Wnioski

Materiał doświadczalny zebrany w trakcie realizacji niniejszej pracy pozwala na sformułowanie następujących wniosków o charakterze ogólnym:

1. Elektrochemiczna polimeryzacja wybranych monomerów (pirol, anilina, 3,4-etylenodioksytiofen) w obecności lignosulfonianów różniących się składem elementarnym oraz pochodzeniem (drzewo liściaste lub iglaste), umożliwia wytworzenie cienkich filmów przewodzących, wykazujących dodatkową elektroaktywność faradajowską spowodowaną przebiegiem odwracalnych reakcji grup chinonowych pochodzących od lignosulfonianu. Makrocząsteczki lignosulfonianu pełnią w trakcie elektropolimeryzacji rolę anionowego czynnika domieszkującego, kompensującego dodatnio naładowany łańcuch polimerowy. Powstałe kompozyty zachowują elektroaktywność w szerokim zakresie pH.

2. Podczas elektropolimeryzacji aniliny i 3,4-etylenodioksytiofenu dochodzi do jednoczesnego utleniania grup metoksyfenolowych lignosulfonianów. Prowadzi to do powstania kompozytów, które w elektrolicie podstawowym wykazują dobrze zdefiniowane sygnały redoks pochodzące od grup chinonowych. Badania potencjodynamiczne wskazują również na możliwość katalizowania utleniania grup metoksyfenolowych przebiegającej na powstających filmach polimerowych (proces autokatalityczny). W przypadku elektropolimeryzacji pirolu nie obserwuje się jednoczesnego utlenienia lignosulfonianów ze względu na niski potencjał utlenienia tego monomeru. Wytworzenie grup chinonowych następuje później w elektrolicie podstawowym po przyłożeniu potencjału przekraczającego potencjał formalny utleniania grup metoksyfenolowych, zgodnie z mechanizmem EC.

3. Zaobserwowano istotny wpływ warunków syntezy (gęstość prądu, stężenie lignosulfonianu, ładunek użyty w procesie elektropolimeryzacji) na elektrochemiczne właściwości wytworzonych materiałów. Dla każdego typu kompozytów możliwe jest wyznaczenie optymalnych warunków syntezy, skutkujące otrzymaniem filmów wykazujących jak najlepszy stosunek ładunku pochodzącego od procesów redoks do całkowitego ładunku kompozytu. Wraz ze wzrostem grubości filmów obserwuje się wzrost ograniczeń dyfuzyjnych pojawiających się wewnątrz filmów, co szczególnie manifestowane jest w środowisku o pH bliskim obojętnego. W elektrolitach o wyższym pH obserwuje się również pogorszenie odwracalności procesów redoks.

4. Wyniki potwierdzają duży wpływ struktury lignosulfonianów wynikającej z jego pochodzenia na ich właściwości elektrochemiczne. Lignosulfonian pochodzący z drzew liściastych (DP 845) wykazywał procesy redoks usytuowane przy niższych potencjałach niż lignosulfonian z drzew iglastych (DP 841). Przyczyną tego zjawiska było występowanie w strukturze DP 845 większej ilości grup syryngowych (podstawionych dodatkową, elektrodonorową grupą metoksylową).

5. Domieszkowanie polianiliny lignosulfonianami pozwoliło uzyskać efekt polimeru samodomieszkowanego, przez co obserwowano zdecydowane rozszerzenie elektroaktywności tego polimeru w kierunku wysokich wartości pH. Lignosulfonian trwale związany w strukturze polimeru umożliwiał jego domieszkowanie nawet w pH o wartości 13. Proces ten pozwolił na zwiększenie możliwości aplikacyjnych polianiliny, przed wszystkim w sensorach amperometrycznych.

6. Wprowadzenie lignosulfonianów w strukturę polimerów przewodzących pozwoliło na zdecydowane zwiększenie pokrycia powierzchni elektrody aktywnymi grupami chinonowymi. Spowodowało to wytworzenie efektywnego katalizatora przeniesienia ładunku dla procesów elektroutleniania takich związków jak: hydrazyna, NADH czy kwas askorbinowy. We wszystkich przypadkach obserwowano wzrost rejestrowanego sygnału prądowego przy potencjałach zbliżonych do potencjału formalnego grup chinonowych zawartych w kompozytach. Uzasadnia to prowadzenie dalszych badań nad wykorzystaniem kompozytów z udziałem lignosulfonianów w sensoryce elektrochemicznej i elektroanalizie.

7. Filmy kompozytowe typu polimer przewodzący/lignosulfonian mogą zostać wykorzystane jako cienkowastwowe katody w urządzeniach magazynujących energię.

Uzyskane wyniki świadczą, że większość zmagazynowanego ładunku w przeliczeniu na powierzchnię elektrody pochodzi z procesów faradajowskich związanych z lignosulfonianem. Zaproponowane kompozyty są materiałami tanimi, co zwiększa ich atrakcyjność w kontekście ewentualnych aplikacji jako elektrody do magazynowania energii.

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