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Isotopes of elements part 1

Isotopes of elements part 1 Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English)

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Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know

that atoms are built from the atomic nucleus and electrons moving around it;

that the atomic nucleus consists of protons and neutrons;

that the sum of proton and neutron numbers is called a mass number;

that the number of protons in the nucleus is an atomic number;

that the elements in the periodic table are ordered according to the increase of the atomic number.

You will learn

explain what are isotopes;

describe isotopes with symbols;

discuss differences in the structure of hydrogen isotope atoms;

calculate the mass of the isotope.

Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

Differences in the atoms of the same element

Atoms belonging to the same element have the same nucleus charge (identical number of protons) and the same number of electrons moving around the nucleus. However, as it turns out, these atoms can differ in mass. The reason for this phenomenon is the possibility that different numbers of neutrons occurs in the nucleus of atoms of the same element. Those atoms that have more neutral particles have a larger mass.

The atoms of the element with the same number of protons, and different number of neutrons in the nucleus are called isotopes.

Task 1

Consider whether the isotopes of the same element have the same atomic and mass numbers. If not, which of these numbers may be different and why?

The different number of isotopes of the same element is...

Why it can differ?

The element with several isotopes is nitrogen. There are seven neutrons in the nucleus of one of them, and in the nucleus of the other – eight neutrons. Each of these isotopes has the same number of protons that can be found in the periodic table.

Isotopes of elements part 1

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The atomic number of nitrogen is 7, and this is also amount of protons found in the nuclei of all atoms of this element. In the case of the isotopes described above, the sum of protons and neutrons will be different.

Number of atom

Number of protons

Atomic number

Number of neutrons

Mass number (sum of protons and neutrons)

Description of atom

1 7 7 7 7 + 7 = 14 N147

2 7 7 8 7 + 8 = 15 N157

The information on the number of neutrons isotopes contain is important in their description. Therefore, mainly mass number providing information on the number of these particles is used in its description. The atomic number is usually omitted due to the fact that it can be found in the periodic table.

Isotopes are presented in two ways: the mass number is placed in the upper index on the left side of the symbol of the element or after the dash after the name of the element, e.g. N14 or nitrogen‑14.

Task 2

Using periodic table that shows the percentage of stable isotopes of particular elements, determine how many elements have only one natural type of isotope and which elements have the most of them.

How many elements has only one natural isotope?

Which elements have the most isotopes?

Isotopes of hydrogen in nature

Isotopes with the same atomic number belong to the same element. In principle, these show identical properties, with the only exception being hydrogen isotopes. The hydrogen in nature is a mixture of mainly two isotopes in stable‑state: H1 (99.985%) and H2 (0.015%). It means that of 100,000 atoms of hydrogen, 99,985 are isotopes H1, and 15 atoms – isotopes H2. There is also the third, unstable isotope H3. It occurs in trace amounts. The isotopes of hydrogen were the only ones in the world of elements to have their names: protium, deuterium and tritium.

Symbol of hydrogen isotope H1 or hydrogen‑1

Name of hydrogen isotope – protium

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Symbol of hydrogen isotope H2 or hydrogen‑2

Name of hydrogen isotope – deuterium

Symbol of hydrogen isotope H3 or hydrogen‑3

Name of hydrogen isotope – tritium

It is easy to see that hydrogen isotopes differ in the number of nucleons. For this reason, there is a large mass difference between them, for example the deuterium atom has a mass twice as large as the weight of the protium and the tritium mass is three times larger than protium. This phenomenon affects the properties of these isotopes:

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protium, deuterium and tritium have different properties.

Isotope Symbol of isotope Density [g/dm ] Melting point [K] Boiling point [K]

protium H 0.08233 13.83 20.27

deuterium D 0.1645 18.73 23.67

tritium T 0.2464 20.62 25.04

Task 3

Watch the presentation „Potassium isotopes”. Which of the types of the element are stable? What is the application of its isotopes?

3

Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

The table contains three potassium isotopes: potassium-39, potassium-40 and potassium-41. The chemical symbols of the isotopes are also shown next to it: the symbol is full and simplified. The full symbol contains two numbers: at the top, the mass number, different for each isotope, that is 39, 40 and 41. At the bo om there is an atomic number that does not change, and for potassium it is always 19.

Therefore, we can use simplified chemical symboliza on of isotopes with only the mass number at the top. Knowing the mass and atom numbers of the isotope, one can calculate the number of neutrons in each isotope, subtrac ng from the mass number the atomic number.

In the case of the potassium isotope 39, we subtract the atomic number 19 from the mass number 39. We get a result of 20, which means that this isotope has 20 neutrons in the nucleus. In the case of potassium-40 logically we obtain 21 neutrons, and in the case of potassium- 41 - 22 neutrons.

Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

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Let us remind you at the end of the most important news about isotopes. Isotopes are varia ons of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus. They have the same chemical proper es and differ slightly in physical proper es.

Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Nucleon is a component of the atomic nucleus, i.e. a proton or a neutron. The number of neutrons is determined by the mass number of the chemical element.

Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Proton nuclear cons tuents to a weight of about one and one unita and has a posi ve charge. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the atomic number Z. All atoms of the same element contain the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.

Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

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Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie audio prezentujące właściwości izotopów.

Which types of potassium are stable?

What are applica ons of potassium isotopes?

Exercise 1

Assign atoms to the appropriate sets of isotopes.

<sup>40</sup><sub>20</sub>E, <sup>50</sup><sub>24</sub>E, <sup>54</sup><sub>24</sub>E,

<sup>52</sup><sub>24</sub>E, <sup>42</sup><sub>20</sub>E, <sup>54</sup><sub>26</sub>E,

Neutron is a component of the atomic nucleus with a mass of about one unita and is electrically neutral. The number of neutrons in the nucleus is equal to the difference in mass number and atomic number. Individual atoms of a given element may have different numbers of neutrons.

Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

The mass number is the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus of a given chemical element. This is the sum of protons and neutrons.

It's an isotope feature, not an element. The mass number is not the mass of the atom, but the sum of the protons and neutrons.

Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

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<sup>60</sup><sub>28</sub>E, <sup>58</sup><sub>26</sub>E, <sup>56</sup><sub>26</sub>E,

<sup>39</sup><sub>19</sub>E, <sup>38</sup><sub>18</sub>E, <sup>40</sup><sub>19</sub>E, <sup>44</sup>

<sub>20</sub>E, <sup>40</sup><sub>18</sub>E, <sup>58</sup><sub>28</sub>E

isotopes of chromium

isotopes of iron

isotopes of potassium

isotopes of nicle

isotopes of argon

isotopes of calcium

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Exercise 2

What are the differences between atoms of the elements? Complete the gaps in the table.

informa on about elements Cl Cl

number of protons number of electrons number of netrons

electron configura on a, b, c Exercise 3

What are the differences between atoms of the elements? Complete the gaps in the table.

informa on about elements Zn Zn

number of protons number of electrons number of netrons

electron configura on a, b, c Exercise 4

What are the differences between atoms of the elements? Complete the gaps in the table.

informa on about elements O O O

number of protons number of electrons number of netrons

electron configura on a, b, c

Summary

Isotopes are atoms of the same chemical element that have the same number of protons and different number of neutrons.

Most of the chemical elements found in nature are a mixture of isotopes with a stable composition.

Isotopes of hydrogen are: protium (H1), deuterium (H2) and tritium (H3). Their properties are different.

Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Keywords

isotope, atom, proton, neutron, protium, deuterium, tritium

Glossary

isotopes

Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl

35 37

64 70

16 17 18

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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

izotopy – odmiany tego samego pierwiastka, które mają jednakową liczbę atomową (liczbę protonów w jądrze) i różną liczbę masową (liczbę neutronów w jądrze)

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Lesson plan (Polish)

Temat: Izotopy pierwiastków cz. 1 Adresat

Uczeń szkoły podstawowej (klasy 7. i 8.) Podstawa programowa:

Szkoła podstawowa. Chemia.

I. Wewnętrzna budowa materii. Uczeń:

4) definiuje pojęcie izotopu; opisuje różnice w budowie atomów izotopów, np. wodoru; wyszukuje informacje na temat zastosowań różnych izotopów.

Ogólny cel kształcenia

Uczeń definiuje pojęcie izotopu pierwiastka.

Kompetencje kluczowe

porozumiewanie się w języku ojczystym;

porozumiewanie się w językach obcych;

kompetencje matematyczne i podstawowe kompetencje naukowo‑techniczne;

kompetencje informatyczne;

umiejętność uczenia się.

Kryteria sukcesu Uczeń nauczy się:

wyjaśniać, co to są izotopy;

opisywać izotopy za pomocą symboli;

omawiać różnice w budowie atomów izotopów wodoru;

obliczać masę izotopu.

Metody/techniki kształcenia podające

pogadanka.

aktywizujące dyskusja.

eksponujące film.

programowane

z użyciem komputera;

z użyciem e‑podręcznika.

praktyczne

ćwiczeń przedmiotowych.

Formy pracy

praca indywidualna;

praca w parach;

praca całego zespołu klasowego.

Środki dydaktyczne e‑podręcznik;

zeszyt i kredki lub pisaki;

tablica interaktywna, tablety/komputery.

Przebieg lekcji

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Faza wstępna

1. Nauczyciel rozdaje uczniom metodniki lub kartki w trzech kolorach: zielonym, żółtym i czerwonym do zastosowania w pracy techniką świateł drogowych. Przedstawia cele lekcji sformułowane w języku ucznia na prezentacji multimedialnej oraz omawia kryteria sukcesu (może przesłać uczniom cele lekcji i kryteria sukcesu pocztą elektroniczną lub zamieścić je np. na Facebooku, dzięki czemu uczniowie będą mogli prowadzić ich portfolio).

2. Prowadzący wspólnie z uczniami ustala – na podstawie wcześniej zaprezentowanych celów lekcji – co będzie jej tematem, po czym zapisuje go na tablicy interaktywnej/tablicy kredowej. Uczniowie przepisują temat do zeszytu.

Faza realizacyjna

1. Nauczyciel – w celu przypomnienia uczniom wiadomości na temat budowy atomu – zadaje pytania, np.: „Czym jest atom?”, „Jakie rodzaje cząstek elementarnych wchodzą w skład atomu?”, „Jakie cząstki elementarne znajdują się w jądrze, a jakie na zewnątrz jądra?”. Następnie prosi o przypomnienie pojęć: liczba atomowa, masa atomowa, jednostka masy atomowej.

2. Uczniowie czytają fragment pt. „Różnice w atomach tego samego pierwiastka” i własnymi słowami wyjaśniają pojęcie izotopu. Następnie prowadzący zajęcia prosi podopiecznych, żeby zastanowili się, czy izotopy tego samego pierwiastka mają jednakowe liczby: atomową i masową, a jeśli nie, która z tych liczb może być różna.

Zaakceptowane przez nauczyciela odpowiedzi, uczniowie zapisują w formularzu zamieszczonym w abstrakcie.

3. Nauczyciel prezentuje tabelę przedstawiającą izotopy azotu. Prosi uczniów o jej wspólną analizę: zwraca uwagę na opis izotopów pierwiastka za pomocą symbolu.

4. Uczniowie wykonują polecenie nr 2: na podstawie układu okresowego przedstawiającego procentową zawartość trwałych izotopów poszczególnych pierwiastków ustalają, ile pierwiastków ma tylko jedną naturalną odmianę izotopową i które pierwiastki mają ich najwięcej.

5. Uczniowie czytają fragment pt. „Izotopy wodoru w przyrodzie”. Oglądają ilustrację i analizują tabelę przedstawiającą właściwości izotopów wodoru. Następnie, pracując w parach, wzajemnie odpytują się ze znajomości fragmentu.

6. Nauczyciel wyświetla prezentację pt. „Izotopy potasu”. Po projekcji uczniowie odpowiadają na pytania: „ Które z odmian pierwiastka są trwałe?”, „Do czego wykorzystuje się jego izotopy?”. Swoje odpowiedzi zapisują w formularzu. Wskazane osoby odczytują je.

7. Uczniowie samodzielnie wykonują zamieszczone w abstrakcie ćwiczenia interaktywne sprawdzające stopień opanowania wiadomości poznanych w czasie lekcji. Nauczyciel inicjuje dyskusję, w trakcie której omówione zostają prawidłowe rozwiązania wszystkich ćwiczeń samodzielnie wykonanych przez uczniów.

Faza podsumowująca

1. Nauczyciel pyta: Gdyby z przedstawionego na lekcji materiału miałaby odbyć się kartkówka, jakie pytania waszym zdaniem powinny zostać zadane?

Gdyby uczniowie nie wyczerpali najistotniejszych zagadnień, nauczyciel może uzupełnić ich propozycje.

2. Nauczyciel prosi uczniów o rozwinięcie zdań:

Dziś nauczyłem się…

Zrozumiałem, że…

Zaskoczyło mnie…

Dowiedziałem się…

W celu przeprowadzenia podsumowania może posłużyć się tablicą interaktywną w abstrakcie lub polecić uczniom pracę z nią

Praca domowa

1. Odsłuchaj w domu nagrania abstraktu. Zwróć uwagę na wymowę, akcent i intonację. Naucz się prawidłowo wymawiać poznane na lekcji słówka.

W tej lekcji zostaną użyte m.in. następujące pojęcia oraz nagrania

Pojęcia

isotopes

Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

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izotopy – odmiany tego samego pierwiastka, które mają jednakową liczbę atomową (liczbę protonów w jądrze) i różną liczbę masową (liczbę neutronów w jądrze)

Teksty i nagrania

Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

Isotopes of elements part 1

Atoms belonging to the same element have the same nucleus charge (identical number of protons) and the same number of electrons moving around the nucleus. However, as it turns out, these atoms can differ in mass. The reason for this phenomenon is the possibility that different numbers of neutrons occurs in the nucleus of atoms of the same element. Those atoms that have more neutral particles have a larger mass.

The atoms of the element with the same number of protons, and different number of neutrons in the nucleus are called isotopes.

The element with several isotopes is nitrogen. There are seven neutrons in the nucleus of one of them, and in the nucleus of the other – eight neutrons. Each of these isotopes has the same number of protons that can be found in the periodic table.

The information on the number of neutrons isotopes contain is important in their description. Therefore, mainly mass number providing information on the number of these particles is used in its description. The atomic number is usually omitted due to the fact that it can be found in the periodic table.

Isotopes are presented in two ways: the mass number is placed in the upper index on the left side of the symbol of the element or after the dash after the name of the element, e.g. N14 or nitrogen‑14.

Isotopes with the same atomic number belong to the same element. In principle, these show identical properties, with the only exception being hydrogen isotopes. The hydrogen in nature is a mixture of mainly two isotopes in stable‑state: H1 (99.985%) and H2 (0.015%). It means that of 100,000 atoms of hydrogen, 99,985 are isotopes H1, and 15 atoms – isotopes H2. There is also the third, unstable isotope H3. It occurs in trace amounts. The isotopes of hydrogen were the only ones in the world of elements to have their names: protium, deuterium and tritium.

Symbol of hydrogen isotope H1 or hydrogen‑1

Name of hydrogen isotope – protium Symbol of hydrogen isotope

H2 or hydrogen‑2

Name of hydrogen isotope – deuterium Symbol of hydrogen isotope

H3 or hydrogen‑3

Name of hydrogen isotope – tritium

It is easy to see that hydrogen isotopes differ in the number of nucleons. For this reason, there is a large mass difference between them, for example the deuterium atom has a mass twice as large as the weight of the protium and the tritium mass is three times larger than protium. This phenomenon affects the properties of these isotopes:

protium, deuterium and tritium have different properties.

Isotopes are atoms of the same chemical element that have the same number of protons and different number of neutrons.

Most of the chemical elements found in nature are a mixture of isotopes with a stable composition.

Isotopes of hydrogen are: protium (H1), deuterium (H2) and tritium (H3). Their properties are different.

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Lesson plan (English)

Topic: Isotopes of elements part 1 Target group

Elementary school student (grades 7. and 8.) Core curriculum

Elementary school. Chemistry.

I. Internal structure of matter. Pupil:

4) defines the concept of isotope; describes the differences in the structure of isotope atoms, e.g. hydrogen; searches for information on the uses of different isotopes.

General aim of education

The student defines the concept of the element isotope.

Key competences

communication in the mother tongue;

communication in foreign languages;

mathematical competence and basic competences in science and technology;

digital competence;

learning to learn.

Criteria for success The student will learn:

explain what are isotopes;

describe isotopes with symbols;

discuss differences in the structure of hydrogen isotope atoms;

calculate the mass of the isotope.

Methods/techniques expository

talk.

activating

discussion.

exposing film.

programmed

with computer;

with e‑textbook.

practical

exercices concerned.

Forms of work individual activity;

activity in pairs;

collective activity.

Teaching aids e‑textbook;

notebook and crayons/felt‑tip pens;

interactive whiteboard, tablets/computers.

Lesson plan overview

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Introduction

1. The teacher hands out Methodology Guide or green, yellow and red sheets of paper to the students to be used during the work based on a traffic light technique. He presents the aims of the lesson in the student's language on a multimedia presentation and discusses the criteria of success (aims of the lesson and success criteria can be send to students via e‑mail or posted on Facebook, so that students will be able to manage their portfolio).

2. The teacher together with the students determines the topic – based on the previously presented lesson aims – and then writes it on the interactive whiteboard/blackboard. Students write the topic in the notebook.

Realization

1. The teacher - in order to remind students about the structure of the atom - asks questions, e.g.: „What is the atom?”, „What types of elementary particles are part of the atom?”, „What elementary particles are in the nucleus and which are outside the nucleus?”. Then he asks for a reminder of the concepts: atomic number, atomic mass, atomic mass unit.

2. Students read the fragment titled „Differences in the atoms of the same element” and in their own words they explain the concept of isotope. Then, the teacher asks the proteges to consider whether the isotopes of the same element have the same atomic and mass numbers, and if not, which of these numbers may be different and why.

The answers accepted by the teacher, students write in the form in the abstract.

3. The teacher presents the table showing nitrogen isotopes. He asks students for her joint analysis: he draws attention to the description of the isotopes of the element by the symbol.

4. Students carry out the task number 2: using periodic table that shows the percentage of stable isotopes of particular elements, they determine how many elements have only one natural type of isotope and which elements have the most of them.

5. Students read the fragment titled „Isotopes of hydrogen in nature”. They analyze illustration and the table showing the properties of hydrogen isotopes. Then, working in pairs, they ask each other about the knowledge of the fragment.

6. The teacher plays the presentation titled „Potassium isotopes”. After the screening, students answer the following questions: „Which of the types of the element are stable?”, „What is the application of its isotopes?”.

They write their answers in the form. The indicated persons read them.

7. Students carry out the interactive exercises checking the level of knowledge learned during the lesson. The teacher initiates a discussion during which the correct solutions for all the exercises performed by the students are discussed.

Summary

1. Teacher asks: If there was going to be a test on the material we have covered today, what questions do you think would you have to answer? If the students do not manage to name all the most important questions, the teacher may complement their suggestions.

2. The teacher asks the students to finish the following sentences:

Today I learned ...

I understood that … It surprised me … I found out ...

The teacher can use the interactive whiteboard in the abstract or instruct students to work with it Homework

1. Listen to the abstract recording at home. Pay attention to pronunciation, accent and intonation. Learn to pronounce the words learned during the lesson.

The following terms and recordings will be used during this lesson

Terms

isotopes

Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

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izotopy – odmiany tego samego pierwiastka, które mają jednakową liczbę atomową (liczbę protonów w jądrze) i różną liczbę masową (liczbę neutronów w jądrze)

Texts and recordings

Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

Isotopes of elements part 1

Atoms belonging to the same element have the same nucleus charge (identical number of protons) and the same number of electrons moving around the nucleus. However, as it turns out, these atoms can differ in mass. The reason for this phenomenon is the possibility that different numbers of neutrons occurs in the nucleus of atoms of the same element. Those atoms that have more neutral particles have a larger mass.

The atoms of the element with the same number of protons, and different number of neutrons in the nucleus are called isotopes.

The element with several isotopes is nitrogen. There are seven neutrons in the nucleus of one of them, and in the nucleus of the other – eight neutrons. Each of these isotopes has the same number of protons that can be found in the periodic table.

The information on the number of neutrons isotopes contain is important in their description. Therefore, mainly mass number providing information on the number of these particles is used in its description. The atomic number is usually omitted due to the fact that it can be found in the periodic table.

Isotopes are presented in two ways: the mass number is placed in the upper index on the left side of the symbol of the element or after the dash after the name of the element, e.g. N14 or nitrogen‑14.

Isotopes with the same atomic number belong to the same element. In principle, these show identical properties, with the only exception being hydrogen isotopes. The hydrogen in nature is a mixture of mainly two isotopes in stable‑state: H1 (99.985%) and H2 (0.015%). It means that of 100,000 atoms of hydrogen, 99,985 are isotopes H1, and 15 atoms – isotopes H2. There is also the third, unstable isotope H3. It occurs in trace amounts. The isotopes of hydrogen were the only ones in the world of elements to have their names: protium, deuterium and tritium.

Symbol of hydrogen isotope H1 or hydrogen‑1

Name of hydrogen isotope – protium Symbol of hydrogen isotope

H2 or hydrogen‑2

Name of hydrogen isotope – deuterium Symbol of hydrogen isotope

H3 or hydrogen‑3

Name of hydrogen isotope – tritium

It is easy to see that hydrogen isotopes differ in the number of nucleons. For this reason, there is a large mass difference between them, for example the deuterium atom has a mass twice as large as the weight of the protium and the tritium mass is three times larger than protium. This phenomenon affects the properties of these isotopes:

protium, deuterium and tritium have different properties.

Isotopes are atoms of the same chemical element that have the same number of protons and different number of neutrons.

Most of the chemical elements found in nature are a mixture of isotopes with a stable composition.

Isotopes of hydrogen are: protium (H1), deuterium (H2) and tritium (H3). Their properties are different.

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