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Szanse oraz zagrożenia stosowania podatków ekologicznych w praktyce gospodarczej

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OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES APPLICATION

Summary

Practical application of environmental taxes is very complicated because apart from achievement of environmental goals, they may have a significant impact on the economy. There is a risk that the introduction of ill-designed tax not only fails to reach the intended environmental goals, but also cause different costs for the society. Distributional effects of environmental taxes could be an important threat, causing the welfare loss for people with the lowest incomes. One possible solution is to implement a comprehensive HFRORJLFDO WD[ UHIRUP SURYLGLQJ GRXEOH GLYLGHQG x UHDFKLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO goals and stimulating the economy. Conclusions of polish researchers on the possibility of implementing the principles of ecological tax reform are moderate positive. The reform can provide a greater opportunity to integrate environmental objectives in the state tax system, thereby creating a basis for sustainable development.

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Literatura

 &ROH'+*URVVPDQ3=Toward a totalcost approach to

environ-mental instrument choice66513DSHUV>'RNXPHQWHOHNWURQLF]

Q\WU\EGRVWÖSXKWWSZZZVVUQFRP@

 &]DMD 6 )LHGRU % *UDF]\N $ -DNXEF]\N = Podstawy ekonomii

’URGRZLVND i ]DVREÕZ naturalnych:\GDZQLFWZR&+%HFN:DUV]D

ZD

 Ekologiczna reforma podatkowa. Wyzwanie dla polskiej polityki

ochro-ny’URGRZLVNDUHGÍOHV]\ØVNL-:\GDZQLFWZR(NRQRPLDLÍURGRZL

VNR%LDÊ\VWRN

 Environmental TaxesqA Statistical Guide(XURVWDW/X[HPERXUJ V>]D@0DÊHFNL33Podatki i RSãDW\ ekologiczne w UR]ZLQLÌW\FK

go-spodarczo krajach ’ZLDWDc=HV]\W\1DXNRZH$NDGHPLL(NRQRPLF]

QHMZ.UDNRZLHoQU.UDN¿Z

 )XOOHUWRQ'Distributional effects of environmental policyan

intro-duction1%(5:RUNLQJ3DSHU6HULHVE>'RNXPHQWHOHNWURQLF]Q\

WU\EGRVWÖSXKWWSZZZQEHURUJSDSHUVZ@

 )XOOHUWRQ'Environmental taxes1%(5:RUNLQJ3DSHU6HULHV >'RNXPHQW HOHNWURQLF]Q\ WU\E GRVWÖSX KWWSZZZQEHURUJSDSHUV Z@

 *ÊXFKRZVNL-Podatki ekologiczne'RP:\GDZQLF]\$%&:DUV]D ZD

 *RRGVWHLQ(6Economics and the Environment-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV ,QF

 .XGHÊNR0:\EÕU LQVWUXPHQWÕZ ekonomicznych w warunkach

bra-kuSHãQHM informacji>Z@Instrumenty rynkowe w ochronie ’URGRZLVND

UHG&]DMD6%LEOLRWHNDc(NRQRPLDLÍURGRZLVNRoQU-XJRZLFHq :URFÊDZ

2DWHV:(Green taxescan we protect the environment and improve

the tax system at the same time"n6RXWKHUQ(FRQRPLF-RXUQDOo9RO



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