Vostverlagsort Leipzig
DIE
NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN
BEGRÜNDET VON A. BERLINER UND C. THESING H E R A U SG E G E B E N VON
ARNO LD B E R L IN E R
U N T E R
B E S O N D E R E R M I T W I R K U N G V O NHANS SPEMANN
I N F R E I B U R GI. B R . ORGAN D E R G ESELLSCH AFT DEU TSCH ER NATU RFO R SCH ER UND Ä R Z T E
U N D
ORGAN D E R K A IS E R W ILH E LM -G ESE LLSCH A FT Z U R FÖRDERU N G D E R W ISSENSCHAFTEN
V E R L A G V O N J U L I U S S P R I N G E R I N B E R L I N W 9HEFT 1
( S E I T E 1— 24)4. J A N U A R 1929
17- JAHRGANG
I N H A L T : Ü b e r die W an d lu n g en des W a ld b ild e s im S ch w a rz
w a ld w äh ren d d er P o stg la z ia lz e it. V o n Pe t e r St a r k, F ra n k fu rt a. M. (M it 5 F ig u ren ) . . . W a s is t ein N a tu rg e s e tz ? V o n E . Sc h r ö d i n g e r, B erlin ...
Zu s c h r i f t e n:
Ü b e r d ie S ä ttig u n g des lic h te le k trisc h e n S tro m e s.
V o n J. A . Be c k e r, N e w Y o r k ... 12 Z u m R a m a n e ffe k t des Q u arzes. V o n M. Cz e r n y,
B erlin ...12 E in V e rsu c h ü b e r A b so rp tio n v o n u ltr a v io le tte m
L ic h t d u rch m e ta sta b ile A to m e . V o n W . d e Gr o o t, E i n d h o v e n ...13 Ü b e r die V e rw en d u n g v o n J o d -E isen als C h lo r
ü b e rträg e r. V o n H . E . Fi e r z- Da v i d, Z ü rich 13 M itte ilu n g ü b e r M o le k u la rre fra k tio n u nd u n
p o lare B in d u n g . V o n R . Sa m u e l, B re sla u 13
Be s p r e c h u n g e n:
Wi l l s t ä t t e r, Ri c h a r d, U n tersu ch u n g en ü ber E n z y m e . ( V o r w o r t ) ...14 H a n d b u ch d er E x p e rim e n ta lp h y s ik . B d . 23.
(R ef.: P e te r P rin g sh eim , B e r l i n ) ...16 Ge s e l l s c h a f t f ü r Er d k u n d e z u Be r l i n. R eise
in R u ssisch M itte l- u nd O s t a s i e n ...19 Zo o l o g i s c h e Mi t t e i l u n g e n. E in e neue M eduse
in der N o rd - u nd O stsee. Ü b e r den L ich tsin n m eeresb ew ohnender S ch n ecken ... 21 j As t r o n o m i s c h e Mi t t e i l u n g e n. E in H im m els
k ö rp er v o n a u ß e ro rd e n tlich g ro ß e r M asse. D ie a bso lu ten L e u c h tk rä fte d er Z e n tra lstern e d er p la n e ta risch en N eb el. O n th e p ressu res in th e atm o sp h eres of s t a r s ...23
Stufeit-P hofom eter
in Verbindung mit der Analysen#
Quarzlampe ersetzt das bish. übliche alleinige Schätzen der Fluoreszenz*
erscheinungen durch eine exakte M essungder Helligkeitund Farbe des Fluoreszenzlichtes. Erst dadurch wird eine wirklicheMaßanalyse ermöglicht
Druckschrift und weitere Auskünfte kostenfrei durch C A R L Z E I S S , J e n a
B e r l i n , H a m b u r g , K ö l n , W i e n
I I D I E N A T U R W I S S E N S C H A F T E N . 192g. H e ft 1. 4. Januar 1929.
DIE NATURW ISSENSCHAFTEN
ersch ein en w ö ch en tlich u nd können im In - u nd A u sla n d e d u rch je d e S o rtim e n tsb u ch h a n d lu n g , jed e P o sta n sta lt od er den U n terzeich n eten V e rla g b e zogen w erd en . P reis v ie r te ljä h rlic h fü r das In- und A u sla n d R M 9.60. H ie rzu t r i t t b e i d irek ter Z u stellu n g d u rc h den V e rla g das P o rto b z w . beim B ezü g e d u rch die P o st die p o sta lisch e B este llg e b ü h r. E in ze lh eft R M 1.— zu z ü g lich P o rto .
M an u sk rip te, B ü c h e r usw . an
D ie N atu rw issen schaften , B erlin W 9, L in k s tr. 23/24, e rb e te n .
P reis d er In la n d -A n ze ig e n : 1/1 S eite R M 150.— ; M illim eter-Z eile R M 0.35. F ü r V o rzu g sse ite n besondere V e re in b a ru n g . — B e i W ied erh o lu n g en N a c h la ß .
A u sla n d s-A n zeig en p reise w erd en a u f d ire k te A n fra g e m itg e te ilt.
K lisch e e-R ü c k se n d u n g en erfolgen zu L a s te n des In seren ten .
Verlagsbuchhandlung Julius Springer, Berlin W 9, Linkstr. 23/24 Fernsprecher: Amt Kurfürst 6050— 53 und 6326— 28
sowie Amt Noliendorf 755— 57
V E R L A G V O N J U L I U S S P R I N G E R / B E R L I N
Handbuch der Bodenlehre
B e a r b e i t e t v o n z a h l r e i c h e n F a c h g e l e h r t e n H era u sg eg eb en von
Dr. E. Blanck
o. ö. Professor und D irekto r des A griku ltu rchem ischen und B odenkundlichen Instituts der U niversität Götting-en
D as W e rk w ird 10 B än de u m fassen, die v orau ssich tlich bis zum Jahre 1950 abgeschlossen v o rlie g e n w erd en
Jed er B an d ist einzeln k ä u flich D e r erste T e il des H and bu ch es u m fa ß t die B än de I bis V II und b eh an d elt:
Allgemeine oder wissenschaftliche Bodenlehre
Soeben ersch ien B an d I:
Die naturw issenschaftlichen Grundlagen der Lehre von der Entstehung des Bodens
M it 29 A b b ild u n g en . V III, 535 Seiten . 1928 R M 27.— ; g ebu n d en R M 29.60 B an d II bis V I I :
Die k lim a to lo g is c h e n G ru n d la g e n d e r L eh re von d e r En tsteh u n g : d e s B o d e n s u n d d ie V e rw itte ru n g s le h re . D ie L e h re von d e r V e r
t e ilu n g d e r B o d e n a rte n a n d e r E r d o b e r flä c h e , re g io n a le u n d z o n a le B o d e n le h re . A k lim a t is c h e B o d e n b ild u n g ,d ie B o d e n f o r m e n D e u t s c h la n d s u n d d ie fo s s ile n V e rw itte ru n g s rin d e n . D er B o d e n a ls o b e rs te S c h ic h t d e r E r d o b e r flä c h e u n d se in e g e o g ra p h is c h e B e d e u tu n g . D ie p h y s ik a lis c h e B e s c h a ffe n h e it d es B o d e n s. D er B o d e n in se in e r c h e m is c h e n u n d b io lo g is c h e n B e s c h a ffe n h e it.
D e r zw eite T e il des H andbuches u m fa ß t die B än d e V III bis X und b eh an d elt:
Angewandte oder spezielle Bodenkunde
B an d VI I I bi s X:
T e c h n o lo g ie d e s B o d e n s . D ie M a ß n a h m e n z u r K u ltiv ie r u n g
d es B o d e n s.
DIE NATURW ISSENSCHAFTEN
17. J ah rg an g
4- J an u ar 1929 H e ft 1
Uber die Wandlungen des Waldbildes im Schwarzwald während der Postglazialzeit.
V o n Pe t e r St a r k, F r a n k f u r t a . M . J e d e r , d e r e in m a l m it a u fm e r k s a m e m B l i c k
d e n S c h w a r z w a ld d u r c h w a n d e r t h a t , d e r w e iß , d a ß es in e r s t e r L in ie d ie F i c h t e is t, d ie d a s L a n d s c h a f t s b ild b e s t im m t, u n d e r m ö c h te s ic h v ie lle ic h t v e r s u c h t fü h le n , a n z u n e h m e n , d a ß d a s d e m u r s p r ü n g lic h e n Z u s t a n d e n t s p r ic h t . D ie s e A n n a h m e i s t a b e r v o lls t ä n d ig ir r ig . S c h o n e in e f lü c h t ig e D u r c h s ic h t d e r L i t e r a t u r z e ig t, d a ß m e n s c h lic h e E in flü s s e , d ie s ic h b is in s M it t e la lt e r z u r ü c k v e r fo lg e n la s s e n , e in e n e in s c h n e id e n d e n W a n d e l g e s c h a ffe n h a b e n , u n d d a ß v o n p r a k t is c h e n E r w ä g u n g e n a u s g e h e n d d a s N a d e lh o lz m e h r u n d m e h r z u g u n s te n d e s L a u b h o lz e s g e f ö r d e r t w o r d e n is t.
D a f ü r lie fe r t a u c h d ie A n a ly s e d e r F lu r - u n d O r t s n a m e n , d ie v o n H a u s r a t h d u r c h g e f ü h r t w o r d e n is t , e in e e r d r ü c k e n d e F ü ll e v o n B e le g e n (10 ). I n se h r s c h ö n e r W e is e s in d d ie e in s c h lä g ig e n D a t e n b e i H a u s r a t h ( i i ) u n d b e i O l t m a n n s (16 ) z u s a m m e n g e s t e llt , w o b e i fr e ilic h a u c h T a t s a c h e n m a t e r ia l a n g e f ü h r t w ir d , d a s in e in e w e it e r e V e r g a n g e n h e it z u r ü c k r e ic h t . H ie r k o m m e n z u r B e u r t e ilu n g B e o b a c h t u n g e n in F r a g e , d ie in d e n s c h ö n e n A r c h iv e n d e r V o r g e s c h ic h t e , d e n M o o re n , g e w o n n e n w o r d e n sin d , in d e n e n s ic h d ie R e s t e d e r B a u m fl o r a e r h a lt e n h a b e n . D a t r e f fe n w ir m it te n m e r z e it ig e m N a d e lh o lz g e b ie t E ic h e n h o lz a n , a s u n s z e ig t , d a ß d ie s e r B a u m , d e r a u g e n b lic k lic h a u ie n ie d e r e n R a n d la g e n b e s c h r ä n k t is t , b is in s es S c h w a r z w a ld e s u n d b is zu g r ö ß e r e n G e b ir g s h ö h e n v o r g e d r u n g e n is t . S o lc h e D a t e n sin d s o w o h l im s ü d lic h e n [ S t a r k (20)] w ie a u c h im n ö r d lic h e n S c h w a r z w a ld [ F e u c h t (5), H a u s
r a t h (12)] g e w o n n e n w o r d e n ; E in e F ö r d e r u n g la b e n d ie s e U n t e r s u c h u n g e n d a n n in d e n le t z t e n J a h r e n v o r a lle m d u r c h d e n S ie g e s z u g e r fa h r e n , d e n d ie so g . p o lle n a n a ly t is c h e U n t e r s u c h u n g s m e th o d e v o n S c h w e d e n a u s g e h e n d ü b e r g a n z D e u t s c h la n d g e h a lte n h a t . D e r V o r t e il, d e n d ie s e M e th o d e , d e r e n in d ie s e r Z e it s c h r if t je u n d je w ie d e r g e d a c h t w o r d e n is t, b ir g t , i s t d e r, d a ß sie u n s u n a b h ä n g ig m a c h t v o n d e n G e h ö lz e n , d ie a u f e m M o o re s e lb s t g e s t o c k t h a b e n , u n d d a ß sie u n s e r m ö g lic h t , a u f G r u n d d e s z u g e w e h t e n P o lle n s e in z u r e ic h e n d e s B ild d e s W a ld e s z u z e ic h n e n , d e r m e r n ä h e r e n u n d w e ite r e n U m g e b u n g d e r M o o re zu d e n v e r s c h ie d e n e n Z e it a b s c h n it t e n v o m B e g in n d e r M o o r b ild u n g a n g e h e r r s c h t h a t . E in e k r it is c h e -B e w e r tu n g d ie s e r M e t h o d e u n d e in e a llg e m e in e Ü b e r s ic h t ü b e r ih r e E r g e b n is s e b is z u m J a h r e 19 2 5 f in d e t s ic h b e i S t a r k (22). E in e n e u e re z u sa m m e n fa s s e n d e D a r s t e llu n g a u s d e r F e d e r v o n G a m s is t in z w is c h e n n a c h g e f o lg t (8). S t a r k w a r a u c h d e r E r s t e , d e r d ie S c h w a r z w a ld m o o r e v o n ie se r W a r t e a u s in A n g r i f f n a h m , u n d z w a r d ie
M o o re d e s s ü d lic h e n S c h w a r z w a ld s [ N o t s c h r e i u n d H in t e r z a r t e n (2 1)]. S c h o n a u s d ie s e r M it t e ilu n g h a b e n s ic h d e u t lic h e R ic h t lin ie n e r g e b e n , d ie d ie M ö g lic h k e it b o te n , e in v o r lä u f ig e s B ild z u z e ic h n e n . A n s c h lie ß e n d a n St a r k h a t d a n n e in e r s e in e r S c h ü le r , W a l t e r Br o c h e, d e n G e g e n s t a n d e r n e u t a u f g e g r if fe n u n d is t in a lle n P u n k t e n z u e in e r w e itg e h e n d e n B e s t ä t i g u n g g e la n g t , w o b e i fr e ilic h d a s B i l d w e it e r u n d r e ic h e r w u r d e (4). S o sin d w ir j e t z t im s t a n d e , w e n ig s t e n s fü r d e n s ü d lic h e n S c h w a r z w a ld e in e a llg e m e in e C h a r a k t e r is t ik zu g e b e n . D a ü b e r d e n n ö r d lic h e n S c h w a r z w a ld n o c h k e in e r le i e n t s p r e c h e n d e D a t e n e x is t ie r e n , so s e ie n g le ic h z e it ig e in p a a r e ig e n e k n a p p e B e o b a c h t u n g e n a n g e fü h r t, d ie im s t a n d e sin d , e in e v o r lä u f ig e O r ie n t ie r u n g z u g e b e n .
1. D er südliche S ch w arzw ald .
D ie U n t e r s u c h u n g e n Br o c h e s e r s t r e c k t e n s ic h a u s s c h lie ß lic h a u f d e n s ü d lic h e n T e il d e s S c h w a r z w a ld s . S e in B e o b a c h t u n g s n e t z u m s p a n n t 22 M o o re , d ie a u s d e n v e r s c h ie d e n s te n T e ila r e a le n h e r a u s g e g r iffe n w u r d e n . E s k a n n n a t ü r l ic h n ic h t u n s e r e A u f g a b e se in , ü b e r je d e s e in z e ln e M o o r z u b e r ic h t e n , v ie lm e h r g r e ife n w ir n u r e in ig e c h a r a k t e r is t is c h e B e is p ie le h e r a u s , d ie v o n m ö g lic h s t w e it a u s e in a n d e r lie g e n d e n P u n k t e n g e w o n n e n sin d . D a b e i e r g e b e n s ic h m a n c h e r le i W ie d e r h o lu n g e n , a u f d ie e s u n s h ie r a b e r g e r a d e a n k o m m t , d e n n a u s d e r a lle n t h a lb e n g le ic h s in n ig e n E n t w i c k l u n g i s t a m b e s te n z u e rs e h e n , d a ß d a r ü b e r e in e a llg e m e in e G e s e t z lic h k e it w a l t e t u n d e s s ic h n ic h t u m Z u fa lls e r g e b n is s e h a n d e ln k a n n .
a ) D a s G ebiet vo n B r e itn a u
A ls e r s t e s B e is p ie l se i e in P r o f il a u s d e m M o o r g e b ie t v o n B r e it n a u g e g e b e n . D ie M o o re n e h m e n h ie r e in e H ö h e n la g e v o n 1000 m e in . I n d e n a n g r e n z e n d e n W ä ld e r n i s t d ie F i c h t e d o m i
n ie r e n d , a u f d e n M o o re n s e lb s t s t o c k e n n e b e n F i c h t e n v o r a lle m M o o r k ie fe r n ( P in u s m o n ta n a ) u n d M o o r b ir k e n ( B e t u la p u b e s c e n s ).
D as E rg eb n is der p o llen a n a ly tisch en U n tersu ch u n g ist in F ig . 1 nied ergelegt, u n ter die auch eine fü r die ü brigen F ig u ren g ü ltig e E rk lä ru n g der S ign atu ren g e se tz t ist. D er S ta b lin k s g ib t A u fsch lu ß über den C h a ra k te r d er das M oor a u f bauenden S ch ich ten . W ir h aben hier von oben n ach u n ten :
o — 10 cm M oorerde;
1 0 — 120 cm S p h a g n eto-E rio p h o retu m (Torf aus W e iß m oos und W o llg r a s );
120 — i8q cm S p h agn etu m (W eiß m oostorf);
180 — 220 cm S p h a g n eto -E rio p h o retu m ; 220 — 240 cm E rio p h o retu m (W o llgrastorf);
Nw. 1929 1
2 S t a r k : W a n d lu n g e n des W a ld b ild e s im S ch w a rzw a ld w ä h ren d der P o stg la z ia lz e it. [ D ie N atur - [W issenschaften 240 — 280 cm E rio p h o reto -C a ricetu m (W ollgras- und
S e g g e n to rf);
280 — 320 cm T o rfm u d d e (feinp u lvriger organ. D e tritu s, im W asse r abgesetzt) ;
d a ru n te r k iesiger Sand.
W ir h a b en also ein ty p isch es V erlan d u n g sm o or v o r uns, w ie aus der u n terlag ern d en lim n isch en T orfm u d d e zu ersehen ist. U n te r U m g eh u n g eines ausgedehn ten F lach m o o rsta d iu m s ist die E n tw ick lu n g , w ie es fü r die m eisten M oore des höheren S ch w arzw a ld es C harak
te ris tis ch ist, sehr ra sch ins H o ch m oo rstad iu m g e
treten . A n alo g e V e rh ältn isse w erd en w ir b ei den and eren h ier h eran gezog en en B eisp ielen an treffen . D ie K u rv e n a u f der re ch te n S eite geben den P ro ze n ta n teil w ieder, m it dem die einzelnen B a u m g a ttu n g e n in den versch ied en en T o rfh o rizo n te n d u rch ihre P o llen v e r tre te n sin d . Z u dieser B erech n u n g w erd en v o n E ta g e zu E ta g e kleine P röb ch en entnom m en und eine m ö glich st groß e A n z a h l v o n P o llen k ö rn ern a b g e zä h lt. D a n a ch w ird der P r o z e n ts a tz b erechn et, w o b e i freilich die H asel, die n ich t zu den eig en tlich en W ald b ä u m e n geh ö rt, n ich t m it in die G esam tsu m m e eingeschlossen w ird . D ie fü r die H asel v erzeich n eten P ro zen te besagen, w ie vie l H aselp ollen a u f so n stige B au m p o llen k om m t, und d esh a lb k a n n die H a sel 100% ü bersch reiten. D as so gew onn ene ,,P o lle n sp e k tru m “ g ib t uns ein schönes B ild v o n der Z u sam m en setzu n g des W ald es in der U m g e b u n g des M oores.
A u s F i g . 1 i s t e r s ic h tlic h , d a ß d ie E n t w i c k l u n g m i t e in e m se h r v e r a r m t e n W a ld b ild b e g in n t . I m u n t e r s t e n S p e k t r u m is t n e b e n 83 % K i e f e r (P in u s) n u r n o c h 9 % W e id e (S a lix ) u n d 8 % B i r k e ( B e tu la ) v o r h a n d e n . D a s s in d g e r a d e d ie G e h ö lz e , d ie d ie g r ö ß t e K ä l t e v e r t r a g e n . S c h o n in d e r n ä c h s t e n P r o b e s t e lle n s ic h a ls e r s te Z u z ü g le r H a s e l u n d E ic h e n m is c h w a ld 1 in S p u r e n e in . W ä h r e n d n u n d ie K i e f e r f o r t d a u e r n d a b s in k t , s t e ig t d ie K u r v e d e r H a s e l (C o ry lu s) j ä h e m p o r u n d e r r e ic h t ü b e r 1 0 0 % . O f fe n b a r w a r sie in r a s c h e m V o r m a r s c h b e g r iff e n . M it g e r in g e r V e r s c h ie b u n g g e g e n ü b e r d e r H a s e l w e n d e t s ic h d ie K u r v e d e s E ic h e n m is c h w a ld s n a c h o b e n , b le i b t a b e r h i n t e r d e r H a s e l z u r ü c k . S ie e r r e ic h t ih r e n H ö h e p u n k t (ü b e r 5 0 % ) e r s t , n a c h d e m s ic h d ie H a s e l sc h o n a u f ih r e m a b s t e ig e n d e n A s t b e f in d e t . I n d e r e r s te n P h a s e d e s H a s e la n s t ie g e s m e ld e t s ic h a ls w e it e r e s G e h ö lz d ie E r le (A in u s), d ie a n d e r S te lle , w o d ie H a s e l a u f ih r e m a b s t e ig e n d e n A s t d ie E ic h e n m is c h w a ld k u r v e s c h n e id e t, e in le ic h t e s M a x im u m e r r e ic h t.
D a s i s t e in fü r d ie m e is te n M o o re c h a r a k t e r is t is c h e r Z u g , w ie a u c h d e r s c h w a c h e B ir k e n g ip f e l in d e m H a s e la b s c h n it t . N u r k ö n n e n d ie s e G ip fe l je u n d je e t w a s n a c h v o r w ä r t s o d e r n a c h r ü c k w ä r t s v e r s c h o b e n se in . I m m e r a b e r h a lt e n sie s ic h a n d ie N ä h e d e s H a s e lk u lm in a t io n s p u n k t e s . A u f d ie E r le f o l g t g e n a u d o r t , w o d ie H a s e l g ip f e l t , d ie T a n n e ( A b ie s ) , d e r s ic h d a r a u f d ie B u c h e (F a g u s) a n s c h lie ß t . W ä h r e n d n u n d ie H a s e l u n d f a s t p a r a ll e l m it ih r d e r E ic h e n m is c h w a ld a b s in k t , s t e i g t d ie K u r v e d e r T a n n e s t e il a n u n d a r b e i t e t s ic h a n d ie G ip fe lla g e e m p o r , d ie sie lä n g e r e Z e it h i n d u r c h e in h ä lt . I n d ie s e m A b s c h n i t t d e r E n t 1 M an fa ß t u n ter E ich en m isch w a ld die w ä rm e lieben d en G eh ölze, E ich e (Q uercus), U lm e (Ulm us) und L in d e (Tilia) zusam m en.
w ic k lu n g e r s c h e in t a ls l e t z t e r Z u z ü g le r d ie F i c h t e (P ic e a ). T r ä g e r , a ls sie h o c h g e k o m m e n is t, b e t r i t t d ie T a n n e ih r e n a b s t e ig e n d e n A s t u n d w ir d in 0 ,6 m v o n d e r B u c h e n k u r v e m it 4 0 % k n a p p ü b e r s c h r it t e n . E s f in d e t n u n e in z w e im a lig e s O s z illie r e n z w is c h e n B u c h e u n d T a n n e s t a t t . E r s t in d ie s e m Z e i t p u n k t g e la n g t d ie F i c h t e zu n e n n e n s w e r t e r V e r t r e t u n g , d ie sie b is z u m S c h lü s s e d e r
E n t w i c k l u n g e in h ä lt , o h n e a b e r e in e d o m in ie r e n d e G ip fe lla g e z u e rre ic h e n . I m l e t z t e n S p e k t r u m , d a s d e n S c h lu ß a b s c h n it t d e r E n t w i c k lu n g m a r k ie r t , w e r d e n T a n n e u n d B u c h e v o n d e r K ie fe r ü b e r h o lt, d ie s ic h v o n d e r H a s e l p h a s e a n in d e r T ie f e g e h a lt e n h a t , n u n m e h r a b e r e in s e k u n d ä r e s M a x im u m e r le b t .
G lie d e r n w ir d ie s e s P r o f il n a c h d e m z e itlic h e n V e r h a lt e n d e r W a ld b ä u m e , d a n n k ö n n e n w ir f o l g e n d e E t a p p e n h e r a u s s c h ä le n :
— • — Pinus
— 0 — Betuta
— ® — Salix
— ■— Corylus
— ■— Eichen- mischwaid
Ainus Ab/es Fagus Picea Carpinus
Sphagnetum Holz to rf Sondu. Kies
Eriphoretum Moorerde A.rundinefum
8chenchzerietum TonmuddeuTon Garicetum
liÜÜLi
Hypnetum Torfu. Lebermudde Heisertorf
F ig . 1. B re itn a u -W e s t (1000 m) d aru n ter die b e i
g e fü g te Legen d e.
H eft i
4- x. 1929 S t a r k : W an d lu n g e n des W a ld b ild e s im S ch w a rzw a ld w ä h ren d d er P o stg la z ia lz e it.
1. P e r io d e der K ie fe r : K i e f e r ü b e r 8 0 % , s o n s t a n fa n g s n u r B i r k e u n d W e id e ; H a s e l u n d E ic h e n m is c h w a ld e r s c h e in e n .
2. P e r io d e der H a s e l u n d d es E ich e n m isch w a ld e s:
E ic h e n m is c h w a ld e t w a s h i n t e r d e r H a s e l n a c h h in k e n d ; H a s e l ü b e r 1 0 0 % , E ic h e n m is c h w a ld ü b e r 5 0 % , le ic h t e r B ir k e n - u n d E r l e n g i p f e l ; T a n n e u n d B u c h e e r s c h e in e n ; K i e f e r g e h t z u r ü c k .
3. P e r io d e der T a n n e : T a n n e ü b e r 70 % ; F ic h t e e r s c h e i n t ; H a s e l u n d E ic h e n m is c h w a ld g e h e n z u r ü c k .
4. P e r io d e der T a n n e , B u c h e u n d F ic h te : F ic h t e in ih r e r E n t w i c k lu n g h i n t e r T a n n e u n d B u c h e n a c h h in k e n d u n d b lo ß c a . 2 0 % e rr e ic h e n d .
5 - S e k u n d ä r e r K ie fe r a n s tie g .
1 1 1 ---- 1---r 11 ^ i "i 11 "
% 10 20 30 VO SO eo 70 80 30 100 150 F ig . 2. E r le n b ru ck (930 m).
b) D a s G ebiet v o n H in te rza rte n .
A ls B e is p ie l a u s d e m G e b ie t e v o n H in t e r z a r t e n w ä h le n w ir d a s E r le n b r u c k m o o r (930 m ) . E s is t d e r z e it u m g e b e n v o n F ic h t e n w ä ld e r n . A u f d e m M o o r s e lb s t s t o c k e n n e b e n E r le u n d B i r k e v o r a lle m B e r g k ie fe r n . D a s P r o f il i s t s t r a t ig r a p h is c h se h r e in fa c h . W i r h a b e n z u u n t e r s t T o n , d a r a n a n s c h lie ß e n d T o r f m u d d e u n d z u o b e r s t 5 m S p h a n e to - E r io p h o r e t u m . W ie d e r u m l ie g t e in V e r la n d u n g s m o o r v o r , d a s a u s e in e m s e ic h t e n W a s s e r b e c k e n h e r v o r g e g a n g e n
ist.
D ie E n t w i c k lu n g b e g in n t in a n a lo g e r W e is e m it e in e r K ie fe r p e r io d e , d ie fr e ilic h in e in e r sp ä - a p p e 8e t r o ffe n i s t ( F ig . 2). N e b e n B i r k e u n d W e id e h a b e n w ir s c h o n d ie H a s e l m it ü b e r 10 % u n d in S p u r e n E ic h e n m is c h w a ld u n d T a n n e . D ie a se l s t e ig t se h r r a s c h z u e in e m M a x im u m v o n
g e g e n
280
% e m p o r . H ie r e r s c h e in t — f r ü h e r a ls im v o r h e r g e h e n d e n P r o f i l — s c h o n d ie F ic h t e . A ls w e it e r e B e s o n d e r h e it f ä l l t a u f, d a ß d ie H a s e lk u r v e n ic h t g le ic h m ä ß ig a b f ä llt , s o n d e rn s ic h n a c h le iG h te m R ü c k g a n g zu e in e m z w e it e n G ip fe l e r h e b t.
D ie s e s o s z illie r e n d e V e r h a lt e n s c h e in t k e in Z u f a ll z u se in , d e n n es k e h r t in ä h n lic h e r F o r m b e i v ie le n H a s e lk u r v e n w ie d e r . B e i d ic h t e r e r P r o b e e n t n a h m e w ä r e e s v i e lle i c h t a u c h in P r o f i l 1 a u f g e tr e t e n . I n d e r H a s e lp h a s e t r i f f t n e b e n d e r F i c h t e w ie d e r E r le u n d B u c h e e in . U n t e r d e m e r s te n H a s e lg ip f e l l i e g t w ie d e r e in le ic h t e r B ir k e n g ip fe l, u n t e r d e m z w e it e n d e r K u lm in a t io n s p u n k t d e s E ic h e n m is c h w a ld s m it
80%.
A u c h h ie r i s t d ie a u s k lin g e n d e H a s e lz e it d u r c h e in e n le ic h t e n E r le n g ip fe l g e k e n n z e ic h n e t . D ie a b s in k e n d e H a s e l- u n d E ic h e n m is c h w a ld k u r v e w ir d se h r b a ld v o n d e r a n s te ig e n d e n T a n n e n k u r v e d u r c h s c h n it t e n , d ie s ic h z u e in e m ä h n lic h e n M a x im u m w ie in P r o f il 1 e r h e b t. E s f o l g t n u n — w ie d e r in p a r a lle le m V e r l a u f — e in B u c h e n g ip fe l, n u r s t e llt s ic h h ie r e in e n e u e B e s o n d e r h e it e i n : d o r t , w o d ie a n s te ig e n d e B u c h e n k u r v e d ie T a n n e n k u r v e d u r c h s c h n e id e t , l ie g t e in z w e it e r le ic h t e r E r le n g ip fe l, d e m s ic h in d ie s e m F a l l e in e b e n s o lc h e r H a s e lg ip fe l z u g e s e llt . D ie s e s d o p p e lt e K u lm in ie r e n d e r E r le i s t in so v ie le n P r o file n a n g e d e u t e t , d a ß e s e b e n fa lls n ic h t a ls Z u fa ll g e n o m m e n w e r d e n d a r f. E t w a s n a c h d e r B u c h e k o m m t — w e n n g le ic h in s c h w ä c h e r e m M a ß — d ie F i c h t e e m p o r , u n d w ie b e i B r e it n a u r ü c k t a u c h h ie r z u m S c h lü s s e d ie K i e f e r z u m z w e it e n m a l in d ie S p it z e n s t e llu n g e in .Ü b e r b lic k e n w ir d a s G e s a m t p r o fil, so e r g ib t sic h h ie r g e n a u d ie s e lb e P h a s e n fo lg e w ie b e i B r e i t n a u . Z u e r g ä n z e n i s t d a s f ü r d a s v o r h e r g e h e n d e M o o r g e z e ic h n e t e B ild n u r n a c h d e r R ic h t u n g , d a ß d ie H a s e l- E ic h e n m i s c h w a ld p e r io d e s ic h b e i d e t a illie r t e r e r A n a ly s e in z w e i A b s c h n it t e g lie d e r n lä ß t , e in e n e r s te n , in d e m d ie H a s e l d e n u n b e d in g t e n P r i m a t f ü h r t , u n d z w e ite n , in d e m sie d ie H e r r s c h a ft m it d e m E ic h e n - D a s g i l t a u c h fü r d a s g le ic h zu v o n B e r n a u - E c k u n d d a s 250 280
m is c h w a ld t e ilt , b e h a n d e ln d e M o o r
S c h e ib e n le c h te m o o s , so d a ß d ie d e r a r t e r w e ite r t e W a ld fo lg e j e t z t l a u t e t :
1. K ie fe r p e r io d e , 2. H a s e lp e r io d e ,
3. H a s e l- E ic h e n m is c h w a ld p e r io d e , 4. T a n n e n p e r io d e ,
5. T a n n e n - B u c h e n - F ic h t e n p e r io d e , 6. s e k u n d ä r e r K ie fe r a n s t ie g .
3. D a s G ebiet vo n B e r n a u .
W i r w e n d e n u n s n u n z u d e m G e b ie t v o n B e r n a u u n d g e b e n a ls B e is p i 1 e in P r o fil v o n d e m M o o re a m B e r n a u - E c k ( 1 1 3 7 m ). A u c h d ie s e s M o o r is t v o n F ic h t e n u m s t a n d e n , d ie z u m T e il in d a s M o o r g e lä n d e V o rd rin g e n . E s h a n d e lt sic h u m ein V e r la n d u n g s m o o r m it d e r e in fa c h e n S c h i c h t f o l g e :
4
S t a r k : W an d lu n g e n des W a ld b ild e s im S ch w a rz w a ld w ä h ren d der P o s tg la z ia lz e it. (" D ie N a tu rw isse n sch a ften
i — 50 cm S p h a g n etu m ;
50 — 220 cm S p h a g n e to -E rio p h o re tu m ; 220 — 260 cm S p h a g n etu m ;
260 — 285 cm T o rfm u d d e;
285 — 300 cm T on m u dde.
B e r n a u - E c k (1 1 3 7 m).
60 70 80 90 100
S ch eib en lech ten m oo s (1099 m) F ig . 4
D ie B a u m fo lg e s t i m m t so s e h r m i t d e r b i s h e r ig e n ü b e r e in , d a ß h ie r ü b e r n i c h t v i e l B e s o n d e r e s g e s a g t z u w e r d e n b r a u c h t ( F ig . 3). W i r h a b e n a m A n f a n g w ie d e r e in e K ie fe r p h a s e m i t v e r a r m t e m W a ld b ild , d a n n e in e H a s e l - E i c h e n m i s c h w a l d
p h a s e m it d o p p e lt e m H a s e lg ip fe l, in d e r e n e r s te m A b s c h n i t t s ic h e in le ic h t e r B ir k e n g ip fe l a b z e ic h n e t , d a n n e in e T a n n e n p h a s e , d a n n e in e n B u c h e n - T a n n e n a b s c h n it t , in d e m d ie F i c h t e h o c h k o m m t . B e im Ü b e r g a n g v o m r e in e n T a n n e n - z u m T a n n e n - B u c h e n - F i c h t e n a b s c h n i t t lie g t e in d e u t lic h e s E r le n - m a x im u m , w ie d e r g e n a u a n d e r S te lle , w o d ie s t e ig e n d e B u c h e n k u r v e d u r c h d ie fa lle n d e T a n n e n k u r v e h i n d u r c h lä u ft . D e r le t z t e A b s c h n i t t d e s s e k u n d ä r e n K ie fe r a n s t ie g s f e h lt h ie r . D a s s t e h t v i e lle i c h t in Z u s a m m e n h a n g d a m it , d a ß b e i d ie s e m M o o r im G e g e n s a t z z u d e n b e id e n v o r h e r g e h e n d e n , a u g e n b lic k lic h k e in B e r g k ie fe r w a ld a u f d e m M o o r s t o c k t .
4. D a s F eldberggebiet.
W i r fü h r e n a ls le t z t e s B e is p ie l d a s S c h e ib e n le c h te n m o o s (10 9 9 m ) a n , d a s d e m F e ld b e r g g e b ie t a n g e h ö r t . D ie W ä ld e r in d e r N a c h b a r s c h a f t s in d in e r s t e r L in ie v o n d e r F i c h t e g e b ild e t, a b e r a u c h B u c h e n b e s t ä n d e s c h ie b e n s ic h z ie m lic h n a h e h e r a n . D ie F i c h t e h a t a u c h V o r p o s te n im M o o r, d a z w is c h e n s in d e in z e ln e B e r g k ie fe r n e in g e s tr e u t . D a s P r o f i l f ä l l t e t w a s a u s d e m b is h e r ig e n R a h m e n h e r a u s . 190 W i r h a b e n h ie r v o n o b e n
n a c h u n t e n ( F ig . 4 ):
1 — 20 cm erdig er T o rf m it S p h agn u m ;
20 — 40 cm V a cc in ie tu m (m assen haft H o lz von R e i
sern) ; 40— 80 cm E rio p h o r e tu m ; 80 — 100 cm S p h a g n etu m ;
100— 240 cm S p h a g n eto -E rio p h o re tu m ;
240 — 350 cm S ch eu ch zerieto -S p h ag n eto -E rio p h o retu m (T o rf v o n S ch eu ch zeria, W eiß m o os und W o llg ra s g e b ild e t);
350 — 390 cm E rio p h o reto -S c h e u c h ze rie tu m ; 390 — 550 cm T o rfm u d d e;
550 — 650 cm T on .
W i r h a b e n a ls o w ie d e r e in e t y p is c h e V e r la n d u n g v o r u n s . W a s u n s h ie r a u f fä llt , d a s i s t d ie T a t s a c h e , d a ß a n d e r V e r la n d u n g in m a ß g e b e n d e r W e is e d ie B lu m e n b in s e ( S c h e u c h z e r ia ) b e t e i l i g t is t, d e re n H e r r s c h a f t s ic h in se h r s c h ö n e r W e is e m it ___ d e r T a n n e n p h a s e d e c k t . A n s ic h i s t d ie s e V e r la n d u n g d u r c h d ie B lu m e n b in s e e t w a s , d a s ic h d u r c h a u s in u n s e r e E r fa h r u n g e n ü b e r d ie n o r m a le m o o r ö k o lo g i
s c h e V e r la n d u n g e in f ü g t u n d v ie le A n a lo g ie n in n e r h a lb u n d a u ß e r h a lb d e s G e b ie te s b e s it z t . A u f f ä l l i g i s t n u r d e r S y n c h r o n is m u s d e r S c h e u c h z e r ia p e r io d e m it d e r T a n n e n p h a s e 1, d e r b e i d e r p o s t g la z ia le n M o o r e n t w ic k lu n g so o f t w ie d e r k e h r t , d a ß e s s ic h k a u m
1 In B öhm en in der ze itlic h entsp rechen d en F ich te n phase (19).
H eft i
4. 1. 1929 S t a r k : W an d lu n g en des W a ld b ild e s im S ch w a rzw a ld w ä h ren d d er P o stg la z ia lz e it.
u m e in e n Z u fa ll h a n d e ln k a n n . W ir w e r d e n a u f d ie s e T a t s a c h e n o c h z u sp r e c h e n k o m m e n .
D e r a llg e m e in e K u r v e n v e r l a u f d e s S c h e ib e n - le c h te n m o o s e s f ü g t s ic h w ie d e r in se h r s c h ö n e r W e is e in d e n b is h e r g e z e ic h n e t e n R a h m e n e in . W i r h a b e n d ie S u k z e s s io n : K ie fe r p e r io d e - H a s e l- E ic h e n m is c h - w a ld p e r io d e - T a n n e n p e r io d e u n d T a n n e n - B u c h e n - F ic h t e n p e r io d e . S p e z ie ll d ie B u c h e is t h ie r r e c h t g u t v e r t r e t e n , w ie sie a u c h h e u t e n o c h im W a ld b ild d e r U m g e b u n g e in e m a ß g e b e n d e r e R o lle s p ie lt , a ls d a s in d e n b is h e r b e s p r o c h e n e n F ä ll e n z u t r a f.
U m d a s B i ld z u v e r v o lls t ä n d ig e n , h a t Br o c h e
n o c h e in e s d e r h ö c h s tg e le g e n e n M o o re d e s F e l d b e r g g e b ie te s , n ä m lic h je n e s d e r G r a f e n m a t t e , u n t e r s u c h t . W i r b e fin d e n u n s h ie r in e in e r H ö h e n la g e v o n 1380 m , a ls o n ic h t v i e l u n t e r d e r d e r z e it ig e n B a u m g r e n z e (1400 m ), v o n d e r m a n f r e i
lic h n ic h t m it S ic h e r h e it w e iß , o b sie n ic h t d u r c h W e id w ir t s c h a ft d e p r im ie r t is t . I m g e g e n w ä r t ig e n L a n d s c h a f t s b ild fa lle n n e b e n v o r h e r r s c h e n d e n F ic h t e n v e r e in z e lt e B u c h e n a u f, w ie j a d ie B u c h e im s ü d lic h e n S c h w a r z w a ld b is a n d ie o b e r e W a l d g r e n z e h e r a n g e h t . E s w a r n u n v o n I n t e r e s s e , f e s t z u s te lle n , o b d ie w ä r m e lie b e n d e n G e h ö lz e (H a s e l
u n d E ic h e n m is c h w a ld ) in d e n e n t s p r e c h e n d e n t a p p e n d e r P o s t g la z i a lz e i t a u c h in d e n h ö h e r e n e ir g s la g e n g u t v e r t r e t e n w a r e n , o d e r o b d ie
a s e l- E ic h e n m is c h w a ld p e r io d e n a c h o b e n h in a u s k lin g t . D a s i s t n u n n a c h B r o c h e s F e s t s t e l u n g e n k e in e s w e g s d e r F a ll . S o b e g e g n e t u n s b e i e r G r a f e n m a t t e d e r E ic h e n m is c h w a ld n o c h m it ü b e r 60 % , d ie H a s e l s o g a r in e in e m P r o f il m it
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'O. D a s is t f ü r d ie T e m p e r a t u r f r a g e , w ie w ir se h e n w e rd e n , v o n h o h e r B e d e u t u n g . N o c h e in e a n d e r e B e o b a c h t u n g z ie h t u n s e r e A u f m e r k s a m k e it a u f sic h , d e r U m s t a n d n ä m lic h , d a ß in d ie s e n h o c h g e le g e n e n M o o re n d ie F i c h t e o f f e n b a r v ie l f r ü h e r zu e in e r m a ß g e b e n d e n B e d e u t u n g g e la n g t is t . E in e A n d e u t u n g h ie r fü r lie f e r t sc h o n d a s h ie r n ic h t n ä h e r e r w ä h n t e M o o r v o m Z w e is e e n b lic k (1280 m ). S c h o n fr ü h in d e r T a n n e n p h a s e u n d d e m B u c h e n a n s t ie g z u r v o r la u f e n d a r b e i t e t s ic h h ie r d ie F ic h t e z u e in e m e rs te n , d e u t lic h a b g e s e tz t e n M a x im u m e m p o r . V e r s t ä r k t b e g e g n e t u n s d ie s e r Z u g n u n b e i d e r G r a f e n m a t t e . D a s h a t n u n se in e sc h ö n e A n a lo g ie in d e n V o r a lp e n m o o r e n [ K e l - L e r (i 3 )]» w o d e r T a n n e n p e r io d e e in e F i c h t e p e r io d e vorgeschaltet is t . S o s c h e in e n in d ie s e n s p ä t e n E t a p p e n d e r P o s t g la z i a lz e i t u n v e r k e n n b a r e , v o n d e r H ö h e n la g e a b h ä n g ig e D iffe r e n z e n z u t a g e zu t r e t e n , f ü r d ie s ic h in d e r H a s e l- E ic h e n m is c h - w a id ze j-j- v i e lle i c h t b lo ß d e s h a lb k e in e A n h a lt s p u n k t e le te n , w e il d ie G r e n z e fü r w ä r m e lie b e n d e G e h ö lz e a s t b is z u m G e b ir g s k a m m e m p o r g e r ü c k t w a r .A llg e m e in e s über d ie W a ld fo lg e im sü d lic h e n S ch w a rzw a ld .
■ ^ k ^ b l i c k e n w ir d a s b is h e r G e s a g te , d a n n k ö n n e n w ir o g e n d e t y p is c h e S u k z e s s io n h e r a u s s c h ä le n :
1. K ie fe r p e r io d e : K i e f e r b is ü b e r 9 0 % , s o n s t a n a n g s n u r W e id e u n d H a s e l; s p ä t e r e rs c h e in e n
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% e r r e ic h e n d ; T a n n e , B u c h e u n d v e r e in z e lt a u c h F i c h t e e r s c h e in e n d ; E ic h e n m is c h w a ld s t e ig t ra s c h , K i e f e r s in k t .3. H a s e l-E ic h e n m is c h w a ld p e r io d e : E ic h e n m is c h w a ld s t e ig t b is ü b e r 60 % e m p o r , is t a b e r m a n c h m a l v o n d e r H a s e lk u r v e f a s t b is z u m A b s t i e g d a u e r n d ü b e r f l ü g e l t ; in d ie s e r u n d d e r v o r h e r g e h e n d e n P h a s e h ä u fig le ic h t e r B ir k e n - u n d E r le n g ip fe l.
4. T a n n e n p e rio d e : T a n n e b is 80 % ; H a s e l u n d E ic h e n m is c h w a ld g e h e n z u r ü c k ; B u c h e s t e i g t ; F i c h t e f o l g t m e is t m it V e r s p ä t u n g n a c h .
5. T a n n e n -B u c h e n -F ic h te n p e r io d e : T a n n e s i n k t ; T a n n e , B u c h e u n d F i c h t e t e ile n s ic h in d ie H e r r s c h a f t . D e r T o n li e g t e r s t a u f d e r T a n n e u n d B u c h e (h ie r o f t z w e it e r E r le n g ip fe l), d a n n a u f d e r F ic h t e , so d a ß Br o c h e f ü r m it tle r e G e b ir g s la g e n u n t e r g lie d e r t in e in e n T a n n e n - B u c h e n -F ic h t e n - u n d in e in e n F ic h te n -T a n n e n - B u c h e n a b s c h n it t .
6. S e k u n d ä r e r K ie fe r a n s tie g : d ie K i e f e r s t e ig t zu e in e m z w e ite n M a x im u m b is 72 % e m p o r u n d t e i l t z u m e is t m it d e r F i c h t e d ie H e r r s c h a ft .
A ls b e z e ic h n e n d s te r Z u g i s t h e r v o r z u h e b e n , d a ß d ie E n t w i c k lu n g m it e in e r se h r v e r a r m t e n W a ld flo r a b e g in n t . W ä h r e n d d e r le t z t e n E is z e it w a r e n g r o ß e T e ile d e s S c h w a r z w a ld e s v o n E i s b e d e c k t . I m s ü d lic h e n S c h w a r z w a ld , a u ß e r h a lb d e s v o n Br o c h e u n t e r s u c h te n G e b ie t s , h a b e n s ic h A n h a lt s p u n k t e f ü r e in e b a u m fr e ie T u n d r e n v e g e t a t io n m it G le t s c h e r w e id e n ( S a lix r e t ic u la t a ) u sw . g e b o te n [St a r k (20)], d ie in G la z ia lto n e n m it M a m m u t e r h a lt e n g e b lie b e n s in d . A ls d a n n d a s E is z u r ü c k g in g , d a w a r e n es z u n ä c h s t d ie k ä l t e h a r t e n G e h ö lz e , d ie d a s e r s te W a ld b ild p r ä g t e n : K ie fe r , B i r k e u n d W e id e . S ie w a r e n e s j a a u c h , d ie w ä h r e n d d e s M a x im u m s d e r E i s z e i t in d e m G e b ie t z w is c h e n d e r n o r d is c h e n u n d d e r a lp in e n E is r a n d la g e d u r c h h ie lte n , d a s v o n d e n w ä r m e lie b e n d e n B ä u m e n v o lls t ä n d ig g e r ä u m t w a r . Be r t s c h, d e r d ie s e D in g e fü r W ü r t t e m b e r g b e a r b e it e t h a t , s a g t h ie r ü b e r ( 1): „ D i e B ä u m e w u r d e n n a c h O s te n u n d W e s t e n z u r ü c k g e d r ä n g t , a m w e it e s t e n d ie a n a t la n t is c h e s K l i m a a n g e p a ß t e n T a n n e n u n d B u c h e n , w e n ig e r d ie k o n t in e n t a le n E ic h e n u n d L in d e n , a m w e n ig s t e n d ie n o r d is c h e n B ir k e n u n d K i e f e r n . “ U n d a u s d e r L a g e d e r S c h n e e g r e n z e b e r e c h n e t e r n u n a ls H ö h e n g r e n z e in O b e r s c h w a b e n f ü r d ie B e r g k ie f e r 500 m , fü r d ie F i c h t e 200 m , f ü r d ie W a ld k ie f e r 14 0 m u n d fü r d ie W e iß b ir k e 90 m . F ü r d ie ä n d e r n B ä u m e f in d e t e r n e g a t iv e Z a h le n , d . h . sie s c h e id e n ü b e r h a u p t fü r d ie B e s ie d lu n g a u s . D ie R i c h t i g k e i t d ie s e r B e r e c h n u n g v o r a u s g e s e t z t , k o n n t e s ic h a ls o n u r d ie B e r g k ie fe r in S c h w a b e n h a lt e n , u n d d a s s e lb e w ü r d e a u c h fü r d e n b a d is c h e n S c h w a r z w a ld g e lte n . D ie n ä c h s te n Z u f lu c h t s s t ä t t e n f ü r d ie W a ld k ie f e r u n d d ie B i r k e w ä r e n im R h e i n t a l z u s u c h e n .
M it d ie s e n Ü b e r le g u n g e n s t im m t n u n d e r A u f m a r s c h in O b e r s c h w a b e n u n d im S c h w a r z w a ld r e c h t g u t ü b e r e in . D a ß in O b e r s c h w a b e n d ie B e r g k ie f e r d e r W a ld k ie f e r v o r a n g e g a n g e n is t , d a s h a t Be r t s c h (2) m it ü b e r z e u g e n d e n B e le g e n
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wissenschaften d a r g e t a n . A n h a lt s p u n k t e d a fü r f a n d a u c h
St a r k (24) im b a d is c h e n B o d e n s e e g e b ie t . F ü r d e n S c h w a r z w a ld f e h lt e s n o c h a n e x a k t e n U n t e r la g e n .
B e z e ic h n e n d fü r d ie e r s te P h a s e im S c h w a r z w a ld is t , d a ß d ie K i e f e r h i n s ic h t lic h d e r P o lle n v e r t r e t u n g im m e r a n d e r S p it z e m a r s c h ie r t u n d B i r k e u n d W e id e n u r in g e r in g e m A n t e il b e i
g e m e n g t s in d , w e n n n ic h t b e s o n d e r e V e r h ä lt n is s e ( B ir k e n b r u c h w a ld im M o o re s e lb s t, B r e it n a u - S ü d ) d a s B i l d t r ü b e n . D a n n t r ä g t d e r ,,a u t o c h t h o n e “ P o lle n ü b e r d e n z u g e w e h t e n P o lle n d e n S ie g d a v o n . I m ü b r ig e n m u ß m a n s ic h im m e r d e r T a t s a c h e b e w u ß t b le ib e n , d a ß m a n a u s d e n P o lle n p r o z e n t e n n ie z u w e it g e h e n d e S c h lü s s e a u f d a s W a l d b i l d s e lb s t z ie h e n d a r f. I n fo lg e d e r s t ä r k e r e n P o lle n p r o d u k t io n u n d d e r b e s s e re n F lu g f ä h i g k e i t is t d e r N a d e lh o lz p o lle n g e g e n ü b e r d e m L a u b h o l z p o lle n im m e r s t a r k ü b e r r e p r ä s e n t ie r t . D ie B i r k e w a r a ls o im B a u m b e s t a n d s ic h e r s t ä r k e r v e r t r e t e n , a ls im P o lle n s p e k t r u m z u m A u s d r u c k g e la n g t . U m so h ö h e r m ü ss e n w i r d a n a c h a u c h d ie H a s e l-, d ie E ic h e n m is c h w a ld - u n d d ie B u c h e n h e r r s c h a f t in d e n b e t r e f fe n d e n Z e it a b s c h n it t e n w e r t e n .
W ä h r e n d d e r K ie fe r p e r io d e w a n d e r n , o f f e n b a r b e g ü n s t ig t d u r c h d a s A n s t e ig e n d e r T e m p e r a t u r , d ie w ä r m e lie b e n d e n G e h ö lz e e in , u n d z w a r z u n ä c h s t d ie je n ig e n , d ie k o n t in e n t a l g e t ö n t s in d . D a s K lim a s c h lä g t v o m k ü h l k o n t in e n t a le n z u m w a r m k o n t i n e n t a le n C h a r a k t e r u m . S o g e h t d ie re in e K i e f e r p h a s e s c h r it t w e i s e in d ie H a s e lp e r io d e ü b e r . N a c h d e n h o h e n P r o z e n t s ä t z e n , m it d e n e n d ie H a s e l v e r t r e t e n is t , d ü r fe n w ir w o h l s c h lie ß e n , d a ß j e t z t z u m T e i l r e in e H a s e lw ä ld e r g e h e r r s c h t h a b e n , w ie w ir s ie in d e m k o n t in e n t a le n O s te n g e g e n w ä r t ig s t e lle n w e is e a n t r e ff e n . W ie b e ig e m e n g t e H o lz r e s t e v e r r a t e n , m u ß d ie H a s e l z u m T e i l a u f d e n M o o re n s e lb s t g e s t o c k t h a b e n .
D ie H a s e lp e r io d e w ir d d u r c h d ie H a s e l- E ic h e n m is c h w a ld p e r io d e a b g e lö s t. D ie K i e f e r i s t h ie r se h r s t a r k z u r ü c k g e d r ä n g t u n d w ir d d u r c h d ie V e r t r e t e r d e s E ic h e n m is c h w a ld s e r s e t z t , d u r c h U lm e , L i n d e u n d E ic h e . D ie s e V e r s c h ie b u n g g i b t sic h n u n a u c h in d e n h ö h e r e n L a g e n d e s S c h w a r z w i l d s z u e r k e n n e n . D a s i s t fü r d ie k lim a t is c h e B e w e r t u n g d e s W a ld b ild e s v o n h o h e r B e d e u t u n g . S o w o h l d e r E ic h e n m is c h w a ld w ie a u c h d ie H a s e l ü b e r s c h r e ite n u m c a . 400 m ih r e d e r z e it ig e n H ö h e n g r e n z e n . U m n u r e in p a a r D a t e n z u n e n n e n , so fin d e n w ir fü r d ie H a s e l
Z w e is e e n b lic k (12 8 0 m ) 1 0 9 % P o lle n v e r t r e t u n g G r a f e n m a t t e (1380 m ) 1 4 0 % ,, B e r n a u - E c k ( 1 1 3 7 m ) 1 8 4 %
I m V e r b ä n d e d e s E ic h e n m is c h w a ld s n im m t d ie L i n d e d ie e r s te S t e lle e in . D ie s f ä l l t b e i ih r e r d e r z e it ig e n S e lt e n h e it b e s o n d e r s in s G e w ic h t . F ü r sie a lle in t r e f fe n wTir u n t e r A u s s c h lu ß v o n E ic h e u n d U lm e a n d e n h ö c h s t g e le g e n e n M o o re n f o l g e n d e M a x im a lw e r t e :
Z w e is e e n b lic k (1280 m ) 4 3 % P o lle n v e r t r e t u n g G r a f e n m a t t e (13 8 0 m ) 4 4 % »»
B e r n a u - E c k ( 1 1 3 7 m ) 5 8 %
N o t s c h r e im o o r ( 1 1 3 0 m ) 4 2 % ,,
F ü r d ie G e g e n w a r t w ir d a ls o b e r e G r e n z e fü r d ie L i n d e c a . 1000 m a n g e g e b e n . E in ä h n lic h e r B e t r a g (930 m ) i s t fü r d ie T r a u b e n e ic h e e in z u s e t z e n , w ä h r e n d f ü r d ie S t ie le ic h e im S c h w a r z w a ld n u r 630 m v e r z e ic h n e t w ir d . A u f G r u n d s o lc h e r D a t e n b e r e c h n e t Br o c h e in E i n k la n g m it frü h e re n A n g a b e n v o n St a r k e in T e m p e r a t u r p lu s v o n c a . 2 ,5 ° in d e r E ic h e n m is c h w a ld - H a s e lz e it . Ä h n lic h e E r fa h r u n g e n s in d in B ö h m e n g e s a m m e lt w o rd e n . D ie s e m V o r s t o ß d e r w ä r m e lie b e n d e n G e h ö lz e in d e n m it t e le u r o p ä is c h e n G e b ir g e n e n t s p r ic h t e in g le ic h z e it ig e r n a c h N o r d e n . An d e r s s o n h a t d a n a c h e in T e m p e r a t u r p lu s v o n d e r s e lb e n G r ö ß e n o r d n u n g b e r e c h n e t.
E s f ü g t s ic h sc h ö n in d ie s e n R a h m e n e in , d a ß in d e r H a s e l- E ic h e n m is c h w a ld p e r io d e v e r s c h ie d e n t lic h S c h ilft o r f h o r iz o n t e z u t a g e g e t r e t e n s in d in H ö h e n la g e n , w o m a n d e r z e it im S c h w a r z w a ld k e in e S c h ilfb e s t ä n d e zu se h e n g e w o h n t is t , z. B . b e i B r e it n a u - W e s t (1000 m ) u n d b e i H o r b a c h (10 30 m ).
A b e r n o c h e in w e it e r e r Z u g f ä l l t in d ie s e m A b s c h n it t e d e r E n t w i c k l u n g a u f, d e r le id e r in d e n b e i
g e g e b e n e n P r o file n , d ie in e r s t e r L i n ie z u r I l l u s t r ie r u n g d e r P o lle n s p e k t r e n fo lg e a u s g e w ä h lt w u r d e n , n ic h t h e r v o r t r i t t . M it s e lt s a m e r H ä u f u n g s t e lle n s ic h g e r a d e h ie r W a ld h o r iz o n t e e in . S o lc h e W a ld h o r iz o n t e k ö n n e n s ic h n u n o h n e je d e F r a g e b e i d e r u n g e s t ö r t e n n a t ü r lic h e n E n t w i c k l u n g e in e s M o o re s b ild e n , sie k ö n n e n a b e r a n d e r e r s e its d u r c h k o n t in e n t a le n K l i m a c h a r a k t e r b e s o n d e r s g e f ö r d e r t w e r d e n . U n d so m ö c h te n w ir d e n u n v e r k e n n b a r e n P a r a lle lis m u s z w is c h e n H a s e lp e r io d e u n d W a ld h o r iz o n t e n d e u te n .
In die H aselp eriod e fä llt 1. der H a selh o rizo n t von B re itn a u -W e st, 2. das B e tu le tu m v o n B re itn au -T iefe n , 3. das A ln e tu m v o m D reh erh ofm o or (nach oben freilich n ich t sch arf a b g eg ren zt), 4. das P in e tu m v o m M athisle- w eiher, 5. d er b asale, die E n tw ic k lu n g einleiten d e W a ld to rf v o n B ern a u -W eierle (Pinus, C orylu s), und 6. das B e tu le tu m v o n H in te rza rten . N o ch in die K ie fe rp e rio d e g eh ö rt d as b a sa le B e tu le tu m v o n B re itn au -S ü d , sow ie das eben falls b asale B e tu le tu m v o m N otsch reim oor.
A n d ererseits is t d er B irk e n h o rizo n t v o n d er G rafe n m a tte (ca. 60% B irk en p o llen !) in die au sk lin g en d e H a se l-E ich en m isch w a ld ze it einzureih en . E s e rg ib t sich also eine gew isse zeitlich e S treu u n g h in sich tlich des A u ftre te n s der W ald h o rizo n te. E s z ie h t unsere A u f
m e rk sam k eit a u f sich, d a ß b ei B re itn a u -T iefe n , beim D reh erh of m oor, beim M ath islew eih er und bei der G rafe n m atte der W a ld to r f u n m itte lb a r a u f M udde- a blageru n gen fo lg t, die a u f n och offen e W asserfläch en hin d eu ten . D as sp rich t fü r rasche V erla n d u n g , w ie w ir ann ehm en m öch ten , u n ter d em b e gü n stig en d en E in flu ß des tro ck en e n K lim a c h a ra k te rs. D as fü r die H a se l
u nd fü r die H a sel-E ich en m isch w a ld p erio d e v ie lfa c h so bezeich n en d e le ich te B irk en - und E rle n m ax im u m k ön n te m an so d eu ten , d a ß die beid en B ä u m e in dieser P h ase in stärk erem M aße a u f dem M oore selb st W u rz el g e fa ß t h aben , auch d o rt, w o die H o lzre ste in den P ro filen n ich t d ir e k t e rfa ß t sind. D enn die H o lzh o rizo n te brau ch en j a n ich t das gan ze P ro fil zu d u rch lau fen .
D ie H a s e l- E ic h e n m i s c h w a ld z e it w ir d d u r c h d ie T a n n e n p e r io d e a b g e lö s t . D ie S u k z e s s io n : K i e f e r z e i t (w o b e i w i r a m S c h lu ß d ie W a ld k ie f e r a ls h e r r s c h e n d a n n e h m e n ) -> H a s e lz e it -> H a s e l-
H eft i
4- i . 1929 S t a r k : W a n d lu n g e n des W’ a ld b ild e s im S ch w a rz w a ld w ä h ren d der P o stg la z ia lz e it.
E ic h e n m is c h w a ld z e it -> T a n n e n z e it d e u t e t a u f z u n e h m e n d e V e r s t ä r k u n g d e s o z e a n is c h e n C h a r a k t e r s d e s K lim a s . I n d ie s e m A b s c h n i t t d e r E n t w ic k lu n g h a t d ie B lu m e n b in s e ih r e s t ä r k s t e E n t f a l t u n g e r r e ic h t. W i r t r e f fe n d ie R e s t e d ie s e r P f la n z e to r fb ild e n d in m a n c h e n M o o re n , d e n e n sie j e t z t g ä n z lic h fr e m d is t ( B r e itn a u , E r le n b r u c k , Z w e is e e n b lic k , G r a f e n m a t t e , H e ite r m o o s , B e r n a u - W e ie r le , N o ts c h r e i). E s h a n d e lt s ic h d a b e i u m e in e P f la n z e , d ie s ic h v o r a lle m w o h lf ü h lt , w e n n sie a u f s t a r k v e r n ä ß t e m B o d e n s t e h t . S o lc h e B e d in g u n g e n t r e t e n n u n — es i s t h ie r d a s s e lb e w ie b e i B e w a ld u n g — a u c h b e i d e r u n g e s t ö r t e n n a t ü r lic h e n E n t w ic k lu n g e in , n ic h t a lle V o r k o m m n is s e la ss e n s ic h a b e r, w ie sc h o n fr ü h e r a n g e d e u t e t w u r d e ,
% io 20 30 W ~50 ~60 70 8 0 90 ~W0 ' r F ig . 5. G rafe n m atte II.
r e in m o o r ö k o lo g is c h e r k lä r e n , v ie lm e h r m ü ss e n in m a n c h e n F ä ll e n k lim a t is c h e M o m e n te w o h l m it h e r a n g e z o g e n w e r d e n , w e lc h e d ie E n t w i c k lu n g in d ie s e B a h n g e t r ie b e n u n d b e w i r k t h a b e n , d a ß d ie M o o re g e r a d e in d e m e n t s p r e c h e n d e n E n t w i c k lu n g s a b s c h n it t fü r d ie B lu m e n b in s e ,,r e i f ‘ ‘ w u r d e n . W i r h a b e n d a d a s G e g e n s p ie l z u d e n W a ld h o r i
z o n t e n . W a s n a c h d ie s e r R i c h t u n g w e is t , d a s is t e b e n d ie s t a r k e K o p p e lu n g , d ie z w is c h e n S c h e u c h - z e r ia p e r io d e u n d T a n n e n z e it b e s t e h t . B e i Br o c h e
u n d St a r k is t 8 m a l S c h e u c h z e r ia t o r f v e r z e ic h n e t . Z w e im a l s e t z t d ie s e r A b s c h n i t t d e r E n t w i c k lu n g s c h o n in d e r H a s e l- E ic h e n m is c h w a ld p e r io d e e in ( B r e it n a u - W e s t u n d B r e it n a u - T ie f e n ) , in 6 F ä ll e n a b e r (S c lie ib e n le c h te n m o o s , Z w e is e e n b lic k , N o t sc h re i, G r a f e n m a t te , H e ite r m o o s u n d B e r n a u - W e ie rle ) f ü g t s ic h d ie P h a s e d e r B lu m e n b in s e in se h r s c h ö n e r W e is e in d ie T a n n e n p e r io d e e in .
B e s o n d e r s e in le u c h t e n d w ir d d a s a lle s , w e n n m a n s ic h in d ie e in z e ln e n P r o f ile v e r t i e f t . W i r p5e en z u n ä c h s t a ls B e is p ie l d a s P r o f il v o n G r a fe n - d^a ^ $)• S t r a t ig r a p h is c h h a b e n w ir h ie r
e u k z e s s io n M u d d e —> B r u c h w a ld (B ir k e ) ->
c n e u c h z e r ie t u m -> E r io p h o r e t o - S p h a g n e t u m - * p a g n e t u m . D e r B ir k e n b r u c h w a ld f ä llt , w ie sc h o n e r w ä h n t , g e r a d e in d ie a u s k lin g e n d e H a s e l- iu c h e n m is c h w a ld z e it . D u r c h d ie B e s t o c k u n g m it ir e is t a b e r s p e z ie ll d ie E ic h e n m is c h w ^ ,ld k u r v e s t a r k h e r a b g e d r ü c k t . D o r t , w o d ie f a lle n d e H a s e l
k u r v e v o n d e r s t e ig e n d e n T a n n e n k u r v e d u r c h s c h n it t e n w ir d , w ir d d e r B r u c h w a ld d u r c h d a s S c h e u c h z e r ie t u m a b g e lö s t . A n d ie s e s S c h e u c h - z e r ie tu m s c h lie ß t s ic h z u d e m Z e i t p u n k t e t w a , w o d ie T a n n e f ä llt , e in E r io p h o r e t o - S p h a g n e t u m a n , d a s d a r a u f h in w e is t , d a ß n u n m e h r a u f d e m M o o re sc h o n e in g r ö ß e r e r T r o c k e n h e it s g r a d e r r e ic h t is t.
Z u d ie s e m Z e i t p u n k t w e n d e t s ic h d ie K u r v e d e r B u c h e n a c h o b e n , u n d e in le ic h t e r H a s e lg ip f e l u n d e in E r le n g ip fe l z e ic h n e n s ic h a b . Z u l e t z t a b e r , u n d z w a r d o r t , w o d ie F i c h t e n k u r v e a n s t e ig t , a lso in d e r B uchen -T an nen -_ P \'c/iien p liase, g e h t d a s E r io p h o r e t o - S p h a g n e t u m in e in re in e s S p h a g n e t u m ü b e r . D a s s p r ic h t f ü r e r n e u te V e r n ä s s u n g , w ie sie a llg e m e in fü r d e n S c h lu ß a b s c h n it t d e s P o s t g la z ia ls a n g e n o m m e n w ir d .
N o c h e in w e it e r e s B e is p ie l se i h ie r a n g e f ü h r t , d a s H in t e r z a r t e n e r m o o r (n a c h St a r k). W i r fin d e n h ie r fo lg e n d e E t a p p e n :
1. U n t e r g r u n d (M o rä n e ),
2. B e t u le t u m ( B ir k e n t o r f) = H a s e lp e r io d e , 3. A r u n d in e t u m (S c h ilfto r f) = H a s e l- E ic h e n m is c h
w a ld p e r io d e ,
4. S c h e u c h z e r ie t u m = T a n n e n p e r io d e ,
5. W a l d t o r f (P in u s ) = lo k a l b e d in g te r A n s t ie g d e r K ie fe r k u r v e ,
6. S p h a g n e t o - E r io p h o r e t u m — T a n n e n - B u c h e n - F ic h t e n p e r io d e .
-4 D a e s s ic h u m e in R a n d p r o fil h a n -
—I d e lt , b e g in n t d ie E n t w i c k lu n g h ie r e r s t in d e r H a s e lp e r io d e . Z u d ie s e r Z e i t b e f a n d s ic h a n d e r S te lle d e s P r o f ils e in B r u c h w a ld m it B i r k e . E s f o l g t n u n e in e P h a s e d e s S c h ilfs u n d a n s c h lie ß e n d e in e s o lc h e d e r B lu m e n b in s e . W i r sin d v o n d e r B r u c h w a ld p h a s e in e in e n A b s c h n i t t s t a r k e r V e r n ä s s u n g g e la n g t , w e lc h e r d e r T a n n e n p e r io d e e n t s p r ic h t . G a n z ä h n lic h i s t d ie E n t w i c k l u n g im N o t s c h r e im o o r (St a r k). J e t z t a b e r s c h ie b t s ic h g e r a d e z u d e m Z e it p u n k t , w o d ie T a n n e n k u r v e a b s in k t , e in z w e it e r W a ld h o r iz o n t e in , w ä h r e n d e s d e r n o r m a le n E n t w i c k l u n g e n t s p r o c h e n h ä t t e , w e n n a u f d a s S c h e u c h z e r ie t u m u n m it t e lb a r d a s S p h a g n e t o - E r io p h o r e t u m g e f o lg t w ä r e . H ie r h a b e n w ir a ls o e in e U n s t e t i g k e i t in d e r E n t w ic k lu n g , e in e n W a ld h o r iz o n t , d e r d e m n o r d d e u t s c h e n G r e n z h o r iz o n t m it V o r b e h a lt g le ic h g e s e t z t w e r d e n k a n n .
E in e n s o lc h e n ,,G r e n z h o r iz o n t w a ld “ v e r z e ic h n e t Br o c h ea u c h fü r d a s D r e h e r h o fm o o r . E r d e c k t s ic h z e it lic h m it d e r P h a s e d e s z w e ite n E r le n - m a x im u m s , d a s in d ie s e m F a l l m it 6o % im P o lle n s p e k t r u m e r s c h e in t. O f fe n b a r is t es lo k a le r E r le n - p o lle n , d e r h ie r z u m N ie d e r s c h la g g e la n g t is t, d e n n E r le n h o lz i s t im W a l d t o r f s t a r k v e r t r e t e n 1.
V o n d ie s e r W a r t e a u s w ir d u n s n u n d e r z w e it e E r le n g ip fe l v e r s t ä n d lic h . W i r m ü ss e n a n n e h m e n , d a ß in d e m in F r a g e k o m m e n d e n Z e i t p u n k t d e r E n t w i c k lu n g im G e b ie t e B e d in g u n g e n b e s ta n d e n h a b e n , d ie e s d e r E r le (w ie b e i H in t e r z a r t e n d e r K i e 1 E s is t freilich hervo rzu h eben , d a ß verein zelte E rlen h o lzreste au ch in der gan zen T an n en ze it ein g e stre u t sind.
