P H H . M U N C H W A L T E R V O N P E C H M A N N

Advisory Board

W . L. B A D G E R E L M E R K. B O L T O N W . H . D O W G A S T O N D U B O I S G U S T A V U S J. E S S E L E N PER K. F R O L IC H C . F. K E T T E R IN G O . E. M A Y C . S. M I N E R

H . R. M U R D O C K C . F. P R U T T O N

A . S. R I C H A R D S O N W . A . S C H M I D T R. N . S H R E V E L. V . S T E C K E. C . S U L L I V A N E. R. W E ID L E IN ' J O H N M . W E IS S F R A N K C . W H I T M O R E

Industrial Edition, I& C E C onsecutive N u m b e r 3

Copyricjht 1 9 4 7 by Am erican Chem ical Society

Mother liquor tanks used in pro­

duction of p-dlchlorobenzenc are shown on this Issue's cover. Photo courtesy Dow Chemical Company.

ß h m is tn j

Production of Butadiene from A lc o h o l

W . J. Toussaint, J. T. Dunn, and D. R. J a c k s o n ... 1 2 0 Emersol Process— A Staff Report

Richard L. D e m m e rle ... 1 2 6 Lime Treatment of Waste Pickle Liquor

R. D. Hoak, C. J. Lewis, C. J. Sindlinger, and Bernice Klein . . . 131 Hydrolysis of Dehydrated Sodium Phosphates

Russell N . B e l l ... 1 36 Performance of Butyl Inner Tubes

I. E. Lightbown, L. S. Verde, and J. R. Brown, Jr... 141 Phenomenon of Bronze in Surface Coatings

G. L. Buc, R. H . Kienle, L. A . Melsheimer, and E. I. Stearns 147 Monoalkylbenzenes by Vapor-Phase A lkylation with Silica-Alumina Catalyst

A . A . O ’Kelly, J. Kellett, and J. Plucker... 154 Phase Study of Commercial So a p -A lka lin e Electrolyte Water-Systems

Reynold C. M e r r ill... 158 Resinous Products from Petroleum Polymer Sulfurization

M . G. Mayberry, P. V . McKinney, and H. E. Westlake, Jr...1 66 Cellulose Ester Melt-Coating Compositions

C. J. Malm, M . Salo, and H . F. V i v i a n ... 168 Oxidation of G R -S and Other Elastomers

John O . C ole and James E. Field ... 174 V in y l A l k y l Ethers

C. E. Schildknecht, A. O . Zoss, and Clyde M c K i n l e y ... 1 80 Absorption of O x y g e n b y Rubbers

A . S. C a rp e n te r... 187 Naphthas from Fluid Catalyst Cracking

C. E. Starr, Jr., J. A . Tilton, and W . G. H o c k b e r g e r ... 195 Optimum Dilution in Viscous Liquid Filtration

E. J. Reeves ... 2 03 Phase Equilibria in Hydrocarbon Systems

H . H. Reamer, K. J. Korpi, B. H . Sage, and W . N . La c e y ... 2 0 6 Emulsion Polymerization of Diene Hydrocarbons

H . W . Starkweather, P. O . Bare, A . S. Carter, F. B. Hill, Jr., and C o lla b o ra to rs... 2 1 0 A c tio n of Acrylonitrile on Viscose

J. P. Hollihan and Sanford A . M oss, Jr... 222 Tocopherols as Antioxidants for Vitam in A in Fish Liver O ils

L. O . B u x t o n ... 225 Batch Distillation Nomograph

M e lvin N o r d ...2 3 2 E D I T O R IA L ... 119

H e a d lin e s ... 233 R e p o r t s ...5 A A s W e See It . . . 65 A Sidelights and Trends 120 A

Equipmentand Design. Charles O . Brown 71 A Instrumentation. Ralph H. Munch . . . 77 A

Corrosion. Mars G. Fontana 83 A

Plant Management. W . von Pechman . . 8 9 A

Published b y the A m e ric a n Chem ical S o cie ty at Easton. Pa. Editorial H eadquarters:

115 5 16th St., N . W ., W a sh in g to n 6, D. C ., telephone, Re p u b lic 5 3 0 1 ; cable, Jlechem (W a sh in gto n ). C h ic a g o Editorial Branch, 2 5 East Jackson Blvd., C h ic a g o 4, III., telephone, W a b a sh 7 3 7 6 . H o u s to n Editorial Branch, 4 1 3 W e st Bldg., H o u s to n 2, Tex.; telephone, C ap ital 6 5 1 6 . N e w Y o rk Editorial Branch, 6 0 East 4 2 n d St., N e w Y o r k 17, N . Y ., telephone, M u r r a y H ill 2 - 4 6 6 2 . San Francisco Editorial Branch, 2 4 C a lifornia St., San Francisco 1 1 , Calif.; telephone, E x b ro o k 2 8 9 5 . Business O ffice : A m e ric a n Chem ical Society, 1 1 5 5 16th St., N . W ., W a sh in g to n 6 , D. C . A d v e rtisin g O ffic e : 3 3 2 W e st 4 2 n d St., N e w Y o r k 18, N . Y .; telephone, Bryant 9 -4 4 3 0 .

Entered as second-class matter at the Post O ffic e at Easton, Pa., u n d e r the A c t of M arch 3, 1 8 7 9 , as 2 4 times a year— Industrial and E n gin e e rin g Chem istry monthly on the 1st, A n a lytica l Chemistry monthly on the 15th. A cc e p tan ce for mailing at special rate o f postage p rovid ed for in Section 1 1 0 3 , A c t of O c t o b e r 3, 1 9 1 7 , authorized J u ly 13, 1 9 1 8 .

The Am erican Chem ical S o cie ty assumes n o resp onsibility fo r the statements and opinions advanced b y contributors to its publications. V i e w s expressed in the editorials and reports are those o f the editors and d o not necessarily represent the official position of the A m erican Chem ical Society.

Remittances and orders for subscriptions and for sin gle cop ies, notices o f changes of address and n e w professional connections, and claims for missing numbers sh o u ld be sent to the A m erican Chem ical Society, 1 1 5 5 16th St., N . W „ W ash in gto n 6, D C . C h a n g e s o f address for Industrial and Engin e e rin g Chem istry must be received on o r before the 18th of the p reced ing month and for A na lytica l Chemistry not later than the 3 0th of the p re ce d in g month. Claim s for missing numbers w ill not be a llo w e d ( 1 ) If received more than 6 0 days from date o f Issue ( o w in g to d e live ry hazards, n o claims can be ho n o re d from subscribers in Continental Europe, A sia , o r the Pacific Islands other than (Hawaii). ( 2 ) if loss w a s due to failure of notice of ch ange o f address to be received before the dates specified in the p reced ing sentence, o r ( 3 ) If the reason for claim is "m issin g from files".

A n n u a l subscriptions— Industrial and E n gin e e rin g Chem istry and A n a ly tic a l Chemistry (Industrial and A n a lytic a l E ditions of Industrial and Engin e e rin g Chem istry) so ld o n ly as a unit, members $ 3 . 0 0 , nonmembers $ 4 .0 0 . Postage to countries n ot in the Pan-Am erican U n io n $ 3 .0 0 . C an ad ian postage $ 1 .0 0 . S in g le c o p ie s — current issues, l& E C $ 0 .7 5 , A n a lytica l Chemistry $ 0 . 5 0 ; back numbers, l& E C $ 0 .8 0 , A na lytica l Chemistry prices o n request; special rates to members.

The A m erican Chem ical S o cie ty also p ub lishes Chemical and Engineering News, Chem ical Abstracts, Jo u rn a l o f the Am erican Chem ical S o cie ty . Rates o n request.

4 A I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V o l. 39, No. 2

B E T T E R D I S P E R S I O N

C e lit e F ille r s g i v e in s e c t ic id e s b ro a d e r co v e ra g e and greater k ill.

T h e y are also an aid in g rin d in g .

I M P R O V E D

“ F L O W ” A s a ca k in g p re ­ v e n t i v e , C e l i t e F ille r s im p r o v e the flo w ch arac­

teristics o f d eli­

quescent ch em i­

cals.

M O R E D U R A B L E F I N I S H C e l i t e F ille r s im p a r t a b e t t e r , lo n g e r-la s tin g , surface finish, im ­ p ro v e the electrica l p rop erties o f plastics.

A D D I T I O N A L T O U G H N E S S A sp h alt p rod u cts g ain tou gh n ess, a h ig h er m eltin g p o in t and a lo w e r brittle p oin t from Celite.

I N C R E A S E D B U L K M anufacturers o f such p rod u cts as p o w d e r e d clean sers and d etergents find that C elite F illers add bulk, im p rov e a b s o rp tio n and c o lo r .

G R E A T E R A B S O R P T I O N C elite Fillers are w id ely used in fine p olish es as an ab sorp tive, n o n ­ scra tch in g abrasive fo r m etals and o th er surfaces.

PRO PERTIES O F S O M E S T A N D A R D G R A D E S O F CELITE M IN E R A L FILLERS

G ra d *

De signation C o lo r Fineness

A v e ra g e Particle Size (O den Method)

Free M oisture

Content

A b so rp tion * Linseed W a te r O il

B ulking V a l u e * * Loose W et

Specific G ra vity

Celite FC Light bufF M a x im u m 3 % On 1 5 0 m esh 4 -6 m icrons A p p ro x . 4 % 2 1 5 2 0 5 8 17 2 .0 0 CeÜte SSC Light pink M a x im u m 5 % on 1 5 0 m esh 6-8 m icrons M a x . 1 % 2 1 0 1 9 0 9 1 7 2.1 5

Celite H SC W hite M a x im u m 7 % on 1 5 0 m esh 7 -9 m icrons M ax. 1 % 2 2 0 1 8 0 10.5 17 2.3 0 Sn ow Floss Light bufF M a x im u m 0 . 5 % on 3 2 5 m esh 1-2 m icrons A pprox. 4 % 2 1 0 185 8 2 4 2.0 0 Supe r Floss W hite M a x im u m 0 . 5 % on 3 2 5 m esh 2*4 m icrons M a x . 1 % 1 5 0 1 2 0 9 2 8 2.3 0

• G ard ne r-Cole m a n M e th od — lbs. o f liq uid p e r 1 0 0 lbs, of Celite. * * l b s . p e r cubic ft.

h r Custom ers fe a d il') S e e

T o the naked eye, a Celite* Filler lo o k s lik e any ordin ary p o w d e r. U n der the m ic ro s c o p e , h ow ever, Celite is amazingly different. It is seen to be c o m p o s e d o f m illion s o f fossilized diatom skeletons.

T h ese m inute particles a ccou n t fo r the unique p rop erties that have put profit in to many p ro d u cts— and may help yours.

T h ey give Celite its large surface area and lo w refractive in dex. T h e ir p orou s cellular structure m akes Celite ligh t in w eigh t and h igh ly a b sorb en t (C elite Fillers a b sorb ov e r tw ice their w eigh t o f liq u id ). O f pure a m orp h ou s silica, these particles a lso m ake Celite ch em i­

cally inert and fire-resistant.

Celite Fillers are available in many grades at lo w co st fo r a w id e variety o f ap­

p lica tion s. W h y not discuss their p o s s ib il­

ities w ith a Celite en gin eer?

A d d re ssjo h n s-M a n v ille , B o x 2 9 0 , N ew Y o r k 16, N . Y .

♦Reír. U . S . P a t. Off.

Johns-Manville Filter A id s

a n d Fillers

An interpretative monthly digest for chemists, chemical engineers, and executives in the chemical producing and chemical consuming industries

INDUSTRIAL and ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY....

K e p o r ts

ON THE C H E M I C A L WORLD TODAY

N E W W R I N K L E

C hannel-M aking M achine

Dipping frames carrying the pallets were sent into a con­

tinuous tank 100 feet long, holding 175,000 pounds of sulfur, and impregnation took place at the rate of sixty frames per hour. The finished pallet was capable of supporting a dy­

namic load of 3500 pounds and a static load three times as great. These figures may be further improved when better paper can be obtained for use in the construction.

The success o f the pallets led to the manufacture of channel boxes, 6 X 6 inches and of any desired length, for the shipping of aluminum tubing and trimming. Branching out along an entirely different line, the company experimented with tree guards made from the laminated sheets. W ax-dipped to overcome the disadvantages of wet weather, these guards have excellent spring and snap characteristics.

The sulfur-impregnating process was, however, not without its difficulties. Finding a dye stable in molten sulfur at 145°

C. was one; evaporation of water from the boxboard and re­

sultant bubbling of steam through the sulfur bath was another. M ost important was the fact that the finished product was not fireproof and, (Continued on page 8 A ) Impregnation of paper and paperboard is not a

H new idea. A structural channel unit of corru- ESftari gated boxboard is, and the idea materializes into a potent reality when the material is im­

pregnated with sulfur. It all started from a business of manufacturing advertising displays from paper, starch, wood flour, rosin, and water. Came the war and Old King Cole, Inc., of Canton, Ohio, turned to converting these materials into mandrels for use in manufacturing self-sealing, bulletproof gas tanks. From there the road led to corrugated board and the idea of a disposable pallet. The Institute of Paper Chemistry had experimented with boxboard impregnated with sulfur in building a small house. When Laminite Prod­

ucts, Inc., a child of Old King Cole, developed a channel shape out of laminated single-face corrugated cardboard, it was found that the cardboard had surprising strength after being impregnated with sulfur. A disposable pallet became a reality.

Starting with ordinary corrugated chipboard, a product used extensively in the packaging industry, they cut and laminated the sheets into three plies, used sodium silicate as an adhesive, and formed the laminated board into channels by the application of light pressure, with the grain of the corruga­

tions running around the U. Alternate wide and narrow channels, 14 and 5 inches wide with 4-inch legs, were joined with sodium silicate, and a two-ply cover was added to make pallets ranging up to 68 X 30 or 54 X 54 inches.

Assem bled U nit

6 A I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V o l. 39, No. 2

S T O N E & W E B S T E R E N G I N E E R I N G C O R P O R A T I O N

A S U B S I D I A R Y O F S T O N E & W E B S T E R . I N C .

CASE FOR A SPECIALIST.. . .

O u r broad e x p e rie n c e and specialized k n o w le d g e in every phase of engineering and c o n ­ struction often are em ployed dur­

in g the period of prelim inary

p la n n in g as w e ll as for actual

c o n s t r u c t io n o f in s t it u t io n a l

buildings.

BULK-FLO C O N V E Y O R ^{ELEVATO R} FEEDER

May furnish the simple, low-cost, efficient

"transportation" for the job

DUST TIGHT

D u s t-tig h t c a s in g p r e v e n ts le a k a g e an d p r o t e c t s m a te r ia l again st e x p o s u r e a n d c o n t a m in a t io n . H ig h ly s u c c e s s fu l w ith fo o d a n d c h e m ic a l p r o d u c t s . T h e L -s h a p e d e le v a t o r - c o n v e y o r u n it illu s tr a te d , is o n e o f m a n y fo r m s a v a ila b le f o r v e r tic a l, h o r iz o n ta l o r in c lin e d d ir e c t io n s o f flo w .

SLOW SPEED

S lo w s p e e d c a n b e u s e d f o r m a te r ia ls r e q u ir in g s p e c ia l ca re, to m in im iz e b r e a k a g e a n d d e g r a d a tio n .

SPLIT DISCH ARGE

S p lit D is c h a r g e h e lp s r e d u c e d e g r a d a t io n b y “ e a s in g ” in to ch u te a n y m a te r ia l c a r r ie d a b o v e c h u te flo o r b y flig h ts a fte r n orm a l d isch a r g e .

COMPACT DRIVE

C o m p a c t d r iv e c o n s is t in g o f m o t o r iz e d r e d u c e r a n d ch a in d riv e a r e s a f e ly e n c lo s e d . S p e e d ch a n g e s r e a d ily m a d e b y c h a n g in g o n e s p r o c k e t .

S a v es s p a c e t h r o u g h o u t, as B U L K - F L O c a s in g is sm a ll a n d th e m o v in g m a te r ia l o c c u p ie s a lm o s t t h e e n tir e cro s s s e c tio n o f th e c a sin g .

• A L in k -B e lt B U L K -F L O e le v a to r a n d /o r c o n v e y o r a n d f e e d e r in s t a l la t i o n is th e s im p le , s e n s ib l e a n s w e r t o m a n y p l a n t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o b l e m s i n v o l v i n g m o s t l o o s e m a t e r ia ls in a w i d e ra n ge o f industries.

F o r c l e a n l i n e s s , s a f e t y , c o n s e r v a t i o n o f m a t e r ia ls , e c o n o m y a n d sm o o th n e ss o f o p e ra tio n , as w e ll as a b ility to ta k e ca re o f p r a c tic a lly a n y situ a tion p u t u p to L in k - B e lt en gin eers, B U L K -F L O has a su p e rio r r e c o r d o f su c­

cess. Y o u ’ll fin d B o o k le t N o.

2 0 7 5 f u l l n f in t p r p c t W h v

February 1947 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 7 A

L I N K - B E L T C O M P A N Y

C hicago 8, Indianapolis 6, P hiladelphia 4 0 , A tlanta, D allas 1, M inneapolis 5, San Francisco 2 4 , L os A ngeles 3 3 , Seattle 4 ,

T o ro n to 8 . Offices in P rincipal Cities.

Do You Move Material that is

Free-Flowing, Crushed,

Granular, Ground, 3

or Pulverized... •

P A L M E R THERMOMETERS, INC.

i ⁸ C ^{re p o rts}

if ignited, produced poisonous fumes of sulfur dioxide. This I became the major stumbling block in the way of the subse- ; quent idea of application in an integrated housing construc­

tion system.

Considerable development work has been done in coopera- j tion with the H. K . Ferguson Company, which has been granted the rights to exploit this unit in the building and con- j struction fields; a machine for the continuous molding of panels built along the same lines as the pallet has been put into successful operation. It was found that dipping the 3 impregnated panels in a fire-resistant paint increased the fire 1 resistivity to a slow-burning category. Experiments «nth certain types of phenolic resins and the so-called unsaturated [ polyester-type resins have not only reduced the fire hazard \ but have also improved the structural characteristics and in­

creased the water resistance. Although such impregnations are more costly than that with sulfur, it is believed that when | the proper type of paper is available, material can be produced j which will have many applications in the building field.

These panels offer promise in the field of reinforced concrete design and m ay have considerable use in flooring, walls, and roof decks. Laboratory tests indicate that the panels com­

pare favorably in insulating properties with any structural board now in use. Panels may possibly be provided with a j variety o f finishes, including plywood, metal foil, and plastic and paper sheet coating. Development work along these : lines is being carried out by a number of companies in coopera­

tion with Ferguson. The popularity of the laminated product has been sufficiently substantial so that the principal headache now experienced b y the manufacturers is no longer technical but consists in procurement o f an adequate supply of the good quality kraft paper needed in the construction. W.H.S.

C O L O R F U L T H O U G H T S

There are probably as many different defini-

—j-^ -p tions and descriptions of “ color” as there are hues in a rainbow. The artist, dyer, physi­

cist, chemist, psychologist, and salesperson each prefers to employ his own unique vocabulary to express his sensations or observations o f that elusive quality. Joseph Addison’s remark made in 1712 that “ colors speak all lan­

guages” might aptly be twisted to “ color is spoken of in all ' languages” .

An interesting attempt to integrate all of these approaches ; to the subject was made b y I. H. Godlove of the General Ani­

line and Film Corporation in a paper “ Relation of Color Per- : ception to Chemical Structure” , presented before a recent meeting of his company at Shawnee-on-the-Delaware, Pa.

Unfortunately, Godlove pointed out, there are almost no complete works covering the entire field of color and chemical structure. The great mass of research on this subject by chemists and physicists has been concerned primarily with the relation of absorption spectra to chemical structure and only indirectly to color perception. This has been due in no j small part to the belief that absorption spectra measurements j are more precise than visual observations. People of antiq­

uity, however, tended to believe what their eyes “ told” them, ; and so color was defined in terms which today are used to do- . fine color perception or sensation. (Continued on page 10 A) j

2512 Norwood Ave. Cincinnati 12, Ohio

Canadian Plant: King and George Sts., Toronto 2

M ir«, o f In d u strial, L abora tory , R ecording an d D ial T h erm om eters

PALMER Thermometers

a r e u s e d f o r

Accurate Research

• W ith th e E thyl C o r p o r a t io n it's a c c u ­ r a c y first in th eir fa m e d R e s e a r c h L a b o r a ­ tories. P a lm e r T h e rm o m e ters m e e t h ig h e s t sta n d a rd s fo r a c c u r a c y , d u ra b ility a n d d e p e n d a b ility .

P a lm e r's P a te n te d " R e d -R e a d in g -M e r c u r y "

fe a tu re p e rm its q u ic k , e a s y r e a d in g s fro m a n y a n g le — at g r e a te r d is t a n c e — e v e n th ro u g h sm o k e a n d steam .

W h e th e r fo r r e s e a r c h o r m a n u fa ctu rin g p r o c e s s e s , y o u g e t th e sa m e fin e p r e ­ c is io n in a ll P a lm er T h e rm o m e te rs . . . In du strial, R e c o r d ­ in g a n d D ia l Styles.

A n d w h e r e v e r y o u lo o k , y o u w ill a l­

w a y s fin d P a lm er H ig h Q u a lity is sta n d a rd th e n a ­ tion o v e r!

W r ite fo r C a ta lo g

8 A

February 1947 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y

Girdler construction crew sets up tower fo r H y g i r t o l plant, which produces hydrogen o f higher p u rity m o r e e c o n o m ic a l l y th a n a n y o t h e r m e th o d .

G ird le r b u ild s the g a s p ro c e ssin g p la n ts G ir d le r d e s ig n s

B

A com p lete service, fr o m on e re­

sponsible sou rce, th a t in clu d es e v e ry ­ thing from sta rt to finish o f th e jo b . Plant design th a t is th o r o u g h ly p ra c­

tical for co n stru ction . C o n stru ctio n w strict a cco rd a n ce w ith p la n t d e ­ sign. P la n t tests a n d in itial o p e r­

a tio n u p o n co m p le tio n o f c o n stru c­

t io n — G ird ler fo llo w s th ro u g h until th e p la n t is in fu ll o p e ra tio n an d y o u k n o w all a b o u t h o w t o use it.

A n d y o u b e n e fit b y G ird ler’s e x ­ perien ce. G ird ler-d esign ed , G ird ler- e n g in e e r e d , a n d G ir d le r -b u ilt gas p rocessin g p la n ts serve m o st o f th e b ig nam es in in d u stry.

T h is in clu d es processes fo r gas m a n u fa ctu re, p u rifica tion , separa­

tion , d e h y d r a tio n — p rocesses in v o lv ­ in g h y d ro g e n su lph ide, ca rb o n m o n ­ ox id e, ca rb o n d iox id e, in e rt an d c o n ­ trolle d a tm osph eres, natural gas, re­

fin ery gases, liq u id h y d roca rb o n s, h y d rog en , n itrogen .

T H E G IR D L E R C O R P O R A T I O N , L O U IS V IL L E 1, K Y . G A S P R O C E SS ES D IV IS IO N

DISTRICT O FFICES

150 Broadw ay, N. Y. 7 • 2 6 1 2 Russ Btdg., Sa n Francisco4 311 Tuloma Bldg,, Tulsa 3

• G I R D L E R -

d e s i g n e r s , e n g i n e e r s a n d c o n s t r u c t o r s o f g a s p r o c e s s i n g p l a n t s

Y o u ca n a v o id h id d e n w e a k ­ nesses in the p ro c e ssin g e q u ip ­ m ent y o u p u rc h a se b y selecting a fa b ric a to r with spe cia lize d e xp e rie n ce in w o rk in g with this a llo y. Stainle ss steel is a tricky m etal to w ork. W h e n y o u b e n d it, form it, w eld it, y o u r fa b ric a ­ tor must use sh o p p ro c e d u re s t h a t s a f e g u a r d th e o r i g i n a l p rop e rtie s o f the metal. A n d he m ust h a v e the p la n t m achine ry, e n g in e e rin g skill, a n d trained m a n p o w e r to ca rry out these protective procedures.

A s custom b u ild e rs o f p ro c e ss­

in g e qu ip m e n t w o rk in g e xclu ­ sively with stainless steel a llo y — w e offer this sp e cia liza tio n tb o u r customers. It a ssu re s y o u p ro c e ssin g e qu ip m e n t with no h id d e n w e a k n e sse s— e qu ip m e n t that lasts lo n ge r, w o rk s m ore efficiently for y o u r a p p lica tio n .

C O N S U L T W IT H US.

S. B L I C K M A N I N C .

1 2 0 2 G R E G O R Y A V E ., W E E H A W K E N . N . Jj,

S I N D F O R T H I S V A L U A B LE B O O K

For W hen You Specify Slolnlcii Steel foe Your Proceilinfl Equipm ent.**

r e p o r t s

A possible means of tying up the different approaches to the subject of color into a self-consistent philosophy was pre­

sented b y Godlove in the following schematic diagram:

m

(PSYCHO-) CHEM ICAL CORRELATIONS

PSYCHO­

PHYSICAL CORRELATIONS

CHROMOPHORES AUXOCH ROMES NIETZKI RULE ETC.

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

CS?Pc:coO

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CORRELATIONS

A. ELECTRONIC ANO RESONANCE THEORIES a QUANTUM-MECHANICAL CALCULATIONS C. STERIC HINDRANCE OF RESONANCE ETC.

The colorant, a dye or pigment, is symbolized by the box in the center of the triangle. The effect an individual receives b y observing this material results in color perception, the quality which, in the last analysis, is the most important from the point of view o f the manufacturer o f consumer items.

The actual color of the colorant is determined by the molec­

ular construction o f the material; the construction is achieved by the controlled chemical reactions used in the dyestuff in­

dustry, represented by the line connecting the colorant box to the “ chemical corner” of the triangle. In like manner the use o f physical methods to measure the absorption spectra and other characteristics of the colorant material is shown schematically as the line joining the color box to the “ physical corner” o f the triangle.

The perimeter of the triangle shows a possible correlation o f many of the approaches to the theory o f color. For in­

stance, color perception can be integrated with chemical structure b y traveling directly along the left leg o f the tri­

angle or indirectly b y traversing the right leg and the base.

The first journey would take one through predominantly static conceptions, such as theories of chromophores, auxo- chromes, salt-forming color-intensifying groups, Nietzki’s rule, Schutz’s series, etc., and also through the dynamic chemi­

cal interpretations o f color phenomena, such as tautomerism, oscillation of benzenoid and quinonoid linkages, isorropesis, etc.

The indirect route of correlating color perception with chemical structure starts with the Munsell notation system on the psychophysical leg. This system of color classification, which is almost entirely psychological in approach, is most commonly employed in the art fields and embraces some nine hundred different colors. (Continued on page 12 A) 10 A

February 1947 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 11 A

OR PARAFFIN WAX OR INDUSTRIAL STARCH

flj p W h a t v i s c o u s m a t e r i a l c a n y o u U 11 p r o c e s s m o r e p r o f i t a b l y ?

A L M O S T invariably the processing o f viscous materials involves heating or cooling. V otator equipment provides a continuous, closed system em bodying the cleanest, safest, m ost efficient heat transfer operation for this purpose. Does a dependable, more uniform jo b in gen­

erally less than half the floor space re­

quired by batch methods. M akes possible corresponding savings in labor, heat or re­

frigeration, and overall operating expense for a great cross-section o f industry.

T h e above were picked at random from more than a dozen tried and proved V otator applications. There are many potential V otator applications o f which even we may n ot be aware— the proc­

essing o f viscous materials covers such wide industrial territory.

I f you process anything in viscous form, chances are V otator equipment can cut your costs, increase your profits.

W rite to T h e Girdler Corporation, V o ­ tator D ivision, Louisville 1, Kentucky.

OISTRICT OFFICES: 150 Broadway, New York City 7 • 2612 Russ Building, San Francisco 4 • 617 Johnston Building, Charlotte 2, N. C.

• C O N T I N U O U S , C L O S E D H E A T T R A N S F E R A N D P R O C E S S I N G E Q U I P M E N T

OR SHAVING CREAM

LUBRICATING GREASE

I N D O N E X

P L A S T I C I Z E R S

I N D O N E X P L A S T I C I Z E R S A R E A C C E P T E D I N R U B B E R C O M P O U N D I N G A lso , their utility h a s bee n d em onstrate d in m a n y n o n -ru b b e r co m p ositio ns re q u irin g low cost plasti- cizers, a n d a s saturants fo r fib ro u s products.

I N D O N E X p lasticizers a re d a r k colored, h ig h ly arom atic, o f low volatility, a n d g o o d odor.

G r a d e 6 3 3 V 4 6 3 4 'A 6 3 8 V 4 6 3 9 Vi

S p . G r . ( 6 0 ° F ) ... 0 . 9 9 5 8 0 . 9 9 7 9 1 . 0 2 0 1 .0 21

F la s h ° F ... 4 5 0 4 6 0 5 1 0 5 2 0

P o u r ° F ... 3 5 4 0 7 0 7 5

V i s c o s i t y 2 1 0 ° F , S a y b o l t sec. 1 1 0 1 2 5 5 1 0 7 2 0

V i s c o s i t y I n d e x ... - 1 0 9 - 1 3 0 — 3 6 5 - 4 0 0

D ist . (1 m m ) °F

5 % ... 4 0 5 4 0 9 4 9 8 5 0 6

3 0 % ... 4 4 2 4 4 5 5 4 0 5 5 9

E v a p . L o s s m g / 1 0 g .

(1 hr. o v e n 1 0 0 ° C ) . . 5 5 3 2

Bulletins 13 a n d 1 3 A describe the use o f the a b o v e products in n a tu ral a n d synthetic ru b­

ber.

" I N D O N E X V G " FO R V IN Y L C O M P O U N D IN G

A m ed ium -co lo r a ro m a tic h y d ro c a rb o n p rod uct—

viscosity 1 03 se co n d s S a y b o lt at 2 1 0 °F .— v o la til­

ity at 1mm o n ly 5 % a t 4 3 0 ° F . Results indicate sa tisfa cto ry use a s a p a rtia l re p lace m e nt for dioctyl p h th a la te in vinyl resin co m p o u n d in g.

A v a ila b le in co m m ercial q uantities— prices a n d technical circular on request.

S T A N D A R D O I L C O M P A N Y ( I N D I A N A )

C H E M I C A L P R O D U C T S D E P A R T M E N T

9 1 0 S O U T H M I C H I G A N A V E N U E C H I C A G O 8 0 , I L L I N O I S

ESC reports

The Munsell notations define a color in terms of three dimen­

sions— namely, hue, chroma, and value. Hue is the actual perceived quality of the color (blue, red, blue-green, etc.), chroma is the saturation measurement of the given hue, and value represents the actual “ grayness” of the color under consideration. Thus, a pale yellow would be closer on a comparative value basis to a light gray or grayish white than it would be to a very dark red or brown.

Sooner or later in any attempt to integrate all of the different approaches, the philosopher is faced with the need for furnishing a step in which the instrumental measurements are made to overlap or coincide with an individual’ s evalua­

tion of the color. I t was here that the work of M cA dam and the subsequent conversions o f his data b y Nickerson were of inestimable value in filling the gap. M cAdam used the faculties of a standard and (he hoped) normal observer to match successive spectrum lights o f varying wave length with a mixture of three primary lights of the International Com­

mission on Illumination. His data from these tristimulus specification studies, as they were called, were converted into Munsell terminology b y the culminant work of Nickerson, and the troublesome gap was bridged.

This section of the right leg is connected with its junction to the base diagrammatically b y the notation “ psychophysical data” , which is known today as the “ 1931 I.C .I. Standard Observer and Coordinate System for Colorimetry” .

From this point on, the indirect method of correlating color perception with chemical structure consists entirely o f in­

strumental and theoretical considerations, to the exclusion of individual human evaluation. The junction of the right leg and the base is represented as the accumulation of physical data, restricted to the consideration o f absorption, transmis­

sion, and reflection spectra only.

The base of the triangle is shown schematically as the con­

nection between the observed physical data and the chemical structure of the colorant. This correlation includes, as subsections, (A ) electronic and resonance theories, (B) quantum-mechanical calculations of the absorption spectra, and (C) steric hindrance effects, concerned with the inhibition o f complete resonance b y the lack of coplanarity o f two rings in the structure of any other geometrical effects. Godlove points out that A is probably more truly typified as a con­

sideration of the resonance between various electronic struc­

tures, the “ true” chemical structure being a hybrid of these.

R .L .D .

P O R E P L A S T I C S

In spite o f the fa ct that the age o f plastics is now considered a fa it accompli, there is occasionally a new application ingenious enough to cause our ears to prick up. Such is the fairly recent solution to the problem o f sanding- up o f producing wells, considered b y authorities in the w ork-over branch o f the petroleum industry to be one o f the m ost im portant developm ents o f the last five years.

Sanding-up is the m ovem ent of sand into a well bore or casing in sufficient volum e to halt or seriously reduce the flow o f oil, water, or gas, and occurs principally in un­

consolidated sand form ations. Plastics have been a panacea in a number of oil-field (Continued, on page 14 A) 12 A

February 1947 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y

For Y o u r

. „ „ „ „ C O . H e a t T r a n . f . r O p e r a t i o n *

Thoroughly experienced in the problems of heat transfer throughout industry, Devine Engineers are prepared to design units specifically engineered for any particular heat- exchanging operation. Built in an up-to-date plant b y expert workmen with every modern facility at their disposal, Devine Heat Exchangers achieve an unusually high degree of effi­

ciency and mechanical simplicity. Low initial investment and minimum maintenance costs are characteristic of Devine Equipment. If you have a heat transfer problem, Devine En­

gineers will help you solve it.

J . P . D E V I N E

H. K. PORTER C O M P A N Y , Inc.

O I L B U R N E R

com pletely atomizes and thoroughly bum s . . .

the lowest and cheapest grades of fuel oil and tar; requires low oil pressure and tem­

perature; operates continuously without cleaning or cloggin g. Internal atomizing feature uses steam or com pressed air for atomization. Type " S A " O il Burner is equally adaptable to all types of industrial heating, pow er or process furnaces. It is suitable for firing above stoker grade as alternate fuel.

FOR BURNING WASTE MATERIALS. . .

Type "S-A -D " Refuse O il Burner operates with waste material pum ped directly to the burner and blen ded with fuel oil in the ven­

turi chamber; insures stability of ignition;

reduces fumes and stack solids; uses steam or com pressed air for atomization; functions entirely on fuel oil where supply of waste is intermittent; and assures continuous

operation without cleaning or clogging.

Write for Bulletin 21, it gives com plete data about these O il Burners.

Mam Offie*i A Foclory: 1288 EAST SEDGIEY AVENUE, PHILADELPHIA 34, PA.

T e x a s O ffic e : 2 n d N a tio n a l Bank B l d g ..'H o u u o n

V . . m o U S T R i A i ■ O I L J S U R N E R 5 , G A S B U R H E R 5 , F U R N A C l E Q m m l M T j j

ESC reports

plugging problems, but sand consolidation had a severe re­

quirement for its solution: the plastic used could not form an impervious seal. It had to be capable of bonding the indi­

vidual sand grains in place without materially reducing the effective permeability of the formation.

A t the recent Galveston meeting o f the Petroleum Division, American Institute o f Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, A. C. Polk, Jr., o f Dowell, Inc., told o f a thermo­

setting plastic material which proved successful in 8 0 % of the cases tried. Introduced into the well in the liquid state, it penetrated the sand at low pressure, and solidified with ade­

quate compressive and tensile strength and inherent perme­

ability. Basically o f the phenol-formaldehyde type, the plastic is so modified as to adapt setting rate to specific and varying bottom -hole temperatures. ‘ ‘Inherent” permeability is brought about b y shrinkage and b y the presence of certain chemical compounds which permit the formation, on appli­

cation of a differential pressure across the plastic (either as existing normally at the bottom hole or applied through portable surface pumps), of a porous and permeable set.

T he result is a form ation in which the individual sand grains are bonded together, retaining 85 to 9 0 % o f the original perm eability of the form ation. W .H .S.

M A T C H L E S S E C O N O M Y

In these days when our solons are so out­

spokenly preoccupied with trimming the national budget and saving the “ peepul” from

“ crippling taxation” , it has become quite the fashion to discuss governmental economy. However, even back during the days of the active conflict, there were some groups who did not lose sight of the fact that what “ we owed to ourselves” would eventually be deducted from our pay checks. Within the first year of the United States’ participa­

tion in the war, Chemical Warfare Service chemists made a discovery which undoubtedly saved the American taxpayer a sizable amount of money. T hey found out that barite at S10.00 per ton was as effective an accelerator in Thermit bom bs as was the $195.00-a-ton barium nitrate conventionally .used. In fact it was a little better. Furthermore, it operated with secondary 9 2 % pure, granular aluminum instead of the more expensive 98% pure grained aluminum used with the nitrate, and did not require sulfur and castor oil binders. All in all, it was a considerable simplification.

The older standard incendiary mixture known as Therm- 8 had the following composition: iron oxide scale, 69.2% ; barium nitrate, 15.0% ; granular aluminum (9 2 % ), 20.8% ; grained aluminum (98% ), 3 .8 % ; sulfur, 0.9% , and castor oil, 0.3% . The new barite mixture had only three components:

iron oxide scale, 59.2% ; granular aluminum (9 2 % ), 25.3%;

and barite, 15.5%.

The best results were obtained when sufficient aluminum was used to react with all of the barium sulfate present in the barite, assuming the impurities to be inert. Varying the ferrous oxide content in the iron scale from 22 to 7.1% had no apparent effect on the behavior o f the bomb. I t was found that bombs containing aluminum from different sources had different rates of combustion. This variation was attributed to differences in apparent density. (Continued on page 16 A) 14 A

ANCCltS l'r

From Tennessee and Iowa

TWO PLANTS NOW SUPPLYING

; <!, 1 1 0

I / '

\ CiOA«\_ RAPIO^O _, \ *• —/ ' T

*« CHICAGO *

i r STOCK

P O IN T Vc ST O C K

P O IN T

H e r e ’S g o o d new s fo r users and prospective users o f furfural and its derivatives.

On N o v e m b e r 1, 1946, T h e Q uaker Oats C o m ­ pany purchased the furfural m anufacturing plant at M em phis, T en n ., fo rm e rly ow n ed b y the governm ent. T h is plant, operated fo r the government during the w ar b y T h e Q . O . Chemical C om pany, a w h o lly ow n ed subsidiary of T h e Q uaker Oats C om pany, supplied all the furfural requirements fo r the govern m en t’s vast synthetic rubber program . N o w , this same per­

sonnel continues under the n ew ow nership to run this plant, governm ent needs bein g supplied from here as before.

TWO SOURCES FOR INDUSTRIAL USERS

the entire facilities at the Cedar Rapids plant, are n o w available to industrial users o f furfural and its derivatives. W it h these tw o sources, w id e ly separated geographically, users o f furfural are further assured o f an uninterrupted flo w o f fu r­

fural in ample volum e to meet their needs.

FURFURAL’S VERSATILITY

W A R R A N T S Y O U R IN V E ST IG A T IO N

h yd e available today, is rapidly g ro w in g in im ­ portance in a w id e variety o f applications. I f y o u are n ot entirely familiar w ith its current uses and reactions, w e suggest y o u w rite o n y o u r let­

terhead fo r literature w e have available.

February 1947 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 1 5 A

1 4 1 W . J A C K S O N B L V D . , C H I C A G O 4 , I L L IN O IS

In the United Kingdom, Q u ak e r O a ts Ltd., Southall, M iddlesex, England In Europe, Q u ak e r Oats-G raanproducfen, N. V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands In Australia, Swift & Com pany, Pty. Ltd., Sydn ey

FURFURAL • FURFURYL A LC O H O L . FUROIC ACID • TETRAHYDROFURFURYL A LC O H O L

RUGGLES-COLES CLASS XB

Indirect H eat Dryers

BUILT BY HARDINGE

. . . fo r m aterials w h ich m a y he h ea ted to above 212° F. b u t w h ich c a n n o t h e dried b y d ire ct h ea t b eca u se o f c o n ta m in a tio n , d isco lo ra tio n , or excessive d u st loss.

In this ty p e o f H a rd in g e -b u ilt R u g g les-C o les D ryer, gases d o 110I co m e in d irect co n ta c t w ith th e m a te ria l at any stage o f the d ryin g op e ra tio n . O n ly a sm a ll a m o u n t o f air is draw n th r o u g h th e a n n u la r space in w h ic h th e m a te ria l is dried , m a k in g th e D ryer virtually dustless to operate.

T h e illu stra tio n show s an in sta lla tio n o f a Class X B D ryer, a n d in it y o u sec th e gas a n d vapor fan s and th e r m o -c o u p le at th e disch a rge en ds, prov id in g a u to m a tic c o n tro l.

REQUEST CATALO G 16-C

Y O R K , P E N N S Y L V A N IA — 240 A rc h St. • M ain O ffice and W o rk i N E W Y O R K 17— 122 E. 42nd St. • 205 W . W a c k e r D rive— C H I C A G O 6 S A N F R A N C IS C O S— 94 N atom a St. • 200 Boy St.— T O R O N T O 1

r e p o r t s

Although the heat o f reaction of the barite bom b (800 calories per gram) is almost 20% less than that of the Therm-8 type (960 calories per gram), military effectiveness tests indi­

cate that the simpler type will do more damage. When placed on a white pine board, 12 X 20 X 2.5 inches, and ignited, the barite bomb penetrated the board more than twice as fast as did its older rival. It also took a 10% edge in igniting a slat placed 1 foot to the side o f the bombs and another 3 feet above. Except for the filling, the bombs used in the test were identical.

The barite mixture came out on top in the storage and handling tests also. It had the advantage of being unaffected by moisture, whereas barium nitrate is strongly hygroscopic.

An added advantage is an ignition temperature well above 1000° C. compared to 700-760° C. for Therm-S. This makes it safer while in process.

Yes, all this and cheaper too. M .L.K.

P A I N T B R U S H P L A S T I C S

An absorbing, example of wartime ingenuity in plastics application is reported by Chandra Kant in the September 7, 1946, issue of The Chemical Age, a British publication. Resin- impregnated-canvas jettison tanks for airplanes have been fabricated in the field through a method developed by India’s Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.

A sewed canvas bag, o f 75-gallon capacity and the usual torpedo shape, is made from a single thickness of canvas com­

plete with two internal perforated baffles that also serve as reinforcements. The bag is rolled up and sent to the point of use accompanied by 20 pounds of a resin powder of the follow­

ing composition: dewaxed lemon shellac 44% , portland sodium carbonate 4.4% , urea cement 44% , casein 4.5% ,

2.2% , and borax 0.9% . T o make the tanks, the powder is mixed with 4.5 gallons of water and placed in the bag, which is pumped up to an air pressure of 2 pounds per square inch.

The inflated tank is rolled around to coat all inside portions thoroughly, and the resin that oozes through the cloth is spread on the outside. Some hours later the plastic has set enough to permit the tank to be used. A concentrated load of 80 pounds could be with­

stood easily by a finished tank.

M ost processes for production of laminated plastics con­

tainers require large presses. This adaptation was developed to avoid the requirement of heavy machinery and permit its use in India’s "cottage industry” . A 4-gallon gasoline “ blitz can” was another product made by essentially the same method. It consisted of two resin-impregnated canvas layers which were stiffened with bamboo strips and to which the resin could be applied with a paintbrush. D.O.M.

16 A

February 1947 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y

N A T I O N A L C A R B O N C O M P A N Y , I N C .

Unit o f Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation T he words "Karbate” and "N ational” are regis­

tered trade-marks o f National Carbon Co., Inc.

30 East 42nd Street, N ew Y ork 17, N . Y . D ivision Sales Offices: Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Kansas City, N ew Y ork, Pittsburgh, San Francisco

• . "Karbate” Heat Exchangers w ill help you end the expense and delay o f con­

stantly replacing corroded heat exchangers!

"Karbate” Heat Exchangers are chemically inert. They are free from corrosion scale formation. Thus, they w ill stay on the job indefinitely—saving substantial

replacement costs over the years.

"Karbate” Heat Exchangers have other stand-out features: A remarkably high rate o f heat transfer • Extreme heat shock resistance • Light weight • Strong, sturdy

— able to take rough treatment • Can be made in a variety o f sizes and types from the simple plate to the large tube-bundle types.

For complete description o f "Karbate” Heat Exchangers, write Dept. IE.

“ K A R B A T E " M A T E R I A L U N A F F E C T E D B Y

H yd ro ch loric. . . su lp h u ric . . . la c t ic . . . a c e tic '... hydrofluoric a c id s . . . and by special caustic v a p o rs...a n d other corrosive liquids and gase s.

I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V ol. 39, No

FOR OILS J

H5H

PR0PERT,ES

. C o m p o s e d P r e d 0 ” " ™ “ Ü ,l e m e s .

saturated paradina an ^ , ,

. - - * and w e s '

oils and most . » > » * ' =»d 3 m & tu Ie .

* ! _ b ia h * • * * > iBduCÜ' '' S “ P a d ' y '

‘ f f i g h d i' te 0ttlCr ^ c a « n g . P » M t r a t o 3 e r t e s

, Hender surfaces repellent FOR OILS T H A ^

. U n aatu rated Irydrocarbona

• Drying

. Carbonizare substances or stickiness S u p u t o p a j l b b“ * "

and m old

growtb . Color, odor, taste

s0* ° 5L o c ^ Bi _{pVJRlf'íO ¿ p}

M e a OÍ w b y I S p e c if ic G r a v ity - 45 @ xOO F . . d r n u s o m e i d e a 0 1 w , a p v i s c o s i t y - 3 0 « o 0 ° F .

These characteristics

so many « o .

puri- oils or oils ot other: J ^ ^ (wUte mtaeral

f l e d p e t r o l e u m h y d ^ a ^ u „

oils). Tbe com plete ol industrial oW ionq one, and th

R e b o r n H y -

For latest on

S ° n d ' c o u p - “ - i t e ,

tended.

W hite O il o»d

i SONNEBORN SONS, »N .

1 W o f P e t r o t e - P r ^

88 Lexington Avenue. New York N’ Y'

P H Y S I C A L

S p e c i i i c G r a v i t y - 4 5 @ 1 0 0 F.

s W V i S C ° t I e 3 7 0 to 8 0 0 ° F . Distillation R ^ g 42Q» F . F l a s h P o i n t . 1 7 ^ q 0 ? _

Fire Pomt: * 9 . ^ to - 3 5 ?•

Pour Test- + 230 p.

A n ilin e Point: 1 7 5 ‘ ° 2 0 » C .: 1-43 to I-48 D etractive In d e x C ^ b o v e 29 K.V.

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