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View of Między uczciwością a skutecznością działania politycznego. Fundamentalny dylemat wyborcy

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Political Preferences

5/2013

Redakcja naukowa:

Danuta Plecka

Agnieszka Turska-Kawa

Katowice 2013

(2)

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Abstract:

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Key words:

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