• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

View of Reklama negatywna i wizerunkowa w odbiorze polskiego elektoratu

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "View of Reklama negatywna i wizerunkowa w odbiorze polskiego elektoratu"

Copied!
20
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

Political Preferences

Preferencje polityczne

10/2015

Redakcja naukowa: Robert Alberski Zbigniew Widera Katowice 2015

(2)

Rada Naukowa:

SURI GU KDE 5RPDQ %lFNHU 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] *RGOHZVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 0LNRáDMD .RSHUQLND Z 7RUXQLX 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE ,ZRQD -DNXERZVND%UDQLFND 8QLZHUV\WHW :DUV]DZVNL 3ROVND  SURIGUKDE6ODYRPLU0DJiO 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD  SURI GU KDE -R]HI 0DW~ã 8QLZHUV\WHW ĞZ &\U\OD L 0HWRGHJR Z 7UQDZLH 6áRZDFMD  SURI GU KDE /LERU 3DYHUD :\ĪV]D 6]NRáD +DQGORZD 3UDJD &]HFK\  SURI GU KDE 'DQD3HWUDQRYi 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDE 2OJD3URNRSHQNR 6XPVNL8QLZHUV\WHW1DURGRZ\8NUDLQD SURIGUKDE7HUHVD6DVLĔVND.ODV 8QLZHUV\WHW -DJLHOORĔVNL Z .UDNRZLH 3ROVND  SURI GU KDE -HU]\ 6LHOVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW 6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVND GU0DUFMDQQD$XJXVW\Q 8QLZHUV\WHWZ+XOO$QJOLD SURI-DQD*DOHUD 0DW~ãRYi 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD  .ROHJLXPUHGDNF\MQH GUKDE$JQLHV]ND7XUVND.DZD UHGDNWRUQDF]HOQD PJU0DFLHM0DUPROD VHNUHWDU] GUKDE5REHUW$OEHUVNL UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\L]DFKRZDQLDZ\ERUF]H  GUKDE'DQXWD3OHFNDSURI80. UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\LGHQW\¿NDFMHSROLW\F]QH  GUKDEàXNDV]7RPF]DN UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\SDUWLHSROLW\F]QH  GUKDE=ELJQLHZ:LGHUDSURI8( UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\PDUNHWLQJSROLW\F]Q\  GUKDE:DOGHPDU:RMWDVLN UHGDNWRUWHPDW\F]Q\V\VWHP\SDUW\MQH  PJU3U]HP\VáDZ*U]RQND UHGDNWRUVWDW\VW\F]Q\  3URMHNWRNáDGNL-DURVáDZ:LFKXUD :HUVMDSLHUZRWQDF]DVRSLVPDSDSLHURZD 5HFHQ]HQFL

GU KDE $JQLHV]ND .DVLĔVND0HWU\ND SURI 8-. Z .LHOFDFK 8QLZHUV\WHW LP -DQD .RFKDQRZVNLHJRZ.LHOFDFK GUKDE0DFLHM'U]RQHN 8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNL GUKDE -DFHN6XU]\Q 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK SURIGUKDE+DQD3UDYGRYi 8QLZHUV\WHW ĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD SURIGUKDEďXGPLODýiE\RYi 8QLZHUV\WHW ĞZ&\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD GUKDE-XOLiQD0LQiULNRYi 8QLZHUV\WHWĞZ &\U\ODL0HWRGHJRZ7UQDZLH6áRZDFMD  ‹&HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWXĝOąVNLHJR Katowice 2015

:\GDZFą F]DVRSLVPD MHVW ,QVW\WXW 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK L ']LHQQLNDUVWZD 8QLZHUV\WHWX ĝOąVNLHJRRUD]&HQWUXP,QQRZDFML7UDQVIHUX7HFKQRORJLLL5R]ZRMX)XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWX ĝOąVNLHJR 3DWURQDWQDGSURMHNWHPVSUDZXMą3ROVNLH7RZDU]\VWZR1DXN3ROLW\F]Q\FKRUD]7RZDU]\VWZR ,QLFMDW\Z1DXNRZ\FK ISSN: 2083-327X 'UXN5(0$5ZZZUHPDUVRVQRZLHFSOHPDLOZ\GDZQLFWZR#UHPDUVRVQRZLHFSO

(3)

63,675(ģ&,

:VWĊS ... 7 Waldemar Wojtasik 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND

3ROVNLZ\ERUFDZSHUVSHNW\ZLHPRGHOXJáRVRZDQLDUHWURVSHNW\ZQHJR ... 9 àXNDV]7RPF]DN 8QLZHUV\WHW6]F]HFLĔVNL3ROVND :\ERUF\SROVNLFKSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FKZREHFSUREOHPXUR]ZDUVWZLHQLD VSRáHF]QHJR ... 23 $JQLHV]ND7XUVND.DZD 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND &]\QQLNJRVSRGDUF]\MDNRSUHG\NWRU]DFKRZDĔZ\ERUF]\FK ... 37 .DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND 8QLZHUV\WHW:DUPLĔVNR0D]XUVNL Z2OV]W\QLH3ROVND 3DUW\F\SDFMDSROLW\F]QDZ3ROVFH ... 51 5REHUW$OEHUVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNL3ROVND

Danuta Plecka 8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLNDZ7RUXQLX3ROVND

2E\ZDWHOVNLHNRPSHWHQFMHSROLW\F]QHDZ\EUDQHPRW\Z\SRGHMPRZDQLD GHF\]MLZ\ERUF]\FK ... 71 0DJGDOHQD0XVLDá.DUJ 8QLZHUV\WHW$GDPD0LFNLHZLF]DZ3R]QDQLX3ROVND *áRVRZDQLHHOHNWURQLF]QHMDNRDOWHUQDW\ZQDPHWRGDXF]HVWQLF]HQLD

ZZ\ERUDFKRSLQLH3RODNyZ ... 87 Maciej Marmola 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND

6SRáHF]QHSRVWU]HJDQLHLQVW\WXFMLrecall i weta ludowego w warunkach

polskich ... 109 $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND .DWROLFNL8QLZHUV\WHW/XEHOVNL-DQD3DZáD,,3ROVND 3RSDUFLHNDQG\GDWDSU]H]OLGHUDSDUWLLDGHF\]MHZ\ERUFyZ

(4)

Agata Olszanecka-Marmola 8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND 5HNODPDQHJDW\ZQDLZL]HUXQNRZDZRGELRU]HSROVNLHJRHOHNWRUDWX ... 133 7RPDV]2OF]\N 8QLZHUV\WHW:DUV]DZVNL3ROVND 6LáDFHOHEU\WyZZNDPSDQLLZ\ERUF]HM ... 147 -DQLQD.RZDOLN 8QLZHUV\WHW-DQD.RFKDQRZVNLHJRZ.LHOFDFK3ROVND 'HPRNUDFMDORNDOQDDLGHDRJUDQLF]HQLDOLF]E\NDGHQFMLZyMWyZ EXUPLVWU]yZ SUH]\GHQWyZPLDVW ... 159 'RPLQLN6]F]HSDĔVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW5]HV]RZVNL3ROVND :\EyURSFMLF]\RVRE\"'HWHUPLQDQW\]DFKRZDĔZ\ERUF]\FKPLHV]NDĔFyZ ZRMHZyG]WZDSRGNDUSDFNLHJRZZ\ERUDFKGR3DUODPHQWX(XURSHMVNLHJR ZUZĞZLHWOHEDGDĔHPSLU\F]Q\FK ... 177 Summaries ... 195

(5)

,QWURGXFWLRQ ... 7 Waldemar Wojtasik 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLDLQ.DWRZLFH3RODQG

3ROLVKYRWHULQWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIUHWURVSHFWLYHYRWLQJPRGHO ... 9 àXNDV]7RPF]DN 6]F]HFLQ8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 3ROLVKSROLWLFDOSDUWLHVYRWHUVDQGVRFLDOVWUDWL¿FDWLRQSUREOHP ... 23 $JQLHV]ND7XUVND.DZD 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLDLQ.DWRZLFH3RODQG (FRQRPLFIDFWRUDVDSUHGLFWRURIYRWLQJEHKDYLRXU ... 37 .DUROLQD7\EXFKRZVND+DUWOLĔVND 8QLYHUVLW\RI:DUPLDDQG0D]XU\LQ 2OV]W\Q3RODQG 3ROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQ3RODQG ... 51 5REHUW$OEHUVNL 8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFáDZ3RODQG

Danuta Plecka 1LFRODXV&RSHUQLFXV8QLYHUVLW\LQ7RUXĔ3RODQG &LYLOSROLWLFDOFRPSHWHQF\DQGFKRVHQUHDVRQVZKHQWDNLQJ

electoral decisions ... 71 0DJGDOHQD0XVLDá.DUJ $GDP0LFNLHZLF]8QLYHUVLW\LQ3R]QDĔ3RODQG (OHFWURQLFYRWLQJDVDQDOWHUQDWLYHPHWKRGRISDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHHOHFWLRQV± RSLQLRQVRI3ROHV ... 87 Maciej Marmola 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLDLQ.DWRZLFH3RODQG

7KHVRFLDOUHFHSWLRQRIUHFDOODQGSHRSOH¶VYHWRDPRQJ3ROLVKHOHFWRUDWH ... 109 $JQLHV]NDàXNDVLN7XUHFND 7KH-RKQ3DXO,,&DWKROLF8QLYHUVLW\RI/XEOLQ 3RODQG

Support the candidate by the party leader and the decisions of voters.

(OHFWRUDOVWXG\ ... 121

(6)

Agata Olszanecka-Marmola 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLDLQ.DWRZLFH3RODQG 1HJDWLYHDQGYLVXDODGYHUWLVLQJLQWKHUHFHSWLRQRI3ROLVKHOHFWRUDWH ... 133 7RPDV]2OF]\N :DUVDZ8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG 7KHVWUHQJWKRIFHOHEULWLHVLQWKHHOHFWLRQFDPSDLJQ ... 147 -DQLQD.RZDOLN 7KH-DQ.RFKDQRZVNL8QLYHUVLW\LQ.LHOFH3RODQG /RFDOGHPRFUDF\DQGWKHLGHDRIWHUPOLPLWVYRLWV PD\RUV ... 159 'RPLQLN6]F]HSDĔVNL 8QLYHUVLW\RI5]HV]yZ3RODQG 6HOHFWLQJWKHSHUVRQ"'HWHUPLQDQWVRIYRWLQJEHKDYLRULQKDELWDQWVRIWKH 6XEFDUSDWKLDQ9RLYRGHVKLSLQHOHFWLRQVWRWKH(XURSHDQ3DUOLDPHQWLQ in the light of empirical research ... 177 Summaries ... 195

(7)

Ä3ROLWLFDO3UHIHUHQFHV´1R '2,P¿JVKDUH

$JDWD2OV]DQHFND0DUPROD

8QLZHUV\WHWģOĈVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK3ROVND

5(./$0$1(*$7<:1$,:,=(581.2:$

:2'%,25=(32/6.,(*2(/(.725$78

Abstract:

*URZLQJSURIHVVLRQDOL]DWLRQDQGSHUVRQDOL]DWLRQRIHOHFWRUDOFDPSDLJQV have prompted political parties to concentrate on political image and negative FDPSDLJQLQJ7KLVWHQGHQF\LVPDLQO\QRWLFHDEOHLQ79DGYHUWLVHPHQWV

3UHVHQWHGDUWLFOHFRQVLVWVRIWZRSDUWV7KH¿UVWRQHGLVFXVVHVWKHUROH RI QHJDWLYH DQG LPDJH DGV7KH RWKHU SDUW LQFOXGHVWKH UHVXOWV RI UHVHDUFK FRQGXFWHG E\ WKH DXWKRU 7KH DQDO\VLV VKRZV WKDW WKH YDVW PDMRULW\ RI 3ROLVKHOHFWRUDWHGRHVQRWDSSURYHXVLQJRIQHJDWLYHDQGLPDJHDGYHUWLVLQJ ,WFDQGHQRWHWKDWYRWHUVDUHH[KDXVWHGRISHUPDQHQWPXWXDODWWDFNVRIWZR PDMRU3ROLVKSDUWLHV &LYLF3ODWIRUP/DZDQG-XVWLFH DQGH[SHFWPRUHLVVXH RULHQWHGSROLWLFV

Key words:

SROLWLFDODGYHUWLVLQJDGYHUWLVLQJQHJDWLYHDGVSROLWLFDOLPDJHLPDJHDGV

Wprowadzenie

:RVWDWQLFKODWDFKZĞUyGEDGDF]\]]DNUHVXPDUNHWLQJXSROLW\F]QHJR GRPLQXMHSU]HNRQDQLHRURVQąFHMSURIHVMRQDOL]DFMLG]LDáDĔNDPSDQLMQ\FKXWRĪ VDPLDQHM]DPHU\NDQL]DFMąVIHU\SROLW\NL=MDZLVNRWRMHVW]ZLą]DQH]Z]UD VWDMąFąUROąWHOHZL]MLRUD]]ZLĊNV]HQLHP]QDF]HQLDWUHĞFLZL]HUXQNRZ\FKQDG WUHĞFLDPL SURJUDPRZ\PL >3LHWUDĞ  @ 1LHPLHFNL EDGDF] :LQIULHG 6FKXOW] > @ ]D SU]HMDZ\ DPHU\NDQL]DFML ZVND]XMH SURIHVMRQD OL]DFMĊ NDPSDQLL NWyUHM SURZDG]HQLH SRZLHU]DQH MHVW HNVSHUWRP SHUVRQDOL ]DFMĊNDPSDQLLREMDZLDMąFąVLĊZURVQąFHMUROLOLGHUyZSDUW\MQ\FKLGRPLQDFML SU]HND]yZZL]HUXQNRZ\FKQDGSURJUDPRZ\PLQHJDW\ZL]DFMĊWUHĞFLZ\ERU F]\FKSURZDG]HQLHNDPSDQLLQDZ]yUNDPSDQLLUHNODPRZ\FKNRQFHQWUDFMĊ PHGLyZ QD S\WDQLX ÄNWR Z\JUD"´ ]DU]ąG]DQLH Z\GDU]HQLDPL L WHPDWDPL

(8)

ŐĂƚĂKůƐnjĂŶĞĐŬĂͲDĂƌŵŽůĂ

Z VSRVyE NRU]\VWQ\ GOD GDQHJR NDQG\GDWD F]\ XJUXSRZDQLD 3RZ\ĪV]H WHQGHQFMH]QDMGXMąUyZQLHĪRG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLHZSU]\SDGNXSROVNLHMVFHQ\SROL W\F]QHM 2 SU]HMDZDFK SURIHVMRQDOL]DFML SROVNLFK NDPSDQLL VWDQRZLą PLQ URVQąFD UROD WHOHZL]\MQ\FK UHNODP SROLW\F]Q\FK FR SRWZLHUG]DMą Z\GDWNL na ten cel1 ]ZLĊNV]RQDUyĪQRURGQRĞüIRUPSU]HND]X ZW\PZ]URVWOLF]E\

SU]HND]yZRFKDUDNWHU]HQHJDW\ZQ\P LFKVNUyFHQLHMDNUyZQLHĪZ]UDVWDMąFD UROD OLGHUyZ SDUW\MQ\FK 2 ZDĪQRĞFL WHM IRUP\ NRPXQLNRZDQLD ĞZLDGF]\ UyZQLHĪIDNWĪHUHNODP\SROLW\F]QHVWDQRZLąMHGQR]JáyZQ\FKĨUyGHáLQIRUQLHĪIDNWĪHUHNODP\SROLW\F]QHVWDQRZLąMHGQR]JáyZQ\FKĨUyGHáLQIRU PDFMLRSROLW\FH>%6%6@

&HOHP SUH]HQWRZDQHJR DUW\NXáX MHVW ZVND]DQLH MDN RGELHUDQH Vą UHNODP\ZL]HUXQNRZH]DUyZQRZDVSHNFLHSR]\W\ZQ\PMDNLQHJDW\ZQ\P ZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKVHJPHQWDFKSROVNLHJRHOHNWRUDWX

5HNODPDQHJDW\ZQD±DVSHNWWHRUHW\F]Q\

-HGQ\P]FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\FKNRPSRQHQWyZZVSyáF]HVQ\FKNDPSDQLL Z\ERUF]\FKMHVWZ\NRU]\VWDQLHSU]H]SRGPLRW\ZQLFKXF]HVWQLF]ąFHVWUDWHJLL QHJDW\ZQ\FK ,FK NOXF]RZH QDU]ĊG]LH VWDQRZLą QHJDW\ZQH UHNODP\ WHOHZLą QHJDW\ZQH UHNODP\ WHOHZL negatywne reklamy telewi ]\MQH1LHPDSRZV]HFKQLHSU]\MĊWHMGH¿QLFMLSROLW\F]QHMUHNODP\QHJDW\ZQHM MHGQDNĪHZLĊNV]RĞüEDGDF]\]JDG]DVLĊĪHZMHMWUHĞFLQDGDZFDNRQFHQWUXMHVLĊ JáyZQLHQDRSRQHQFLHSROLW\F]Q\P>0HUULWW*URQEHFN.DLG@

*áyZQ\P SU]HVáDQLHP UHNODP QHJDW\ZQ\FK MHVW NU\W\ND SU]HFLZQLND SROL W\F]QHJRLZ\ND]DQLHMHJRQLĪV]RĞFL7DNDSUH]HQWDFMDPDSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPQD FHOXZ]EXG]HQLHXZ\ERUFyZQHJDW\ZQ\FKHPRFML]ZLą]DQ\FK]W\PNDQG\ GDWHP>0HUULWW@

.DUHQ 6 -RKQVRQ&DUWHH L *DU\$ &RSHODQG > @ Z\UyĪQLDMą WU]\URG]DMHUHNODP\QHJDW\ZQHMUHNODPĊQHJDW\ZQąVHQVXVWULFWHUHNODPĊ DWDNXMąFą L QHJDW\ZQą UHNODPĊ SRUyZQDZF]ą 3U]HGPLRWHP UHNODP\ QHJDą 3U]HGPLRWHP UHNODP\ QHJD 3U]HGPLRWHP UHNODP\ QHJD W\ZQHMVHQVXVWULFWHMHVWNRQNUHWQDSDUWLDOXEEH]SRĞUHGQLRSRQHQWZSRVWDFL NDQG\GDWD%LRUąFSRGXZDJĊWUHĞüPRĪQDZ\UyĪQLüGZDSRGW\S\WHJRURG]DMX SU]HND]XUHNODPĊSUREOHPRZąLZL]HUXQNRZą5HNODPDSUREOHPRZD]DZLHUD LQIRUPDFMHGRW\F]ąFHGRNRQDĔSROLW\F]Q\FKNDQG\GDWDF]\WHĪXJUXSRZDQLD SRSDUFLD GOD RNUHĞORQ\FK XVWDZ F]\ SURMHNWyZ -HM FHO VWDQRZL ZVND]DQLH FKZLHMQRĞFLSU]HNRQDĔRSRQHQWDF]\QLHGRWU]\P\ZDQLDRELHWQLFZ\ERUF]\FK >'REHN2VWURZVND@:UHNODPLHZL]HUXQNRZHMQDWRPLDVWRSRQHQW 1 2GURNXPRĪHP\]DXZDĪ\üZ]URVWZ\GDWNyZQDWHOHZL]\MQąUHNODPĊSROLW\F]Qą 5HNRUGRZ\SRGW\PZ]JOĊGHPE\áURNNLHG\WRQDWHQFHOSU]H]QDF]RQRPOQ ]áRW\FK>.55L7D@DQDNDPSDQLĊSUH]\GHQFNąGRGDWNRZRPOQ]áRW\FK>.55L7 E@:UZ\GDWNLQDSáDWQąUHNODPĊWHOHZL]\MQą]PDODá\GREOLVNRPOQQDFR QLHZąWSOLZLHZSá\QĊá\]PLDQ\Z.RGHNVLH:\ERUF]\PLSyĨQLHMV]HRU]HF]HQLH7U\EXQDáX .RQVW\WXF\MQHJRXFK\ODMąFH]DND]SáDWQ\FKIRUPUHNODP\SROLW\F]QHM

(9)

ZĞŬůĂŵĂŶĞŐĂƚLJǁŶĂŝǁŝnjĞƌƵŶŬŽǁĂǁŽĚďŝŽƌnjĞƉŽůƐŬŝĞŐŽĞůĞŬƚŽƌĂƚƵ

QHJDW\ZQLHRGQRVLVLĊGRFHFKFKDUDNWHUXSU]HFLZQLNDMHJRĪ\FLDSU\ZDWQHJR SRZLą]DĔ ] UyĪQ\PL JUXSDPL VSRáHF]Q\PL QLH SRGQRV]ąF SU]\ W\P NZHVWLL MHJRSURJUDPXSROLW\F]QHJR 1DMEDUG]LHMVNUDMQąIRUPąSU]HND]XQHJDW\ZQHJRMHVWUHNODPDDWDNXMąFD :HGáXJ %UXFH¶D *URQEHFND > @ QDGDZFD NáDG]LH Z QLHM QDFLVN QD SU]HGVWDZLHQLHMHGQRVWURQQHJRDJUHV\ZQHJRDWDNX]P\ĞOąR]DDNFHQWRZDQLX VáDE\FKVWURQSU]HFLZQLNDSROLW\F]QHJR]DUyZQRW\FKGRW\F]ąF\FKMHJRFHFK FKDUDNWHUXRUD]Ī\FLDSU\ZDWQHJRMDNLVWDQRZLVNZVSUDZDFKSROLW\F]Q\FK -HVWWRQDMEDUG]LHMHNVWUHPDOQDRUD]QLHHW\F]QDIRUPDSU]HND]X2NUHĞODVLĊ Mą F]ĊVWR PLDQHP ÄREU]XFDQLD VLĊ EáRWHP´ OXE ÄQDMEDUG]LHM MDGRZLWą IRUPą UHNODP\QHJDW\ZQHM´>6WHZDUW@=DZLHUDRQDVNUDMQLHHPRFMRQDOQąDUJX PHQWDFMĊFHFKXMHMąUR]SRZV]HFKQLDQLHSORWHNLLQV\QXDFMLNáDPVWZRLEH]SR ĞUHGQLHDWDNLVáRZQHNLHURZDQHZVWRVXQNXGRSU]HFLZQLND>'REHN2VWURZVND @ 1HJDW\ZQDUHNODPDSRUyZQDZF]D NRQWUDVWXMąFD SUH]HQWXMHNRQNX UHQWDZWDNLVSRVyEDE\XND]DüMHJRZDG\LVáDERĞFLSU]\MHGQRF]HVQ\P Z\HNVSRQRZDQLXFHFKVSRQVRUDUHNODP\>&ZDOLQD)DONRZVNL@ -RKQVRQ&DUWHH L &RSHODQG >@ Z\UyĪQLDMą GZD SRGVWDZRZH W\S\ UHNODP\SRUyZQDZF]HMEH]SRĞUHGQLąLVXJHUXMąFą3LHUZV]\]QLFK]DNáDGD SRUyZQDQLHSU]HFLZQLNDSROLW\F]QHJR]HVSRQVRUHPUHNODP\RUD]REHMPXMH ]DUyZQRNRPSHWHQFMHNDQG\GDWyZMDNLLFKRVRERZRĞü5H]XOWDWHPWDNLHM UHNODP\MHVW]DSUH]HQWRZDQLHMHMQDGDZF\ZWDNLVSRVyEDE\MDZLáVLĊRQ MDNRRF]\ZLVW\OHSV]\Z\EyU>&ZDOLQD@1DWRPLDVWVXJHUXMąFD UHNODPD SRUyZQDZF]D QLH ZVND]XMH MHGQR]QDF]QLH QD NRQNUHWQHJR SU]H FLZQLND 1DGDZFD VNáDQLD W\P VDP\P RGELRUFĊ GR VDPRG]LHOQHM DQDOL]\ SU]HGVWDZLRQHJRPXNRPXQLNDWXQDSRGVWDZLHMHJRZLHG]\RUD]LQWHUSUH WDFML SU]HGVWDZLRQHJR PX REUD]X : SU]\SDGNX Z\ERUFyZ PDáR ]RULHQ WRZDQ\FK Z V\WXDFML SROLW\F]QHM PRĪH RQ Z\ZRáDü VNXWHN RGZURWQ\ GR]DPLHU]RQHJR

:]UDVWDMąF\ XG]LDá UHNODP QHJDW\ZQ\FK V]F]HJyOQLH Z DPHU\ NDĔVNLFK NDPSDQLDFK Z\ERUF]\FK VSRZRGRZDá UyZQLHĪ Z]URVW SRSXODU QRĞFLEDGDĔGRW\F]ąF\FKZSá\ZXMDNLZ\ZRáXMHWHQURG]DMUHNODP\%\URQ 5HHYHV L &OL൵RUG , 1DVV SU]HSURZDG]LOL VHULĊ EDGDĔ HNVSHU\PHQWDOQ\FK ] NWyU\FK Z\QLND ĪH WHOHZL]\MQH UHNODP\ SROLW\F]QH Z]EXG]DMąFH VLOQH HPRFMHQHJDW\ZQHQLHFLHV]ąVLĊV\PSDWLąZLG]yZDOHWUHĞFLNWyUHVąZQLFK SU]HND]\ZDQHVąOHSLHM]DSDPLĊW\ZDQHQLĪWH]UHNODP]DZLHUDMąF\FKWUHĞFL QHXWUDOQH L SR]\W\ZQH >6NDUĪ\ĔVND  @ ,QQH EDGDQLD Z\ND]XMą ĪH UHNODP\ QHJDW\ZQH QLH SU]\QRV]ą VSRG]LHZDQ\FK ]\VNyZ NDQG\GDWRP NWyU]\ MH Z\NRU]\VWXMą RUD] SRZRGXMą Z]URVW QLHFKĊFL GR SROLW\NL GHPR ELOL]DFMĊ HOHNWRUDWX L ]PQLHMV]HQLH IUHNZHQFML Z\ERUF]HM >/DX 6LJHOPDQ

(10)

ŐĂƚĂKůƐnjĂŶĞĐŬĂͲDĂƌŵŽůĂ

+HOGPDQ%DEELWW@:SHZQ\FKSU]\SDGNDFKRVWDWQL]Z\PLH QLRQ\FKF]\QQLNyZQLH]DFKRG]L']LHMHVLĊWDNZyZF]DVNLHG\UHNODPD]GRáD Z\RVWU]\ü LVWRWQH UyĪQLFH PLĊG]\ NDQG\GDWDPL FR XáDWZLD Z GXĪHM PLHU]H SRGMĊFLHGHF\]MLZ\ERUF]HM>7DPĪH@

:SROVNLFKNDPSDQLDFKSLHUZV]\PSURIHVMRQDOQ\PSU]HND]HPQHJD W\ZQ\PE\áW]ZÄVSRWNDOLVNL´]NDPSDQLLSUH]\GHQFNLHM]URNXVWZRU]RQ\ SU]H] V]WDE 0DULDQD .U]DNOHZVNLHJR Z FHOX ]G\VNUHG\WRZDQLD $OHNVDQGUD .ZDĞQLHZVNLHJR 0DWHULDá XND]\ZDá OąGRZDQLH SUH]\GHQFNLHJR KHOLNRSWHUD QDJUDQH WU]\ ODWD ZF]HĞQLHM 3U]HGVWDZLDá RQ $OHNVDQGUD .ZDĞQLHZVNLHJR L0DUND6LZFDNWyUHPXSUH]\GHQWND]DáSU]\ZLWDü]LHPLĊNDOLVNąDWHQSDGá QDNRODQDLQDSRGRELHĔVWZRSDSLHĪDXFDáRZDá]LHPLĊ,VWRWQąUROĊZUHNODPLH RGHJUDáNRPHQWDU]QDUUDWRUDZVND]XMąF\QDWRMDNQDOHĪ\LQWHUSUHWRZDüREVHU ZRZDQH Z\GDU]HQLH .RPHQWDU] Z WOH ¿OPX ]DZLHUDá S\WDQLH &]\ WDNLHJR SUH]\GHQWDFKFHFLH">0D]XU@3U]HND]QLHVSHáQLáMHGQDNRF]HNLZDĔ QDGDZF\QLHW\ONRQLHVSRZRGRZDáGUDVW\F]QHJRVSDGNXQRWRZDĔSUH]\GHQWD DOH WDNĪH ZSá\Qąá QD QLĪV]H SRSDUFLH Z\ERUF]H Z]JOĊGHP .U]DNOHZVNLHJR >2OV]DQHFND@

2G NDPSDQLL SUH]\GHQFNLHM ]  URNX OLF]ED UHNODP QHJDW\ZQ\FK LVWRWQLH Z]URVáD VLĊJDá\ SR QLą SUDNW\F]QLH ZV]\VWNLH NRPLWHW\ Z\ERUF]H >'REHN2VWURZVND@:SRGZyMQHMNDPSDQLL]URNXQDVWąSLá MDNRĞFLRZ\SU]HáRPZVWRVRZDQLXUHNODPQHJDW\ZQ\FK6]WDE3L6Z\NUHRZDá ZyZF]DV V]HUHJ UHNODP SUREOHPRZ\FK DWDNXMąF\FK NRQFHSFMH SRGDWNRZH 32 >2OF]\N  @ 1DMEDUG]LHM UR]SR]QDZDOQ\P Z W\P Z]JOĊG]LH E\á W]Z VSRW ORGyZNRZ\ Z NWyU\P ]D SRPRFą VXJHVW\ZQ\FK REUD]yZ ] Ī\FLD SROVNLHMURG]LQ\XND]DQRHZHQWXDOQHVNXWNLZSURZDG]HQLDSU]H]32SRGDWNX OLQLRZHJR3U]HND]Z\VWRVRZDQ\SU]H]XJUXSRZDQLH-DURVáDZD.DF]\ĔVNLHJR ]DZLHUDá ZV]\VWNLH QDVWĊSXMąFH SR VRELH ID]\ ] MDNLFK SRZLQQD VNáDGDü VLĊ UHNODPDOĊNRZDSUH]HQWDFMD]DJURĪHQLD±GUDVW\F]Q\Z]URVWNRV]WyZXWU]\ PDQLD SU]HFLĊWQHM URG]LQ\ QDVWĊSQLH XND]DQR MHJR SU]\F]\QĊ F]\OL ZSUR ZDG]HQLHSU]H]32Z\ĪV]\FKVWDZHNSRGDWNRZ\FKVSRVREHPQDXQLNQLĊFLH WDNLHJRVWDQXU]HF]\PLDáRE\ü]DJáRVRZDQLHQD3L6>$GDPLN6]\VLDN @2=DSRJHXPQHJDW\ZL]DFMLUHNODPSROLW\F]Q\FKPLHOLĞP\GRF]\QLHQLD

ZNDPSDQLLSDUODPHQWDUQHM]URNXNLHG\WRGZLHQDMZLĊNV]HSDUWLH32 L3L6 SURZDG]Lá\VZRLVWąÄZRMQĊQDVSRW\´= WDNąVDPąV\WXDFMąPLHOLĞP\ GR F]\QLHQLD SRGF]DV NDPSDQLL GR 3DUODPHQWX (XURSHMVNLHJR Z  URNX :PDUFXZRGVWĊSLHNLONXGQLREDXJUXSRZDQLDZ\SXĞFLá\VSRW\XWU]\PDQH ZSRGREQHMVW\OLVW\FHZL]XDOQHM]JáRVHPWHJRVDPHJROHNWRUDPDMąFHQDFHOX ]G\VNUHG\WRZDQLHSROLW\NyZREXIRUPDFML3.

2 : SROVNLFK NDPSDQLDFK QHJDW\ZQ\FK GRPLQXMąFH Vą MHGQDN UHNODP\ ZL]HUXQNRZH >$GDPLN6]\VLDN@

(11)

ZĞŬůĂŵĂŶĞŐĂƚLJǁŶĂŝǁŝnjĞƌƵŶŬŽǁĂǁŽĚďŝŽƌnjĞƉŽůƐŬŝĞŐŽĞůĞŬƚŽƌĂƚƵ

5HNODPDQHJDW\ZQDZĞZLHWOHSU]HSURZDG]RQ\FKEDGDĔ

:SLHUZV]HMNROHMQRĞFLDQDOL]LH]RVWDáRSRGGDQH]GDQLHSRV]F]HJyOQ\FK HOHNWRUDWyZSDUW\MQ\FKZZ\ERUDFKGR3DUODPHQWX(XURSHMVNLHJRZU QDWHPDWZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQLDSU]H]SROLW\NyZZUHNODPDFKZ\ERUF]\FKNRPSUR PLWXMąF\FKIDNWyZ]Ī\FLDSU\ZDWQHJRRSRQHQWyZSROLW\F]Q\FK WDEHOD  7DEHOD5R]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]LQDS\WDQLH Ä'RSXV]F]DOQHMHVWZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQLHZUHNODPDFKZ\ERUF]\FK NRPSURPLWXMąF\FKIDNWyZ]Ī\FLDSROLW\F]Q\FKU\ZDOL´ZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FK HOHNWRUDWDFKZZ\ERUDFKGR3DUODPHQWX(XURSHMVNLHJRZURNX Zdecydowanie 1,( 5DF]HM1,( SRZLHG]LHü7UXGQR 5DF]HM7$. Zdecydowanie 7$. 5D]HP 1RZD3UDZLFD -DQXV]D .RUZLQ0LNNH LORĞü 23 11 5 11 9 59 procent       3ODWIRUPD Obywatelska LORĞü 82  24 34 10  procent       3ROVNLH Stronnictwo Ludowe LORĞü  11 8 5   procent       3UDZR L6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü LORĞü  42 21 29 12  procent       6RMXV]/HZLF\ 'HPRNUDW\F]QHM ±8QLD3UDF\ LORĞü 20 11 10 12 1 54 procent       ,QQD LORĞü 20  10 8 5 59 procent       Nie JáRVRZDáHP DP procentLORĞü 105 72 48 41 17 283 1LHSDPLĊWDP LORĞü 23 20 9 10 1  procent       %H]Z]JOĊGXQDD¿OLDFMĊSDUW\MQąZV]\VF\EDGDQLMHGQR]QDF]QLHRSRZLH G]LHOLVLĊ]DQLHGRSXV]F]DOQRĞFLąWHJRW\SXSUDNW\N%LRUąFSRGXZDJĊRSLQLH NDWHJRU\F]QH L ZDUXQNRZH RGVHWHN WHQ RVF\ORZDá RG  Z SU]\SDGNX :SU]\SDGNXVSRWX32Ä6LHZF\REFLDFKX´E\OLWR$GDP+RIPDQ FKZDOLáVLĊSUDFRZQLFRP ZLHONRĞFLąVZRMHJRSHQLVD .DURO.DUVNL Z\URNZF\SU\MVNLPVąG]LH]DGHPRONĊZKRWHOX  .U\VW\QD3DZáRZLF] QD]ZDáDÀDJĊ8(V]PDWą QDWRPLDVWZVSRFLHÄ=DJáRVXMHV]QDQLFK"´ 3UDZDL6SUDZLHGOLZRĞFLERKDWHUDPLE\OL-DFHN3URWDVLHZLF](]DU]XWZV]F]ĊFLHDZDQWXU\ QD QLHPLHFNLP ORWQLVNX  -DFHN 5RVWRZVNL ]DGáXĪHQLH 3ROVNL SRGZ\ĪV]HQLH SRGDWNyZ SRGQLHVLHQLH ZLHNX HPHU\WDOQHJR  0LFKDá %RQL RJUDQLF]DQLH ZROQRĞFL Z ,QWHUQHFLH  0LFKDá.DPLĔVNL ]PLDQ\SU]\QDOHĪQRĞFLSDUW\MQ\FKOHQLVWZR 

(12)

ŐĂƚĂKůƐnjĂŶĞĐŬĂͲDĂƌŵŽůĂ

Z\ERUFyZ6/'GRZZ\SDGNXHOHNWRUDWX32LEDGDQ\FKGHNODUXMąF\FK VZRMHSRSDUFLHGODÄLQQ\FKSDUWLL´=SRGREQ\PUH]XOWDWHPPDP\UyZQLHĪGR F]\QLHQLDZSU]\SDGNXEDGDQ\FKGHNODUXMąF\FKDEVHQFMĊZ\ERUF]ąRUD]RVyE QLHSDPLĊWDMąF\FKQDNRJRRGGDá\VZyMJáRV:REXJUXSDFKRNRáRHOHN WRUDWX VSU]HFLZLDáR VLĊ ]DPLHV]F]DQLX Z UHNODPDFK Z\ERUF]\FK LQIRUPDFML ] Ī\FLD SU\ZDWQHJR SROLW\F]Q\FK U\ZDOL:ĞUyG ZV]\VWNLFK EDGDQ\FK JUXS RSUyF]Z\ERUFyZ36/]ZROHQQLF\PQLHM]GHF\GRZDQL RSFMDÄUDF]HMWDN´  SU]HZDĪDMąQDG]GHF\GRZDQ\PL=NROHLSU]HFLZQLF\VąEDUG]LHM]GHF\GRZDQL Z VZRLFK VąGDFK Z SU]HZDĪDMąF\P VWRSQLX NDWHJRU\F]QLH RSRZLDGDMąF VLĊ SU]HFLZNR Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQLX UHNODP QHJDW\ZQ\FK QDZLą]XMąF\FK GR Ī\FLD SU\ZDWQHJRSROLW\F]Q\FKU\ZDOL

,GHQW\F]QLHMDNZHOHNWRUDWDFKSDUW\MQ\FKGR3DUODPHQWX(XURSHMVNLHJR UyZQLHĪ Z SU]\SDGNX HOHNWRUDWyZ Z Z\ERUDFK GR VHMPLNyZ ZRMHZyG]WZ ZV]\VWNLH EDGDQH JUXS\ MHGQR]QDF]QLH RSRZLDGDMą VLĊ SU]HFLZNR Z\NRU]\ VW\ZDQLX Z UHNODPDFK Z\ERUF]\FK NRPSURPLWXMąF\FK IDNWyZ ] Ī\FLD SROL W\F]Q\FKU\ZDOL&LHNDZHZQLRVNLSU]\QRVLQDWRPLDVWDQDOL]DRGSRZLHG]LRVyE GHNODUXMąF\FK SRSDUFLH GOD NRPLWHWyZ ORNDOQ\FK L UHJLRQDOQ\FK7R ZáDĞQLH Z\ERUF\W\FKIRUPDFMLVąZQDMZLĊNV]\PVWRSQLXSU]HFLZQLZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQLX negatywnych reklam.

(13)

ZĞŬůĂŵĂŶĞŐĂƚLJǁŶĂŝǁŝnjĞƌƵŶŬŽǁĂǁŽĚďŝŽƌnjĞƉŽůƐŬŝĞŐŽĞůĞŬƚŽƌĂƚƵ 7DEHOD5R]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]LQDS\WDQLH Ä'RSXV]F]DOQHMHVWZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQLHZUHNODPDFKZ\ERUF]\FK NRPSURPLWXMąF\FKIDNWyZ]Ī\FLDSROLW\F]Q\FKU\ZDOL´ZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FK HOHNWRUDWDFKZZ\ERUDFKGRVHMPLNyZZRMHZyG]WZZURNX Zdecydowanie 1,( 5DF]HM1,( SRZLHG]LHü7UXGQR 5DF]HM7$. Zdecydowanie 7$. 5D]HP 1RZD3UDZLFD -DQXV]D .RUZLQ0LNNH LORĞü 14 9 2   37 procent       3ODWIRUPD Obywatelska LORĞü 75 55 23 31 9 193 procent       3ROVNLH Stronnictwo Ludowe LORĞü 29 27 12 13 5  procent       .RDOLFMD3UDZR L6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü ±3ROVND5D]HP -DURVáDZD *RZLQD± 6ROLGDUQD3ROVND Zbigniewa Ziobry LORĞü 59 40 22 32 14  procent       .RDOLFMD 6RMXV]/HZLF\ 'HPRNUDW\F]QHM ±/HZLFD5D]HP LORĞü 21 13 12 12 2  procent       .RPLWHWORNDOQ\ regionalny LORĞü  15 11 11 2 75 procent       ,QQD LORĞü 10 11 7 4 2 34 procent       Nie JáRVRZDáHP DP procentLORĞü 82  40 34 20 232 1LHSDPLĊWDP LORĞü 19 13  7 1  procent       %LRUąFSRGXZDJĊZ\QLNLEDGDĔZRGQLHVLHQLXGRSRJOąGyZLGHROR JLF]Q\FK QDMZLĊNV]\ RGVHWHN RVyE VSU]HFLZLDMąF\FK VLĊ Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQLX Z UHNODPDFK NRPSURPLWXMąF\FK IDNWyZ ] Ī\FLD SROLW\F]Q\FK RSRQHQWyZ VWDQRZLą DQNLHWRZDQL RNUHĞODMąF\ VZRMH SRJOąG\ MDNR FHQWURZH ±  ] F]HJR  VSU]HFLZLD VLĊ W\P SUDNW\NRP ]GHF\GRZDQLH  1LHZLHOH PQLHMV]\ RGVHWHN QLHZ\UDĪDMąF\FK ]JRG\ QD Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQLH WHM IRUP\ UHNODP\ QHJDW\ZQHM RGQRWRZDQR ZĞUyG Z\ERUFyZ GHNODUXMąF\FK SRJOąG\ OHZLFRZH ±  ] F]HJR  Z VSRVyE ]GHF\GRZDQ\  1DMPQLHM SU]HFLZQLNyZ XĪ\ZDQLD NRPSURPLWXMąF\FK IDNWyZ ] Ī\FLD SROLW\F]Q\FK

(14)

ŐĂƚĂKůƐnjĂŶĞĐŬĂͲDĂƌŵŽůĂ

RSRQHQWyZ ]QDOD]áR VLĊ ZĞUyG DQNLHWRZDQ\FK GHNODUXMąF\FK SRJOąG\ SUDZLFRZH ± :ĞUyG EDGDQ\FK NWyU]\ QLH SRWUD¿ą RNUHĞOLü VZRLFK SRJOąGyZQDRVLOHZLFDSUDZLFD]GHF\GRZDQDZLĊNV]RĞüRSRZLHG]LDáDVLĊ SU]HFLZNRGRSXV]F]DOQRĞFLWHJRQDU]ĊG]LD±

: UDPDFK DQNLHWRZDQ\FK NWyU]\ GRSXV]F]DMą PRĪOLZRĞü Z\NR U]\VW\ZDQLD Z VSRWDFK WUHĞFL ]DZLHUDMąF\FK NRPSURPLWXMąFH IDNW\ ] Ī\FLD SU\ZDWQHJRU\ZDOLQDMZLĊFHMRVyEV\WXRZDáRVLĊSRSUDZHMVWURQLHVFHQ\SROL W\F]QHM±:SU]\SDGNXZ\ERUFyZOHZLFRZ\FK]ZROHQQLNDPLWDNLHJR UR]ZLą]DQLDE\áR]F]HJRDĪXG]LHOLáRRGSRZLHG]LZDUXQNRZHM 2VRE\ GHNODUXMąFH VZRMH SRJOąG\ MDNR FHQWURZH Z QDMPQLHMV]\P VWRSQLX   SRSDUá\ PRĪOLZRĞü SUH]HQWRZDQLD UHNODP QHJDW\ZQ\FK ]DZLHUD MąF\FKIDNW\]Ī\FLDSU\ZDWQHJRSROLW\F]Q\FKRSRQHQWyZ

1DMZLĊFHM RVyE GHNODUXMąF\FK EUDN ]GDQLD QD WHQ WHPDW ]QDOD]áR VLĊ Z JUXSLH RVyE QLHSRWUD¿ąF\FK RNUHĞOLü VZRLFK SRJOąGyZ ±  = NROHL QDMPQLHMV]\ RGVHWHN QLH]GHF\GRZDQ\FK RGQRWRZDQR Z HOHNWRUDFLH GHNODUX MąF\PVLĊMDNROHZLFRZ\ 7DEHOD5R]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]LQDS\WDQLH Ä'RSXV]F]DOQHMHVWZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQLHZUHNODPDFKZ\ERUF]\FK NRPSURPLWXMąF\FKIDNWyZ]Ī\FLDSROLW\F]Q\FKU\ZDOL´ZNRQWHNĞFLH GHNODURZDQ\FKSRJOąGyZSROLW\F]Q\FK Zdecydowanie 1,( 5DF]HM1,( SRZLHG]LHü7UXGQR 5DF]HM7$. Zdecydowanie 7$. 5D]HP Lewica LORĞü 72 48 18 39  183 procent       &HQWUXP LORĞü  50 23 18 9  procent       3UDZLFD LORĞü 115 81 49  33 339 procent       1LHZLHPQLH SRWUD¿ĊRNUHĞOLü LORĞü 94  45 32 13 244 procent      

(15)

ZĞŬůĂŵĂŶĞŐĂƚLJǁŶĂŝǁŝnjĞƌƵŶŬŽǁĂǁŽĚďŝŽƌnjĞƉŽůƐŬŝĞŐŽĞůĞŬƚŽƌĂƚƵ

5HNODPDZL]HUXQNRZD±DVSHNWWHRUHW\F]Q\

&KDUDNWHU\VW\F]Qą FHFKą ZVSyáF]HVQ\FK UHNODP SROLW\F]Q\FK MHVW SU]HZDJDWUHĞFLHPRFMRQDOQ\FKRSLHUDMąF\FKVLĊQDNUHDFMLZL]HUXQNXNDQG\ GDWyZF]\SDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FK%DGDF]H]DJDGQLHQLDVąMHGQDN]JRGQLFRGR NZHVWLLĪHQLHZLHOHUHNODPGDVLĊMHGQR]QDF]QLHSU]\SRU]ąGNRZDüGRGH¿QLFML UHNODP\SUREOHPRZHMEąGĨZL]HUXQNRZHM>%LRFFD5LFKDUGVRQ@4. :LĊNV]RĞüUHNODPFRREVHUZXMHP\UyZQLHĪZSROVNLHMU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLSROL W\F]QHM]DZLHUDZVRELH]DUyZQRFHFK\UHNODP\ZL]HUXQNRZHM SRGNUHĞODQLH FHFKRVRERZRĞFLRZ\FKNDQG\GDWyZSUH]HQWDFMDLZ\SRZLHG]LURG]LQ\RGSR ZLHGQLH UHNZL]\W\ PDMąFH SRGNUHĞOLü NRPSHWHQFMH GDQHJR NDQG\GDWD ĞZLD GHFWZD RVyE ]QDQ\FK L W]Z Ä]Z\Ná\FK OXG]L´  MDN L SUREOHPRZHM RGQR V]HQLH VLĊ GR NRQNUHWQ\FK NZHVWLL VSRáHF]QRSROLW\F]Q\FK  3RVWĊSXMąFD SURIHVMRQDOL]DFMD D FR ] W\P ]ZLą]DQH VNUDFDQLH PDWHULDáyZ Z\ERUF]\FK ZSá\ZD QD F]ĊVWV]H Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQLH HOHPHQWyZ ZL]HUXQNRZ\FK Z WUDNFLH NDPSDQLLZ\ERUF]HM:VSyáF]HĞQLHZLGRF]Q\MHVWUyZQLHĪWUHQGREMDZLDMąF\ VLĊ Z EXGRZDQLX ZL]HUXQNX SDUWLL SROLW\F]QHM QD RVRELH OLGHUD 3U]\ZyGFD VWDMHVLĊW\PVDP\PÄSHUVRQL¿NDFMą´VZRMHJRXJUXSRZDQLD>$GDPLN6]\VLDN @7DNDVWUDWHJLDZ\GDMHVLĊUDFMRQDOQD]SXQNWXZLG]HQLDSRGPLRWyZ SROLW\NL JG\Ī XPRĪOLZLD RQD Z\ERUFRP SRMPRZDQLH VIHU\ SROLW\NL EH] NRQLHF]QRĞFLGRNáDGQHMDQDOL]\SURJUDPyZSROLW\F]Q\FK

5HNODPDZL]HUXQNRZDZĞZLHWOHSU]HSURZDG]RQ\FKEDGDĔ

:SLHUZV]HMNROHMQRĞFLDQDOL]LH]RVWDáRSRGGDQH]GDQLHSRV]F]HJyOQ\FK HOHNWRUDWyZ SDUW\MQ\FK Z Z\ERUDFK GR 3DUODPHQWX (XURSHMVNLHJR QD WHPDW Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQLDZUHNODPDFKDVSHNWyZZL]HUXQNRZ\FK:V]\VWNLHEDGDQH JUXS\ SROVNLHJR HOHNWRUDWX RSRZLHG]LDá\ VLĊ ]D SRUXV]DQLHP Z UHNODPDFK WUHĞFLSURJUDPRZ\FK2GVHWHNWHQZDKDáVLĊRGZSU]\SDGNXZ\ERUFyZ 3ROVNLHJR 6WURQQLFWZD /XGRZHJR GR  Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR Z\ERUyZ 1RZHM 3UDZLF\ -DQXV]D .RUZLQ0LNNH 1DMZLĊFHM RVyE GHNODUXMąF\FK ĪHSROLW\F\SRZLQQLVNXSLüVLĊQDIDNWDFK]HVZRMHJRĪ\FLDSU\ZDWQHJR]QDOD]áR VLĊ ZĞUyG Z\ERUFyZ XJUXSRZDQLD - 3LHFKRFLĔVNLHJR ±  1DMZ\ĪV]\ RGVHWHNRVyEQLHSRWUD¿ąF\FKRNUHĞOLüVZRMHJR]GDQLDZW\PDVSHNFLHRGQR WRZDQRZSU]\SDGNXZ\ERUFyZ3L6±

4 :EUHZ WHPX FR VLĊ SRZV]HFKQLH VąG]L ZĞUyG UHNODP Z\ERUF]\FK GRPLQXMH UHNODPD SUREOHPRZDRF]\PĞZLDGF]ąEDGDQLDSURZDG]RQHPLQSU]H]//.DLGL$-RKQVWRQ>@ :DUWRMHGQDN]ZUyFLüXZDJĊQDIDNWĪHUHNODP\R]DEDUZLHQLXSUREOHPRZ\PZ]ZLą]NX]H VNUDFDQLHPSU]HND]XZEDUG]RGXĪ\PVWRSQLXRJUDQLF]DMąVLĊMHG\QLHGRVORJDQyZ

(16)

ŐĂƚĂKůƐnjĂŶĞĐŬĂͲDĂƌŵŽůĂ 7DEHOD5R]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]LQDS\WDQLHÄ3ROLW\F\ ZUHNODPDFKZ\ERUF]\FKSRZLQQLVNXSLüVLĊQDSU]HGVWDZLDQLXSURJUDPX Z\ERUF]HJRDQLHIDNWyZ]HVZRMHJRĪ\FLDSU\ZDWQHJR´ZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FK HOHNWRUDWDFKZZ\ERUDFKGR3DUODPHQWX(XURSHMVNLHJRZURNX Zdecydowanie 1,( 5DF]HM1,( SRZLHG]LHü7UXGQR 5DF]HM7$. Zdecydowanie 7$. 5D]HP 1RZD3UDZLFD -DQXV]D .RUZLQ0LNNH LORĞü 1 1 2  39 59 procent       3ODWIRUPD Obywatelska LORĞü 3 7 19 73 104  procent       3ROVNLH Stronnictwo Ludowe LORĞü 2 4 4 17 19  procent       3UDZR

L6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü procentLORĞü 3 2  58 81  6RMXV]/HZLF\ 'HPRNUDW\F]QHM ±8QLD3UDF\ LORĞü 1 2 5  30 54 procent       ,QQD LORĞü 1 4 3 21 30 59 procent       Nie JáRVRZDáHP DP procentLORĞü 3 8  93 153 283 1LHSDPLĊWDP LORĞü 1 1 5 24 32  procent       :ĞUyGHOHNWRUDWyZ]Z\ERUyZGRVHMPLNyZZRMHZyG]WZQDV]F]HJyOQą XZDJĊ]DVáXJXMąRGSRZLHG]LDQNLHWRZDQ\FKGHNODUXMąF\FKVZRMHSRSDUFLHGOD 1RZHM3UDZLF\-DQXV]D.RUZLQ0LNNH. :ĞUyGWHMJUXS\Z\ERUFyZDĪ ]GHF\GRZDQLH SRSDUáR VWZLHUG]HQLH ĪH SROLW\F\ Z UHNODPDFK Z\ERUF]\FK SRZLQQL VNXSLü VLĊ QD SU]HGVWDZLDQLX SURJUDPX Z\ERUF]HJR D QLH IDNWyZ ]HVZRMHJRĪ\FLDSU\ZDWQHJR-HĞOLZHĨPLHP\SRGXZDJĊUyZQLHĪRGSRZLHG]L ZDUXQNRZHZyZF]DVZ\ERUFyZWHJRXJUXSRZDQLD]JDG]DVLĊ]HVWZLHU G]HQLHPĪHUHNODP\Z\ERUF]HSRZLQQ\]DZLHUDüMHG\QLHWUHĞFLSURJUDPRZH : SU]\SDGNX NRPLWHWyZ ORNDOQ\FK L UHJLRQDOQ\FK ]ZROHQQLNDPL WDNLHJR UR]ZLą]DQLDE\áREDGDQ\FKQDWRPLDVWZĞUyGSU]HFLZQLNyZ]QDOD]áRVLĊ MHG\QLH

(17)

ZĞŬůĂŵĂŶĞŐĂƚLJǁŶĂŝǁŝnjĞƌƵŶŬŽǁĂǁŽĚďŝŽƌnjĞƉŽůƐŬŝĞŐŽĞůĞŬƚŽƌĂƚƵ 7DEHOD5R]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]LQDS\WDQLHÄ3ROLW\F\ ZUHNODPDFKZ\ERUF]\FKSRZLQQLVNXSLüVLĊQDSU]HGVWDZLDQLXSURJUDPX Z\ERUF]HJRDQLHIDNWyZ]HVZRMHJRĪ\FLDSU\ZDWQHJR´ZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FK HOHNWRUDWDFKZZ\ERUDFKGRVHMPLNyZZRMHZyG]WZZURNX Zdecydowanie 1,( 5DF]HM1,( SRZLHG]LHü7UXGQR 5DF]HM7$. Zdecydowanie 7$. 5D]HP 1RZD3UDZLFD -DQXV]D .RUZLQ0LNNH LORĞü 0 0 0 10 27 37 procent       3ODWIRUPD Obywatelska LORĞü 2 5 20  99 193 procent       3ROVNLH Stronnictwo Ludowe LORĞü 2   32 40  procent       .RDOLFMD3UDZR L6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü ±3ROVND5D]HP -DURVáDZD *RZLQD± 6ROLGDUQD3ROVND Zbigniewa Ziobry LORĞü 4 2  48 97  procent       .RDOLFMD 6RMXV]/HZLF\ 'HPRNUDW\F]QHM ±/HZLFD5D]HP LORĞü 1 2 7 21 29  procent       .RPLWHWORNDOQ\ regionalny LORĞü 2 2  27 38 75 procent       ,QQD LORĞü 0 2 1 10 21 34 procent       Nie JáRVRZDáHP DP procentLORĞü 4 8 18 83 119 232 1LHSDPLĊWDP LORĞü 0 2  20 18  procent      

%LRUąF SRG XZDJĊ Z\QLNL EDGDĔ Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR SRJOąGyZ LGHROR JLF]Q\FK QDMZLĊNV]\ RGVHWHN RVyE NWyUH XZDĪDMą ĪH SROLW\F\ SRZLQQL VNXSLüVLĊZUHNODPDFKSROLW\F]Q\FKQDSU]HGVWDZLHQLXSURJUDPXZ\ERUF]HJR RGQRWRZDQRZĞUyGZ\ERUFyZRNUHĞODMąF\FKVZRMHSRJOąG\MDNROHZLFRZH± 1DMPQLHMV]\RGVHWHNRVyEXZDĪDMąF\FKĪHUHNODP\SROLW\F]QHSRZLQQ\ E\ü]GRPLQRZDQHSU]H]NZHVWLHSURJUDPRZH]QDOD]áVLĊZĞUyGEDGDQ\FKRNUH ĞODMąF\FKVLĊMDNRHOHNWRUDWFHQWURZ\±

(18)

ŐĂƚĂKůƐnjĂŶĞĐŬĂͲDĂƌŵŽůĂ 7DEHOD5R]NáDGLORĞFLRZ\LSURFHQWRZ\RGSRZLHG]LQDS\WDQLHÄ3ROLW\F\ ZUHNODPDFKZ\ERUF]\FKSRZLQQLVNXSLüVLĊQDSU]HGVWDZLDQLXSURJUDPX Z\ERUF]HJRDQLHIDNWyZ]HVZRMHJRĪ\FLDSU\ZDWQHJR´ZNRQWHNĞFLH GHNODURZDQ\FKSRJOąGyZSROLW\F]Q\FK Zdecydowanie 1,( 5DF]HM1,( SRZLHG]LHü7UXGQR 5DF]HM7$. Zdecydowanie 7$. 5D]HP Lewica LORĞü 2 4 12  104 183 procent       &HQWUXP LORĞü 4  20 52 82  procent       3UDZLFD LORĞü 7  25 115  339 procent       1LHZLHPQLH

SRWUD¿ĊRNUHĞOLü procentLORĞü 2 13 23 90  244

:QLRVNL

:\QLNL SU]HSURZDG]RQHJR EDGDQLD MHGQR]QDF]QLH ZVND]XMą ĪH Z\ERUF\ Vą SU]HFLZQL Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQLX Z UHNODPDFK HOHPHQWyZ QHJD W\ZQ\FK0RĪHWRĞZLDGF]\üR]PĊF]HQLXHOHNWRUDWXZ]DMHPQ\PLDWDNDPL32 L3L6WUZDMąF\PLRGNDPSDQLLSDUODPHQWDUQHM]URNX6WUDWHJLDWDRND]DáD VLĊVNXWHF]QDZURNXLJG\ĪZSá\QĊáDQDVSRODU\]RZDQLHVFHQ\SROL W\F]QHM5RUD]]GRPLQRZDQLHMHMSU]H]WHGZDSRGPLRW\:\ERU\SDUODPHQWDUQH DQDSHZQRWHJRURF]QDHOHNFMDSUH]\GHQFNDSRND]XMąĪHPRĪOLZRĞFLMHM Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQLDVWRSQLRZRVLĊZ\F]HUSXMą0LPRWRSROVNLHSRGPLRW\SROL W\F]QHZ\GDMąVLĊWHJRQLH]DXZDĪDüLQDGDOUDF]ąHOHNWRUDWSU]HND]DPLÄVWUD V]ąF\PL´PRĪOLZRĞFLąGRMĞFLDGRZáDG]\ EąGĨUHHOHNFMą VZRLFKRSRQHQWyZ SROLW\F]Q\FK0RĪHWRZ\QLNDü]SU]HĞZLDGF]HQLDĪHZ\ERUF\FKRüQLHQD ZLG]ąQHJDW\ZQ\FKUHNODPSROLW\F]Q\FKXF]ąVLĊ]QLFKLVą]DLFKSRĞUHG QLFWZHPSU]HNRQ\ZDQL>-RKQVRQ&DUWHH&RSHODQG @

: SU]\SDGNX GUXJLHM ] EDGDQ\FK NZHVWLL RGQRV]ąFHM VLĊ GR WUHĞFL UHNODP Z\ERUF]\FK ]GHF\GRZDQD ZLĊNV]RĞü EDGDQ\FK EH] Z]JOĊGX QD D¿OLDFMĊSDUW\MQąF]\GHNODURZDQHSRJOąG\RF]HNXMHSU]HND]yZRGQRV]ąF\FK VLĊGRNZHVWLLVSRáHF]QRJRVSRGDUF]\FKDQLHGRZL]HUXQNXSROLW\ND-HVWWR V]F]HJyOQLHZLGRF]QHZSU]\SDGNXZ\ERUFyZSDUWLL-DQXV]D.RUZLQ0LNNHJR FRZLąĪHVLĊ]DSHZQH]LFKDQW\V\VWHPRZ\PQDVWDZLHQLHPLFKĊFLąZSURZD G]HQLDJáĊERNLFK]PLDQSROLW\F]QRJRVSRGDUF]\FK  1DOHĪ\SDPLĊWDüĪHZURNXHOHNWRUDW\32RUD]3L6QLHZ\ND]\ZDá\]GHF\GRZDQ\FK UyĪQLFSRGZ]JOĊGHPLGHRORJLF]Q\PSU]\QDMPQLHMMHĞOLFKRG]LRLFKXV\WXRZDQLHQDVNDOL OHZLFDSUDZLFD>.RWQDURZVNL&]HĞQLN@

(19)

ZĞŬůĂŵĂŶĞŐĂƚLJǁŶĂŝǁŝnjĞƌƵŶŬŽǁĂǁŽĚďŝŽƌnjĞƉŽůƐŬŝĞŐŽĞůĞŬƚŽƌĂƚƵ

%LEOLRJUD¿D

$GDPLN6]\VLDN 0   7HOHZL]\MQD UHNODPD SROLW\F]QD Z 3ROVFH Z ODWDFK  /XEOLQ:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX0DULL&XULH6NáRGRZVNLHM

$GDPLN6]\VLDN0  $XGLRYLVXDOSROLWLFDODGYHUWLVLQJLQFRPPXQLFDWLRQVWUDWHJLHVRI 3ROLVKSROLWLFDOSDUWLHV7KHFDVHRIWKHSDUOLDPHQWDU\FDPSDLJQLQ³3ROLVK-RXUQDO RI&RPPXQLFDWLRQ´YROQR  

%LRFFD )   /RRNLQJ IRU XQLWV RI PHDQLQJ LQ SROLWLFDO DGV >LQ@ )UDQN %LRFFD HG  7HOHYLVLRQDQGSROLWLFDODGYHUWLVLQJ+LOOVGDOH/DZUHQFH(UOEDXP$VVRFLDWHV

%6 6SRáHF]Q\ RGELyU NDPSDQLL Z\ERUF]HM L DNW\ZQRĞü SROLW\F]QD Z ,QWHUQHFLH. 5DSRUW]EDGDĔ:DUV]DZD&HQWUXP%DGDQLD2SLQLL6SRáHF]QHM

%62GELyUNDPSDQLLZ\ERUF]HMLSU]HGZ\ERUF]DDNW\ZQRĞüSROLW\F]QDZ,QWHUQHFLH. 5DSRUW]EDGDĔ:DUV]DZD&HQWUXP%DGDQLD2SLQLL6SRáHF]QHM

&ZDOLQD :   3ROLW\F]QD UHNODPD QHJDW\ZQD >Z@ 0DUHN -H]LĔVNL UHG  0DUNHWLQJ SROLW\F]Q\:SRV]XNLZDQLXVWUDWHJLLZ\ERUF]HJRVXNFHVX7RUXĔ:\GDZQLFWZR'8(7 &ZDOLQD:)DONRZVNL$  0DUNHWLQJSROLW\F]Q\3HUVSHNW\ZDSV\FKRORJLF]QD*GDĔVN

*GDĔVNLH:\GDZQLFWZR3V\FKRORJLF]QH

&]HĞQLN0.RWQDURZVNL0  1RZ\Z\PLDUSROLW\F]QHJRZVSyá]DZRGQLFWZD3ROVND VROLGDUQDYHUVXV3ROVNDOLEHUDOQDÄ6WXGLD3ROLW\F]QH´QU

'REHN2VWURZVND %   3RUR]XPLHQLH F]\ NRQÀLNW" 3ROLW\F\ PHGLD L RE\ZDWHOH ZNRPXQLNRZDQLXSROLW\F]Q\P:DUV]DZD3:1

*URQEHFN%(  1HJDWLYH3ROLWLFDO$GVDQG$PHULFDQ6HOI,PDJHV>LQ@$UWKXU+0LOOHU %UXFH ( *URQEHFN HGV  3UHVLGHQWLDO &DPSDLJQV  $PHULFDQ 6HOI ,PDJHV 2[IRUG :HVWYLHZ3UHVV

-RKQVRQ&DUWHH .6 &RSHODQG *$   1HJDWLYH SROLWLFDO DGYHUWLVLQJ +LOOVGDOH /DZUHQFH(UOEDXP

.DLG //   3ROLWLFDO$GYHUWLVLQJ >LQ@ /\QGD /HH .DLG HG  +DQGERRN RI SROLWLFDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQUHVHDUFK0DKZDK±1HZ-HUVH\±/RQGRQ/DZUHQFH(UOEDXP$VVRFLDWHV .DLG//-RKQVWRQ$  3UHVLGHQWLDO&DPSDLJQV6W\OHDQG&RQWHQWRI7HOHYLVHG3ROLWLFDO

$GYHUWLVLQJ:HVWSRUW3UDHJHU

.55L7 D ,QIRUPDFMDRZ\GDWNDFKLZ\NRU]\VWDQLXF]DVXDQWHQRZHJRZUDGLXLWHOHZL]ML QD HPLVMH SáDWQ\FK RJáRV]HĔ Z\ERUF]\FK ]OHFRQ\FK SU]H] NRPLWHW\ Z\ERUF]H Z WUDNFLH NDPSDQLLZ\ERUF]HMGR6HMPXL6HQDWX53ZURNX. .55L7 E ,QIRUPDFMDRZ\GDWNDFKLZ\NRU]\VWDQLXF]DVXQDHPLVMĊRGSáDWQ\FKDXG\FML Z\ERUF]\FKSRGF]DVNDPSDQLLZ\ERUF]HMQDXU]ąGSUH]\GHQWD53. .55L7  ,QIRUPDFMDRZ\GDWNDFKLZ\NRU]\VWDQLXF]DVXDQWHQRZHJRZUDGLXLWHOHZL]MLQD HPLVMHSáDWQ\FKRJáRV]HĔZ\ERUF]\FK]OHFRQ\FKSU]H]NRPLWHW\Z\ERUF]HZWUDNFLHNDPSDQLL Z\ERUF]HMGR6HMPXL6HQDWX5]HF]\SRVSROLWHM3ROVNLHMZU$QDOL]D%LXUD.55L7QU /DX556LJHOPDQ/+HOGPDQ&%DEELWW3  7KHHৼHFWVRIQHJDWLYHSROLWLFDODGYHUWLVHPHQWV $PHWDDQDO\WLFDVVHVVPHQW³$PHULFDQ3ROLWLFDO6FLHQFH5HYLHZ´YRO

0D]XU 0   0DUNHWLQJ SROLW\F]Q\ VWXGLXP SRUyZQDZF]H SUH]\GHQFNLFK NDPSDQLL Z\ERUF]\FKZ86$LZ3ROVFH:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1

0HUULWW 6   1HJDWLYH SROLWLFDO DGYHUWLVLQJ 6RPH HPSLULFDO ¿QGLQJV ³-RXUQDO RI $GYHUWLVLQJ´YRO  

2OF]\N7  3ROLWUR]U\ZNDLSRSSHUVZD]MD5HNODPDWHOHZL]\MQDZSROVNLFKNDPSDQLDFK Z\ERUF]\FK;;,ZLHNX:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZD$NDGHPLFNLHL3URIHVMRQDOQH

2OV]DQHFND$  (ZROXFMDVWUDWHJLLPDUNHWLQJRZ\FKSROVNLFKSDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FK ±RG6WXGLD:\ERUF]HJRGRUHNODP\LQWHUQHWRZHMÄ3ROLW\NDL6SRáHF]HĔVWZR´QU  

(20)

ŐĂƚĂKůƐnjĂŶĞĐŬĂͲDĂƌŵŽůĂ

3LHWUDĞ=-  Decydowanie polityczne:DUV]DZD±.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR3:1 5LFKDUGVRQ*  9LVXDOVWRU\WHOOLQJDQGWKHFRPSHWLWLRQIRUSROLWLFDOPHDQLQJLQSROLWLFDO

DGYHUWLVLQJDQGQHZVLQFDPSDLJQ³$PHULFDQ&RPPXQLFDWLRQ-RXUQDO´YRO 6FKXOW] :   .RPXQLNDFMD SROLW\F]QD .RQFHSFMH WHRUHW\F]QH L Z\QLNL EDGDĔ

HPSLU\F]Q\FKQDWHPDWPHGLyZPDVRZ\FKZSROLW\FH.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX -DJLHOORĔVNLHJR

6NDUĪ\ĔVND .   &]áRZLHk D SROLW\ND =DU\V SV\FKRORJLL SROLW\F]QHM :DUV]DZD Wydawnictwo Scholar.

6WHZDUW&K-  9RWHUSHUFHSWLRQVRIPXGVOLQJOLQJLQSROLWLFDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ³&HQWUDO 6WDWHV6SHHFK-RXUQDO´YRO

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

RG]ZLHUFLHGODMą ]DFKRZDQLH RUD] SR]LRP RVLąJQLĊW\FK XPLHMĊWQRĞFL Z

-HGQRF]HĞQLH QLH PRĪQD QLH ]DXZDĪ\ü ĪH DUJXPHQW\ QD NRU]\Ğü NRQNUHW- QHM NZDOLILNDFML SU]HVWĊSVWZ SRSHáQLRQ\FK Z VNáDG]LH SU]HVWĊSF]HM RUJDQL]DFML. Z

[r]

[r]

Prawo Kanoniczne : kwartalnik prawno-historyczny 27/1-2,

[r]

In codificationis historia necnon fundamentalibus novi Codicis do- ctrinalibus praemissis tractandis, Auctor innixus est tum Constitutione Apostolica Joanmis Pauli

MOVABLE-BED LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS COMPARING RADIATION STRESS AND ENERGY FLUX FACTOR AS PREDICTORS. OF LONGSHORE