M ETALLURGICAL ABSTRACTS
(GENERAL AND NON-FERROUS)
V O L U M E 3 (N e w Series)
EDITED BY
G. SHAW SCOTT, M.Sc.
Sec eeta by
T he right o f P ublication and o f T ranslation is B esened
[POLITECHNIK!!
< 5 . 4 S V C ^
The. In slitu le o f M etals is not responsible either fo r the statem enls m ade or fo r the opinions expressed in the follow ing pages
LONDON
PUBLISIIED BY THE INSTITUTE OF METALS
30 VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, S.W .l 1936
Copyright\ \ErUered ai Slationers’ Hall
F o r m A . (M embership A pplication)
N o ....
Reed...
The I N S T I T U T E of METALS
36 Vi c t o r i a St r e e t, Lo n d o n, S . W . l . Founded 1 9 0 8 . Incorporated 1 9 1 0 .
To the Secretary,
The In stitu te o f Metals.
I, the UNDEBSIONED* ...
being... years of age and deairoua of becoming a f ...
Member of the In s t i t u t e o f Me t a l s, agree th a t if elected I will be governed by the Regulations and Bye-laws of the Institute from time to time extan t and observe the obligations imposed on Members under the Articles of Association of tho Institute, and th a t I will advanco the interests of the Institute so far as may bo in my power; and we, tho undersigned, from our personal knowledge, do hereby recommond the said...for election.
♦Name of applieant in f u l i...
Address..
t Business or Profession ...
Qualification...
Degrees and/or honorific diatinotions...
Dated this... day of.. . , 1 9 ..
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of tb rc e M embers.
The Counoil, liaving approved the above reeommendation, deolare the applieant to be duły eleoted as...
Member of the In s t i t u t e o f Me t a l s.
T o be filled u p b y th e
CounciI,
3 0 Vi c t o r i a St r e e t,
We s t m i n s t e r, Lo n d o n, S . W . l . Dated this... day o f...
Chairman.
. 1 9 . .
t For Qualifications of Members, see Rulo 6, other side.
j Name and address of firm (or other body) should be sta.ted, as well as position held.
(It would be a convenience i f the candidate's card were sent with this form .) i l . A . i .
EXT RAC TS F R O M T H E RULES
(M EM ORA N DU M A ND A R T IC L E S O P A SS O O IA TIO N .)
MEMBERS AND MEMBERSHIP
R u le B.—M em bers of th e I n s titu te sh all bo Ilo n o ra ry M em bers, F ellow s, O rd in a ry M em bers o r S tu d e n t M em bers.
11 u le 6.— O rdinary Members sh all b e of such ago (n o t being less tb a n tw e n ty -o n e y ea rs) aa sb all b e d eterm in e d fro m tim e to tim e by tb e O ouncil a n d /o r pro v id ed in tb e Bye-lawB. T b ey sb all be e i t h e r :
(а ) p ersona engaged in tb e m a n u factu re , w orking, o r use of n o n -ferro u s m etala an d a llo y s;
or
(б) pereons of scientific, te ch n ica l, o r litc r a p ' a tta in m e n ta , co n n ected w itb o r In terested in th e m e tal tra d e s o r w ith th e Application of n o n -ferro u s m e tals an d alloys, o r engaged in th c ir scientiO c in y e stig atio n s.
S tu d e n t Members sb all be a d m itte d an d retain ed as S tu d e n t M em bers w ith in su ch lim its of age [ 17-2G yea rs] as sb all be dete rm in ed from tim e to tim e b y th e Council a n d /o r provided in th e B ye-law s, an d sh all b e e ith e r
(a) S tu d e n ta of M eta llu rg y ; or
(b) p u p ils o r a ssista n ta of persona ąualified fo r o rd in a ry m em b ersh ip , w h e th e r su ch persona a re a c tu a lly m e m b ers o f th e I n s titu te o r n o t.
S tu d e n t Members sh all n o t b e eligible fo r electlon on th e C ouncil, n o r ahall tb e y b e e n titled to v o te a t th e m eetinga of t.be I n s titu te , o r to n o m in ale c a n d id ate a fo r o rd in a ry m em b ersh ip .
ltu le 7.—S u b je c t to th e foregoing tw o clau ses, an d a s h e re in a fte r p ro v id e d , election to m em ber
sh ip sh all be by th e C ouncil, a n d all ap p licatio n s fo r m em b ersh ip sh all be in w ritin g in th e form [o v erleaf] m a rk ed “ A ,” o r su ch o th e r form as m a y from tim e to tim e b e a u th o rize d b y th e C ouncil, a n d su ch ap p lic atio n m u s t be signed b y th e a p p lic a n t an d n o t less th a n th re e m em b ers of th o I n s titu te .
M em bership sh all n o t begin u n til th e e n tra n c e fec a n d flret a n n u a l su b sc rip tio n h av e been p aid .
R u le 8 .—A pp licatio n fo r m em b ersh ip a s O rd in ary o r S tu d e n t M em bers sh all b e s u b m itte d to th e C ouncil fo r ap p ro v a l. T h e n am es o f th e a p p ro v e d a p p lic a n ts sh all b e placed on a lis t w hich s h a ll bo ex h ib itc d in th e lib ra ry of th e I n s titu te fo r a t le a st flfteen d a y s im m ed iate ly a f te r th e C ouncil M eeting a t w hich su ch n am es w ere a p p r o r e d . C opies o f su ch lists sh all be su p p lied to th e S ecretaries of Local Sections o f th e I n s titu te fo r in sp ectio n b y m e m b ers, a n d in a n y o th e r m a n n er to m e m b ers as m ay fro m tim e to tim e be prescribed b y th e C ouncil.
A ny ob je ctio n to a n y c a n d id a te w hoae n am e is so ex h ib ite d o r notified to m em b ers sh all be m ad ę in w ritin g to th e S ecre tary w ith in tw en ty -o n e d a y s of th e d a to w hen th e lis t sh all first b e so e x h ib ite d .
A t a B ubseąuent C ouncil M eeting th e a p p licatio n s fo r m em b ersh ip of pereons w bose n am es sh all h av e been so ex h ib itcd sh a ll be fu r tb e r co n sid ered , a n d th e Council m a y , in th e ir ab so lu te d iscretio n , elec t o r re je c ts u c h a p p lica n ts, an d m ay refu se a n y a p p licatio n alth o u g h previously a p p ro v ed w ith o u t g m n g an y rea so n fo r su ch re fu sal. N on-election sh all n o t necessarily p reju d ice th e c a n d id a te fo r electio n concerned in an y fu tu rę ap p licatio n fo r election.
SUBSCRIPTIONS
R u le 9.— U nless an d u n til o th erw ise d eterm in ed by th e C ouncil a n d /o r provided in th e B ye-law e th e su b scrip tio n of each O rd in ary M em ber sh all be £3 3s. p er an n u m , an d of ea ch S tu d e n t M ember
£1 1 s . p e r a n n u m . O rd in ary M em bereshall p ay an E n tra n c e F ee of £2 2x. each a n d S tu d e n t M em bers an E n tra n c e Fee o f £1 1 s. each. (E n tra n c e F ee fo r S tu d en ta h a s been te m p o ra rily su sp en d ed .)
K ules a n d /o r reg u latio n s m ay be m ad e by tb e C ouncil from tim e to tim e fo r tb e tra n sfere n ce of S tu d e n t M em bers fro m th a t s ta tu s to t h a t of O rd in ary M em bers, including th e Qxing of an e n tra n c e fec to be p a y a b le on a n y su ch tra n sfe r o f such a su m aa th e Council m a y fro m tim e to tim e p rescrib e, a n d /o r th e w aiv c r of a n y su ch .
T h e C ouncil m a y , in fijin g su ch s u m , ta k c in to co n sid eratio n th e p rio r p a y m e n t o f e n tra n c e fees b y S tu d e n t M em bers.
S u b sc rip tio n s sh all b e p ay a b le on election an d s u b se ą u e n tly in a d v a n c e on J u ly l a t in each y e a r, o r o th e rw ise aa ah all b e d eterm in ed from tim e to tim e by th e C ouncil a n d /o r p ro v id ed in th e B ye- law s.
DUTIES AND OBLIGATIONS OF MEMBERS
R u le 12.— E v e ry m e m b er sh all b e b o u n d :
(а ) T o f u r tb e r to th e b e s t o f his a b ility a n d ju d g m e n t th e o b je c ts, p u rp o ses, in te re s ts , a n d influence o f th e I n s titu te .
(б) T o o b serv e th e provisions o f th e M em orandum of A ssociation of th e I n s tit u te , th e A rtic le s, a n d th e B ye-law s.
(c) T o p a y a t all tim es, an d in th e m a n n er p rescrib ed , su ch e n tra n c e fees on electio n , su ch fees on tra n sfere n ce from one class of m em bership to a n o th e r, an d su ch an n u a l s u b scrip tio n s as sh all fo r th e tim e beiug be prescribed.
(d) T o p ay a n d m ak e good to th e I n s titu te an y loss o r d am ag e to th e p ro p e rty of th e I n s tit u te caused by h is w ilful a c t o r d efau lt.
R u le 13.—E v e rv m em b er, in all his Professional relatio n s, sh all be guided by th e h ig h e st p rin c lp le s of h o n o a r, a n d u p h o ld th e d ig n ity o f his profession a n d th e re p u ta tio n of th e I n s tit u te .
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ABSTRACTORS AND R EY IE W E RS
N . Aoe e w, D r.-chem ., M et.E ng.
W. E. Al k in s, D.Sc.
Profcssor J . H. An d r e w, D.Sc.
W . E . Ba l l a b d.
P rofcssor C. 0 . Ba n n is t e r, M .E ng., A .R .S.M . B . Bl u m e nt h a l, D r.-In g.
B. Ciialmebs, B.Sc., PIl.D.
J . C. Ci i a s t o k, B.Sc., A.R.S.M.
J . W. Do n a l d s o n, D.Sc.
A. G. Do w s o n, B.A., Ph.D.
W . En g e l, D r .- p h i l .
S. Fi e l d, A.R.C.S.
R. Ge n d e r s, M.B.E., D.Mct.
Frhr. v . Gó l e r, Dr.-Ing.
Ro o s e v e l t Gr i f f i t i i s, M .Sc. G . A. Ha n k i n s, D.Sc., A.R.C.S.
E . S. He d g e s, D.Sc., Ph.D.
H. W. G. Hignett, B.Sc.Eng.
A. W. Ho t h e r s a l l, M.Sc.Tech.
W . Hu m e-Ro th er y, M .A ., P h .D ., F .R .S . N . C. Hy p h e r, B.A., B.Sc.
Z. Ja s i e w i c z, M.S.
I. Je n k in s, 13.Sc. I'\ JonusoN , D.Sc.
W . D . Jo n e s, M .E ng., Plr.D.
J . Kaiserman.
Professor W . Mi sAn o y i, D r.-tcch n.
W. A. C. Ne w m a n, B.Sc., A.R.S.M., A.R.C.S.
J . E . Ne w s o n, M.Met.
H. 0 ’Ne i l l, M.Met., D.Sc.
A. R . Pe a r so n, M .Sc., L L .B . H. W. L. Ph i l l i p s, B.A.
A. R. P O W E L L .
Profcssor Dr. 0 . Quadrat. J . T. Ra n d a l l, D .Sc. C. E . Ra n s l e y, B .Sc. P . W . Re y n o l d s, B.A., B.Sc.
A. G . Ro r i e t t e, B.Sc.
Ph o e b e M. C. Ro u t h, B.Sc.
D. N. Sh o y k i i e t, Chem.Eng.
H . S. v a n So m e r e n, B.Sc.
Professor J . F. Sp e n c e r, D.Sc., Ph.D . D. St o c k d a l e, M.A., Ph.D .
H . Sutto n, D .S c.
N. Sw i n d e l l s, B.A.
C. Sy k e s, D .Sc., Ph.D.
R. Ta y l o r, Ph.D.
G. J . Thomas, B .Sc. J . S. G . Th o m a s, D.Sc.
E . V. Wa l k e r, B.Sc., A.R.S.M.
J . II. Wa t s o n, M.C., B.Sc., Ph.D ., A.R.S.M.
S. V. Wil l i a m s, B.Sc.
M. Zv e q in t z o v, B.A., B.Sc.
Sy m b o l s a n d Ab b h e y e a t i o n s Us e o i n Te x t. A. Angstrom units.
abs. absolute.
a.c. alternating current(s).
amp. ampirc(s).
amp.-lir. ampćre-hour(s).
A.W.G. American wirc-gauge.
Bć. Baumć.
B. & S. Brown & Sharpe (gauge).
B.H.P. brake liorse-power.
B.O.T. Board of Trade.
B.th.u. British therm al unita.
B.T.U. Board of Trade unit.
B.W.G. Birmingham wire-gauge.
C. centigrade.
cal. calorie(s).
c.c. eubic centimetre(s).
cg- centigramme(s).
c.g.a. centimetre-gramme-second.
cm. centimetre(s).
cm.2 sąuare centimetre(s).
cm.3 cubic centimetre(s).
coeff. coefflcient(s).
con8t. constant(s).
C.T.U.
candle-power.
centigrade therm al units.
ewt. hundredweight(s).
d density.
d.c. direct current(s).
dg. deeigramme(s).
diam. diameter(s).
dm. decimetro(s).
dm .2 sąuare decimetre(s).
dm.3 cubie decimetre(s).
e.m.f. electromotive foree(s).
F. Fahrenheit.
ft. foot; feet.
f t .2 sąuare foot.
f t .3 cubic foot.
ft.-lb. foot-pound(s).
gali. gallon(8).
grm. eramme(s).
H .-F. high-freąuency.
H-ion. hydrogen ion.
H .P. liorse-power.
H .P.-hr. horse-powcr lioui'(s).
lir. hour.
hrs. liours.
in. inch; inehes.
in .2 sąuare inch.
in .3 cubic inch.
in.-lb. inch-pound(s).
I.S.W.G. Imperial standard wire-gauge.
K. absolute tem perature (scalę).
K.C.U. kilogramme-degree-centigrado hcat unit ( = 3'97 B.th.u.).
kg- kilogramme(s).
kg.m. kilogramme-metre(s).
km. kilometre(s).
km .2 sąuare kilometre.
kv. kilovolt(s).
kva. kilovolt-amp6re(s).
kw. kilowatt(s).
kw.-hr. kilowatt-hour(s).
Ib. pound(s).
L.-F. low-frequency.
m. metre(s).
m .2 sąuaro metre(a).
m.3 cubic metre(s).
m.amp. milliampŁro(s).
max. maximum.
mg. milligramme(s).
mm. millimetre(s).
m m .2 sąuare millimetre(s).
mm .3 cubic millimetre(s).
m.m.f. magnetomotivo force(s).
m u miliimicron.
m.v. millivolt(s).
N . normal.
N.T.P. normal temperaturo and pres- sure.
oz. ounce(s).
P.C.E. pyrometrie cono equivalent.
p.d. potential difTerence.
p.p.m. parts per million.
R. Keaumur.
r.p.m . rovolutions per minutę.
sp. gr. specifie gravity.
sq. sąuare.
V. volt(s).
va. yolt-ampere(s).
w. watt(s).
w.-lir. watt-hour(s).
w.p.c. w atts per candle.
o degree(s) (arc or temperature).
0//o per cent.
A wave-length.
P micron.
\l[L 1 millionth micron = O l A.
n ohm.
t minutę of the arc.
// second of the arc.
< A < B denotes th a t A is less than B.
> A > B denotes th a t * A is greater than B.
< negativo of < ; A < B de
notes th a t A is not less than B.
< combination of < and = ; A < B denotes th a t A is eąual to or less than B.
is not eąual to.
= identically eąual to.
approximately (or essentially) eąual to.
CON-TENTS
I. Properties of M etals, 1, 29, 69, 109, 141, 193, 237, 289, 337, 385, 439, 487, 629.
II. Properties of Alloys, 3, 36, 73, 113, 146, 198, 246, 295, 346, 389, 450, 503, 648.
III. Structure (M etallograpliy ; M acrography ; Crystal Structure), 7, 39, 75, 116, 153, 202, 250, 303, 357, 396, 457, 525, 662.
IV. CoiTOsion, 8, 42, 78, 120, 155, 203, 256, 307, 361, 397, 459, 533, 6G7.
V. Protection (other th a n Electrodeposition), 10, 43, 80, 122, 159, 206, 259, 310, 363, 402, 460, 545, 680.
VI. Electrodeposition, 12, 43, 81, 123, 161, 208, 261, 311, 366, 404, 462, 550, 684.
VII. E lectrom etallurgy and Electrochem istry (other th an Electrodeposi
tion), 13, 45, 84, 164, 210, 264, 311, 368, 407, 464, 556, 690.
VIII. Refining, 14, 165, 210, 265, 408, 557, 692.
IX . Analysis, 14, 45, 84, 125, 165, 211, 265, 312, 36S, 408, 465, 558, 692.
X. L aboratory A pparatus, Instrum ents, &c., 16, 49, 85, 126, 167, 213, 266, 314, 370, 409, 468, 565, 697.
XI. Physical and M echanical Testing, Inspeetion and Radiology, 17, 49, S6, 127, 167, 213, 267, 315, 370, 411, 469, 567, 697.
XH. T em perature M easurem ent and Control, 51, 87, 128, 170, 269, 316, 373, 413, 471, 570, 705.
X III. Foundry Practice and Appliauees, 18, 52, 88, 128, 170, 214, 270, 317, 374, 413, 471, 572, 706.
XIV. Secondary Metals : Scrap, Residues, &c., 53, 90, 128, 273, 375, 415, 473, 580, 712.
XV. F urnaees and Fuels, 19, 54, 91, 129, 172, 216, 273, 320, 375, 415, 473, 580, 712.
XVI. R efractories and Furnace M aterials, 19, 55, 92, 129, 172, 273, 321, 376, 416, 474, 582, 716.
XVH. H eat-T reatm ent, 20, 55, 130, 174, 274, 321, 583, 718.
XV33I. W orking, 20, 56, 92, 130, 174, 217, 275, 322, 377, 417, 475, 585, 719.
XIX. Cleaning and Finishing, 21, 93, 130, 176, 219, 276, 323, 377, 418, 477, 592, 721.
XX. Joining, 21, 56, 94, 131, 177, 219, 277, 325, 378, 419, 478, 594, 723.
XXI. Industrial Uses and A pplications, 21, 58, 95, 132, 178, 222, 279, 327, 378, 422, 480, 598, 731.
XXII. Miscellaneous, 23, 63, 98, 135, 182, 227, 283, 331, 380, 425, 483, 607, 747.
X X m . Bibliography, 24, 63, 99, 135, 183, 227, 284, 382, 426, 483, 610.
XXIV. Book R eriew s, 67, 105, 139, 187, 234, 286, 333, 434, 485, 618, 749.
Name I n d e x ... 751 Subject I n d e x ...824
C O R R I G E N D A
Page 14, lino 14.* For “ Laboratories ” read “ Industries.”
„ 20, „ 4. For “ Hedges, E rnest H .,” read “ Hedges, E rnest S.”
,, 41, „ 4.* For “ Jolm J . N orton,” read “ Jolm T. N orton.”
„ 53, „ 0. For “ Prcsent ” read “ Pressure.”
„ 57, „ 9. .For “ R. Salleles,” read “ R. Salelles.”
„ 90, „ 11. For “ C. E. Geiger ” read “ G. F. Geiger.”
„ 123, „ 23. For “ Melallizer, 1936, 4, (6),” read “ MeUtllizer, 1930, 4, (1).”
„ 128, lines 0*, 17* \ For “ Found. Trade ./., 1936, 54, (2),” read “ Found.
,. 120, linę 10* / Trade J ., 1930, 54, (1012).”
„ 140, „ 16. Delcie “ (16), 491-494.”
,. 149, „ 13.* For “ G. Nehlet ” read “ G. Nehlep.”
166, „ 26.* Before “ Thomas E. Hillis ” add “ William R. Crowell.”
„ 190, „ 20.* For “ Yoshio F ujii,” read “ Yoshiro Fujii.”
„ 203, „ 24.* F o r " 200-213 ” read “ 213-218.”
„ 211, „ 4. For “ so opposed ” read “ as opposed.”
„ 215, „ 25* For “ Rails ” read “ Rolls.”
„ 230, „ 12.* For “ Haringhausen ” read “ Haringhuizen.”
„ 241, „ 27. f o r “ Bernardiner,” read “ Bernadiner.”
„ 204, „ 18.* For “ 325-327 ” read “ 319-330.”
„ 277, „ 17.* Before “ (8), 391-396 ” add “ (6), 270-271.”
„ 310, „ 28.* For “ N. N akata ” read “ H . N akata.”
„ 349, „ 27.* For “ Souder,” read “ Souden.”
„ 351, „ 9. For “ Rudolpli K n illa ” read “ P»udolf K ru lla.”
„ 368, „ 5. For “ Serris ” read “ Servis.”
„ 369, lines 19, 20. For “ Alizarin. S.A.P. Mussakin ” read “ Alizarin-S.
A. P. Mussakin.”
„ 373, line 8. For “ H ubert P lan t,” read “ C. H ubert P lan t.”
„ 375, „ 11. For “ E arl ” read “ Carl.”
„ 402, „ 13. For “ 130-131 ” read “ 129-130.”
„ 466, „ 13. For “ Arsenie ” read “ Aluminium.”
„ 466, „ 2 2* For “ 544-500 ” read “ 544-540.”
„ 491, „ 8 * F or “ G. Zopf ” read “ G. Zapf.”
„ 508, „ 25. F or “ 572-574 ” read “ 512-514.”
„ 514, „ 9 * i 'V “ Mg2Cd ” read “ Mg3Cd.”
„ 524, „ 3. i ’or “ ig subjeeted ” read “ is not subjected.”
„ 534, „ 10. For “ S. M. Gelman ” read “ S. P. Gelman.”
„ 538, „ 27. For “ Shaibm an ” read “ Shraibm an.”
„ 541, „ 23. After “ U .Ił.S .S .” add “ /Serie eliim.”
„ 541, „ 0.* i'o r “ O. I. Vehr ” read “ O. I. Vher.”
„ 540, „ 17. For “ R. Gire ” read “ G. Gire.”
„ 507, „ 3.* f o r “ A 2 3 -2 5 ” read “ A 15-22.”
„ 590, „ 4.* For “ Er. Egglesmann ” read “ Er. Eggelsmann.”
* From bottom of page.
Page 330, line 2S. For “ Indian Aead. Sei., 1934, 1 ” read “ Indian Acad. Sci., Corrigendum to Melallurgical Abstraels, 1935, Tolunie 2.
e 2S. For “ Indian Aead. Sei., 1934, 1 ” read “ India 1934, [A], 1.”
