(Summary)
Thebook concerns some problemsof knowledgeorganizationininformation retrieval (IR) systems. It refers especially to the process of knowledge organization and representation modelling in the IR systems and describesbroad scope ofproblemsconnected with the adaptationof documenttheory and practicetothe dynamic changesof needs and possibilities created by new information technologies.
This work is of a great importance because good and efficient organization of knowledge kept in documents is abase for itseffective searchand use.
The problem obtained a new meaning both in connection with the development of digital re sources, as their structure andfunctionality is clearly different from traditional documents, and in connection with the evolution oftechnological possibilities of information andknowledge organiza tionprocesses - their automation, broadareanetworks development,research in thefield ofArtificial Intelligence(Al)and many others. The matter is abouttheadaptation of existing modelsandtoolsfor creating document descriptions and for conducting this process automatically, forsearching strate gies, user needs and habits,aswell as aboutthe need for the integration of library catalogues with other research instruments, especially with those, which are useful for informationsearching in broad area networks.
The authorhas undertakenan effort todevelop a model (ontology) for digitaldocument descrip
tion, what cangivea chancetohelpto overcome actual problems and avail a newpossibilities. The proposed approach combines models prepared in librarianship and information science(especially FRBR) with tools typical for the Semantic Web, particularly ontologies, what enables the use of library metadata schemes. Theontologyproposed in this work can became thebase for efforts in networked objects indexing and searching. It takes into accountspecificityof Internetresources, like multielement structure and multimedia, complex and numerous relations between Web pages,like eg.
aggregation, as well as dynamic variability of such resources.
Suggestedontology of digital document is an attemptto find the effective model for describing and retrieval digital objectsavailableon theWeb. It’s creation makes itpossibleto realize the main goal of this work -to develop the conception of basic semantic entities utilization and toshow their mutual interdependencies in one model allowing correct understanding of information structures basedon hybrid connections of differentmodels. The ontology includesthe existence ofthreebasic entities: Work, Object and a complex entity. Medium,composed of Record (asequenceof bits and bytes recorded on a disc) and Representation (temporal documentrepresentation on a user’s screen).
Descriptions aremade on the Expressionlevel, becauseObject entity is treated as a priority one. The ontology is based on FRBRcompletedwith an Event entity. AsEventsof realization, embodyment and exemplification of bibliographic entities hasobtained the status of first class objects, it allowed reach possibilities of digital object description and relations specification It also facilitates
192 Opis dokumentów elektronicznych. Teoretyczny model i możliwości jego aplikacji
interoperability between differentsystems. Theontology of integratedresources developed by Jean Hirons and Crystal Graham was also taken into consideration. Itsare very useful toolsfor presenting bibliographicandother data on the background of the wide area network environment. Implementa tion of the ontology will cause the needtosolve manyspecificproblems, such as the preparation of appropriate cataloguing rules. On the other hand many practical benefits can beexpected.
Thebook includes a proposal for modification of traditional cataloguing rules for digital docu ments description made from the perspective ofbroad area network needs. Part of the rules depend rather onthenatureofbibliographic entities than on needs of catalog development technology. Fur ther modernization ofcataloguing rules and codesshouldbe realized with taking under accountcon
ceptual context andinfluence of network specificity. Cataloguing rules adapted to the needs of the global online environment more than ever haveto be based on universal bibliographic control and securedescription usefulness and efective access to the digital documents (objects).
Hybrid and integratedapproach to modellingprocesses related tonetworked digital documents presented here is a very important componentof thisbook. It is discussed in the lastpart ofthe book which summarises the results of the author’s research. In other chapters, preceding the last part, the author discussed ina logic orderproblems directly connected with the research. Theorder of the book chapters is adjusted to appropriate description oftheover-mentioned problems. Selected issues are described in an order from mostgeneral to more specific: problems ofInternet document description (metadata) - Semantic Web and its ontologies - methods of ontology engineeringand conceptual modelling- libraryontologies - ontologyof Internet digital documents (objects).
The bookconsists of six chapters, the introduction and conclusions. In the three initial chapters there are described problemsof theSemanticWeb and itstools. The first chapterdescribes the idea of theSemanticWeb on the background of today Web, with emphasizing theroleof metadatabothas an important tool for the Semantic Weband for arrangingof the Internet resources. In this chapter the metadataare divided into two groups (based onatributes and objects), what allowsto settheinforma tion about metadata functions and roles in correct order. Main metadatastandards,architecture and technologiesfor the Semantic Webare also described.
The secondchapterintroduces some problems connected with ontologyas a tool forknowledge conceptualization. In this chapterdifferent meanings ofthe term ‘ontology’, taken from the fieldsof philosophy and Al are discussed. Furthermore ontology components used for domain knowledge formalization aswell asontology types and engineering are described. It helpsto elucidate terminol
ogy used inthe book.
The third chapterpresents the methodologyof ontologie analysis and knowledge modelling. Basic information about two kinds ofmodelling: entity-relationship (ER) and object modelling is given.
UniversalModelling Language(UML)is also described becausein this bookUML diagrams are used for modelling bibliographic universum always whereit is useful andpossible.
The second partof the book (chaptersfourth and fifth) concerns knowledge organization in li
braries. The first one includes library knowledge organization in accordance with ontologie analy
sis methodology. The understanding ofthe historic development of cataloguing and its goals is described aswellas cataloguing rulesarisingfrom it and basicelements of contemporary concep tual modelling: bibliographic entities and relations. There is no full history of cataloguing and catalogues included, but its elements, which facilitate conceptual modelling of information organi zationprocesses. Inthe last part of thischapter theproblem of theinfluence of modem technology on the increaseofneeds forbibliographic relations and their importance in information retrieval is considered. The result isthe need for more effective management of suchrelations.Moreadvanced way ofexpressing bibliographicrelations in bibliographic descriptions schould increase the effi ciency ofinformation retrieval.
In thefifth chapter selected library document ontologies, which are known from literature and implementations in informationactivity arediscussed. FRBR model is presented in detail. Besides FRBR also othermodels made by FRBR modificationsand used in a next partof thebook(chapter sixth) are described,whatis used forthe development of digital networkeddocuments ontology. The
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following ontologies are discussed: INDECS and ABC ontologies, Jean Hirons i Crystal Graham model of integrated documents and the Expression priorityontology by ShoichiTaniguchi.
The last chapter results from the author’s own research. In this chapter the conceptual model (domain ontology) is described. Theontology concerns the description of networked digital docu ments, allowing interoperability between metadata schemas and the integration of information acces
sibleon the Webin digital form.
Considerations of theontologie representationof digital documents required designating thechar acteristics of networked information resources accessible online often through libraries or digital archives,as well differences between them and traditional resources recorded onnon-digital media, acquired andpossessed by someinstitutions, suchas libraries are also presented.
In this chapter the integratedontology allowing modellingof digital objectsinthe Internet is de scribed. The proposed ontology is described by distinguishing bibliographicentities, their attributes and relations between them.
At theend of thechapter the influence of the presented ontology on a conceptual modelling and rules for Web resources description is given. The considerations are completed with an example showingsome possibilities for implementing this ontology.