T H I S P H O T O G R A P H I C R E P R I N T E D I T I O N
IS P U B L I S H E D B Y
D E N N I S & C O ., I N C . (P u b lis h e rs ), B u ffa lo , N . Y „ U . S. A . B U T T E R W O R T H & C O . (P u b lis h e rs ) L T D . , L o n d o n , E n g la n d
R e p r in t e d b y p h o t o lit h o in th e U .S .A . b y C u s h in g -M a llo y , In c ., o f A n n A r b o r , M ic h ig a n
R E P O R T S
OF CASES R E L A T IN G TO
M A R I T I M E L A W ;
C O N T A IN IN G A L L T H E
DECISIONS OF THE COURTS OF LAW AND EQUITY
mratÊÏr ïîmgDtmt,
AND SELECTIONS FROM THE MORE IMPORTANT DECISIONS
Colottùs anïr tjjc ®nittîJ States.
E D IT E D B y
J -A. AL Eg, E . .A. 8 E I ÎST A. L E, Barrister-at-Eaw.
V O L . I I I . ,
N e w S e rie s , fr o m 1 8 7 5 to 1 8 7 8 . (VOL. V I., O.S.)
L O N D O N : H O R A C E C O X , 10, W E L L I N G T O N S T R E E T , S T R A N D , W .C .
1 8 7 8.
LO N D O N :
P R IN T E D BY H O R A C E COX, W E L L 1 N O T O N -S T R R E T , S T R A N D , W .C .
( M W
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- \JL- tA M \ * > - ' £ • -INDEX
TO
O I F T I E L I E C A S E S
R E P O R T E D I N T H I S V O L U M E .
Ao a m s„. Ha l l ...page 496
Ad r i a t i c, Th e... ... 16
l is o n V. Th e Br is t o l Ma r i n e In s u r a n c e ^ c o m p a n y ... 178
Ak in s a n d a n o t h e r v. Ju p e, Pe m b r o k e, a-iwe p e n1i;ei m, a n d Ch o is y ... 449
a m s t e l, Th e 488 Am oERSON a n d o t h e r s v. Mo r ic e ... 31, 290 a n e r o id, Th e 418 ^ » « . - In d i a n, Th e... " " " i ; " " ; " ! " ... 1
Ar t ANDALE’ Th e... 38 3 ’ 489> 504 . * UE Av e r a g e As s o c ia t io n, Re (De Win t o n a n d Co. sc a s e) ... .. 245
t r ° D (a p p ) • • c a s e ( r e s p . r : : : : : : : : : : : ... 84
v wALASI4n In s u r a n c e Co m p a n y, Th e (apps.), Au s t r1LMAM r' OWSI,t:T Ja c k s o n (re s p .)... 26
Sa u n d e rN Aq e ic u l t u r a l Co m p a n y, Th e v. n ^ I)A AND Ki r w e e Bo o t y ... 69
v ‘ St a n t o n... . 246, 294 B ^ Ew t^ ’ E x P a r t e ; R e W O R S D E L L ... 387
Ba y t u° K V' ®u e n y e a t, Br o w na n d Co m p a n y... 376
Be iotJ i ND othjsrs v. Ch a d w i c k ... 453, 543 a e l q i c, Th e.... 348
Bl e s s in g, Th e .'... t 6 l B w ss v. Go m e z...; ; ; ... 456
b o w e s wa n dV n co t h e e s ' ¿h a y t o n so3 Bo y n e Th e rHEES v - Sh a n d a n d o t h e r s ... 461
... IS
Br i d g w a t e r, Th e ... ' " ... 506Ca d iz, Th e Ca r g o ex Sc h i l l e r'..'.'.'.'...226439 Ca r g o « , Wo o s u n g ... t a S i ^ A’ T ^ BA^ E ' - ' = ^ Ca r h Ca-s t l e, Th e ... 607
Ch ia z z a r o, Th e... 170
Cm* OE ? EOOKL™ . Th e ... 230
™ \ 0LotherNsAVI<1ATION Co m p a n y ®- Ba r c l a y a n d Co h e n 374 ¡ ■ Zy TH E S°h t h-Ea s t e b n Ra i l w a y Co m- l 0: r ECIAE St e a m s h ip Co m p a n y v. Bo u l t o n a n da n o t h e r , , , Co r in n a, Th e . ... i n i '-'Be e n v. Wr ig h t ... 2 M c y b e l e^t h e w' Du n n a n d a n o t h e r'::::::::::::::: 595 c y n t h iI , t h e".'.'.':.;:;;:::... 478,
Da io z, Th e... page 477 De Bu s s c h ev. Al t... 584
De Ga k t e ig v. Th e Me r s e y Do c k s a n d Ha r- b o u r Bo a r d ... 500
De l t a, Th e ... 256
Do l p h i n, Th e ... 287
Do o l a n v. Th e Mi d l a n d Ra i l w a y Co m p a n y ... 485
Du d g e o n t>. Pe m b r o k e ... 101, 393 Ea r l o p Eg l i n t o n, Th e v. No r m a n a n d a n o t h e r ... 471
Ea r l Sp e n c e r, Th e ... 4
Ea s t e r n Be l l e, Th e ... 19
Ea s t m a n v. Ha r r y... 117
Ed w a r d s v. Th e Ab e r a y r o n Mu t u a l Sh i p In s u r a n c e So c ie t y (Li m i t e d) ... 154
El l is a n d Co. v. Ge n e r a l St e a m Na v i g a t i o n Co m p a n y (Li m i t e d) ... 581
El m o r ea n d a n o t h e r v. Hu n t e r ... 555
Em m a, Th e... 218
En g l is h m a n, Th e ... 506
Ev a n g e l i s t r i a, Th e ... 264
Ev a n sv.Bu l l o c k a n d o t h e r s
...
552Ex p e r t, Th e... 381
Fa l c o n, Th e... 566
Fi s h e rv. Sm i t h ... 211, 492 Fr a n c o n ia, Th e ... 295, 415, 435 Fr e n c ha n da n o t h e r v. Ge r b e ra n d o t h e r s ... 403
Fr e n c h a n d So n sv. Ne w g r a s sa n d Co m p a n y... 574
Fy e n o o r d, Th e ... 218
Ga b a r r o n a n d a n o t h e r v. Kr e e f t ; Kr e e f t v. Th o m p s o n... 36
Ga m b l e s a a d o t h e r s v. Th e Oc e a n Ma r i n e In s u r a n c e Co m p a n y o f Bo m b a y... 92, 120 Ge n e r a l Bi r c h, Th e... 99
Ge n e r a l St e a m Na v i g a t i o n Co m p a n y v. Lo n d o na n d Ed i n b u r g h Sh i p p i n g Co m p a n y... 454
Gi a n n i b a n t a, Th e ... 339
Gl e a n e r, Th e ... 582
Ha n n a, Th e ... 503
He l v e t i a, Th e... 43n Hi c k o x a n d a n o t h e r v. Ad a m s a n d a n o t h e r... 142
Hin g s t o n v. We n d t ... 126
Ho p p e r v. Bu r n e s sa n d o t h e r s... 149
Ho r l o c k, Th e ... 421
Hu t c h in s o n v. Gl o v e r ... 85, 120 In n i s f a i l, Th e... 337
Ja m e s Ar m s t r o n g, Th e... 46
Je n n i e S. Ba k e r, Th e ... 42
Jo h n Bo y n e, Th e ... 341
Jo n e s Br o t h e r s, Th e... 478
Jo n e sv. Ad a m s o na n da n o t h e r ... 253
Ju l i a Fis h e r, Th e ... 380
Ju l i n a, Th e... 264
Ju n o Th e... 217
IV M AEITIM B LA W CASES,
N A M E S OF CARES.
Ke i t h a n d a n o t h e r v. Bu r r o w s a n d a n o t h e r page 280, 42 7, 481 Kl e i n w o r t a n d o t h e r s v. Th e Cass a Ma r i-
t i m a o f Ge n o a... 358
Ko p t t o f f v. Wil s o n ... 163
La k e Me g a n t ic, Th e ... 382
La k e St. Cl a i r, Th e, v. Th e Un d e r w r i t e r ... 361
Le a s ev. Sc o t t... 352, 469 Le w is v. Gr a y ... 136
Li m e r i c k, Th e ... 206
Lis t e r v. Ya n Ha a n s b e r g e n ... 145
Lo c k h a r tv. Fa l k ... 8
Lo h r e v. At c h in s o n a n d a n o t h e r ... 445
Ld t s c h e r v. Co m p t o ird’Es c o m p t e d e Pa r i s... 209
Ma c k e n z iev. Wh i t w o r t h... 81
Ma r i e Co n s t a n c e, Th e... 505
Ma u d e, Th e ... 338
McMi l l a n a n d So n v. Liv e r p o o l a n d Te x a s St e a m s h ip Co m p a n y (Li m i t e d) a n d C. Gr i m- s h a w a n d C o ... 579
Me d i n a, Th e ... 219, 305 Me i k l e r e i d (app.) v. We s t (resp.) ... 129
Me t c a l f e v. Br i t a n n i a Ir o n w o r k s Co m p a n y ... 313, 407 Me y e r a n do t h e r s v. Ra l l i a n d o t h e r s ... 324
Mi nt o, E x p a rte ... 323
Mi r a b i t a v. Th e Im p e r ia l Ot t o m a n Ba n k... 591
Mo o r e v. Ha r r is ... 173
Mo r ic e v. An d e r s o n a n d o t h e r s... 290
Mo r r is v. Le v is o n ... 171
Mo u l d a n d a n o t h e rv. An d r e w s a n d o t h e r s 329 M . Mo x h a m, Th e ... 95, 191 Na t i v e Pe a r l, Th e ... 515
Ni l e, Th e... 11
No r m a, Th e ..., ... 272
N . P. Ne il s e n, Th e ... 169
Nu o e n t v. Sm i t h ... 87, 198 Ogga n d a n o t h e r v. Sh u t e r ... 77
Om o aa n d Cl e l a n d Co a l a n d Ir o n Co m p a n y, Th e, v. Hu n t l e y... 501
Op p e n h e i m v. Fr a s e r... 146
Oq u e n d o, Th e ... 558
Or i g i n a l Ha r t l e p o o l Co l l e r ie s Co m p a n y ( Li m i t e d) v. Gi b b... 411
Pa l m e r v. Za r i f i Br o t h e r s ... 540
Pa r a n a, Th e... 220, 399 Pe a r s o nv. Th e Co m m e r c ia l Un i o n As s u r a n c e Co m p a n y... 275
Pe c k f o r t o n Ca s t l e, Th e... 511, 533 Pe t e r d e r Gr o ss e, Th e... , ... 195
Ph i l o t a x e, Th e ... 512
Po l y m e d e, Th e ... 124
Pr in c e t o n, Th e ... 562
Qu e e n’s Av e r a g e As s o c ia t io n, Re; E x p a rte Ly n e s... ... 576
Ra f f a e l l u c c ia, Th e ... 505
Ra n k e n v. Al f a r o ... 309
Rio Gr a n d e d o Su l St e a m s h ip Co m p a n y (Li m i t e d), Re Th e ... 424
Ri v e r We a r Co m m is s io n e r s, Th e v. Ad a m s o n a n d o t h e r s ... page 242, 521 Ro b in s o n v. Pr ic e a n d o t h e r s ... 321, 407 Ro s a r io, Th e ... 334
Ro w e n a, Th e ... 506
St. Ol a f, Th e ... 268, 341 Sa n g u i n e t t iv. Th e Pa c i f i c St e a m Na v ig a t io n Co m p a n y ... 300
Sa r a h, Th e ... 542
Sa r p e d o n, Sp e c ie, ex ... 509
Sa u n d e r s a n da n o t h e r v. Ba r i n g a n da n o t h e r 133 Sc e p t r e, Th e ... 269
Sc h i l l e r, Ca r g o ex ... 226, 439 Sc h u s t e ra n d o t h e r sv. Fl e t c h e r... 577
Sc r u t t o n v. Ch i l d s ... 373
Se c r e t, Th e ... 337
Sf a c t o r ia, Th e ... 271
Sh a n d a n d o t h e r s v. Bo w e sa n d o t h e r s... 20 8, 367 Sh e p h e r da n do t h e r sv. Ko t t g e n a n d o t h e r s 544 Sim p s o n a n do t h e r s v. Th o m p s o n a n d o t h e r s 567 Sis t e r s, Th e... 122, 224 SkIb l a n d e b, Th e... 556
Sm i t h a n d o t h e r s Re ... 259
Sp e c ie ex Sa r p e d o n ... 509
Sp i n d r i f t, Th e ... 42
St a n t o nv. Ric h a r d s o n... 23
St a r o f In d i a, Th e ... 261
St e e l a n d a n o t h e r Th e St a t e Li n e St e a m s h ip Co m p a n y... 516
St e e lv. Le s t e ra n d Li l e e ... 537
St o n ea n d o t h e r sv. Oc e a n Ma r i n e. In s u r a n c e Co m p a n y o f Go t h e n b u r g... 152
St o r e y E x p a rte ... 549
St r a t h n a v e r, Th e ... 113
St r i b l e y v. Im p e r ia l Ma r i n e In s u r a n c e Co m p a n y ... 134
Sw a l l o w, Th e ... 377
Sw a n s e a Sh i p p i n g Co m p a n y (Li m i t e d) v. Du n c a n Fo xa n d Co... 166, 342 Th i i s a n d o t h e r sv. By e r s ... 147
Th o m a s Le a, Th e... 260
Th r i f t v. Yo u l e... 357
Tr a n s i t, Th e ... 233
Tu l l y v. Ho w l i n g... 37
Tu r n b u l l a n d o t h e r s v. Ja n s o n ... 433
T w o Br o t h e r s, t h e ... 99
Un d e r w r i t e r, Th e... 397
Un i o n Ba n k o f Lo n d o n, Th e, v. Le n a n t o n " ! 600 Vi c t o r ia, Th e ... 230
Vir g o, Th e ... ’ 285
Vi v a r, Th e ... 308
Wa t s o n, E x p a r te ; Re Lo v e... 393
We t t e r h o r n, Th e ... 738
Wh i t w o r t h a n d Go., R e ; E x p a rte Bl a c k b u r n ; E x p a rte Gib b sa n d Co... 74
Wi l l i a m s a n d o t h e r s v. Th e No r t h Ch i n a In s u r a n c e Co m p a n y ... 342
Wil s o n a n d a n o t h e r v. Ge n e r a l Sc r e w Co l l i e r y Co m p a n y ... 533
Win g a t e, Bi r r e l l, a n d Co., v. Fo s t e r ... 598
Wo o s u n g, Ca r g o ex... 50 239 Ze t a, Th e ... 73
R E P O R T S
OF
%\\ tire Cases into J s ta in rir b tk Superior Courts
R E L A T IN G TO
M A R I T I M E L A W .
Pm v. Co.] Th e An g l o- In d i a n. TPb.i v. Co.
JUDICIAL COMMITTEE OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL.
Reported by J. P. As p in a l l, Esq., Barrister-at-Law.
° N A P P E A L F R O M T H E H I G H C O UR T OF A D M IR A L T Y OF E N G L A N D .
A p r i l 28 a n d 29, 1875.
( P r e s e n t: T h e E i g h t H o n s . S ir J . W . Co l v i l e, S ir Ba r n e s Pe a c o c k, S ir Mo n t a g u e Sm i t h, S ir P " P . Co l l ie r, a n d S ir H . S. Ke a t i n g.)
Th e An g l o- In d i a n.
C o llis io n — L ig h ts — D u ty to show lig h t a s te rn to T . _ fo llo w in g s h ip .
ls p r im a, fa c ie the d u ty o f a n o v e rta k in g s h ip to keep o u t o f the w a y o f a s h ip ahead o f her, h u t i f the la tte r s h ip sees a n o th e r a p p ro a c h in g her f r o m a d ire c tio n w here h er lig h ts are n o t v is ib le , a n d w h ic h vessel she has reason to suppose does n o t, i n fa c t , w hether keeping a good lo o k -o u t o r n o t, see le r a n d is lik e ly to come in to c o llis io n w it h her, i t is her d u ly to give some w a r n in g to the o v e rta k in g s h ip , n o t n e c e ssarily by e x h ib itin g a lig h t, b u t by some s ig n a l, such as the f i r i n g o f a g u n , the sh o w in g a lig h t, o r o therw ise, w h ic h w i l l in d ic a te h e r w hereabouts to the o v e rta k in g s h ip , a n d c a ll the a tte n tio n o f th a t s h ip to the d a n g e r
° f a c o llis in n fa )
His was a n appeal fr o m th e decree o f th e R ig h t S ir R o b e rt P h illim o r e . K n ig h t , J u d g e o f th e - tt'g h C o u rt o f A d m ir a lt y of E n g la n d , in a cause o t dam age p ro m o te d in t h a t c o u rt b y th e re s p o n d e n ts, th e o w n e rs o f th e b r ig a n tin e E x c e l a n d o f
e c a rg o la d e n o n b o a rd h e r ; a n d a lso b y tb e p e rso n a l re p re s e n ta tiv e s o f h e r la te m a s te r, and o hers o f th e c re w o f th e E xce l, a g a in s t th e b a rq u e n g lo -In d ia n , o f w h ic h th e a p p e lla n ts w ere ow ners, w th e re c o v e ry o f dam ages a r is in g o u t o f a c o lli- S' ° l V M7sWeen ttlB 8a’ d tw o vessels.
,, L he E x c e lw a s a b r ig a n tin e o f 210 to n s re g is te r ,o r aa®re a n ° iit8 . T h e A n g lo - In d ia n w as a b a rq u e o f 440 to n s re g is te r.
c o llis io n h a p pe n e d a b o u t 2.30 a.m . o n th e
^ - p r il 1874, in th e B a y o f B is c a y , a b o u t f if t y
>40li*'k Sy w e s t o f Cape P in is te r re .
., w in d a t th e tim e was b lo w in g a g a le fr o m e n o rth - n o r th -w e s t, a n d th e n ig h t was d a r k a n d Qa y * w it h p a s s in g show ers.
(a) See notes to The E a rl Svecer, post, p. 4.—E n . Vo l. I l i . ; n.S .
T h e case set u p in th e c o u rt b e lo w o n b e h a lf o f th e re s p o n d e n ts , as s ta te d in t h e ir p e titio n , was, t h a t th e E x c e l,w h ils t in th e p ro s e c u tio n o f a v o y a g e fr o m Sw ansea to B a rc e lo n a , was h o v e to o n th e s ta rb o a rd ta c k , u n d e r d o u b le -re e fe d m a in s a il a n d m a in s ta y s a il, h e a d in g a b o u t wesc, a n d fo re re a c h in g a t th e ra te o f b e tw e e n one a n d tw o k n o ts an h o u r, m a k in g co n s id e ra b le lee w a y. T h e r e g u la tio n lig h t s w e re said to be d u ly p la ce d a n d b u r n in g b r ig h t ly a t th e tim e . S h o r tly b e fo re 2.15 a.m . a g re e n l ig h t — w h ic h a fte rw a rd s p ro v e d to be t n a t o t th e A n g lo - In d ia n — was ob se rve d a s te rn o f th e E x c e l, a n d d is ta n t a b o u t 30U y a rd s . T h e A n g lo - I n d ia n , i t was a lle g e d in s te a d o f k e e p in g o u t o t th e w a y o f th e E x c e l, a p p ro a c h e d h e r m a d ir e c tio n w h ic h in v o lv e d r is k o f c o llis io n , a n d e x h ib ite d h e r re d li g h t to th o se o n b o a rd th e E x c e l; a n d , as i t was f u r t h e r a lle e e d , a lth o u g h th e A n g lo - In d ia n was lo u d ly h a ile d fr o m th e E x c e l, a n d a l i g h t was e x h ib ite d o v e r th e s te rn o f th e E x c e l, th e A n g lo - I n d ia n ra n in t o a n d s t r u c k th e E x c e l u p o n th e s te rn , a n d d id h e r s o m u c h d a m a g e t h a t s h e s h o r tly a fte rw a rd s fo u n d e re d a n d was lo s t, to g e th e r w it h h e r c a rg o a n d e v e r y th in g th e n on b o a rd h e r.
U p o n th is occasion th e m a s te r was u n f o r t u n a te ly
d ro w n e d . „ , ,, .
T h e case o n th e p a r t o f th e a p p e lla n ts w as, t h a t o n th e occasion in q u e s tio n th e A n g lo - In d ia n , b o u n d f r o m L o n d o n to Ja m a ica , was clo s e -h a u le d o n th e s ta rb o a rd ta c k u n d e r ree fe d u p p e r to p s a ils , fo re s a il, a n d fo re to p m a s t s ta y s a il, h e a d in g a b o u t w e s t, a n d m a k in g a b o u t fiv e k n o ts an h o u r. H e r p ro p e r r e g u la tio n lig h t s w ere d u ly e x h ib ite d a n d b u r n in g b r i g h t ly , a n d a g o o d lo o k -o u t was b e in g
U n d e r these c iro u m s ta n c e s , a b o u t 2.30 a.m ., on th e 1 4 th A p r il, th e h u ll o f th e E x c e l was m ade o u t a v e ry s h o rt d is ta n c e a h ead a n d a l i t t l e o n th e s ta rb o a rd b o w o f th e A n g lo - In d ia n . T h e h e lm o t th e A n g lo - In d ia n was th e re u p o n im m e d ia te ly p u t h a rd a s ta rb o a rd , b u t i t was im p o s s ib le to a v o id a c o llis io n , a n d th e stem o f th e A n g lo - In d ia n s tr u c k th e E x c e l on th e p o r t side o f h e r s te rn .
T h e re sp o n d e n ts a lle g e d t h a t th e c o llis io n was caused b y th e n e g lig e n c e o f th o se o n b o a rd th e A n g lo - In d ia n , a n d b y reason o f t h e ir n e g le c t to ke e p a p ro p e r lo o k -o u t a n d to k e e p th e A n g lo - I n d ia n o u t o f th e w a y o f th e E x c e l.
T h e a p p e lla n ts d e n ie d th e s ta te m e n ts o t th e re s p o n d e n ts t h a t a l i g h t was e x h ib ite d o v e r th e s te rn o f th e E x c e l a n d t h a t th e A n g lo - In d ia n w as
2 MARITIM E LAW CASES.
Pn.1V. Co.]
Th e An g lo- In d ia n. h a ile d , a n d a t t r ib u t e d b la m e to th o se on b o a rd th eE x c e l f o r im p r o p e r ly n e g le c tin g to ke e p a good lo o k -o u t, f o r im p ro p e rly n e g le c tin g to ta k e a n y m easures to sh o w th e p o s itio n o f t b e E x c e l to those o n b o a rd th e A n g lo - In d ia n , a n d f o r im p r o p e r ly n e g le c tin g to ob se rve th e p ro v is io n s o f a rtic le 20 o f th e R e g u la tio n s f o r P r e v e n tin g C o llis io n s a t Sea.
T h e e vid e n ce was ta k e n o r a lly in open c o u rt b e fo re th e le a rn e d ju d g e o f th e c o u rt b e lo w , w h o
■was assisted b y tw o o f th e E ld e r B r e th re n o f th e T r in it y C o rp o ra tio n . T h e le a rn e d ju d g e fo u n d th e A n g lo - I n d ia n alone t o b la m e fo r th e c o llis io n , g iv in g h is reasons as f o llo w s :
S ir R . P h illim o r e .— T h e re is n o q u e s tio n a t a ll as to th e d u ty o f th e A n g lo - In d ia n , t h a t is c le a rly p re s c rib e d b y th e 1 8 th a r t ic l e : “ E v e r y vessel o v e rta k in g a n y o th e r vessel s h a ll ke e p o u t o f th e w a y o f th e said la s t-m e n tio n e d v e s s e l a n d h e r defence f o r n o t k e e p in g o u t o f th e w a y , as I u n d e rs ta n d it , is th a t th e n ig h t was so d a rk t h a t i t was th e d u t y o f th e E x c e l to h a ve s h o w n a lig h t o v e r h e r s te rn , and t h a t i f she h a d done so th e c o llis io n w o u ld n o t have ta k e n place. B u t o n th e e v id e n ce I a m s a tis fie d t h a t th e n ig h t was n o t o f th e c h a ra c te r d e scrib e d b y th e A n g lo - In d ia n w it nesses. I am s a tis fie d t h a t th e E x c e l o u g h t to have been v is ib le to th o se o n b o a rd th e A n g lo - I n d ia n a t th e d is ta n c e th a t she says, v iz ., a t th e d is ta n c e o f a t le a st 300 o r 400 y a rd s , a n d t h a t i f th e re h a d been a p ro p e r lo o k -o u t o n b o a rd th e A n g lo - I n d ia n — and in m y o p in io n and th e o p in io n also o f th e E ld e r B r e th r e n th e re was n o t — she w o u ld h a ve seen th e E x c e l in tim e to h a ve g o t o u t o f h e r w a y, a n d to have crossed h e r s te rn b y s ta r b o a rd in g a t a n e a rlie r p e rio d . T h e q u e s tio n , th e re fo re , does n o t arise, n o r does th e c o u rt in te n d to d iscu ss it , w h e th e r in th e p re s e n t s ta te o f th e s a ilin g r e g u la tio n s i t w o u ld o r w o u ld n o t h a v e been th e d u t y o f rh e E x c e l to h a ve s h o w n a li g h t o v e r h e r s te rn , because I am s a tis fie d , as I have a lre a d y said u p o n th e evidence, t h a t th is vessel o u g h t to have been v is ib le to th o se o n b o a rd th e A n g lo - I n d ia n a t a s u ffic ie n t tim e to h a ve a v o id e d th e c o llis io n , A n d , in d e e d , th e re is a d ile m m a o u t o f w h ic h th e A n g lo - In d ia n , in m y ju d g m e n t, w o u ld fin d i t d if f ic u lt to escape, e ve n i f she h a d n o t been g o in g a t a speed o f a b o u t s ix k n o ts a n h o u r, she b e in g th e o v e rta k in g vessel. She was g o in g a b o u t s ix k n o ts , a n d t h a t ra te o f speed w o u ld o n ly be ju s t if ia b le i f she co u ld h a v e seen a vessel in s u f
f ic ie n t tim e to g e t o u t o f h e r w a y. I am s a tis fie d u p o n th e e vid e n ce, as 1 have a lre a d y said, th a t i f th e re h a d been a p ro p e r lo o k -o u t th is vessel w o u ld have been seen in due tim e to have p re v e n te d th e c o llis io n , a n d th e re fo re I p ro n o u n c e the A n g lo - I n d ia n alone to b la m e . T he cross a c tio n m u s t be d ism isse d .
F r o m th e decree m ad e in accordance w it h th e above ju d g m e n t th e o w n e rs o f th e A n g lo ln d ia n appealed fo r th e fo llo w in g a m o n g o th e r reasons :
1. Because th e ev id e n c e ta k e n in th e c o u rt b e lo w show s t h a t th e c o llis io n was a ttr ib u ta b le to th e n e g lig e n c e o f th o se on b o a rd th e E xcel.
2. Because th o se on b o a rd th e E x c e l n e g le c te d to k e e p a good lo o k -o u t.
3. Because th o se on b o a rd th e E x c e l n e g le c te d to ta k e a n y m easures to show th e p o s itio n o f th e E x c e l to those o n b o a rd th e A n g lo - In d ia n .
4. Because on th e evidence a d d uce d b y th e re s p o n d e n ts th e m s e lv e s i t is e v id e n t t h a t th o se on b o a rd th e E x c e l c o n s id e re d i t necessary to show a
[ Pb.i v. Co. lig h t over th e stern, and th a t no lig h t was shown in tim e to give those on board th e A n g lo - In d ia n w a rn in g .
5. T h a t th e le a rn e d ju d g e o u g h t to have h e ld th e E x c e l to b la m e fo r n e g le c tin g to show a l i g h t to in d ic a te h e r p o s itio n to th e A n g lo - In d ia n .
6. Because th e c o llis io n was n o t occasioned b y a n y n e g lig e n c e o f th o se o n b o a rd th e A n g lo - I n d ia n .
B u t t , Q .C., a n d R . E . Webster, fo r th e a p p e lla n ts .
— I t was th e d u t y o f th o se o n h o a rd th e E x c e l to h a ve k e p t a b e tte r lo o k -o u t. I t was, f u r t h e r , t h e ir d u t y to have e x h ib ite d a l ig h t o v e r th e s te rn o f th e E x c e l in s u ffic ie n t tim e to h a v e g iv e n w a r n in g to th e A n g lo - In d ia n a n d to have e n a b le d h e r to ke e p o u t o f th e w a y o f th e E xce l. T h is d u t y a rises o u t o f th e g e n e ra l m a r it im e la w , w h ic h re q u ire s a s h ip , b e in g a p p ro a ch e d b y a n o th e r s h ip fr o m su ch a d ir e c tio n th a t th e fo rm e r is n o t as v is ib le as th e la tte r , to e x h ib it a l i g h t o r g iv e a s ig n a l so as to w a rn th e a p p ro a c h in g v e s s e l:
The Ir o n Duke, 4 Notes of Cases, 94,585; 9 Jnr. 476 ; The O sm anli, 7 Notes of Cases, 509.
A n d this d u ty is continued and enforced by th e 20th a rtic le o f the re g ulation s fo r p re v e n tin g col
lisions, w hich provides th a t “ n o th in g in these ru les shall exonerate any ship o r the owner or m aster, or crew thereof, fro m the consequences o f any neglect to c a r r y lig h ts o r s ig n a ls , o r of a n y neglect to keep a proper look-out, o r o f the neglect o f a n y p re c a u tio n w h ic h m a y be re q u ire d by the o r d in a r y p ra c tic e o f seamen, o r by the s p e c ia l c i r cum stances o f the case.” T h e d u ty to e x h ib it a lig h t being u n d er such circumstances an obligation of th e general m a ritim e law , was a precaution req uired by th e ord in ary p ractice of seamen.”
T h e re is no obligation to carry a fixed lig h t over th e stern, b ut a lig h t should be shown in a proper tim e as a Bignal.
M ilw a r d , Q .C . a n d E . G. C la rk s o n , fo r th e re s p o n d e n ts .— T h e re is no d u t y to e x h ib it a n y l ig h t e x c e p t th o se p ro v id e d b y th e re g u la tio n s . B y a r t ic le 2, i t is e x p re s s ly p ro v id e d t h a t th e lig h ts th e re in p ro v id e d , and “ no o th e rs ,” s h a ll be c a rrie d , a n d to fin d th a t i t was th e d u t y o f a s a ilin g vessel t o c a rr y m o re th a n th e side lig h t s a t n ig h t w o u ld be an o v e r r u lin g o f th e re g u la tio n s . B u t even i f th e re was such a d u ty , i t can o n ly a ris e w h e n th e re is d a n g e r o f c o llis io n , a n d in th e p re s e n t case th e re was n o reason to a p p re h e n d d a n g e r u n t il th e s h ip s w ere close to g e th e r, a n d th e n th e g re e n lig h t was a c tu a lly sh o w n . T hose on b o a rd th e E x c e l k e p t a bad lo o k -o u t.
B u t t , Q.O ., in re p ly .
A p r i l 29, 1875.— T h e ju d g m e n t o f th e c o u rt was d e liv e re d b y
S ir R . P. Co l l i e r.— T h is was a s u it b r o u g h t b y th e o w n e rs o f th e E x c e l, a b r ig a n tin e o f 210 to n s , a g a in s t th e A n g lo - In d ia n , a b a rq u e o f 440 to n s , in consequence o f a c o llis io n , fo r w h ic h th e E x c e l m a in ta in e d t h a t th e A n g lo - I n d ia n alo n e was to b la m e . T h e c o llis io n to o k place in th e B a y o f B is c a y , a b o u t f if t y m ile s o ff Cape F in is te r r e , in th e open sea, a t betw een 2 a n d 3 a m . in A p r i l 1874.
T h e E x c e l was g o in g in a w e s te rly d ir e c tio n , at a b o u t l i o r 2 k n o ts an h o u r. T h e A n g lo - In d ia n was p ro c e e d in g a t a r a te o f so m e w h e re a b o u t 6 k n o ts an h o u r in th e sam e course, b e h in d th e E x c e l. T h e A n g lo - In d ia n ra n in to th e s te rn o f th e E x c e l, a n d th e E x c e l was s u n k . T h e le a rn e d ju d g e o f th e A d m ir a lt y C o u r t has fo u n d t h a t th o A n g lo - I n d ia n was alo n e to blam e.
P&IV. C o .]
M ARITIM E LAW CASES.
Th e An g lo- In d ia n.
3
[ Pk i v. Co. T h e q u e s tio n in v o lv e d in th is case is c h ie fly one
'h la c t, a n d t h e ir L o rd s h ip s re p e a t w h a t, in d e e d, 'hey have o fte n said, t h a t th e y are e x tre m e ly lo a th t0 ln te rfe re w it h th e U ndine; o f th e c o u r t b e lo w o n ,l q u e s tio n o f fa c t, t h a t c o u rt h a v in g h a d th e a d - y a n ta g o , w h ic h th e y h a v e n o t, o f se e in g a n d h e a r- ln£f *b e w itn e s s e s , u n le ss th e y com e to a v e ry c le a r in c l u s i o n t h a t t h a t f in d in g was w ro n g ,
ti, ° W’ th e fin d in g s o f fa c t o f th e le a rn e d ju d g e are . ®e : F ir s t , w it h re s p e c t to th e s ta te o f th e
® 'g h t, i n re g a r d t o w h ic h th e re was som e con-
■cting evidence, th o se o n b o a rd th e E x c e l re p re s e n tin g t h a t th e n ig h t, th o u g h d a rk , was c le a r, y ^ fh p a s s in g c lo u d s ; th o s e on b o a rd th e A n g lo - n a ia n re p re s e n tin g t h a t i t was d a r k a n d v e ry
° r m y , w it h r a in , o r, a t a ll e v e n ts , o cca sio n al ra in , be le a rn e d ju d g e says : “ B u t o n th e e v id e n ce I atn s a tis fie d t h a t th e n ig h t was n o t o f th e ch a r a c te r d e sc rib e d b y th e A n g lo - In d ia n w itn e sse s. I
^ b . ^ t i s f i c d t h a t th e E x c e l o u g h t to h a v e been js ib le to th o se o n b o a rd th e A n g lo - In d ia n a t th e 'stance t h a t she says, v iz ., a t th e d is ta n c e o f a t t v T i f i ^ -0 r y a rd s .” T h e ir L o rd s h ip s a c c e p t 0 T ', e n d in g , a n d are o f o p in io n th a t i t is b o rn e b y th e e vid e n ce. T h e n th e le a rn e d ju d g e goes ,<r! ant* fin d s a n o th e r m o s t m a te ria l fa c t, n a m e ly , th / f ^ th e re h a d been a p ro p e r lo o k -o u t on b o a rd
■ ? A n g lo - I n d ia n — and in m y o p in io n ,” th e le a r n e d S® says, “ a n d th e o p in io n also o f th e E ld e r re th re n , th e re was n o t— she w o u ld have seen th e j 111 tim o to have g o t o u t o f h e r w a y , a n d to av.e 0 r0 ssed h e r s te rn b y s ta rb o a rd in g a t an e a r lie r fin d ' ’ ^ f i b i r L o rd s h ip s a re o f o p in io n t h a t th is I n 11D^ ^ S° e n t ir e ly s u p p o rte d b y th e evidence, in ■ Ced’ ' n k fi6*1- L o r d s h ip s ’ v ie w , i t m ig h t n o t be c o rre c tly sa id t h a t u p o n th e e vid e n ce th e re w as o o k -o u t a t a ll o n b o a rd th e A n g lo - In d ia n . T h e t L n u Pon th e lo o k -o u t says t h a t w h e n he f ir s t saw
^ e s s e l th e E xcel was “ ahead, a l i t t l e o n th e wh* k ° w t h a t he f ir s t saw h e r m asts ; t h a t
■ill ” Q h ? a. r t'^le m ast s “ she was a t no d is ta n c e a t th o ,ar u “ W h e n I saw th e m asts,” he says, “ o n
< m, s ar.hoard b o w , I w heeled r o u n d a n d s u n g o u t, t o n ' l l 18 a vesse' o n th o s ta rb o a rd b o w ,’ b u t I was snVio a te ’ T e w ere f ° n l o f h e r a lre a d y .” A n d he 1 o,, erl uent>y says, “ I was foul of h er the m om ent w buT 6 r' Norther adds th a t he saw no lig h t hnil; GVer °,n fi°ar<l her, and also th a t he h eard no tho a" *7° fi°ar.fi tle r, which o th er people on board noint 0 l d,'an d id hear. T h is ce rta in ly would who . i 16 b °ncl us'on th a t the man Robinson, on , wa® keeping the look-out, as i t is supposed, i n r.0Ar? *'he -A n g lo -In d ia n , was re a lly keeping no enoo 'tUt T h a t being so, and havin g re fe r- .i hi 0 '‘be 17th a rtic le, w hich provides th a t v e ssel o v e rta k in g a n y o th e r vessel s h a ll v e s s o p 0 t '10 w a y . ° f th e sa id la s t-m e n tio n e d th a t A tb e ir L o rd s h ip s h a ve n o d o u b t w h a te v e r th at t t , 6 ? n d ln « ^h0 le a rn e d ju d g e was r ig h t , t h a t th e A n g lo - In d ia n was to b la m e
genno fl Ue,atl,o u re m a in s , w h e th e r th e re was n e g li- thooo con.t r 'b u t in g to th e a c c id e n t on th e p a r t o f has h n a v i8 a.tin g th e E xce l. O n th is s u b je c t th e re th e m . l " a d 1SuU3s'o n before t h e ir L o rd s h ip s as to fo r Pn n in ? th re e a rtic le s in th e R e g u la tio n s be in rr t1Ven U? " C o llis io n s a t S e a ; th o s e a rtic le s is to ^tb 6 a n d th e 2 0 th . T h e second fo llo w ;,6 e^ eoli f f i a t “ th e lig h t s m e n tio n e d in th e other«, JL ,!j r i'lc e K ’ ” n u m b e r in g th e m , “ a n d n o set tn 8 a 0 arr ie d in a ll w eathers, fr o m s u n -
“ I n r,V K u n rise - A r t ic le 19 is in these t e r m s : ey>Dg a n d c o n s tru in g th e se ru le s , d u e
re g a rd m u s t be h a d to a ll d a n g e rs o f n a v ig a tio n ; a n d d u o re g a rd m u s t also be h a d to a n y sp e cia l c irc u m s ta n c e s w h ic h m a y e x is t in a n y p a r tic u la r case re n d e rin g a d e p a rtu re f r o m th e above ru le s necessary in o rd e r to a v o id im m e d ia te d a n g e r.”
T h e n th e 2 0 th i s : “ N o t h in g in th e se ru le s s h a ll e xo n e ra te a n y s h ip , o r th e o w n e r o r m a s te r, o r c re w th e re o f, fr o m th e consequences o f a n y n e g le c t to c a r r y lig h t s o r s ig n a ls , o r o f a n y n e g le c t to keep a p ro p e r lo o k -o u t, o r o f th e n e g le c t o f a n y p r e c a u tio n w h ic h m a y be re q u ir e d b y th e o r d in a r y p ra c tic e o f seam en, o r b y th e sp e c ia l c ir c u m stances o f th e case.” I t has been a rg u e d o n th e one side t h a t A r t ic le 2 is a b s o lu te ly p r o h ib it o r y to a vessel u n d e r a n y c irc u m s ta n c e s s h o w in g a n y lig h t e x c e p t th e lig h t s p re s c rib e d . O n th e o th e r h a n d i t has been a rg u e d th a t, a lth o u g h u n d o u b t
e d ly i t w o u ld n o t be p ro p e r f o r a vessel u n d e r th e c irc u m s ta n c e s in w h ic h th e E x c e l w as to ke e p u p a fix e d l i g h t a t h e r s te rn , n e v e rth e le s s , th a t u n d e r th e c irc u m s ta n c e s o f a vessel a p p ro a c h in g h e r w h ic h w o u ld n o t be a ble to see h e r as w e ll as she w o u ld see t h a t vessel, i t was h e r d u t y to have e x h ib ite d a l ig h t in tim e to a v o id th e c o llis io n ; t h a t she m ig h t have done t h is , b u t n e g le c te d to do so.
T h e ir L o rd s h ip s d o n o t e n tir e ly a c c e p t e ith e r o f th e v ie w s w h ic h have been th u s expressed. U n d o u b te d ly i t is p r im d fa c ie th e d u t y o f th e o v e r t a k in g vessel to ke e p o u t o f th e w a y o f th e vessel ahead o f h e r, b u t t h e ir L o rd s h ip s w o u ld be lo a th to la y i t d o w n t h a t n o d u t y w h a te v e r a tta c h e s u n d e r su ch c irc u m s ta n c e s as th e p re s e n t to th e vessel ahead. I f t h a t vessel saw a n o th e r a p p ro a c h in g h e r, w h e th e r k e e p in g a g o o d lo o k -o u t o r n o t, w h ic h she h a d rea so n to suppose d id n o t in fa c t see h e r, a n d was lik e ly to com e in t o c o llis io n w it h h e r, th e y w o u ld be lo a th to say t h a t n o d u t y was ca s t u p o n h e r. O n th e c o n tr a r y , th e y a re o f o p in io n , u n d e r th o se c irc u m s ta n c e s , i t w o u ld be h e r d u t y to g iv e som e w a r n in g to th e a p p ro a c h in g vessel, n o t n e c e s s a rily b y e x h ib it in g a lig h t , b u t b y som e s ig n a l, su ch as th e f i r i n g o f a g u n , th e s h o w in g a lig h t , o r o th e rw is e , w h ic h w o u ld i n d i ca te h e r w h e re a b o u ts to th e a p p ro a c h in g vessel, a n d c a ll th e a tte n tio n o f th a t vessel to th e d a n g e r o f a c o llis io n . T h e q u e s tio n , th e re fo re , com es to th is , w h e th e r in th is case i t has been e s ta b lis h e d t h a t th e E xce l, in th e w o rd s o f A r t ic le 20, d id n e g le c t a n y p re c a u tio n w h ic h m ig h t be r e q u ire d b y th e o r d in a r y p ra c tic e o f seam en, w h e re b y she m ig h t have a v o id e d th e c o llis io n ?
N o w , th o fa c ts w it h re fe re n c e to th is s u b je c t m a y be ta k e n to be th e s e : T h e E xce l saw th e A n g lo - I n d ia n a p p ro a c h in g a t a d is ta n c e o f a b o u t 300 o r 400 y a rd s . T h a t is fo u n d as a fa c t b y th e le a rn e d ju d g e , a n d t h e ir L o rd s h ip s t h in k r ig h t ly . I t a p p e a rs th a t, s im u lta n e o u s ly w it h h e r s ig h t in g t h is vessel she s ig h te d th e g re e n lig h t o f th e vessel, a n d t h a t g re e n li g h t w o u ld th e n in d ic a te t h a t th e re was n o d a n g e r o f c o llis io n ; t h a t th e A n g lo - In d ia n w o u ld pass b e h in d h e r s te rn . Y e r y soon a fte r b o th lig h t s opened, th e re d a n d th e g re e n , a n d th e n u n d o u b te d ly th e re was im m in e n t d a n g e r o f a c o llis io n . T h e e v id e n ce o n th e p a r t o f th e E x c e l is th a t, u n d e r th o se c irc u m s ta n c e s , a fte r a n in e ffe c tu a l a tte m p t to o b ta in th e g lo b e lig h t , th e g re e n li g h t was ta k e n fr o m th e s ta rb o a rd side o f th e ve sse l a n d e x h ib ite d fro m th e s te rn . T h a t fa c t a p p e a rs to be p ro v e d , a n d t h e ir L o rd s h ip s are b y n o m eans s a tis fie d u p o n th e e v id e n ce t h a t t h a t g re e n li g h t was n o t s h o w n in s u ffic ie n t t im e to 1 h a v e e nabled th e o v e rta k in g vessel, i f she h a d
